Sounds "M" "M". The letter "M" "Food

Related article: Z. K. R. sound "M".

Educational areas: Communication, cognition, socialization.

1. Exercise in a distinct pronunciation of the sound "M" in isolation in words and in phrasal speech. Characteristics of the sound "M".

2. Develop mobility articulation apparatus.

3. Highlight the first and last consonant sound "M".

4. To consolidate the concepts of "sound, syllable, word."

5. Develop the rhythmic aspects of speech.

6. Educate respectful attitude to each other. Listen carefully to the answers of the guys, do not interrupt.

Creating conditions: Magic wand, a basket with gifts (raisins, dwarf, matryoshka, hippopotamus, soap, oil, mask, car, raspberries, milk, carrots, a mouse, a hut, a tuesok with treats, Christmas trees, autumn leaves for physical training, Mashenka and Mishutka costumes.

Dictionary: soap, raspberry, car, milk, poppy, lump, mouse, raisins, T-shirt, butter, carrots, album, hippopotamus, matryoshka, gnome.

Preliminary work: reading the fairy tale by L. N. Tolstoy "Three Bears", viewing illustrations for it, watching the fairy tale on DVD, showing a table-plane theater, listening to audio recordings.

Course progress.

Educator: children, today we have guests, say hello to them. (Greetings).

Today we have an unusual lesson, we will travel with you. We will make a journey with the help of fantasy. Close your eyes - "1, 2, 3, open the doors to a fairy tale." Open your eyes.

But what is it? Where are we? (to the soundtrack "sounds of the forest" Masha goes imitating picking mushrooms and says: (riddle-poem)

“Masha often got lost,

To the three bears came to the house.

Soup from a bowl sipped

Broken small chair

Educator: guessed what kind of fairy tale it is (children's answers)

Mashenka was very upset that she broke Mishutka's chair. She wants to bring gifts and now she will tell you about it:

“Mishutka is learning to speak.

Pronounce correct sounds.

Tired of sleeping in a den

He divides words into syllables

Educator: let's practice the tongue.

Articulation gymnastics.

Tale of a cheerful tongue.

There lived a tongue. Waking up early in the morning, he went for a walk and met a frog.

We imitate frogs, we pull our lips straight to our ears. (Exercise "Frog")

1. Tongue watched the frog and went on. The horse sees the children ride. He got on his horse and rode too.

2. Click your tongue loudly - you will hear the sound of hooves. (Exercise "Horse"). Tongue jumped off the horse and ran on a swing to swing.

3. On a swing, I swing up and down, up and down, I go up to the roof, and then go down. (Exercise "Swing"). Tongue got down from the swing and suddenly saw a formidable angry turkey.

4. I am a turkey "baldy-balda", scatter in all directions. (Exercise "Turkey")

The Tongue was frightened and ran home to his mother. And my mother baked pancakes with raspberry jam. I ate the Tongue of pancakes with jam, but I got all my lips dirty. You have to lick your lips.

5. Oh, and delicious jam! It is a pity that it remained on the lip. I will raise my tongue and lick the rest. (Exercise "Delicious jam"). I ate the Tongue and decided to have some tea.

6. We pull the tongue to the nose. We present a cup of tea. (Exercise "Cup").

I drank tea and went to bed. Before going to bed, brush your teeth. Let's brush our teeth.

7. Teeth should be brushed twice: every morning and every evening. (Exercise "We brush our teeth").

The game. Pronunciation of an isolated sound.

One, two - turn around and turn into animals. Draw and show how a cow lows. “Mmu” is loud, and the calf is “mmu”, quietly, the goat is “mmee”.

Depict how the affectionate cat “mmurr” purrs.

One, two - turn around and turn into kids.

Sound articulation analysis.

We open our mouths, we close our lips. The tongue is pressed against the lower teeth. Add voice (mmm). Does the throat sing? (we check).

Characteristics of the sound "m".

Do you think this sound is a vowel or a consonant?

Children: agree.

Educator: Why is the sound "m" consonant?

Children: The sound "m" is consonant because there is a barrier to the passage of air.

What's stopping you? The lips block the passage of air.

Game "Catch the sound". (development of phonemic hearing)

(Clap your hands when you hear the "m" sound)

a) at the level of a number of sounds: N, G, M, Z, V, M, R, P, M, F, R, M, M, M.

b) at the level of a number of syllables: MA-RO-NU-AM-MO-MU-VA-WE.

Educator: Children, what do these syllables mean?

Children: (do not mean anything).

Educator: If the syllables begin to make friends, for example, “ma-ma”, then what happens?

Children: Word

c) at the word level.

Educator: That's right, words always mean something.

Today we will name words that denote objects.

These items are in Masha's basket.

Masha will get items from the basket, and you will name them.

And find the place of the sound in the word. (beginning, middle, end).

Game "Car gifts".

The game is a pun:

Ama-ama, ma-ma.

Uma-ma, doo-ma.

Oma-oma, To-ma.

Ima-ima, di-ma

Educator: I invite you to go for a walk in the autumn forest. We need to find a clubfoot bear in the forest.

What a beautiful autumn forest. Let's play.

A game-physical minute to the soundtrack "Autumn Leaves"

“We were autumn leaves sitting on branches. (squatting)

The wind blew and we took off. (hands go to the sides)

We flew, we flew and quietly sat on the ground.

The wind picked up again and picked up the leaves.

He turned them around, circled them and lowered them to the ground. » (spun around, sat down.)

Dividing words into syllables.

Mishutka comes out.

I danced in earnest, but my name is Mi-joking-ka. (each syllable is stamped with his feet).

Teacher: What is his name?

Children: Be-joking.

Bear:

“A house stands in a clearing, well, but the path to the house is closed.

I open the gate, I invite you to visit the house.

Say the name in syllables and hurry to the gate! »

Two children make a "gate"; the rest alternately pass through them, pronouncing their name and stamping the syllables with their feet. Then they sit on chairs.

Game "Car gifts".

Educator: Mishutka, Masha is your guest with us, she accidentally broke your chair. She also prepared gifts for you. Children, let's name gifts together by syllables.

