What is the difference between cities and rural areas. How are rural settlements different from urban ones? Can a city live without a village

Typology of settlements: urban and rural settlements, their types

3. CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

The population density of settlements (i.e., their size in terms of the number of inhabitants) is associated with the production functions of the settlement, with the form of settlement, with the history of the given settlement. This indicator objectively reflects the total effect of a number of factors on the development of the settlement, but does not reveal these factors by itself. At the same time, the size of the settlements creates certain conditions for their life, for the organization of cultural and community services for their inhabitants, therefore, the selection of a number of characteristic types rural settlements on this basis is of scientific and practical importance. "Typology of the population of settlements" can be considered as one of the types of typology, but it can be most effectively used in conjunction with other typological lines - functional, morphological, genetic.

When classifying settlements according to their population in statistical accounting, they are all distributed into a larger or smaller number of groups, from the smallest (1-5 inhabitants) to the largest (10 thousand inhabitants or more), following the general principles statistical groupings. From a typological point of view, it is important to single out such values of population that are associated with significant qualitative features of settlements.

So, a special type - odnodvorki, single detached housing - represents most of the places with a population of less than 10 people. Small settlements with up to 100 inhabitants, as well as isolated residential areas, in relation to servicing their population in most dependent on nearby larger settlements. Only selectively (in one small village for a whole territorial group of them) can certain elements of public services be created ( elementary School, a medical center, a red corner, a reading room or a club, a village shop - all of the smallest sizes).

With a size of 200-500 inhabitants, each settlement can have a similar minimum set of service institutions, but just as small in size, providing the population with relatively limited opportunities for cultural and community services. An agricultural settlement of this size can organizationally be the base of a certain production unit (collective farm team, branch or large farm state farm).

In settlements with a population of 1-2 thousand people, which are already large for rural areas, opportunities are being created for a noticeable expansion of the range of service institutions, increasing their size and technical equipment. According to the norms applied in the design of new rural settlements modern type, per 1 thousand inhabitants are created, Kindergarten, a nursery for 50--70 places (with expansion in summer season up to 80 - 110 places), an incomplete secondary school for 150 - 160 places, a club with a cinema hall for 200 places and a library, a feldsher-obstetric station with a small hospital, shops for 6 jobs, a canteen-cafe for 40 places, a household services for 3-4 workplaces, a bathhouse for 10 people, a post office with a savings bank, a nursing home, sports grounds, etc. At the same time serving the population of the nearest settlements, it is possible to build high school, district hospital and further increase in the size of most institutions. In terms of production, rural settlements of 1-2 thousand inhabitants are considered optimal in regional planning as the base of complex plots or branches of enlarged collective farms and state farms, and sometimes also as the central settlements of farms.

With the size of a rural settlement of 3-5 thousand inhabitants, the most favorable opportunities are created for providing urban 1st level of improvement and cultural and community services with the construction of large model schools, houses of culture, medical institutions, specialized trading network, etc. In terms of production, such settlements are recognized as optimal as centers of large farms in conditions that allow a significant concentration of labor and production facilities.

Functional types of rural settlements. people are engaged various types activities, and settlements play a different role in the territorial organization of social production. These differences are taken into account primarily in the functional typology. The function common to all settlements - to be a residential place - is, as it were, "bracketed".

To determine the functional type of a rural settlement important criterion the structure of the "settlement-forming" group of the economically active population serves as the ratio of the number of workers employed in various sectors of the national economy, workers whose activities represent a direct contribution of the inhabitants of a given settlement to the national economy of the country. The size and composition of the "settlement-forming" population (just as in the cities of the "city-forming") reflect the economic basis of the life of a given settlement.

In the population of settlements, several groups can be distinguished: 1) those employed in agriculture; 2) employed in forestry; 3) employed in external transport; 4) employed in industry; 5) combining occupations in agriculture and industry in the same locality (during different seasons of the year); 6) employed in institutions (economic, administrative, cultural, medical, trade), to a large extent serving other villages of the district; 7) employed in various institutions, mainly serving the "temporary" population arriving in a given place for recreation, treatment.

The predominance of the first group creates a type of agricultural settlement in its two socio-economic forms, kolkhoz and sovkhoz (the latter is close to the settlements of state auxiliary agricultural enterprises, which some factories and trade organizations have).

The predominance of the second, third and fourth groups creates different types of non-agricultural settlements in rural areas. A significant proportion of the seventh group is characteristic of special types of non-agricultural settlements - resort settlements, settlements attached to hospitals, tourist camps, etc.

