I was born in a village and lived there until my graduation from school. Then I went to university in a bigger city. From my own experience, I felt how life is different in the countryside and in the city, and I can answer where it is better to live.

How do towns and villages differ from cities

I noticed that every year my village begins to grow more and more with the benefits inherent in the city. But in our country there are still many villages in the wilderness, which are radically different from cities.

The main difference between the village and the city is the number of inhabitants and the size of the settlement. The village can most often be walked in thirty minutes, or even faster. Residents know each other very well, and it is almost impossible to hide a secret. In the city, the neighbors on the floors may not have known each other for years.

If there is at least one store in the village where you can buy a loaf of bread, this is already good. Walking along only one city street, you can lose count of countless shops.

Residents of the city live in apartments and only rarely in private houses. And in the village, finding at least one apartment building can be difficult. The population here lives in own houses with household plots.

Life in the big city and regional center

I had to be in more than one district center and I want to say that these towns are more like a village than a city. So small towns typical signs:

• small salary;
• the housing stock consists of both multi-storey buildings and many private houses;
• roads are in a deplorable state;
• shops, restaurants and hotels may be just a couple for the whole city.

Capital of the Russian Federation

I can call the capital a real city. In countries post-Soviet space it is in the capitals that civilization is located. Money from all over the country is concentrated here.

For a person from a village, it is sometimes difficult to adapt to such a crowd of people. The infrastructure in the capitals is usually the most developed in the country. You can find everything you need for a happy life, except for silence. In such cities there are a lot of entertainment shopping centers, restaurants, fitness clubs and other products of civilization.

Cities and rural settlements.

Routing a lesson in geography in the 7th grade, taking into account the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

The purpose of the lesson: form an idea of ​​the features and differences between urban and rural settlements. To form knowledge about the largest cities and agglomerations of the world.

Planned results:

Personal : the formation of cognitive and information culture, including skills independent work with textbook and atlas. Development of cognitive needs and motivation for learning based on interest in the topic being studied.

Metasubject : to plan learning activities when studying a topic, to argue their point of view, to speak orally and writing, build monologue. Make statements that are supported by facts. Possess elementary practical skills of working with a textbook for research. Formation of skills: compare the city and the countryside and establish them features, find information about the types and functions of urban and rural settlements in the textbook.

subject : to form an idea about urban and rural settlements, their types and functions, about the largest cities and agglomerations of the world. To form the ability to name, find and show on the map the largest cities and urban agglomerations of the world.

8. Universal learning activities:

Personal: realize the need to study the world around.

Regulatory: plan their activities under the guidance of a teacher, evaluate the work of classmates, work in accordance with the task, compare the results with the expected ones.

Cognitive: analyze and select information, process information to obtain desired result.

Communicative: the ability to communicate and interact with each other.

9.Lesson type: discovery of new knowledge.

Structure and course of the lesson.

Greeting students.

Teacher greeting. Adjust to the perception of the topic and activities in the lesson

Formation of norms and rules of behavior in society

Knowledge update.

(asking questions)

1. How does a city differ from a rural settlement?

2. What are the largest cities?

3. What are the cities and rural settlements?

4. What will we study?

5.What goals will we set?

Students answer

Write down the topic of the lesson.

The ability to consciously use the knowledge gained in primary school

Formation geographical knowledge about population, population size.

Development of motivation and interests cognitive activity.

New topic.

1Locality located outside the city limits. Can be working, resort, country (village).

1 Separate homestead, which is located on a separate piece of land, which consists in the use of this owner (farm).

2.Large Cossack settlement (station).

3. Large estate in Brazil (Also called the program on channel 1) (hacienda).

4. Settlement in the mountains. From the Turkic language - "village" (village).

5. A small peasant settlement without a church (village).

6.Homestead, livestock farm in the USA (ranch).

7. Settlement in Central Asia. From Turkic - "winter hut" (village).

8.One of ancient types settlements among the Slavs (settlement with a church) (village).

Invites the children to give examples of cities.

The more developed the country, the higher the proportion of the urban population. The proportion of city dwellers in those countries is also high. Where a significant part of the territory is occupied by deserts, mountains or glaciers.

The children are invited to look at the map on the blackboard and identify areas with the maximum and minimum proportion of the urban population.

Often closely located cities grow and actually merge into a single whole. Such formations are called "agglomerations".

Now there are more than 400 agglomerations in the world. The largest of them is Tokyo in Japan.

Agglomerations are formed around one major center(Moscow). Sometimes they stretch for hundreds of kilometers along sea ​​shores.

Is our city part of the agglomeration?

What is it called?

The students answer.

The guys write down the definition of "agglomeration" from the board in a notebook.