(Children call gifts by clapping their hands)

Mishutka, now the children will give you gifts, listening to the beats of a musical hammer. For one hit, you need to take a gift, in the name of which one syllable, for two - two syllables, for three or three syllables. Putting a gift in a basket for Mishutkin, you need to call it by syllables.

The children are doing the task.

Educator: We called gifts with words of one, two and three syllables.

Here, Mishutka, you have gifts from Mashenka.

Mishutka: Oh, thank you, kids! I will treat everyone with a delicious cone.

Brings out a basket of treats. Gives to the teacher, leaves.

Educator: So Mishutka went into the forest and crawled into the lair to sleep.

And it's time for us to go back to Kindergarten. (incl. soundtrack "Sounds of the forest")

Close your eyes. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - the birds began to chirp.

We will open our eyes and receive gifts.

Did you like the journey into a fairy tale? (children's answers)

What new did you learn?

Learned to find the sound "m" in words. Divide words into syllables.

Educator: Well done children, you did well, and now let's say goodbye to the guests and go look at Mishutka's gifts.

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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSONANTSIN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Bolycheva E.M.

CONSONANTS: CLASSIFICATION FEATURES

When classifying consonants, it is customary to take into account a number of features:

1) the ratio of noise and tone (noisiness / sonority),

3) hardness / softness,

4) place of formation,

5) the way of education.

Particularly stipulated are the properties of pairing in deafness / sonority and pairing in hardness / softness.

NOISY AND SONORATIVE, VOICED AND VOICED CONSONANTS

Noisy and sonorous consonants differ in the ratio of noise and tone.

Sonorants in Russian include nine sounds: [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [l], [l"], [r], [r"], [j]. As with all consonants, a barrier is created during the articulation of sonorants in the oral cavity. However, the force of friction air jet o contiguous / closed speech organs is minimal: the air jet finds a relatively free exit to the outside and noise is not generated. Air rushes either through the nose ([m], [m "], [n], [n"]), or into the passage between the lateral edges of the tongue and cheeks ([l], [l"]). The absence of noise may be due to with the immediacy of the barrier ([p], [p"]) or with a fairly wide character of the gap itself ([j]). In any case, no noise is created and the main source of sound is the tone (voice) created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

In the formation of noisy consonants ([b], [c], [g], [e], [g], [h], etc.), on the contrary, noise plays the main role. It occurs as a result of overcoming an obstacle with an air stream. The tonal component of the sound is not the main one and may either be completely absent (for deaf consonants) or supplement the main one (for voiced consonants).

Voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation / non-participation of tone (voice) in the formation of a consonant sound.

Tone (voice) is characteristic of the pronunciation of voiced, their articulation implies the obligatory work of the vocal cords. Voiced, therefore, are all sonorants: [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [l], [l "], [p], [p"], [j]. Among the noisy consonants, the voiced sounds include the following sounds: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [g], [ f: "], [s], [s"].

[b] - [n] [b "] - [n"]

[in] - [f] [in "] - [f"]

[d] - [t] [d "] - [t"]

[s] - [s] [s "] - [s"]

[w] - [w] [w: "] - [w:"]

[g] - [k] [g "] - [k"]

The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or deaf pairs. The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. All sonorants are called voiced unpaired, sounds [c], [h "], [x], [x"] are deaf unpaired.

PHONETIC ALTERNATIONS COvowels according to deafness / voicedness

Designation of deafness / voiced consonants in writing.

The deafness / voicedness of consonants remains an independent, independent sign in the following provisions:

1) before vowels: [su]d court - [zu]d itching, [ta]m there - [da]m ladies;

2) before sonorants: [sl] th layer - [evil] oh evil, [tl "] I aphid - [dl"] I for;

3) before [in], [in "]: [sv"] check it out - [star"] the beast.

AT these provisions there are both voiceless and voiced consonants, and these sounds are used to distinguish between words (morphemes). The listed positions are called strong in deafness / sonority.

In other cases, the appearance of a dull / voiced sound is predetermined by its position in the word or the proximity of a particular sound. Such deafness / sonority turns out to be dependent, “forced”. Positions in which this happens are considered weak on the basis of the specified attribute.

In Russian, there is a law according to which voiced noisy ones are deafened at the end of a word, compare: de [b] a oak - du [n] oak, mb [z "] and ointments - ma [s"] ointment. In the given examples, it is fixed phonetic alternation consonants for deafness / voicedness: [b] // [n] and [h "] // [s"].

Besides, positional changes relate to situations where voiceless and voiced consonants are nearby. In this case, the subsequent sound affects the previous one. Voiced consonants in front of the deaf are necessarily likened to them in deafness, as a result, a sequence of deaf sounds arises, cf. gotu [c"]it cooks - gotu[f"t"]e cook (i.e. [c"] // [f"] in front of the deaf).

Deaf consonants facing voiced noisy ones (except [c], [c "]) change to voiced ones, there is an assimilation in voicing, cf. "] // [d"] before a voiced one), ask for [s"] and ask - pru [s" b] a request (i.e. [s"] // [s"] before a voiced one).

Articulatory assimilation of sounds of the same nature, that is, two consonants (or two vowels), is called assimilation (from Latin assimilatio `similarity'). Thus, assimilation by deafness and assimilation by sonority was described above.

The designation of deafness / voiced consonants in writing is associated with the use of the corresponding letters: t or d, p or b, etc. However, only independent, independent deafness / sonority is indicated on the letter. Sound signs that turn out to be “forced”, positionally conditioned are not indicated in the letter. Thus, phonetically alternating sounds are written with one letter, the morphematic principle of spelling operates: in the word du [p] oak, the letter b is written, as in the test de [b] a of oak.

An exception will be the spelling of some borrowed words (transcription [p]tion transcription if there is transcription [b "] to transcribe) and prefixes on s / s (and [s] use if available and [s] learn to study). The graphic appearance of such examples is subject to phonetic principle spelling. True, in the case of prefixes, it does not work to the end, combined with the traditional one: ra[w:] move = ra[w] move stir up.