The combination of the first, fourth and fifth groups creates different types agro-industrial settlements in rural areas; the fifth group is typical for a special type of agro-industrial settlements, which should receive great development in future.

A significant proportion of the sixth group indicates that the settlement functions as a local center in a rural area. But these functions, as a rule, are combined with production: various types of agricultural, agro-industrial, non-agricultural (for example, near-station) settlements with developed functions of local centers are formed.

The combination of many groups of the settlement-forming population is generally a common phenomenon, creating a number of transitional and mixed functional types settlements in rural areas.

Unfortunately, our statistics, while dividing the entire economically active population by branches and types of activity, do not distinguish between "city-forming" and "city-serving" groups in cities and similar groups in rural settlements. In addition, in statistical accounting, the employed population is distributed by sectors of the economy only in general for rural areas. administrative regions and not for each rural settlement separately. Therefore, when identifying the existing functional types of settlements and assessing their prevalence, one has to rely on the materials of special expeditionary studies or use indirect data. Such gaps in population records make it difficult to study the use of labor resources in a certain way (obscuring large differences between settlements in terms of labor use and specialization of workers).

This or that structure of the economically active population is the main feature of a certain functional type of a settlement. But there are some important additional features. Thus, the functional types of agricultural settlements, with a general predominance among their inhabitants employed in agriculture, differ depending on the place of this settlement in the system of territorial organization of production. The same applies to "forest settlements" that are part of the system of settlements of a certain timber industry enterprise or forestry, to railway settlements that form their own territorial systems, etc. characteristic feature settlements that perform the functions of local centers are served by the significant development of various ties between them and a certain group of settlements gravitating towards them. Small industrial settlements in rural areas differ in their industrial specialization.

Consider the most common functional types of rural settlements.

Among the agricultural settlements, the two main functional types are the central settlements of collective farms and state farms.

As a rule, this is the largest settlement on a collective farm or state farm, accommodating a significant part of its population (sometimes the entire population) and the main production buildings, as well as the largest public buildings on a collective farm or state farm - a club, a school, etc. The central settlement is usually built and developed over rapidly than the rest of the villages of the collective farm or the villages of branches in the state farm.

Other types of settlements common on collective farms are brigade settlements of field-growing and complex brigades, "branches" of brigade settlements, undifferentiated "ordinary" villages and different kind specialized villages.

Brigade settlements are the most numerous in modern collective-farm settlement. Collective farm members living in such a settlement form a production brigade (sometimes several brigades in large settlements). The brigade is assigned a certain economic territory adjacent to the given village, it has its own production facilities (the brigade's household yard), and all this makes up the site, the organizational unit of the collective farm.

The brigade settlements of complex brigades are distinguished by the fact that they have a wider “set” of production functions and economic independence, serving, in addition to field lands, also farms, sometimes gardens, auxiliary enterprises, etc., located on the territory of a given production site of the collective farm. Often these are the former central settlements of small collective farms, which later merged in the order of enlargement, retaining a number of production facilities and public buildings.

Surviving (and very numerous in a number of areas) small villages, former settlements, etc. usually they are "branches" of brigade collective farm settlements, where part of the members of one or another brigade lives. This functional type of agricultural settlements, of course, cannot be considered as progressive, reflecting the historically established small settlement in many regions of the country, which conflicts with the modern brigade organization of labor on collective farms, with significant brigades.

For the same reasons (discrepancy between resettlement and territorial organization production on a particular collective farm), there are also “ordinary” villages that are not differentiated in terms of their position on the collective farm, in which a part of the collective farmers from different brigades live, without constituting a single brigade village with its economic center.

Along with this, there are several types of highly specialized settlements of collective farms, which, as a rule, are small in size. Of these, the most common are farm settlements at those livestock farms that are located along local conditions(mainly due to the need to bring them closer to natural fodder lands and fields requiring manure fertilizer) remotely from existing settlements. Their sizes are limited by the size of farms admissible for economic reasons and also depend on the degree of mechanization of labor operations in animal husbandry.

Typically, such settlements are much smaller in size than brigade ones, less "independent" in the sense of serving them all. necessary institutions and, accordingly, are closely connected with the center of the collective farm or the brigade settlement. special character acquire near-farm settlements in the conditions of transhumance and pasture animal husbandry in the dry steppe and semi-desert zones, in mountainous conditions. Their large, as a rule, distance from the main settlements and the presence of a mass of seasonally inhabited settlements on the surrounding pasture lands, for which the farm settlement is the main service center, leads to greater "autonomy" of such settlements. They are equipped with many necessary institutions, not only for the small population of the village itself, but for a more significant contingent - shepherds, who are on numerous summer and winter roads, with herds.