Formation communicative competence in communication and listening skills

Formulate a definition of people

Ability to define concepts necessary information

The ability to evaluate the correctness of the implementation of the educational task

physical education minute

Do the exercises

Practical activities: Working with the atlas.

Analysis of the map "The largest urban agglomerations of the world". Page 17.

Analyze the map yourself.

Mastering the basics of cartographic literacy and the use of a geographical map as one of the "languages" of international communication.

Ability to classify material, independently solve the problem

Fixing:

Map work. Geographic nomenclature.

Formation of skills and abilities to use geographical knowledge

Ability to draw conclusions and apply acquired knowledge

Homework

Study §5

Questions 1-6.

Record homework in diaries.

Choose from those offered

Formation of a responsible attitude to learning

Reflection. Summarizing.

Grading a lesson with comments.

evaluate their activities in the lesson and the achieved learning outcomes

exchange opinions

understanding the importance of knowledge about geographical maps for the practical life of people;

Awareness of the need

The desire for self-education, self-control and analysis of their actions

Ability to perform learning activities in accordance with the task;

independent acquisition practical skills for working with the map

Ability to properly evaluate performance learning objectives, correlate the result with the goal;

evaluate the results of your work

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution higher professional education

AMUR STATE UNIVERSITY

(GOUVPO "AmSU")

TEST

by discipline

Territorial organization of the population

Typology settlements: urban and rural settlements, their types

Blagoveshchensk 2011

Introduction

1. Typology of settlements: urban and rural settlements

2. Classification of urban settlements

3. Classification of rural settlements

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

The term "settlement" characterizes historical process settlement of the territory, the distribution of the population in the territory and its spatial organization. Settlement follows a more dynamically changing geography of production, which is one of its main patterns, but at the same time, the orientation of production towards the established systems of settlement, which is also associated with the location of the main production force - workers, is also increasing.

1.TYPOLOGY OF SETTLEMENTS: URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS

The development of the social division of labor led to the emergence in the history of society of two main types of settlements - urban and rural.

Cities, remaining the main places of concentration of industrial production, centers of diverse economic ties play a leading and organizing role. These are the nodal points in the entire network of settlement.

This understanding of the city is the basis for our legislative practice of classifying settlements as urban or rural. Certain quantitative criteria (qualifications) have also been introduced. Thus, the category of cities can include places with a population of at least 12,000 inhabitants in the presence of 85% of workers, employees and members of their families. At the same time, one must also take into account administrative significance of this item, the prospects for its development, improvement, development of public utilities and a network of socio-cultural institutions. Work settlements or urban-type settlements should have 3,000 inhabitants if they include up to 85% of workers, employees and members of their families (in some cases, they may also be settlements with less than 3,000 inhabitants, for example, at especially important construction sites, in areas Far North and Far East).

Rural include (in our country and abroad) all settlements that do not meet the qualifications of urban settlements. The main and predominant part of them are villages, villages, settlements of agricultural enterprises. This group also includes small industrial, transport, forestry settlements that are not related to agriculture, which, however, cannot be classified as urban, since they have few inhabitants. Finally, many rural settlements mixed type, occupying an intermediate position between urban and rural settlements in terms of their functions and economic significance. Some of them are gradually turning into cities due to the development of industry or transport services in them (for example, settlements with railway stations). Agro-industrial settlements that produce and process agricultural products are becoming widespread.

In a number of regions, seasonal inhabited settlements are being created - field camps in the distant fields of arable land and hayfields, used during periods of the most intense agricultural work, "summer camps" and "winter roads" in areas of distant pasture animal husbandry, single buildings for fishermen - hunters and fishermen, small timber industry settlements.

When developing minerals in areas with extreme conditions camps are built, to which shift personnel are delivered by air or all-terrain ground transport.

With the development of industrial and transport construction in sparsely populated areas, mobile settlements appeared to temporarily accommodate builders, drilling crews and geological exploration expeditions.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Despite the great diversity of urban settlements in Russia, numerous groups stand out among them, united by a number of common features, which makes it possible to develop uniform principles for solving scientific and practical problems for cities certain type. The economic and geographical classification of cities is carried out both on individual grounds and on their totality.