The traditional principle of spelling is subject to the choice of a letter in dictionary words type in [g] hall station, and [s] best asbestos. Their spelling does not depend on verification (it is impossible), nor on pronunciation.

HARD AND SOFT CONSONANTS

Hard and soft consonants differ in the position of the tongue.

When pronouncing soft consonants ([b"], [c"], [d"], [h"], etc.), the entire body of the tongue moves forward, and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. This movement of the tongue is called palatalization. Palatalization is considered an additional articulation: it is superimposed on the main one associated with the formation of an obstruction.

When pronouncing solid consonants ([b], [c], [d], [h], etc.), the tongue does not move forward and its middle part does not rise.

Consonants form 15 pairs of sounds opposed in hardness / softness. All of them are either hard pairs or soft pairs:

The consonants [c], [w], [g] are hard unpaired ones, and the consonants [h "], [w: "], [zh:"] and [j] are soft unpaired ones.

The consonants [w] and [w: "], [g] and [g:"] do not form pairs, as they differ in two features at once: hardness / softness and brevity / longitude.

It should be noted that the sound [zh: "] is rare. It is possible only in a limited circle of words: I drive, reins, yeast, splashes, and later some others. At the same time, [zh:"] is increasingly being replaced by [zh:].

A very special position among soft consonants is occupied by the sound [j]. In the rest of the soft consonants, the raising of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate is, as noted above, an additional articulation. The consonant [j] has the indicated articulation as the main one, because there are no other barriers when pronouncing [j]. Therefore, the sound [j] is in principle not capable of having a solid pair.

Phonetic alternations of consonants for hardness/softness. Designation of hardness / softness of consonants in writing. Letters b and b

The hardness / softness of consonants as an independent feature, and not arising due to positional changes, is fixed in the following strong positions:

1) before vowels, including [e]: [lu] k bow - [l "u] k hatch, [but] with nose - [n "o] s carried, past [t eґ] l pastel - pos [t" eґ]l bed;

Paired soft consonants before [e] are pronounced in native Russian words, paired hard ones - in borrowed ones. However, many of these borrowings have ceased to be perceived as rare: antenna, cafe, sausage, stress, mashed potatoes, prosthesis, etc. As a result, both solid and soft pronunciation consonant before [e].

2) at the end of the word: ko [n] kon - ko [n "] horse, zha [r] heat - zha [r "] heat;

3) for sounds [l], [l "], regardless of their position: in [l] nb the wave - in [l "] nb is free;

4) for consonants [c], [s "], [s], [s"], [t], [t "], [d], [d "], [n], [n"], [ p], [p "] (for front-lingual)

In the position before [k], [k "], [g], [g "], [x], [x"] (before back-lingual): gu [r] ka hill - gu [r "] ko bitterly, bb [n] ka banka - bb [n "] ka banka;

In the position before [b], [b "], [p], [n "], [m], [m"] (before the lips): and [h] bb hut - re [h "] bb carving;

In other cases, the hardness or softness of the consonant will not be independent, but caused by the influence of sounds on each other.

Similarity in hardness is observed, for example, in the case of a combination of soft [n "] with hard [s], cf. cue (i.e. [n"] // [n] before solid). A pair of June [n "] June - June [n" s] cue June does not obey this pattern. But this exception is the only one.

Assimilation by softness is carried out inconsistently in relation to different groups consonants and is not respected by all speakers. Only the replacement [n] with [n"] before [h"] and [w:"], cf: barabb [n] drum - barabb [n "h"] ik drum, gu [n] ok gunok - does not know deviations gu[n" w: "]ik racer (i.e. [n] // [n"] before soft).

In accordance with the old norms, it was necessary to say: l yag [m "k"] and straps, [v "b"] to drive in; [d "in"] er the door; [with "j] we will eat; [with" t "] enb wall. modern pronunciation there is no mandatory softening of the first sound in specified cases. So, the word lyaґ [mk "] and straps (similarly ryaґ [pk"] and rags, lb [fk"] and benches) is pronounced only with a solid one, other sound combinations allow pronunciation variability.

The designation in writing applies only to cases of independent, and not positionally determined, hardness / softness of paired consonants. At the literal level, the soft sound quality [n "] in the words drum and racer is not graphically fixed.

Unlike deafness / sonority, independent softness of paired consonants is conveyed not by the letter corresponding to the consonant sound, but by the letter following it: the letters i, e, u, i: face, ice, hatch, clang;

AT modern language the letter e ceased to denote the softness of the preceding consonant. The combination of letters ... those ... cannot be read if you do not see what word it belongs to - dough or test.

2) at the end of a word with a letter soft sign: horse, fire, dust;

3) in the middle of a word before a consonant letter, a soft sign: darkness, very, bathhouse.

The independent hardness of paired consonants is conveyed by such means: the letters y, o, y, a, e: bast, boat, bow, weasel, karate; at the end of the word by the absence of a soft sign: con_, heat_, puff_l; in the middle of a word before the consonant lack of a soft sign: t_ min, s_ looks, bank_ ka.

The hardness / softness of unpaired consonants does not require a separate designation. The spelling i / s, ё / o, yu / y, ya / a after the letters w, w, h, u, c, corresponding to unpaired ones, is dictated by tradition: life, number, chicken, burn, burn, joke, brochure, cup. The same applies to the use / non-use of the letter soft sign in the series grammatical forms: rye, married _, quiet, baby_, thing, comrade_, can, brick_.

Please note that the name of the letters b and b turns out to be insidious. Letter " solid sign" never denotes hardness, its use is associated with a separating function, i.e. indicating the presence of [j] before the next vowel sound: st will eat, and [d "ju] tant adjutant.

The functions of the letter "soft sign" are wider. Firstly, it can also be used in a separating function, but not after prefixes: [vje]ga blizzard, bu [l "ju] n broth. In this case, the letter b does not indicate the softness of the consonant. Secondly, the soft sign can traditionally be written in a number of grammatical forms after letters corresponding to unpaired consonants (see above). Again, the letter ь does not convey the softness of sounds in this use. Finally, in a number of situations, the letter ь denotes the softness of consonants in writing. This function extends to examples with independent softness of paired consonants at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant (see above).

