Crimean automobile bridge. What can destroy the Crimean bridge? Technical characteristics and features of the Crimean bridge

SIMFEROPOL, May 15 - RIA Novosti Crimea. - a bridge across the Kerch Strait, 19 km long. The longest in Russia. The cost of construction is 227.92 billion rubles. The route starts on the Taman Peninsula, passes through the island of Tuzla, crosses the Kerch Strait and comes to the Crimean coast.

The issue of its construction has been in the spotlight since the reunification of Crimea with Russia in March 2014. All this time, the main transport artery connecting Crimea with mainland Russia has been ferry crossing through the Kerch Strait (port "Crimea" - port "Kavkaz").

In June 2014, based on the results of the work of the expert council and interdepartmental working group construction has been approved. Experts considered more than 70 options for a transport crossing. In August, the Russian government appointed the Federal Highway Agency (Rosavtodor) as the customer for the construction of the bridge. As a result, the most optimal one was chosen: two parallel bridges - automobile and railway, which pass along the spit and the island of Tuzla.

In February 2015, the Federal State Institution "Department of Federal highways"Taman" of Rosavtodor (FKU Uprdor "Taman") signed a state contract with LLC "Stroygazmontazh". In April, Stroygazmontazh signed a design contract with CJSC Institute Giprostroymost - St. Petersburg.

In 2015, the shores of the strait are surveyed by sappers. Research work carried out by archaeologists. During the excavations, the monuments are studied bronze age, Antiquity, Middle Ages. All finds of scientific value are transferred to museums. Ecologists carry out activities to preserve flora and fauna, both terrestrial and marine. Animals and plants from the Red Data Book move to other areas.

The active construction phase began in February 2016. In March, builders began erecting the pile foundations for the structure. At the same time, Russian President Vladimir Putin inspected the progress of work.

In May 2016, the Public Council for Construction began its work. It includes representatives of government, business, journalists, environmentalists and social activists, famous artists, historians. So, TV presenter Larisa Verbitskaya (born in Feodosia), singer Alena Sviridova (grew in Kerch) and deputy State Duma, boxer Nikolai Valuev.

Russian President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev talk to workers while inspecting the construction of a transport crossing across the Kerch Strait. Right - director of LLC "Stroygazmontazh" for the construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait Leonid Ryzhenkin

In February 2017, the head of Rosavtodor, Roman Starovoit, and the head of the Republic of Crimea, Sergey Aksenov, launched the construction of an auto-approach to from the side of the Kerch Peninsula. Earlier, the construction of a similar approach was started on the Taman Peninsula.

In August 2017, specialists fixed a railway arch weighing 6 thousand tons on fairway supports at a height of 35 meters above sea level. Over the next week, more than 550 ships passed under the arch. In October - a road arched span weighing 5 thousand tons at a height of 35 meters. By the end of the year, the bridge builders completed the assembly of the superstructures of the road part, having completely formed the canvas from the Taman coast to the Kerch coast. A string of metal structures with a total weight of more than 100 thousand tons is stretched over the Kerch Strait between 288 supports, 85 of which are located in the sea. More than 3,000 piles were sunk into the base of the pillars under the road, the depth of their immersion was an average of 50 meters from the surface of land or water, at one of the construction sites it reached 88 meters. At present, the builders continue to work on the railway section.

At the end of 2017, a popular vote was held for the name of the bridge to the peninsula. 64% of those who voted chose the Crimean Bridge option, 24% - the Kerch Bridge and 6% - the Reunification Bridge. Thus, it was chosen as the official name of the transition.

In January 2018, commissioning work began on the base of the bridge operation, and on finished plots The builders have started to lay the asphalt pavement. This was followed by work on equipping the bridge with barrier railings, a lighting system, power supply and sanitation systems, as well as automatic control. road traffic, which is necessary both for traffic control on the bridge and for informing drivers about the current situation at the facility at the time of its operation.