Classification by population widely used not only in economic geography. For the latter, it is of no small importance, despite the fact that it gives only statistical characteristic. The size of the city determines the rate of its growth, some elements of the demographic and functional structure, planning. When developing a typology of cities, the population is taken into account as an integral feature of them. In statistical sources and urban planning practice, the following groups of cities are distinguished: small - up to 50 thousand people, medium - 50-100 thousand, large - 100-250 thousand, large - 250-500 thousand, the largest - from 500 thousand to 1 million people

Classification by economic and geographical location allows you to determine common features economic structure and direction further development based on the potential opportunities that are inherent in the area or some of its focal points. Depending on the geographical location, cities can be distinguished, located, for example: at the intersection nodes transport routes- Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod; in large mining areas - Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Magnitogorsk, Mines; in areas of large manufacturing industry - Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Serpukhov; in areas of intense Agriculture- Krasnodar, Stavropol, etc. Classification by economic functions, revealing their most important features, is essentially synthetic. Based functional classification of the city(Fig. 1) are divided into:

Polyfunctional - combining administrative-political, cultural and economic activities (industry and transport). Such cities include capitals, all regional and regional centers, as well as many large cities of the country, in which each of listed functions has a city-forming value;

With a pronounced predominance of industrial and transport functions of inter-district significance. All cities can be conditionally divided into industrial, transport and industrial transport. The industrial ones are very diverse, among them there are cities with a narrow industrial specialization, for example, centers of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, forestry and wood processing industries. There are a lot of types of specialized cities;

Performing administrative and organizational functions"local centers" in the lower regions, national districts, along with industrial and transport, these are mainly small urban-type settlements;

Resort cities constitute a special group. AT last years scientific and research-and-production centers are rapidly developing.

Figure 1 - Functional typology of cities

Classification according to the degree of their participation in territorial division social labor , which depends on the size of the city, functions, connections they support - local or inter-district. Some serve small territories, being local centers, others - a large area through the inter-district division of labor, the value of the third goes beyond the country, as they participate in international economic and cultural relations.

Classification by genetic traits. The objective patterns of development and qualitative transformations of economic functions have big influence per type modern city. A mining settlement, founded in a large iron ore basin, in the process of development turns into a metallurgical city, the latter can also become a center of mechanical engineering. An oilfield settlement has a reason to turn into a city with oil refining and non-essential types of energy, labor, water, a sales market, etc. All this should be taken into account when selecting genetic traits.

The genetic type of a city is a concept that includes a set of features that form its specific qualities. The selection of such features is subject to the task for which the classification is carried out. When forecasting the economic development of a city, it is important to know the genesis of its economic functions and their qualitative transformations. To solve planning problems, it is necessary to take into account the evolution of their planning structure.

Classification by types of prospective development is developed in district plans based on an analysis of the main factors of urban growth. It allows for a comprehensive and interconnected assessment of the conditions and prospects for their development on a vast territory, taking into account the design value, changes in the functional structure, and the creation of new cities. A promising typology of cities contributes to the purposeful development and transformation of settlement systems.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

The population density of settlements (i.e., their size in terms of the number of inhabitants) is associated with the production functions of the settlement, with the form of settlement, with the history of the given settlement. This indicator objectively reflects the total effect of a number of factors on the development of the settlement, but does not reveal these factors by itself. At the same time, the size of the settlements creates certain conditions for their life, for the organization of cultural and community services for their residents, so the selection of a number characteristic types rural settlements in given feature has scientific and practical significance. "Typology of the population of settlements" can be considered as one of the types of typology, but it can be most effectively used in conjunction with other typological lines - functional, morphological, genetic.

The difference between urban and rural settlements

Historically, the creation of the prerequisites for the division of settlements into urban and rural ones is associated with the socio-territorial division of labor, which leads, first of all, to the separation of industrial and commercial labor from agricultural labor and, thereby, to the separation of the city from the countryside. This causes the development of two main types of settlements - urban (cities) and rural (villages, villages, farms, etc.).

Urban settlements - settlements that perform the following economic functions (one or more in various combinations): 1) industrial; 2) transport; 3) organizational, economic, cultural, political and administrative; 4) functions of organizing recreation and treatment (resorts). To determine urban settlements, it is necessary to proceed from a combination of characteristics: population, employment, economic and cultural significance locality - taking into account the local characteristics of various countries and regions.

Rural settlements include mainly small settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged in geographically dispersed activities. There are many names for rural settlements. If we take only Russia, then here - these are villages, villages, settlements, farms, villages, etc. In other countries, their specific names are used (villages, villages, etc.). And although the names reflect to some extent the functional specifics of a rural settlement, it is hardly possible to speak of a scientific typology of rural settlements on this basis. According to the predominant functions in the social division of labor, two large types of rural settlements can be distinguished: agricultural and non-agricultural. There is also a type - agro-industrial settlements.

"Agricultural" and "rural non-agricultural" settlements are concepts that specify the production orientation of rural-type settlements. In the first case, these are settlements whose inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, in the second case, settlements whose inhabitants are employed outside the sphere of agriculture and participate in the implementation of other geographically dispersed functions (forestry, transport services, exploitation of recreational resources, etc.) . The concept of "agro-industrial settlement" combines the features of the two previous types. The village itself is formed on the basis of the development of industry in rural areas, primarily processing agricultural raw materials.