PLACE AND METHOD FOR FORMATION OF CONSONANTS

The place of formation of a consonant sound is a sign showing where in the oral cavity the air stream meets an obstacle.

This characteristic is given with the obligatory indication of the active (moving) and passive (fixed) organs. So, consonants, the articulation of which is associated with the movement of the lower lip, are labial-labial ([p], [p "], [b], [b"], [m], [m "]) and labial-dental ([ f], [f "], [c], [c "]). Consonants formed with active participation language, are divided into anterior lingual dental ([s], [s "], [s], [s"], [t], [t "], [d], [d "], [c], [l] , [l "], [n], [n"]), anterior lingual anterior palatine ([w], [w "], [g], [g "], [h "], [p], [p"] ), mid-lingual mid-palatal ([j]), posterior lingual mid-palatal ([k "], [g"], [x"]) and posterior lingual posterior palatals ([k], [g], [x]). All of these groups of sounds are reflected in the consonant table (see below).

Considering the table (Appendix to the publication), be sure to pronounce the sounds given in it. The work of your own organs of speech will help you understand why each sound is placed in a particular cell.

The method of consonant formation is a characteristic that simultaneously indicates the type of barrier in the oral cavity and the way to overcome it.

There are two main ways to form a barrier - either the complete closure of the organs of speech, or their convergence to the distance of the gap. Thus, stop and fricative consonants are distinguished.

When articulating slotted air, a stream of exhaled air exits in the middle of the oral cavity, producing friction on the contiguous organs of speech: [f], [f "], [c], [c"], [s], [s"], [h], [ h "], [w], [wЇ"], [g], [zh"], [j], [x], [x"].

The pronunciation of stop consonants includes the moment of complete closure of the organs of speech, when the exit of the air stream to the outside is blocked. The method of overcoming the bond may be different, depending on what further division into classes is carried out.

Stopping explosives involve the elimination of the barrier with a strong and short push of air, which quickly comes out: [p], [p "], [b], [b"], [t], [t"], [d], [d" ], [k], [k "], [g], [g "].

In stop affricates, the organs of speech that are tightly adjacent to each other do not sharply open, but only slightly open, forming a gap for air to escape: [ts], [h "].

Closing nasals do not require breaking the bow at all. Thanks to the lowered palatine curtain, the air does not rush to the place of the shutter, but freely exits through the nasal cavity: [m], [m "], [n], [n"].

When the occlusive lateral [l] and [l "] are formed, the air also does not come into contact with the barrier, bypassing it along its trajectory - between the lowered side of the tongue and the cheeks.

In some teaching aids nasal and lateral sounds are described as occlusive-passing.

Stop trembling are characterized by periodic closing and opening of the organs of speech, that is, their vibration: [p], [p "].

Sometimes trembling is considered not as a variety of stops, but as a separate, third type of consonants along with stops and fricatives.

Phonetic alternations of consonants in place and method of formation. Phonetic alternations of consonants with zero sound

The place and method of formation of consonants can only change as a result of the influence of sounds on each other.

Before anterior palatine noisy teeth are replaced by anterior palatals. There is a positional assimilation at the place of formation: [s] playing with the game - [w w] slaughter with a fur coat (i.e. [s] // [w] in front of the anterior palate), [s] play with the game - [w: "h "] champion with a championship (i.e. [s] // [w:"] before the anterior palate).

Explosive consonants before fricatives and affricates alternate with affricates, i.e. with closer articulatory sounds. Assimilation is carried out according to the method of formation: o [t] play to win back - o [cs] ypbt otsybt (i.e. [t] // [c] in front of the slot).

In many cases, several signs of consonants undergo a positional change at once. So, in the above example with the championship, the assimilation touched not only the sign of the place of formation, but also the sign of softness. And in the case of [d] playing under the game - according to [h "w:"] some under the cheek ([d] // [h"] in front of the deaf, soft, prepalatine, slit [w:"]) there was an assimilation for all four signs - deafness, softness, place and method of formation.

In the examples, le [g] ok is light - light [x "k"] is light, soft [g] ok is soft - soft [x "k"] is soft, where [g] alternates with [x "], and not with [k"] before [k"], there is a dissimilation (dissimilation) of sounds according to the method of formation. At the same time, dissimilation (dissimilation) on this basis is combined with likeness (assimilation) in deafness and softness.

In addition to the phenomena described above, in Russian speech, phonetic alternation of consonants with zero sound can be recorded.

Usually [t] / [t "] and [d] / [d"] are not pronounced between dental, between [r] and [h "], between [r] and [c], it also does not sound [l] before [ nts]. So, the dropping out of a consonant is presented in the following combinations:

stl: happy [t "]e happiness - happy happy, i.e. [t"] //;

stn: mys [t] about the place - mysny local, i.e. [t] // ;

zdn: uyz[d]a uyezd - uyzny uyzdny, i.e. [d] //;

zdts: uz [d] b bridle - under the bridle under the bridle, i.e. [d] //; gollbn [d"] Dutchman - Dutch gollbn, i.e. [d"] //;

rdts: ser[d"]eychko heart - sirce heart, i.e. [d"] //;

rdch: ser [d "] eychko heart - sirchishko heart, i.e. [d "] //;

lnts: su [l] little sun - sun sun, i.e. [l] // .

Akin to the specified phenomenon and the loss of [j]. It occurs when an iota is preceded by a vowel, and then [and] or [b] follow: mo mine - [maiґ] mine, i.e. [j] // .

Please note that not a single phonetic phenomenon associated with the likening of consonants in place / method of formation or with the fact of their replacement by zero sound is indicated in the letter. According to the morphematic (phonological) principle of Russian orthography, positionally alternating sounds are written with one letter in accordance with the check. Example [w] with a fur coat is written as with a fur coat, because have [with] play with play. The unpronounceable consonant in happy happy is graphically restored based on the test happy [t "]e happiness, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.portal-slovo.ru were used.