In the first ten days of May, the customer for the construction of the bridge FKU Uprdor "Taman" announced that Stroygazmontazh had completed the construction of the road part and it was ready for opening. Then, within a few days, the road builders completed the arrangement of the finished road with road signs, and the operation services prepared all systems and departments to ensure safe traffic on the new road. On Monday, May 14, the State Committee for Road Facilities of the Republic of Kazakhstan announced the completion of the construction of an automobile approach to from Kerch. Opened the day before labor movement vehicles along the overpass through the auto-approach to the bridge.

The notorious Crimean bridge, which until recently was called the Kerch bridge, is at the final stage of construction. About how much the invaders spent on its construction, with what features it happened and what could destroy the bridge from Taman to Kerch - in article 24 of the Channel.

Russian President Vladimir Putin on May 15 or 16 (the Kremlin decided to make an intrigue with the date), accompanied by his always faithful "Night Wolves", should pompously open the newly built Crimean bridge. To begin with, only cars and buses will be able to move freely on it - the occupiers are still completing the construction of the railway part, but they are afraid to let trucks in.

Who and when built the bridge from Kerch

In history, there have already been several attempts to connect the Crimea and Kuban with a crossing - for the first time, the bridge was completed in 1944. However, he did not stand for long - he was destroyed by a strong ice drift already at the beginning of 1945.

AT modern times the construction of the bridge was in the plans of Ukraine for a long time. They were not accepted for work due to the high cost of the project, but in April 2010 Moscow and Kyiv nevertheless concluded an Agreement on the construction Kerch bridge.

Before the annexation of Crimea by Russia, the bridge was needed to improve transport links between the countries of the Black Sea basin, which agreed to build a road around the sea. Each country independently had to reduce its section. In Ukraine, the route was supposed to pass through Kerch, because the detour Sea of Azov extended the route by 500 kilometers.

"Construction of the century"

After the occupation of Crimea, Putin announced his intention to urgently build a crossing across the Kerch Strait. Ukraine, on the other hand, withdrew from the contract on the construction of the bridge within the shortest legal time.

In order to be in time with the "construction of the century" before the 2018 presidential elections, State Duma deputies adopted a document that allowed the construction of the Kerch bridge without observing any laws at all. In Moscow, the developer was allowed to disregard the norms of environmental and urban planning legislation, destroy monuments of history and archeology, freely seize land at the population.

The cost of the Crimean bridge is now 228 billion rubles

The right to build the bridge went to billionaire Arkady Rotenberg close to Putin. The oligarch is known for being the childhood sparring partner of the head of the Kremlin in judo.

However, Putin's friend had a hard time with the construction of the facility - the contractors were afraid to get stuck in the work because of the sanctions that awaited them. It took longer to find a contractor for the construction of the railway part of the bridge - no one wanted to take on this work at all.

Characteristics of the Crimean bridge

The length of the new structure is 19 kilometers, 11.5 of them are on land and another 7.5 kilometers are over the sea. The bridge connects the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas through the island of Tuzla and the Tuzla Spit.

The bridge across the Kerch Strait consists of parallel road and rail sections. The road has 4 lanes maximum speed movement along it will be 120 km / h.

The railroad has two tracks. Estimated speed traffic of passenger trains on the bridge - 120 km/h, freight - 80 km/h.

Characteristics of the Crimean bridge

Now the construction of the railway part of the Crimean bridge continues. It should be completed by December 2019.

What's wrong with the Crimean bridge?

The main claims against the Crimean bridge are, apart from the fact that it was built illegally, violating every conceivable international norms- at his location. Ukrainians conceived construction in the northern part Kerch Strait because the further south, the worse the conditions.

Thus, Georgy Rosnovsky, the author of two Ukrainian projects for the Kerch bridge, is convinced that of all options The Russians chose the most unsuitable transport crossing across the strait - it is the most expensive and most difficult of all that have ever been offered.

Total time independent Ukraine considered the possibility of building a crossing in four places. Three of them connected the Crimea with the Chushka spit on Russian coast: The northern one ran in the eastern point Crimea - Cape Lantern, Zhukovsky - in the area of the ferry crossing, Yenikalsky - in the vicinity of the Yeni-Kale fortress, and the most southern of the options was Tuzlinsky.

What can destroy the Crimean bridge?