A systematic study of the city and the countryside cannot be based on only one criterion, since each of them reflects only one side of the concepts. For a comprehensive study of urban and rural settlements, it is necessary to involve a system of criteria.

Here is an approximate scheme of criteria for "city" and "village":

the size of the population and the degree of its stability; the nature of the natural and mechanical movement of the population;

the nature and complexity of the sectoral and professional structure of social production, the degree of development of industry, construction, and transport;

the level of organization of the material and spatial environment, the degree of improvement of the settlement;

the level of development of service (service sector), i.e. organization of all forms of social consumption;

social functions of the settlement (its role in the management of society and the national economy, functions in relation to the surrounding settlements);

lifestyle of the population;

state of consciousness (specific to given population norms and values); the differentiation of needs that characterizes it;

attitude to the settlement as a city or as a village.

In order to bring the classification of settlements into “towns” and “villages” to an operational level, in addition to formulating theoretical criteria, it is necessary to:

a system of specific indicators corresponding to each criterion;

a system of "threshold" values ​​of indicators characterizing the transition from the "village" to the "city";

Information about quantitative values these indicators for the totality of the studied settlements.

The differences between urban and rural settlements will decrease in the future, but until they disappear, it would be advisable to change the main typology of settlements (according to the criterion of the relationship of their inhabitants to the main spheres of social production), adapting it to new conditions - the increasing urbanization of the village and the spread of non-agricultural employment in the countryside. All settlements can be divided into urban (urban type) and non-urban; in the former, two classes should be distinguished: cities and urban settlements; in the latter, there are also two classes: settlements (settlements of a non-agricultural profile) and villages.

In rural areas, for the most part of indicators of quality of life, there is a reduced level of satisfaction with life. In terms of life satisfaction indicators, the residents of the city have a normal level of quality of life. At the same time, representatives of the city and the countryside are dissatisfied with the level of income of their families and their own in particular. The villagers are especially dissatisfied with their financial situation, and this is understandable, because. wages in rural areas are lower than in the city, and rural residents compare their incomes with urban ones, and not with average earnings in their place of residence. The size of the living space and the improvement of housing also do not suit the respondents from the city and the countryside. And if the size of the living space, in the opinion of the respondents, approaches satisfactory, then the improvement of an apartment or house leaves a reason for dissatisfaction. Both urban and rural residents, no doubt, would like to live in comfortable conditions, but in the city there is a problem of prices for the desired housing, and in rural areas there is a problem of providing utilities (many of the respondents live in poorly equipped houses). Apparently, it is these two problems that prevent the establishment of a normal level of satisfaction with housing. Climatic and environmental conditions are quite suitable for the villagers. In contrast to them, city residents cannot note a high degree of satisfaction in these aspects. At the same time, the citizens are quite satisfied living conditions in the place of residence, which include shops, services, etc., which cannot be said about the residents of the village, who experience some restrictions in their everyday life due to the lack of the desired assortment in stores, the ability to choose services, etc. Such differences in assessment of satisfaction with conditions in the place of residence are adequate and even predictable in connection with the physical and economic features of life in these two types of settlements. Fairly clear differences are observed between rural and urban residents in the family sphere. Satisfaction with family life among urban residents is much higher than among rural residents. It can be assumed that family income, in addition to all other factors, affects the degree of satisfaction with family relationships. Consequently, urban residents have higher satisfaction with the family sphere due to higher income. Satisfaction with nutrition is also directly related to the income of the population. Representatives of both settlements are equally satisfied with the variety of products, but residents of the city are more satisfied with the quantity of food. This fact can be explained by the financial ability of population groups: in the city, due to higher earnings, the opportunity to buy the things you like, products, services in the required quantity is higher.

Job satisfaction is a multi-dimensional entity, but in any case, all aspects are closely related to the pay factor. Relations with superiors and work colleagues were noted by the interviewed people of both groups as quite satisfactory. Relations with colleagues are somewhat better than relations with superiors. Rural residents are limited in opportunities for professional and career growth due to the peculiarities of their place of residence, so this component of job satisfaction in general causes a feeling of dissatisfaction. This fact of the frustration of the need for growth, as well as unsatisfactory wages, is reflected in the assessment of the degree of job satisfaction in general: the villagers indicated a reduced state in this area of ​​life.

Satisfaction with social support from friends, relatives, family, etc. equally high in representatives of both types of settlements. The state of health of their own, as well as their children and wife or husband, is assessed by rural and urban residents as good to approximately the same extent. But in terms of mental state, urban residents are distinguished by a higher level than rural residents. This fact is explained by the fact that the villagers, as noted earlier, experience a feeling of dissatisfaction in more aspects of life, so they are more worried, disappointed, sad, etc., and all these states lower the overall spiritual stability and peace of mind.