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Consideration of the subject of studying phonetics as scientific discipline. The study of the classification of speech sounds depending on acoustic characteristics, vowels (according to articulation features) and consonants (according to the place of formation and active organ) sounds.

test, added 01/29/2010

Comparative articulation classification vowel sounds in Russian and English; sonograms and oscillograms, formants of stressed and unstressed vowels. Influence of the phonetic environment, position of the end of the statement, reduction on the duration of sounds.

The classification of the sounds of the Russian language (vowels and consonants) is based on the opposition of some classification features to others.

In modern Russian, sounds are characterized by acoustic and articulatory features.

Acoustic characteristics of the sounds of the Russian language

Table No. 1

Characteristics of the sounds of the Russian language

[and], [s], [y], [a], [e], [o]		Consonants
	Sonorant [l], [l "], [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [p], [p"], [j]		(consonants)
		[b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [h], [h "], [g], [ and̅ "]		[k], [k "], [p], [p "], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [ x "], [c], [h "], [w], [w̅ " ]
				Unpaired deaf [c], [h '], [w̅ '], [X]

The main organ that influences the acoustics of sound are the vocal cords.

Vowel sounds differ from consonants in the presence of a voice - a musical tone and the absence of noise. The tension of the vocal cords during the pronunciation of vowels is the strongest. There are 6 vowels in modern Russian: [i], [s], [y], [a], [e], [o]. They can be in a strong (under stress) and in a weak (unstressed) position. In the unstressed position, there is a reduction in sound when it is pronounced most briefly and weakly. The reduction of vowels in Russian is mainly represented by the following sounds: [i e], [s e], [a], [ʌ], [b], [b].

According to acoustic features, consonants differ in the degree of participation of voice and noise. All consonants of the Russian language are divided into sonorous and noisy.

Sonorants ([l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n "], [p], [p"],) are characterized by the fact that in them the voice prevails over the noise.

The acoustic basis of noisy consonants is noise. Among the noisy, deaf and voiced are distinguished.

Voiced sounds are formed with the help of noise accompanied by a voice. In modern Russian, these include: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [h], [h "], [zh], [zh̅"].

The deaf are formed without the participation of the voice, with the help of noise. When pronouncing, their vocal cords are not tense and do not fluctuate. In modern Russian, these include: [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x"], [c], [h "], [w], [sh̅ "].

In educational literature, it is usually indicated that most noisy consonants of the Russian language are contrasted by deafness - voicedness: [b] - [p], [b "] - [p"], [c] - [f], [c "] - [ f "], [d] - [t], [d "] - [t"], [h] - [s], [h "] - [s"], [g] - [w], [g ] - [k], [g "] - [k"]; do not have paired voiced deaf consonants [w̅ "], [ts], [x], [x "], [h"].

But in reality, in the flow of speech and in variant pronunciation, these sounds have pairs. See task number 11 (clause 1.4).

Characteristics of sounds by place and method of formation

Characteristics of vowels by place of formation

Classification of vowels by place of formation takes into account:

- the degree of elevation of the tongue,

- the place where the tongue rises

– participation or non-participation of the lips.

The most significant of these conditions is the position of the tongue, which changes the shape and volume of the oral cavity, on the state of which the quality of the vowel depends.

According to the degree of elevation of the tongue, vowels are distinguished:

- upper lift [and], [s], [y];

- average rise [e], [o];

– lower lift [a].

The movement of the tongue horizontally leads to the formation of vowels:

- front row [and], [e];

- middle row [s], [a];

- back row [y], [o].

The participation or non-participation of lips in the formation of vowels is the basis for dividing vowels into:

- labialized (rounded) [o], [y];

- non-labialized (non-rounded) [a], [e], [i], [s].

Table number 2

Characteristics of vowels by place of formation

CLIMB	Front	Average	Rear
Upper
upper middle
Average
mid-lower
Lower
roundness - Indestructibility	Non-labialized		Labialized

Abstract speech therapy session“Sounds [M] and [M ']. Letter M"

Theme Sounds "M" and M". Letter "M"

Target: Creation of conditions for the formation of a stable image of the letter "M" and the sounds "M" and "M" on the material of syllables and words.

Metasubject UUD.

Cognitive:With improving the skills of comparison, analysis, generalization, classification;

Regulatory:

development fine motor skills brushes and mobility of organs of articulation;
development of all types of perception;

Personal:

formation of positive educational motivation.
the formation of communication skills through speech activity.

Methodological support: Didactic tools: articulation profiles, picture material, fairy tale characters Masha and the Bear.

I. Organizational stage

- The bell rings for the guys,
The lesson starts.
Don't waste your time
Answer the questions
Discuss the topic amicably.
Your labor will not go in vain,
Knowledge will be beneficial. .

Why do we need ears?
Why do we need eyes? .
Why do we need a head? .
Why do we need language? .

1.2. Improving the work of the articulatory apparatus through articulatory gymnastics. Exercises for the lips, exercises for the tongue, aimed at clarifying the articulation of the sound being studied.

II. Main stage.

2.1.Updating knowledge. What two groups of sounds do you know? (vowels and consonants).

How do vowels differ from consonants?

2.2. Definition of the topic of the lesson. The topic of our lesson guys. You will name yourself if you guess the riddles.

He slept in a fur coat all winter,
He sucked his brown paw,
And when he woke up, he began to cry.
This beast of the forest - ().

The bear has a girlfriend.
Not a fabulous toy.
Our simple girl
And her name is (Masha).

BUT). Name the sound with which the word begins - Masha "M". Acoustic characterization of sound.

Guys, what can we tell about this sound? (Sound [m] - consonant, solid, voiced, denoted in blue)

B). Name the sound with which the word bear begins - "M". Name the topic of our lesson. (Children call: Sounds "M" and M')

Give a description of the sound "M" Sound [M] - consonant, soft, voiced, denoted in green.

Compare the articulation of these sounds.