Experts say that the durability of the Crimean bridge is under big question. They explain that everything will depend on natural disasters and loads on the bridge.

First of all, in the area of the bridge, reliable primary soils are located at a depth of 90 meters in some places. The Kerch Strait itself is located in the region of a tectonic fault and there is a network of deep mud volcanoes not far from the island of Tuzla. When they "breathe" - there are vibrations of the soil.

Through this feature, the Russians must drive the piles to a depth of up to 100 meters and also under right angle, Considering possible earthquakes. However, according to experts' forecasts, Russia lacks such technologies and similar construction experience. And although Moscow has announced about the pillars hammered to a depth of 90 meters, not everyone is in a hurry to believe it.

Another danger is the passage of the bridge over the Tuzla Spit, which is constantly being washed away.

Bridge construction site from space: photo by NASA astronaut Tim Kopra

In addition, as Russian hydrobuilder Yuri Sevenard explained, the construction did not take into account extreme weather – strong wind, storms, strong currents and rising ice.

Another danger is a large number of shells left in the region since World War II. In Russia, they swore that before the start of construction, they surveyed the territory and found 700 shells.

Cracks and other fails

In April 2018, photos appeared on the network showing that the 256th pillar, which is located almost in the center of the Kerch Strait, cracked in two places.

Cracks on the 256th support (video):

And this is not the first failure in the area. In February 2018, subsidence of supports by one meter was recorded. However, this subsidence was far from the first - a similar situation happened in September 2017, when construction had to be suspended. This happened after the installation of one of the spans of the bridge - one support sank by a meter, the other by one and a half.

This confirms the concerns of experts on the reliability of the bridge. According to forecasts, the supports may not withstand the load of even an empty railway line. And the main problems will begin with the launch of freight trains.

What is Ukraine losing?

During the development of bridge projects by Ukraine, it was noted that the height of the navigable arch should be at least 50 meters from the average long-term sea level. However, Russia in the main navigable part of the Kerch Canal brought together only a 35-meter arch.

Because of such a vile step, Ukraine is losing millions of hryvnias and jobs. In particular, this destabilizes the situation in Mariupol and Berdyansk.

Now, as the director of the Mariupol Commercial Sea Port Alexander Oleinik calculated, only with whom the port used to work.

The Center for the Study of the Army, Conversion and Disarmament stated that the construction of the invaders would lead to 25-30% losses of Ukrainian ports.

How does Ukraine react?

In accordance with a separate agreement between Ukraine and Russia, any construction in the Kerch Strait can only be carried out with the permission of both parties. Therefore, all work in the Kerch Strait is completely illegal.

Back in 2017, the Ministry of Justice began to prepare a lawsuit and calculate the losses of lost funds by the Mariupol and Berdyansk trading ports. The lawsuit will also take into account the fact that during construction, Russia closed the Kerch Strait for ships in order to build the arch of the bridge.

Ukraine also monitors contractors that are working on the construction of the bridge. They are included in the sanctions lists.

One of the most large construction projects in the history of post-Soviet Russia - the Crimean bridge, which connected the Taman and Crimea peninsulas - is partially completed. In just over four years, we managed to design and build a building that is unique in many ways, which will become the main transport artery connecting mainland Russia with the Crimea. MIR 24 tells about what this “construction of the century” is in facts and figures.

Fact: The final project of the Crimean bridge was chosen from ten proposed

The route along which the Crimean bridge was laid is called Tuzla, since it passes through the island of Tuzla. He was chosen from ten proposed projects for two reasons. First, the island turned out to have enough free land in order to place there with all the conveniences many infrastructure facilities related to the provision of construction: bases, warehouses, ready-made bridge elements, and so on. Secondly, the Tuzla project made it possible not to disrupt the operation of the ferry crossing between the ports of the Caucasus and the Crimea - and during the construction period it remained the only safe road to the Crimean peninsula.

Figure: the length of the Crimean bridge is 19 km

The bridge became the largest in Russia, overtaking the former leader - the Presidential Bridge in Ulyanovsk (12.97 km) - by almost 7 km.