In general, rural and urban residents rated their quality of life as normal, but due to the above differences and features of life in the village and in the city, city residents believe that their life is going well, and village residents gave an average rating.

If we summarize the results for the two groups, we can conclude that more than half of the representatives of both settlements feel the strength and ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This desire and readiness is explained primarily by the desire to improve their economic situation, and private enterprises, their own business, work without bosses for themselves, are directly associated with people with the opportunity to increase their material well-being. Villagers, working in organizations, enterprises, firms, etc. they receive a certain salary, which suits some workers, but not others. And as you can see from the answers, those who are not satisfied with the salary make up 100%. This can be seen from the fact that all residents of the village indicated in their answers that they were ready to change jobs in order to increase their income, and most of of respondents (52.2%) is ready to change their job to a better paid one without any conditions. And the rest of the respondents are most concerned about their knowledge, skills, competence, which are necessary for a new job. The presence of acquaintances working in a new field for the interviewed people is not of great importance. Residents of the city are very different in terms of changing the type of activity from the inhabitants of the village. So, it can be noted that the residents of the city are not ready to take risks, they are afraid of losing their jobs. Although in general the townspeople agree to change their area of ​​work in order to increase their earnings, they want to be sure that this is really the best job option, and they can work there. Thus, about a fifth of urban residents are ready to change their place of work to a more profitable one under any conditions. Many residents of the city are not ready to leave for another job. This can be explained, for example, by the fact that they are satisfied with the income, it is also possible that high competition at the place of work in the city makes itself felt, because. it is easier to find a replacement for a worker than in the villages, so the townspeople are afraid of losing their existing job. The main conditions for the transition to another job for urban residents are knowledge, skills, abilities for it, and the presence of acquaintances in a new workplace is an insignificant moment. Here, there is a similarity between urban residents and rural residents: both of them, first of all, compare their abilities and the ability to work in a new job.

All the data obtained allow us to say that the lifestyle of rich people is more positive and more attractive, because the presence of some carelessness, the absence of problems are mainly noted, life is associated with continuous rest and celebration, and its meaning lies in spending money. Unlike a rich life, the life of the poor is perceived negatively and is associated with a whole "bouquet" of problems. The way of life of the poor does not contain attractive moments. If we compare opinions about the way of life of the poor and the rich, we can note some immaturity and distortion in the perception of wealth. Almost the same positive aspects of wealth and ways of spending money were noted. Among the answers, we do not see those that would point to the process of making money, problems associated with big money, etc. Perhaps such a distortion occurs due to the influence of the media that promotes a beautiful life, the influence of personal and public stereotypes of the perception of the life of the rich, and it is also possible to some extent the influence of envy of such a life and the desire to live in this way, as a result of which there is smoothing existing negative aspects. At the same time, a more realistic picture of rich people and their lifestyle, noted in the responses of urban residents, can be explained by a wider range of information sources that increase the likelihood of obtaining true information, real facts about the lives of rich and poor.

The global process of urbanization began in Russia almost a hundred years later than in developed countries ah - at the end of the 19th century. The high rate of urbanization during the period of Soviet industrialization of 1930-50 became a Russian specificity: only in 1929-39. urban population increased by 25-28 million people. The growth of the urban population stopped in the early 1990s under the influence of two main factors: the aging of the city dwellers and the excess of mortality over the birth rate, as well as the depletion of the human resources of the countryside, which supplied migrants to the cities. Long-term and massive migrations of the rural population to cities led to the fact that urban culture and way of life were washed away by the flow of rural migrants: by the time of the collapse of the USSR, urban residents were mostly city dwellers in the first or second generation. As a result, despite the formally high proportion of the urban population, Russia is still characterized by the incompleteness of urbanization in the formation of an urban lifestyle. But in terms of the share of the urban population (73%), Russia almost does not lag behind large developed countries (USA - 75%, Canada - 77%).

In 2004, there were 1097 cities in the Russian Federation, almost 60% have more than high status cities of republican, regional and regional subordination. In addition to cities, there are 1,793 urban-type settlements (urban settlements). These are small settlements (2-15 thousand inhabitants), generated by accelerated Soviet industrialization, most often at industrial or transport enterprises. The urban population of Russia is 105.8 million people, of which 95.7 million live in cities, 10.1 million people live in cities. - in urban-type settlements Pertsik E.N. Cities of the world: Geography of world urbanization - M.: International relationships, 2007. - 266 p.