2.3. Development auditory attention and phonemic analysis on the material of the exercise with the sounds "M" and "M".

If you hear the sound "M", raise the blue signal.
If you hear the sound "Mu", raise the green signal.
M, M, M, M, M, M, M, MA, MY, MU, MU, MI, MO, ME, ME, ME. III. Introduction to the letter M.

2.4. On the letter, these sounds are indicated by the letter "M".

Wand and wand, Between them - a tick.
And it’s clear to everyone at once - The letter M has turned out.
Composing and reading syllables with the letter "M". Listen to the syllables, make a syllable chain. Read them.

MA-MO MU-WE MU-MA

MO-MI MI - WE

Fizminutka

Masha cooked porridge.
Masha fed everyone with porridge.
Masha put porridge
A cat in a cup, a bug in a bowl,
And the cat in a big spoon.
In a bowl for chicken, chickens.
And in a trough for piglets.
She took all the dishes.
I gave away everything to the crumbs!
Work on the beech "M"

Development visual perception and a stable image of the letter "M".

A) From a row of letters, cross out the letter "M"

AMRMNDmNazhnMUZHEMdK

B) Find the same groups of letters "M" and underline them.

mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm

C) Find the hidden words among the alphabetic text: mind, am, mother, small and underline them. Pyosharplmaloshhumshgjzhfmamabyuvyldamr

Learning to write the letter M with Masha
Let's write the letter M in the air.
and ... one ... and ... two ... and (letter under the account).

The game "Labyrinth". Typing the letter "M" on the way through the maze.

Physical machine.

III. Enrichment vocabulary words with sounds"M" and "M" on the topic "Products".

The Bear has a lot of supplies in the refrigerator.

Name them. Are all the words familiar to you?

See what they have in common?

3.1 Skill Development sound analysis in accordance with the position of the letter "M" in words. Divide the words into 3 groups.

If the letter "M" is written at the beginning of the word, then this is 1 group.
If the letter "M" is written in the middle of the word, then in group 2.
If the letter "M" is written at the end of the word, then this is a 3rd group.
Butter, tangerine, raspberries, honey, milk, meat, carrots, ice cream.
Lemon, sour cream, tomato.
Raisins - dried grapes, catfish, burbot - freshwater fish.

3.2. Development auditory perception according to the sound of hard or soft sound.

Masha chose words with solid sound"M", and the Bear with a soft sound "M"
Pair work.

IV. Final stage.

What letter are we talking about today? Letter "M"
What sounds does it represent? Sounds "M" and "M"
Name our heroes. Masha and the Bear.

VI. Reflection.

If you remember the letter M well, then color 3 raspberries.
If not, then color 2 raspberries.
If you remember the letter M very badly, then color 1 raspberry.

VII. Homework.Color in all the pictures, in the name of which the letter M. Vulfovich N.A. will be written. teacher-speech therapist, MBOU secondary school №5

STATEMENT OF SOUND [M], SOUND [M]

The lips are at first calmly closed, then open with an instant exhalation of air. The distance between the incisors and the position of the tongue depends on the next vowel. When pronouncing the sound M, the vibration of the cheeks and nose is felt.

Mb - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Mb, the lips are much more tense, the tongue is arched, its tip rests on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

5.M - hard, Mb - soft (according to the degree of rise and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

Articulation gymnastics for lips.

Articulatory gymnastics for the tongue.

Articulation gymnastics for mandible.

Articulatory gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

By imitation: The speech therapist presses one hand of the child to his cheek, the other to the cheek of the child. The child must feel the vibration and reproduce it by tactile control through his palm.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [Н], SOUND [НЬ]

Correct articulation sound.

Lips in a neutral position, take the position of the next vowel. The tip of the tongue is raised and rests against the upper incisors. When pronouncing a sound, the vibration of the nasal cavity is felt.

Mb - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Hb, the tip of the tongue is lowered behind the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Nasal (by participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

4.Smuchno-passage (according to the method of formation)

5. Sound H - hard, Hb - soft (according to the degree of rise and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, mixing.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation. Attach one finger of the child to the speech therapist's nose, the other to the child's nose. In this case, you need to show the child the position of the tongue.

Method 2: on the basis of the sound M. Pronounce the sound M with a drawn-out sound M with the tongue widely thrust between closed lips. Work out interdental pronunciation, then put the tongue behind the upper incisors.

Hb - by imitation; from the sound H - put (lower) the tip of the tongue behind the lower incisors with a spatula.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [П], SOUND [ПЬ]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are at first calmly closed, then open with an instant exhalation of air. The distance between the incisors and the position of the tongue depends on the next vowel. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are open, the air jet is jerky.

Pb - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Pb, the lips are much more tense, and the tongue is arched, its tip rests on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

3. Lip-labial (at the place of formation)

5. P-hard, Pb-soft (according to the degree of rise and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation.

Method 2: The speech therapist asks to pronounce the syllable PA, blowing a ball of cotton wool or a strip of paper.

Method 3: Lick your lips, pinch your nose and, with a quiet blow, slap your lips.

Method 4: Pronouncing a sound by holding a strip of paper.

Pb - by imitation and similarly from the syllable PI.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [B], SOUND [B]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are at first calmly closed, then open with an instant exhalation of air. The distance between the incisors and the position of the tongue depends on the next vowel. The soft palate is lowered, the vocal cords are closed, adding voice, the air jet is jerky. Feel the vibrations of the larynx and cheeks.

ББ - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound ББ, the lips are much more tense, and the tongue is arched, its tip rests on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Labio-labial 4. Stop-explosive

5.B-hard, Bb-soft 6. Voiced

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, violation of differentiation.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation. Say BA-BA-BA, slightly puffing out your cheeks.

Method 2: Based on the sound P by adding a voice, feeling the vibration of the voice when pronouncing.

3rd way: Blow through close tense lips, slightly puffing out your cheeks and connecting your voice. Speech therapist (child) puts forefinger under the lower lip and moves up and down. Gradually, the finger is removed.

4th way: Pronouncing the sound Y and vibration with your finger up and down.