Fact: The Crimean bridge can survive any earthquake

According to seismologists, serious earthquakes of magnitude over 6 occur in the Crimea once or twice a century. The last such incident on the peninsula was recorded in 1927. More serious earthquakes are also possible, but, as scientists have calculated, no more than once every 5,000 years. At the same time, their magnitude will not exceed 9, and the design of the Crimean bridge is designed to withstand shocks with a magnitude of 9.1.

Figure: 596 pillars hold the Crimean bridge

At the same time, one support is a metal structure weighing about 400 tons, which means that in total 32 eiffel towers! But there are also piles, the number of which is over 7000.

Fact: The first Crimean bridge was built in 1944

Indeed, after Soviet troops liberated the peninsula, they began to build a bridge, taking as a basis the bridge crossing unfinished by the Germans, work on which was carried out in 1942-43 to supply German troops in the Caucasus. The German sappers managed to build only a functioning cable car, and the Soviet ones brought the matter to an end, connecting the Taman and Crimean coasts with a full-fledged bridge. It was built in one of the narrowest places in the Kerch Strait - from the Chushka spit on Taman to the village of Opasnaya north of Kerch. This bridge stood until February 20, 1945, when it was destroyed by ice fields advancing from the Sea of Azov.

Figure: 123 icebreakers were supposed to protect the first Crimean bridge

In reality, much fewer ice cutters were built, and it was this circumstance that caused the destruction of the bridge.

Fact: The current Crimean bridge was built where the ice fields are thinner and rarer

At the entrance to the Kerch Strait, ice fields coming from the Sea of Azov still retain serious density and thickness. That is why there, when faced with obstacles, they form real traffic jams that pose a serious danger. But far from all the ice reaches the exit from the strait, besides, it has time to crumble and weaken, and such rarefied ice fields no longer pose a danger to the current Crimean bridge.

Figure: 227.92 billion rubles - the total cost of the entire project

This amount was calculated at the beginning of July 2016 by the specialists of FKU Uprdor Taman, the state customer for the construction of the bridge. This amount is almost 380 million rubles less than the project's marginal cost approved before the start of its construction.

Photo: Official website of the Crimean bridge

Fact: The Crimean bridge allows a large bridge to pass under it. sea vessels

This was done in order not to interrupt maritime communication with Russian and Ukrainian ports on the Sea of Azov. It is noteworthy that a similar possibility of passing ships was also provided for by the design of the first Crimean bridge of the 1944 model. There they planned to build a two-span structure with a total length of 110 meters, each of the spans of which turned 90 degrees, passing ships simultaneously in two directions. The current Crimean bridge does not need such a construction: its central arches have sufficient height and width.

Figure: Length - 227 meters, height - 35 meters

These are the characteristics of the arched spans of the modern Crimean bridge, allowing even large ocean liners to pass through them.

Fact: The Crimean bridge actually consists of two bridges - road and rail

After the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the railway connection with the peninsula through the territory of Ukraine was interrupted for obvious reasons. One month a year, passenger trains went to the Crimea, the wagons of which were transported on the Crimea-Kavkaz railway ferry, but this was clearly not enough. Therefore, when designing the Crimean bridge, it was immediately provided for the organization of not only automobile, but also railway communication. This is implemented due to the fact that in fact the bridge consists of two parallel bridges, one of which has a four-lane freeway, and the other has a two-track one. Railway.

Figure: 38 thousand cars per day - the estimated capacity of the bridge

At the same time, the maximum allowed speed on the bridge will be 120 km / h, that is, it will be possible to pass it in just 10 minutes!

Fact: The road bridge opens a year and a half earlier than the railway

Such a spread in time was included in the plans for the construction of the Crimean bridge from the very beginning. There are several reasons for this, including the high complexity of building a railway bridge, and most importantly, access roads to it, as well as the fact that last years the bulk of vacationers arrived on the peninsula by car.

Figure: 24 trains in each direction per day will pass along the Crimean bridge

This number roughly corresponds to total number trains that came and went from the peninsula between 1991 and 2014. However, at that time these were trains coming not only from Russia, but also from Ukraine.

At the opening ceremony of the road section of the Crimean Bridge. The head of state got acquainted with the readiness single center traffic control and all operational services to the operation of the transport crossing. The traffic on the bridge will start on May 16.