Table 2. Share of the urban population living in cities and towns of various sizes, %

For the intercensal period the average size urban settlements increased. If Moscow and St. Petersburg are excluded from the calculation, then the growth in the number of inhabitants of an average urban settlement will be 1.7 thousand people. At the same time, the total number of cities for 1989-2004. increased from 1037 to 1097, and urban-type settlements - decreased by 18% due to administrative changes. Some urban settlements were included in the nearby city, but most were converted into rural settlements, which made it possible to reduce electricity fees and increase household plots.

If we divide all urban settlements in Russia and their inhabitants (including the population of urban settlements) according to these criteria, it turns out that there are only 15% of "real" cities (with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants), but almost 2/3 of the urban population lives in them. In the group of relatively prosperous cities with a population of more than 250 thousand people. most of the cities-centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation fall (except for the capitals autonomous regions), as well as large industrial centers. The share of such cities is less than 7%, but every second city dweller lives in them. A quarter of the urban population lives in "millionaire" cities (with a population of more than 1 million people), a slight decrease in the share for 1989-2004. associated with the departure from the number of "millionaires" in Perm in 2003 (Table 2) Rodionova I.A. population and world economy/ I.A. Rodionova, V.N. Cholin. - M.: 2007. - 280 p.

The under-urbanization of Russia is much better seen in calculations for the entire population (Fig. 1). More than 53 million people, or 37% of the total population of the country, live mainly in "rural" conditions - in villages, urban-type settlements, small towns (less than 20 thousand inhabitants) and cities. The same share is made up of residents of more prosperous large cities with a population of over 250 thousand people. The remaining quarter of the population lives in a semi-urbanized urban environment. This ratio explains many of the difficulties of social transformations in Russia.

Rice. one.

Regional differences in the level of urbanization are associated with different times the beginning of urbanization processes and the nature of the development of the territory. The most urbanized are the old industrial territories around Moscow and St. Petersburg - the European Center and the North-West, the share of the urban population is also high in the northern and northeastern regions new development with extreme natural conditions. In the agrarian south of the country and in the least developed national republics, slightly affected by industrialization, the share of the urban population in most subjects of the Russian Federation does not exceed 40-60% www.gks.ru.

The ratio of different population groups of settlements is one of the characteristics of the living conditions of the population of any region. It is possible to place the subjects of the Russian Federation on a conditional "scale of urbanization", where the population density of settlements, of course, is not the only, but the most "initial" and simple indicator. In this case, on the one hand, extreme positions will be occupied by Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Moscow Region, where either the entire population or the vast Samara Region, where 86% of the city and 2/3 of the total population live in the Samara-Togliatti agglomeration. At the other extreme, there will be the only subject of the federation that does not have an urban population - the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District; as well as other less urbanized national entities, mainly in Asian Russia - Aginsky Buryat, Koryaksky and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs and the Altai Republic, and in the European part - Komi-Permyatsky Okrug (in all these territories, the share of townspeople is from 25 to 35%). The urbanization is also low in the North Caucasus - for example, in Dagestan and Ingushetia, the share of citizens is 42-43%, a similar situation is in Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, etc. Rodionova I.A. Population and world economy / I.A. Rodionova, V.N. Cholin. - M.: 2007. - 280 p.

Cities are playing special role"supporting frame of settlement", being the centers of development and service for the surrounding territory. The accessibility of cities, the density of their network is extremely important. In the European part, where 77% of all cities in the country are located, the average distance between cities is more than 70 km, including in the most developed Central region- 45 km. For comparison, in Western Europe this figure is 20-30 km. In the eastern regions of Russia, the average distance between cities exceeds 225 km, including in the most developed southern zone Western Siberia- 114 km, and in the vast Far East - 300 km. The small number of cities and the considerable distances between them have obvious social consequences. Firstly, this is the low territorial mobility of the population, the underdevelopment of pendulum migrations even within the agglomerations (with the exception of the Moscow metropolitan area), which does not allow residents to find the best places to apply their labor and realize their potential without significant costs for changing their place of residence. Secondly, this is a slow modernization of the way of life and a much worse adaptation to reforms in vast non-agglomeration spaces.

Social development of cities depends not only on population and status (closely related), but also on the functions of the city and its geographical position. To show this influence, we violated the "purity of the genre" by supplementing the settlement analysis with data social statistics for cities of different population, status and location. The same is done for rural areas (see below). For cities, there are four main factors on which socio-economic development depends.

Population- the larger the city, the more diversified its economy, more varied choice jobs, the service sector is more developed. The largest cities have the greatest resilience and development potential, concentrating investment, revenue and service center functions. The economic advantages of population concentration (agglomeration effect) are described in theory and confirmed by the accelerated development of large cities in the world. AT modern Russia These advantages are most pronounced only in largest city- Moscow, thanks not only to its high population, but, above all, to capital status. An ultra-high concentration of investment and consumption of services in the capital persists throughout the transition period. The rest of the "millionaire" cities, including St. Petersburg, are still significantly inferior to Moscow (Table 3) www.gks.ru.