Very small sizes are specialized settlements at collective farm apiaries, fish farms, nurseries, remote from settlements. Sometimes these are single-yard residential points.

The main types of settlements of state farms, in addition to the central settlements (the central estate), are the settlements of departments and farms. In terms of their position in the economy, they are similar to the brigade and near-farm settlements of collective farms. A significant part of the state farm settlements was built anew, according to the plan, in full accordance with the projects for organizing the economy, therefore, such settlements have a very clearly defined functional type, a homogeneous composition of the population, consisting of workers and employees this enterprise. In those state farms that were created on the basis of some lagging collective farms and have not yet had time to carry out the necessary restructuring of settlement on their territory, one can meet state farm settlements - analogues of settlements and branch settlements found on collective farms that are not differentiated in terms of their position in the economy (constituting only a part of farm departments).

A special functional type is made up of permanent specialized settlements of workers and employees at separately located procurement points (especially for the procurement of livestock, which is kept and fattened at such a point until the batches are completed for shipment to meat processing plants). They are usually very small.

Seasonally inhabited areas - "second dwellings" used by part of the workers on collective farms and state farms for temporary stay in places remote from the main settlements economic territory, represent a wide variety of functional types. They always have one or another industrial buildings and a place to sleep, sometimes devices for domestic and cultural services, functioning temporarily, during the period of use of this point.

The most common are agricultural field camps and livestock breeding centers on seasonal pastures, which differ in seasons and duration of use. Along with them in different areas there are haymaking, horticultural mills, points of acceptance and delivery of agricultural products, etc.

Field camps of collective farms and state farms with a short period of use (sowing, harvesting, sometimes caring for crops and preparing land for sowing) accommodate a fairly large population (a field-growing brigade or a significant part of it, up to 60--100 people) and in its modern form represent a group of houses - hostels with a dining room, a shower room, a red corner, a first-aid post, a trading stall, etc., with sheds for storing inventory and fertilizers; in their most primitive form, they represent a group of light buildings adapted for temporary lodging for the night, eating and storing the necessary property. They are common in areas where agriculture is carried out on vast tracts of arable land with a rare network of permanent settlements.

Seasonal livestock settlements are especially common in areas of desert-pasture and mountain animal husbandry, where their number is many times greater than the number of permanent settlements. Their types and variants are extremely diverse, most often they consist of 1-2 residential buildings near wells, livestock buildings or pens. There are more complex shapes, up to entire seasonal villages with schools, medical centers, shops, playing the role of temporary centers for livestock workers in remote intensively used pasture areas.

Non-agricultural settlements in rural areas are represented by very different types associated with the performance of various economic functions. Among the non-agricultural rural settlements, the following functional types, or groups of types, are distinguished.

1. Settlements of industrial enterprises, in terms of their size, do not meet the "qualification" established for urban settlements. According to the degree of their ties with agriculture of various kinds, small workers' settlements in rural areas constitute a certain "typological range" - from completely "autonomous" (for example, mining enterprises, individual textile and other factories with their settlements) to closely associated with it (settlements at starch, vegetable-drying, wine-making, dairy and other factories; settlements of local enterprises for the production of building materials).

2. Settlements on communication routes. Most of them are connected with railway transport - from one-yard "residential points" of trackmen scattered along the line, to sidings and small stations. Fewer serve them waterways(homesteads of buoy workers, carriers, settlements on locks, pristanskie, etc.), small airports, highways (settlements on road sections, gas stations, etc.). In recent years, settlements have appeared that serve gas and product pipelines, their pumping stations, as well as long-distance power lines.

3. Settlements of builders at new buildings. Most of them, for a limited period of their existence, belong to "rural" settlements, constituting a special, specific type of inhabited places (more precisely, a group of types, since along with crowded workers' settlements there are also single "barracks" - hostels on lines under construction, gatehouses and hostels at warehouses and bases, etc.). After fulfilling their functions, they either disappear or are absorbed by the urban settlement that arises at the new industrial point, and sometimes turn into a rural non-agricultural settlement of a different type (industrial, transport settlement - see above).