Pb - by imitation and similarly from the syllable BI.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [Т], SOUND [Т]

Correct sound articulation.

Lips in neutral position assume the position of the next vowel. The distance between the teeth is 5 mm. The tip of the tongue, when pronounced with vowels A, O, U, Y, rests against the upper teeth or alveoli, forming a bow. When pronouncing with vowels E, E, Yu, I, I, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower incisors, forms a bow. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are open, the air jet is jerky.

Th - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Th, the tongue is curved, its tip rests on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Oral (according to participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

3. Front-lingual (according to the place of education)

4.Smuchno-explosive (according to the method of formation)

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, violation of differentiation.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation. Better in word or syllable. Mostly from the syllable TA.

Method 2: proceed from the interdental position. Bite your tongue with your teeth and exhale strongly. You will get an interdental T. Then remove the tongue behind the upper teeth. Or "spit" from the tip of the tongue.

Method 3: Put the tip of the tongue on the lower lip and bite the tongue with the syllable PA-PA-PA. Get TA-TA-TA.

Method 4: Press the front part of the back of the tongue against the upper lip, gently push the tongue to the upper gum with a spatula and blow sharply onto a strip of paper.

Method 5: The tip of the tongue develops, as with the sound R. Bend the tongue into the shape of a “Cup” and exhale sharply: T-T-T.

Th - When pronouncing the syllable TA, press the tip of the tongue with a spatula and lower it behind the lower teeth, you get TY.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [D], SOUND [D]

Correct sound articulation.

Lips in neutral position assume the position of the next vowel. The distance between the teeth is 5 mm. The tip of the tongue, when pronounced with vowels A, O, U, Y, rests against the upper teeth or alveoli, forming a bow. When pronouncing with vowels E, E, Yu, I, I, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower incisors, forms a bow. The soft palate is lowered, the vocal cords are closed, adding voice. Vibration of the throat is felt.

Db - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Db, the tongue is curved, its tip rests on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Oral (according to participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

3. Front-lingual (according to the place of education)

4.Smuchno-explosive (according to the method of formation)

5. T-hard, Th-soft (according to the degree of elevation and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, violation of differentiation.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation. Better in word or syllable. Basically from the syllable YES.

Method 2: from the sound T. The child puts one hand on the larynx of the speech therapist, the other on his own. The speech therapist takes turns saying T-D sounds. Draws attention to the difference in pronunciation and vibration of the sound D.

Method 3: From the syllable BA. Say BA-BA-BA, then put your tongue behind your upper teeth, you get YES-YES-YES.

DY - When pronouncing the syllable YES, press the tip of the tongue with a spatula and lower it behind the lower teeth, you get DYA.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [F], SOUND [F]

Correct sound articulation.

The lower lip is close to the edges of the upper incisors, a narrow gap remains in the middle for the passage of air, the upper lip is slightly raised. The upper incisors are visible, the lower incisors are covered by the lower lip. The position of the tongue depends on the next vowel. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are open, the air stream is scattered.

ФЬ - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound ФЬ, the lower lip is less tense.

Sound characteristic.

5. F-hard, Fb-soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, violation of differentiation.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation.

Method 2: Pull the lower lip to the upper incisors, helping with a finger under the lower lip.

Method 3: Bring the upper and lower lips together and blow: F-F-F.

ФЬ - from the syllable FI, gradually pronouncing the sound AND briefly.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [V], SOUND [V]

Correct sound articulation.

Bb - the difference lies in the fact that when pronouncing the sound Bb, the lower lip is less tense.

Sound characteristic.

1.Consonant 2.Oral 3.Labio-dental 4.Slit

5.B-hard, Bb-soft 6. Voiced

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound, substitution, violation of differentiation.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. Articulation gymnastics for lips.

2. Articulation gymnastics for the tongue.

3. Articulation gymnastics for the lower jaw.

4. Articulation gymnastics to develop the correct air stream.

Ways to set up sound.

1 way: by imitation.

Method 2: Pull the lower lip to the upper incisors, helping with a finger under the lower lip. By adding a voice.

Method 3: From the sound U, adding vibration with your finger.

Method 4: From the sound L, lowering the tongue down behind the lower incisors and raising the lower lip up.

ВЬ - from the syllable FI, gradually pronouncing the sound AND briefly and adding a voice.

WHISTLEING SOUNDS - C, C, C, C, C(basic sound in the group - C)

STATEMENT OF SOUND [S], SOUND [S]

Correct sound articulation.

Lips slightly stretched into a smile. The teeth are brought together at a distance of 1-2 mm, but not compressed. The tip of the tongue rests against the lower incisors, the lateral edges of the tongue are bent and pressed against the upper molars, preventing the passage of air along the sides. In the middle of the tongue, a “Groove” gap is formed, along which the exhaled air stream passes - narrow, cold. Vocal cords open (not working), soft palate raised.

CL - the back of the tongue is additionally raised, the whole tongue is more tense. The tip of the tongue rests more strongly on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Oral (according to participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

3. Front-lingual (according to the place of education)

5.C-hard, Cb-soft (according to the degree of elevation and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

1.Interdental sigmatism

2.Tooth sigmatism

3.Hissing sigmatism

4.Labiodental sigmatism

6.Nasal sigmatism

W, H, Th, X ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

Ways to set up sound.

1 - in imitation of "Pump" - blow on the protruding tongue.

3 - from reference sounds:

I + F - the tongue in the form of a “Pancake” lies on the lower teeth, pronounce I-I-I-F-F-F for a long time, raising the lower lip with your finger.

Ш - lower the tongue down.

C - long pronunciation.

The sound СЬ is put by analogy, only from soft sounds.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [S], SOUND [S]

Correct sound articulation.

Lips slightly stretched into a smile. The teeth are brought together at a distance of 1-2 mm, but not compressed. The tip of the tongue rests against the lower incisors, the lateral edges of the tongue are bent and pressed against the upper molars, preventing the passage of air along the sides. In the middle of the tongue, a “Groove” gap is formed, along which the exhaled air stream passes - narrow, cold. The vocal cords are closed (work), the soft palate is raised.