The Crimean bridge will connect the Kerch Peninsula (Crimea) with the Taman Peninsula ( Krasnodar region). It will ensure uninterrupted transport links between Crimea and mainland Russia. The bridge starts on the Taman Peninsula, passes along the existing five-kilometer dam and Tuzla Island, crosses the Kerch Strait, rounding Cape Ak-Burun from the north, and comes out on the Crimean coast. The transport crossing consists of parallel automobile and railway routes. Pedestrian areas and bike paths are not provided.

Story

The railway bridge across the Kerch Strait was first built during the Great Patriotic War. In the fall of 1944, it was erected by Soviet military engineers in 150 days. The bridge connected the Krasnodar coast near the Chushka Spit with the Crimean coast near the village of Zhukovka. The structure, 4.5 km long and 22 m wide, consisted of 115 spans and a device for passing ships. On February 18, 1945, the bridge was destroyed by a powerful ice drift from the Sea of Azov. Instead of a bridge crossing, on September 22, 1954, a ferry service across the Kerch Strait began to operate (Krasnodar port "Caucasus" - port "Crimea").

Since the late 1990s, the idea of building a combined road and rail bridge across the strait has been actively discussed by Russian and Ukrainian authorities. In February 2014, after forced change authorities in Ukraine, negotiations were terminated. In March of the same year, Crimea was reunited with Russia. The main transport corridor connecting the peninsula with the mainland of the Russian Federation remained the Kerch ferry crossing.

On March 19, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin set the task for the Russian Ministry of Transport to build a bridge across the strait in two versions - road and rail. Of the several proposed projects, the one that provided for construction not in the narrowest section of the strait, like a bridge built in 1944, was recognized as the most optimal, but to the south - from Taman Peninsula to Kerch through the island of Tuzla. In August 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the design documentation for the construction of a bridge with a highway and electrified railways.

Project executors

The customer of the project was the Federal State Institution "Department of Federal Highways "Taman" of the Federal Road Agency of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the government decree dated January 30, 2015, Stroygazmontazh LLC (part of Arkady Rotenberg's SGM group of companies) was appointed as the general contractor for the work. Construction project management the bridge is carried out by Stroygazmontazh-Most LLC.

Nearly 220 people were involved in the construction of the bridge. Russian enterprises, the construction is carried out by more than 30 bridge crews, more than 10 thousand workers and over 1.5 thousand engineering and technical specialists.

Main technical characteristics

The total length of the bridge is 19 km (it will become the longest in Russia);
four-lane highway(two lanes in each direction) with a total capacity of up to 40,000 vehicles per day;
allowed speed on the highway for cars - 90 km / h;
two railway tracks with a capacity of up to 47 pairs of trains per day;
the permitted speed of passenger trains - 90 km/h, freight - 80 km/h;
capacity - 14 million passengers and 13 million tons of cargo per year;
for shipping arched spans 35 m high.

The transport crossing project also includes the construction of railway and automobile infrastructure along both banks of the Kerch Strait. More than 100 km of roads and railways are being built.

Railway approaches to the bridge from the side Krasnodar Territory and Crimea - these are roads with a length of 40 and 17.5 km. They will be put into operation in 2019, simultaneously with the railway part of the crossing.

Financing

The cost of the state contract for the design and construction of the bridge (expenses of the contractor LLC Stroygazmontazh) was approved in the amount of 223 billion 143 million rubles in the prices of the corresponding years. total cost construction will amount to 227.922 billion rubles. Works are carried out only at the expense of the federal budget within the framework of the federal target program"Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020".

Name of the bridge

Until the end of 2017, the transport crossing through the Kerch Strait had no official name. The question of the name of the future bridge was asked to Russian President Vladimir Putin at a big press conference on December 23, 2016. In response, the head of state offered to find out the opinion of Russians through a survey.

On November 16, 2017, a voting started on the website nazovimost.rf, during which users were asked to choose a name for the bridge. The five most popular options were submitted for consideration: Crimean, Kerch, Tuzlinsky, Friendship Bridge and Reunification Bridge. Voting participants could also propose their own version of the name.