4. Timber industry and forest protection villages. Timber settlements are located, as a rule, on timber transportation routes and very often on rafting tracks, at the exit points of logging roads to rafting tracks. 6 . Their main types are: a) settlements of forest plots where brigades of lumberjacks live; b) settlements of logging stations, uniting several sites; c) the center of the timber industry - the central village for a certain local system of forest settlements; d) intermediate settlements on timber export routes (rafting, transshipment); e) settlements at the exit of the forest to the main roads (usually these are already settlements mixed type, combined with the pristansky or station settlement); e) settlements on main routes- raid, near the zapan, etc. Settlements of type "a" (often others) usually have a limited lifespan (until the forest resources in this place); when designing logging, it is determined at 10-15 years. But similar settlements quickly spring up elsewhere. Villages of forestries and forest protection services (cordons, forest lodges) is smaller, but more durable.

5. Fishing and hunting settlements. A large state-owned fishing industry creates, as a rule, large urban-type settlements with ports, fish factories, refrigerators, etc. But there are many fishing collective farms and fishing brigades in agricultural collective farms with their settlements on the coasts of moraines and lakes, on rivers and river channels, in deltas, etc. There are also small specialized settlements - "rear bases" for commercial hunting in the northern collective farms , settlements - supply bases for reindeer herding brigades, etc.

6. Settlements scientific stations, permanent (at observatories, meteorological stations, etc.) or temporary (bases of exploration parties, expeditions).

7. Villages of health and education institutions are of various types: a) staff camps at rural schools and hospitals located at some distance from the villages; b) out-of-town hospitals, nursing homes, sanatoriums, forming entire villages with their own facilities; c) orphanages, forest boarding schools located among nature, in rural areas; d) settlements of rest houses, out-of-town sports and tourist bases. Most of these functional types are characterized by the predominance (or a significant proportion) of the temporary, "variable" population.

Along with the permanent ones, there are also seasonally inhabited settlements of this kind - at tourist bases for winter or summer use, climbing camps, and summer pioneer camps.

8. Dacha settlements - the second housing of the urban population in the summer. In fact, this is a special type of seasonally inhabited settlements, which differ from the previous group (tourist bases, rest houses, etc.) in that they, like most modern agricultural settlements, consist of individual cells - single-family houses, estates. Collective-farm settlements used simultaneously as dachas (renting rooms for the summer) or resorts do not belong to this type, as do “bedroom settlements”, the population of which works in the city (see below).

9. Out-of-town residential settlements of workers and employees (villages - "bedrooms" in the countryside). This specific type of settlement is common in the near suburban area. major cities, forming a kind of "residential branches" of the city. They historically arose in the process of urbanization in all countries of the world with large cities, with convenient and fast transport links with the city as a place of work for their inhabitants. They are often large, special kind satellites of a large city and greatly increasing the daily passenger traffic between it and its suburban area. This type settlements is distinguished by the fact that the function of "place of housing" common to all settlements is the only one here.

Agro-industrial settlements in rural areas should be divided into two fundamentally different groups: in some cases, work in industry and work in agriculture are carried out various persons living in a given settlement, in other cases the labor of the same persons is used at different times (mainly seasonally) in different industries. The existing types of agro-industrial settlements belong to the first group. The second form of combining various branches of production in rural settlements is just beginning to develop (being very progressive and promising) and still exists in the initial stages in the settlements of individual large collective farms and state farms that have their own production enterprises.

Among the agro-industrial settlements of the first group, representing a combination of an agricultural settlement and an industrial settlement, several types are distinguished depending on the nature of industrial production and its links with agriculture.

One of the types is characterized by the development in the agricultural settlement of industrial processing of local agricultural products (sugar, oil mills, butter, vegetable canning, starch and other plants). Another type is formed when agricultural and timber enterprises are combined (and the former often turn into an auxiliary "food shop" of a timber industry enterprise). The third type is created with the development in the agricultural settlement of industries serving local needs, working wholly or partially on local raw materials. The fourth type is made up of settlements where, along with agriculture, small non-local enterprises have emerged using local subsoil resources. The fifth type includes the occurring combination of an agricultural settlement and the settlement of a small industrial enterprise that is not associated with the use of local raw materials and the local market (such, for example, are many metalworking and textile industries that historically developed in rural settlements that were previously centers of the corresponding handicrafts).

Types of agrarian-industrial settlements are formed on the basis of both collective farm and state farm settlements.

A special place is occupied by the type of settlement characteristic of many suburban areas, where part of the inhabitants are employed on the spot, on a collective farm or state farm, and the other significant part works in the nearest city or non-agricultural rural settlement (factory or station settlement, etc.).