Table 3. Share largest cities with a population of more than a million people in the socio-economic indicators of Russia in 2002, %

City status is closely related to the size of its population, but with a similar population, the city that has a higher status wins. more possibilities for concentration economic resources. In addition to the federal capital, special benefits have the capitals of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which play the same role of centers for their regions as Moscow does for the country as a whole, although on a smaller scale. And in terms of population, regional capitals on average exceed the second cities of the regions by 6 times. The political decentralization of the 1990s led to the strengthening of the capital functions of the city centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation due to the concentration of income sources in them. The result was an increase in differences in the earnings of residents of regional capitals and the entire population of the region (Table 4). The most "disenfranchised" are small towns of regional subordination - their budgets are oversubsidized, social sphere underdeveloped, even according to urban planning standards they are not supposed to have many types of urban social infrastructure (multipurpose hospitals, vocational schools).

Table 4. The ratio of wages in regional centers and regions in 1990-1998. (%)*

* without Tyumen region, since wages in Tyumen are much lower compared to northern autonomous regions, which distorts the total values ​​for all centers.

Functions(main types economic activity) - the more such functions, the more sustainable the development. Monofunctional cities are most vulnerable to change economic conditions. In the 1990s, mechanical engineering (including the military-industrial complex) and the textile industry experienced the most severe decline, so cities specializing in these industries were among the "depressive". Against their background, oil and gas producing cities look like "oases" of well-being, but their position in the longer term will also depend on the situation in the industry. Population of the country: geographical and demographic aspects. - M.: Knowledge, 2006. - 290 p. .

Monofunctional cities are most of all in the old industrial regions of the Center, the Urals and in the regions of new development. In 13 regions of the Russian Federation, the share of such cities exceeds 60% (Table 5). Although more than 74% of monofunctional cities are small and medium-sized, with a population of less than 50 thousand people, the population concentration in them is quite high. Only in Sverdlovsk region 1.5 million people (42% of the urban population) live in monofunctional cities, in the monotowns of the republics of Khakassia and Komi, Tyumen, Vologda, Arkhangelsk regions- more than half of the total urban population. Monofunctional cities account for more than 40% of the urban population of Siberia.

Table 5. Regions with the largest share of monofunctional cities

Source: Single-industry cities and city-forming enterprises: a review report / Ed. I.V. Lipsica. M.: Publishing House"Chronicler", 2000. S. 28.

Special, legislated, types of monofunctional cities include "science cities", most of which are located in the Moscow region (Dubna, Obninsk, Pushchino, Troitsk, etc.) and closed administrative-territorial entities (ZATO) of the Ministry of Defense and the nuclear industry, to this category assigned 47 settlements, numbering 1.5 million people. According to G. Lappo and P. Polyan, the share of ZATO residents in the urban population of Russia is 1%, that is, every hundredth Russian citizen is "closed". Whole groups of 5-8 ZATOs are located in the Urals, Kola Peninsula, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. closed cities have, as a rule, more than 25 thousand inhabitants, in three cities the population is close to or exceeds 100 thousand people www.demoscope.ru.

Geographical position- a factor that is difficult to formalize, its impact may change over time. The obvious advantage is the location within large agglomerations (Moscow region), in the transition period there were more advantageous position some border regions with intensive export-import trade ( Leningrad region, Krasnodar Territory), all this contributes to the growth of employment and incomes of the population. Vice versa, geographical position remote northern cities worsened, which affected the social situation. "rich" in Soviet time By the end of the 1990s, the monofunctional cities of the Far North and the Far East were sharply impoverished: more than a third had wages of the population below the Russian average (adjusted for the regional subsistence level), about a quarter - close to the average for the Russian Federation, and only in a quarter of cities wages remained 2-3 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation, and 80% of such cities are located in the Tyumen region. Khorev B.S. Population of the country: geographical and demographic aspects. - M.: Knowledge, 2006. - 290 p..

rural settlement. One of the long-term trends in rural settlement is the depopulation and disappearance of small rural settlements (SNRs). According to the 2002 census, 8% of SNPs completely lost their population. Medium-sized settlements are degrading, some of them are moving into the group of small and smallest (less than 25 people). Second trend recent decades- the concentration of rural residents in larger settlements, more than half of the rural population of Russia already lives in them. For 1979 -2002 The share of residents of the largest villages with a population of over 5,000 people grew the fastest (Table 6). Most of them are located in the south of the country and grew due to the high birth rate (of the republic) and migration influx. In other regions, growth is due not only to migration, but also to the administrative-territorial transformation of urban-type settlements into rural settlements.