Construction stages

By the end of 2015, the necessary infrastructure for construction was created on both sides of the Kerch Strait. To ensure transport links with offshore areas, temporary working bridges were erected, from which technological work in the waters of the strait. In October 2015, the first working bridge, 1.2 km long, connected the Taman Peninsula and Tuzla. Two more (with a length of 1.8 and 2 km) - towards each other from Kerch and Tuzla Island - were put into operation in the summer of 2016. On March 18 of the same year, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the construction site for the first time.

On March 10, 2016, builders began the construction of pile foundations for the Kerch bridge supports on land, and on May 17, on offshore sections.

In mid-June 2017, the assembly of the navigable arch of the railway part of the bridge was completed (weight - about 6 thousand tons, consists of more than 400 large elements). The railway span is a combination of a span structure with through main trusses and an arch. Installation of the arch began on August 27, 2017. It was delivered to the transport crossing by a special floating system, then the structure was lifted onto the fairway supports. On August 29, the railway arch span was raised to the design height. The offshore operation to transport and lift the arch has become unique for Russian bridge building. According to the construction information center, arched spans with such dimensions have not yet been installed in marine conditions.

At the end of July 2017, on the Kerch coast, the assembly of the road part of the bridge was completed (weight - about 5.5 thousand tons, consists of almost 200 large elements). Arched spans are the most dimensional elements of the Crimean bridge, the length of each is 227 m, the height of the arch is highest point- 45 m. On October 11, 2017, an operation began to transport the road arch. On October 12, the arched span was raised to the fairway supports and secured. Once installed, it provided unobstructed passage for ships through a free space 185 m wide and 35 m high above sea level.

On February 2, 2017, the construction of spans between the marine supports of the crossing began. By the beginning of 2018, almost all piles for the road and railway parts of the future bridge were installed - more than 6.5 thousand pieces. In some areas, the depth of their immersion reached 105 m, which corresponds to the height of a 35-storey building. More than 130,000 of almost 250,000 tons of metal structures of superstructures were assembled.

By the end of April 2018, the builders had completely completed the laying of the asphalt concrete pavement on the road part of the transport crossing, performed static and dynamic tests of this part of the bridge. In early May, the customer of the construction - the Administration of Federal Highways "Taman" - accepted the road part of the Crimean bridge to complete preparations for the opening of traffic.

Opening of traffic on the bridge

The opening of the working movement of cars on the bridge was planned in December 2018, the start of temporary operation of the railway line - in December 2019.

In a number of areas, work was carried out ahead of schedule. On March 14, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin, who visited the construction site, did not rule out that the movement of cars would be opened ahead of schedule. At the same time, the head of the Stroygazmontazh company, Arkady Rotenberg, said that the builders would be ready to hand over the automotive part of the facility after May 9, 2018.

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation is considering a phased scheme for organizing traffic on the automobile part of the passage through the Kerch Strait. At the first stage - in May 2018 - the passage will be opened for cars and passenger buses. Beginning of regular traffic freight transport scheduled for the end of 2018.

According to information center"Crimean Bridge", traffic for motorists will be opened on May 16 at 05:30 Moscow time simultaneously from both banks of the Kerch Strait. At the same time, the entrance to the auto approaches to the bridge from the side of the Taman and Kerch peninsulas will be opened one hour before the official start of traffic. From the Krasnodar Territory to the bridge leads federal highway A-290 to the interchange with the new road on the Taman Peninsula, then 40 km along the auto-approach to the bridge. From the side of Crimea, traffic starts from the interchange on the existing Simferopol-Kerch highway and further 8.6 km to the transport crossing.

The Crimean or Kerch Bridge is a project that was planned to be implemented for a little over 100 years. Crimea has always been one of essential elements consciousness of Russians. Construction of the largest and longest structure in Russian Federation is considered a symbol of patriotism, movement towards a new world. The construction of the Crimean bridge has become one of the most significant events in history modern Russia. His discovery marked new era in the socio-economic segment of the life of the peninsula and the whole country.