Many rural settlements, especially large ones, have mixed character, combine the features of various functional types. Such settlements form a number of transitional and mixed forms, with a predominance of either agricultural, or agro-industrial, or non-agricultural functions.

The typology does not pursue the task of showing all existing combinations of features, all variants: only the main, most common mixed forms should be noted.

So, complicated types of agricultural settlements are formed when a combination of collective farm and state farm population in one settlement, a combination of a collective farm village and an RTS settlement, when scientific agricultural institutions or special educational institutions are located in existing agricultural settlements. Employees of nurseries, state breeding nurseries, hatchery stations, etc. often live in collective farm villages. special type develops with the development of "resort" functions in an agricultural settlement.

Types of agro-industrial settlements are very often complicated by the development of functions transport hub(when located near the station, pier), the presence of special educational institutions, etc.

Among non-agricultural rural settlements, along with their specialization, single-functionality, more complex forms are also common (most often a combination of the functions of servicing industry and transport).

In many rural settlements, to one degree or another, the functions of the local center are added to their production functions - in relation to other, nearest settlements. These functions can be made up of various elements: leadership in organizational and economic terms, in the line of organizing political and educational work, public education, healthcare, trading network; organization of purchases, procurement and processing of agricultural products; the implementation of the production supply of collective farms and state farms: the implementation of administrative functions, etc. All this creates a system of permanent links between the settlement - the local center - and a certain group of settlements gravitating towards it.

Some meaning of the "local center" sometimes has the usual village center of the collective farm brigade, if other, less "independent" settlements, in which part of the members of the same brigade live, or villages attached to individual farms of this brigade, gravitate towards it and are closely connected with it. . A settlement - the center of a collective farm or state farm - is always a local center for all the settlements of this agricultural enterprise. But usually, only when we go beyond the framework of on-farm settlement, considering the functions and connections of settlements on a wider territorial scale, do we encounter such a degree of development of “center-forming” functions that they, along with directly production functions, clearly become typological features.

The most clearly expressed type of complex local center for rural areas is now settlements - the centers of enlarged rural areas. They are primarily characterized by an organizational and economic role. Many administrative functions are also concentrated in the district centers, managing the work of institutions serving the cultural and everyday needs of the population of the district - a network of schools, clubs, libraries, hospitals, a trading network and procurement centers, etc. However, as a rule, the largest basic institutions of this kind are located in the district center.

Such a set of functions is inherent in only one settlement in the region - its official central point, and has a "village-forming" value, since a certain number of personnel, a significant part of the working population of the regional center, are employed in the performance of these functions.

With rare exceptions, these functions in district centers are always combined with one or another production activity. The district center is at the same time either the center of a collective farm or a state farm, i.e. and an agricultural settlement, or has industrial enterprises. Often it combines the features of an agricultural and industrial settlement, and to this is added the role of a local transport hub - a station settlement, etc.

Thus, this type of rural settlements, in the presence of specific functions that other settlements of the region do not have, is characterized by multifunctionality. Depending on the prevailing production functions, it is divided into several subtypes (agricultural settlements - district centers, agro-industrial settlements - district centers, forestry settlements - district centers, etc.). Only a small number of district centers, even before the enlargement of districts, were only local centers. With a significant development of industrial or transport functions, many centers of rural areas have rapidly turned into urban settlements in recent years.

In almost every rural district, along with the district center, there are other settlements that play the role of additional local centers due to the peculiarities of their economic and geographical position. Sometimes these are former regional centers, which have lost part of their functions due to the enlargement of districts, or central villages of individual large collective farms and state farms, serving in many respects a whole group of settlements closest to them. Often, station settlements located far from the district center, on the periphery of the district, or workers' settlements with fairly large settlements act as local centers. industrial enterprises.

Among additional centers two main types are distinguished: a) specialized local centers - most often near-station settlements within the region, as the location of procurement points and storage depots, sometimes individual industrial enterprises associated with the agriculture of the region; b) small local centers of a complex nature, similar to the district center in many respects, but without its administrative and organizational functions; usually they are formed on the basis of individual large villages in the depths of the region, at a distance from the regional center, but at the nodes local roads, with a favorable economic and geographical position. Their formation is stimulated by the large territory of the region, the dissection of settlement in it into separate areas or "spots", separated by forest, swampy and other uninhabited territories. In mountainous regions, where settlement is concentrated in a number of mountain valleys, in each of them one of the villages usually takes on the role of such an additional local central point.

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