Table 6. Share of rural residents living in settlements of different sizes, %

between the 1989 and 2002 censuses. the share of the rural population increased, albeit slightly (Table 7). The share of city residents decreased in 41 out of 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.е. in almost half of the regions. After many decades of growth in the proportion of the urban population, such changes seem unexpected, but they should not be seen as the end of urbanization processes. The main reason was the rapid growth of the rural population of the Southern Federal District, which consisted of two components: a powerful migration influx from the CIS countries, most of which went to the countryside of the territories and regions of the south, as well as a higher natural increase in the rural population of the republics of the North Caucasus. A small contribution was also made by the Siberian federal district, where rural population decreased more slowly than the urban one, due to the migration influx from Kazakhstan to the rural areas of the south of Western Siberia. The "agrarianization" of the population in the south of the country became a temporary phenomenon caused by the crisis of the 1990s after the collapse of the USSR. By the beginning of the 2000s. migration from the CIS has declined sharply, is gradually declining and natural increase rural residents of the Caucasian republics, increasing migration outflow from the village. Under the influence of these reasons, since 2003, the country's rural population has been declining faster than the urban population.

Table 7. Changes in the share and size of the urban and rural population

federal district	Percentage of urban population	Percentage change in population
		change	the entire population	urban	rural
the Russian Federation
Central
Northwestern
Volga
Ural
Siberian
Far Eastern

In general, during the transition period, the entire population of the country "shifted" to the southwest, but the spatial concentration of the rural population was faster than that of the urban population. The share of the population of the Southern Federal District in the total population of Russia increased over 1989-2004. from 14% to 15.8%, while urban - from 11.4% to 12.4%, and rural - from 21.2% to 25.1%. Every fourth rural resident of the country now lives in the south of the European part, in the most favorable climatic conditions. In the depopulating countryside of the Central Federal District, now less population than in the south, its share in the rural population of the country decreased from 21.5% to 19.5%, and the share Eastern Siberia and the Far East together - up to 10.3% of all rural residents of the country (in 1989 - 11.5%) www.demoscope.ru.

Despite the shifts of the transition period, territorial differences in the distribution of types of rural settlements have been preserved, they depend on natural conditions and impacts of urbanization. Rural settlements are "inscribed" in natural environment, therefore, in the north and in the eastern regions of the country they are larger, often located along rivers and at a considerable distance from each other. In the Non-Chernozem zone, a dense network of small settlements has developed, many of which disappear due to prolonged depopulation. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones with chernozem soils, the network of rural settlements is less common, but they themselves are much larger, the population of the southern villages reaches 10 thousand or more people. AT foothill areas In the republics of the North Caucasus, the network of rural settlements is denser and the settlements themselves are quite large. The zonality of rural settlement is violated only in suburban areas of large agglomerations, where rural settlements become larger and their network becomes more dense.

The existing system of settlement affects the social situation and lifestyle of the rural population. On the example of individual, fairly typical subjects of the Russian Federation, it is possible to illustrate the main differences (Table 8) www.rf-agency.ru.

• In numerous small villages Non-chernozem zone depopulated after decades of mass migration to the cities and not provided with basic essential services, mostly retirees live, the quality of the small able-bodied population (health, education) is extremely low.
• The villages of the southern steppe regions are much larger, more comfortable, the population is younger and healthier, it is not so drained by migration to cities, in the incomes of rural residents big role plays a developed personal subsidiary plot.
• In the republics of the North Caucasus, families with a large number children, the rural population has a young age structure, differs better health, but poorly covered by vocational education.
• · In the eastern regions, rural settlements are quite large, the population has a more balanced age structure, the migration outflow from the village is not higher than from cities, the predominantly able-bodied population in the village is better educated, but its state of health is unfavorable.
• Suburbs largest agglomerations are azonal, in which demographic, social and infrastructural indicators are closer to urban ones, the population differs most high level education and maximum mobility, average health indicators.

Table 8. Socio-demographic indicators of rural areas in various regions of Russia in 2002-2003

	Average settlement size, people	Share of population in ages, %	Average household size, people	Life expectancy, years	Share of population with higher and secondary vocational education, %
younger than able-bodied	older than able-bodied
Center and Northwest(Tver region)
Steppe South(Stavropol region)
foothill zone south(Dagestan)
East(Primorsky Krai)
suburban area(Moscow region)

The existing contrasts of urban and rural settlement are very stable, under their influence many social differences are formed in the regions. This means that when carrying out any social reforms, their adaptation and "tuning" is required for different territories - large-scale agglomerations, the sparsely populated North and East, the depopulating sparsely populated Center and North-West, etc. Otherwise, reform attempts may "sink" in space.