Top view of the Crimean bridge across the Kerch Strait

Bridge length	19 kilometers
bridge height	80 meters
Dome height above water	35 meters
Bridge Width (Auto Part)	19.5 meters
Number of lanes	6 (4 cars, 2 railways)
Bandwidth auto/day	40 000
Construction start date	February 2016
Bridge opening date	May 16, 2018
Permitted speed	90 km/h
Price	227.92 billion rubles

The idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding the Crimean bridge

The largest and most labor-intensive construction in the Russian Federation is almost completed. But the project is not a new trend. It was planned to build the Crimean bridge in the distant times of the reign of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1910 Russian Empire there was already a plan that planned to connect the peninsula with the main continent. But the project was not destined to take place due to the outbreak of the First World War.

At the end of hostilities and post-war reconstruction country, the idea to build the Kerch bridge has not disappeared. In the 1930s, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin again thought about the need to build a road across the strait. The plans were to lay railroad tracks. But this time too, the unstable situation in the world prevented the implementation of large-scale construction.

In 1944, the railway bridge to the Crimea still managed to be built. Construction lasted 150 days, and its length reached 4.5 kilometers. The work was carried out on the orders of Hitler German specialists. During the siege of the Crimea, this route was necessary for the transport of goods to the Kuban. After displacement german army the building was badly damaged, but Soviet engineers were able to restore and improve the routes through the Kerch Strait.

Crimean bridge on the map

But the winter of 1945 turned out to be too severe for the construction, the authorities did not have the opportunity to devote time to the maintenance and timely strengthening of the crossing. By February, more of the supports had been destroyed by ice, causing a major accident. Ideas to restore the building arose in 1946, but the project was considered too costly. The bridge across the Kerch Strait was never built.

Negotiations with Ukraine in 2010-2013 became the final stage in planning communication between the peninsula and the Russian Federation. An agreement was made to create a path through the water. But the final and successful construction began after the Crimea became part of the Russian Federation.

Chronology of the construction of the Crimean bridge

After the annexation of the peninsula to Russia, the ministers were asked about transport communication with the peninsula. The official construction of the Kerch Bridge began in February 2016, when the builders immersed the first piles. After that, the work unfolded in several directions - the sea and land routes.

Initially, there were 4 options for connecting the earth, taking into account various factors. Three ideas originated from a spit called Chushka, but they turned out to be less successful, so it was decided to choose a less dangerous project. The choice of where the Crimean bridge begins and ends fell on the gap from the Taman Peninsula, going through the Tuzla Spit and directly to the island of Tuzla.

The decision was due to the fact that in other parts there was a high risk of building a building due to tectonic faults. In addition, within the limits it was necessary to place facilities for servicing the facility, construction sites.

The beginning of the construction of the Crimean bridge was launched at the beginning of 2016 under the leadership of the Stroygazmontazh company. By spring, the supporting structures were erected. At the beginning of summer, the construction company installed the first superstructures. The work was carried out immediately from eight points of the future bridge.

Already on April 26, 2018, evaluation tests of the automobile part of the bridge were carried out. Finished project was handed over by the contractor ahead of schedule - May 16, 2018. The completion of work on the creation of the railway part will last until 2019.

Video: Special report on the construction of the Crimean bridge

The main characteristics of the Crimean bridge

The length of the Crimean bridge is considered the largest among other elevated bridges. transport routes countries. At the same time, it has two parts located above the water, as well as a section providing supports on the island of Tuzla.

The team working on the design of the structure paid special attention to the features of the building. It was extremely important not to create obstacles for navigable transport, as well as to provide a reliable crossing that would withstand natural conditions.

The length of the Crimean bridge across the Kerch Strait from the peninsula to the island of Tuzla is 5.5 kilometers. On this segment there is a navigable corridor, which allows for maritime communication. The wave-like arrangement of the structure nodes is due to the need to bypass seismically active and volcanic areas. Therefore, the length of the Kerch bridge is considered colossal in comparison with the modern buildings of the country.

The works of 2017 turned out to be the most difficult, when the builders had to lay the sea spans of the building. Scrupulous and well-planned actions made it possible to pave a significant path in short term. Possible difficulties with unstable ground were taken into account, natural conditions. Crimean bridge length km - 19.

The structure is considered not only the longest, but also quite high, since the total vertical distance reaches 80 meters. The height of the Crimean bridge on the upper support (arch) is 35 meters.

Crimean bridge - infographic

The geographical location of the Crimean bridge

The construction originates from the mainland of Russia on the Taman Peninsula. It is from this section that you need to start the journey if you plan to travel to the Crimea along new design. The end of the crossing is located in the area of historical monuments. cultural heritage earth. You can find out where the Crimean bridge starts and where it ends by looking at a modern atlas.

A similar path can be made from the Kerch Peninsula to the mainland. At the end of the road, the driver will be in Taman. The Crimean bridge is already shown on the map with the necessary landmarks, so travelers will not have difficulty finding the way. During the trip, the Tuzlinskaya Spit is crossed.

At the time of the design, there were disputes about which points the Crimean bridge would connect. But after a thorough analysis, it was decided that it was the crossing from the side of Tuzla, and not Chushka, that would be the best option. This is due large quantity difficulties associated with the construction of the structure across the Chushka Peninsula.

The Crimean bridge on the map of the Black Sea passes through the Kerch Strait, skirting dangerous volcanic territories. From the side of the Tuzla Spit, the distance to Tuzla Island reaches 7 km. The distance along the land part is 6.5 km, and the length of the offshore section near the Kerch Peninsula is 5.5 km.

Before opening, they installed road signs on the Crimean bridge, indicating where and where to go. Therefore, those who do not live in the nearby territory will also find their way to the bridge. Also, lighting was provided along the route, which allows you to comfortably move around the grandiose structure.

Where the Crimean bridge begins from the side of the main part of Russia, there is a mark on the map - Taman. This peninsula is officially considered the place where the crossing to Kerch comes from. During construction, a camp was built in the village for shift workers erecting the structure.

Opening of the Crimean bridge

So far, the Crimean bridge has been opened only in the automotive part. The railway passage is still being finalized, final events are being carried out. In addition, while there is a restriction for freight transport. The launch of traffic on the railway line is planned for the winter of 2019.

Officially, the opening date of the Crimean Automobile Bridge is at 5.30 am on May 16. Russian President Vladimir Putin came to the grand event.

One of the first to pass through the structure, ready and open for driving, was the unofficial mascot of the construction site - a cat named Bridge, who accompanied the process of erecting a colossal project.

The mascot of the Crimean bridge is a cat named Mostik

The grand opening of the Crimean bridge was accompanied by driving on both sides of the Kerch Strait without stopping transport. It has become important requirement for the operation of the building. The crossing must be carried out in accordance with the route map provided by the authorities. For trucks over 3.5 tons, the passage is not yet provided.

So since May 2018, traffic on the Crimean bridge has been officially opened for motorists and motorcyclists. Trucks will be able to cross the structure by autumn 2018, and the tracks will be fully operational by December 2019.

Will the Crimean bridge be paid?

The traffic pattern on the Crimean bridge is standard, but it is important to take into account that it is impossible to make stops along the way through the crossing. The representatives of the authorities did not announce the collection of finances for travel on the new construction. The movement is open and free, except for certain restrictions. The throughput of cars per day is 40,000. Total lanes on which driving is carried out - 4 (2 in both directions of the road).

The scheme of the entrance to the Crimean bridge is posted on the resource of the Ministry of Roads of Crimea. From the side of the mainland, it is necessary to drive up to the structure from the side of Taman on the corresponding peninsula. For environmental reasons, the nearest connection of the route departing from the crossing with Kerch is 5 km from the city.

The speed limit for cars on the Crimean bridge is no more than 90 km/h. The design speed for freight trains is 80 km/h, and for passenger trains it is 120 km/h.

The construction of the Crimean bridge is rightfully considered the Construction of the Century for the Russian Federation. This building is the longest in the country, but it is also equal to the longest buildings in Europe. The connection of the peninsula with the mainland will allow to withdraw economic policy on the new level, as well as to regulate pricing in the Crimea. This is an excellent event for tourism and other segments of the country's life.

Positive changes after the construction of the Crimean bridge - infographic

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