3b - the back of the tongue is additionally raised, the whole tongue is more tense. The tip of the tongue rests more strongly on the lower incisors.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Oral (according to participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

3. Front-lingual (according to the place of education)

4. Slotted (according to the method of formation)

5.3-hard, 3b-soft (according to the degree of elevation and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

1.Interdental sigmatism- the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth, giving the sound a tinge of lisp.

2.Tooth sigmatism- the tip of the tongue rests on the teeth, blocking the free exhalation of air through the interdental gap, so that instead of the sound Z, a dull sound is heard, close to T.

3.Hissing sigmatism- the tip of the tongue rests against the lower gums or is somewhat pulled away from them, and the back of the tongue is curved with a hump towards the sky - a distinct, soft, hissing sound is heard, similar to SH (shyabaka).

4.Labiodental sigmatism- the lower lip is pulled up to the upper incisors. A jet of air is scattered throughout the cavity of the back of the tongue,

puffing out the cheeks ("Buccal sigmatism") with an overtone of F.

5.Lateral (lateral) sigmatism- 1st form: the voice-expiratory stream passes through one or both passages between the lateral teeth and the edges of the tongue, the tip of the tongue is raised upwards, 2nd form: the back of the tongue with a hump touches the sky tightly, and the expiratory current passes along one or both sides of the mouth, an unpleasant squelching noise is heard - LHH.

6.Nasal sigmatism- when pronouncing a sound, the root of the tongue rises to the lowered soft palate, which opens the passage to the nasal cavity, a snoring sound is heard with a nasal tinge of subsequent vowels.

PARASIGMATISM (REPLACEMENT OF SOUND FOR ANOTHER):

W, H, Th, X ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: “Smile” - “Calm position”.

2. For the tongue: "Pancake", "Tube".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys".

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Magic bubble”, “Let's drive the ball into the goal”, “Who will drive the ball further”.

Ways to set up sound.

1 - in imitation of "Komarik"

2 - mechanical assistance: probe, match, spatula, straw, finger.

3 - from reference sounds:

B - stick a wide tongue between the upper incisors and lower lip, blow on the tongue.

And + B - the tongue in the form of a “Pancake” lies on the lower teeth, pronounce I-I-I-F-F-F for a long time, raising the lower lip with your finger.

The sound 3b is set by analogy, only from soft sounds.

SOUND SETTING [D]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are stretched into a smile, slightly pressed to the teeth. The teeth are brought together at a distance of 1-2 mm, but not compressed. The tip of the tongue rests against the hard part of the anterior palate, then descends into the lower incisors. It starts with the locking element T, passing into the slotted element C. The air jet is strong, cold. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are open.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consistent (according to the presence or absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity)

2. Oral (according to participation in the articulation of the soft palate and the resonator)

3. Front-lingual (according to the place of education)

4.Smychno - slotted (according to the method of formation)

5. C-hard (according to the degree of rise and tension of the middle part (back) of the tongue)

Pronunciation defects.

TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

1.Interdental sigmatism- the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth, giving the sound a tinge of lisp.

2.Tooth sigmatism- the tip of the tongue rests on the teeth, blocking the free exhalation of air through the interdental gap, so that instead of the sound C, a dull sound close to T is heard.

4.Labiodental sigmatism- the lower lip is pulled up to the upper incisors. A jet of air is scattered throughout the cavity of the back of the tongue,

puffing out the cheeks ("Buccal sigmatism") with an overtone of F.

5.Lateral (lateral) sigmatism– 1st form: the glottic-expiratory jet passes through one or both passages between the lateral

teeth and edges of the tongue, the tip of the tongue is raised, 2nd form: the back of the tongue with a hump tightly touches the sky, and the expiratory current passes along one or both sides of the mouth, an unpleasant squelching noise is heard - LXL.

PARASIGMATISM (REPLACEMENT OF SOUND FOR ANOTHER):

1. Instead of C, one of its components is pronounced: T or Th, C or C

(smoking, chicken).

2. A reduced vowel is heard between the two components: TES, THOUSAND (kuritysa).

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Smile" - "Calm position", "Bared teeth".

2. For the tongue: "Pancake", "Tubule", "Delicious jam", "Hammer".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys".

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Magic bubble”, “Let's drive the ball into the goal”, “Who will drive the ball further”.

Ways to set up sound. (AT practical purposes work on the sound is recommended to start after the sounds Sh-Zh are set and fixed)

1 way - in imitation of “Clicking”, “Pinocchio is sleeping”, “Locomotive: ts”

Method 2 - mechanical assistance: probe, spatula.

3 way - from reference sounds:

From reverse syllables: AT + C, OT + C, UT + C, ET + C.

Strongly stretch your lips and spit through bared teeth - C.

TA - holding the tongue with a probe or spatula at the lower incisors, pronounce with a strong exhalation, at the moment of pronunciation, slightly pressing the tongue.

HIS SOUNDS - W, W, H, SH (basic in the group - Sh)

SOUND SETTING [SH]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are extended forward and rounded. Teeth at a distance of 1-4 mm. The tongue in the form of a "Cup" is raised to the upper alveoli (tubercles), but, without touching the hard palate, forms a gap with it. The lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed against the upper molars. The air jet enters the gap between the anterior part of the tongue and the hard palate. The exhaled stream is warm, plentiful. The vocal cords are open (do not work), the soft palate is raised.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Slotted 5. Sh-hard 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

1.Interdental-lateral sigmatism

2.Lateral sigmatism

3.Interdental sigmatism

4.Labiodental sigmatism

5.buccal -

6.softened pronunciation- lower articulation of sound or near

something

7.Nasal sigmatism

8. lower pronunciation

9.back lingual pronunciation

S, F, X, S, Y, T, W ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Speaker", "Donut".

Ways to set up sound.

1st way - by imitation of the "Goose Song".

3rd way - from reference sounds:

C, SA - raising the tongue up.

R - slow down vibration language R-R-Sh-Sh probe.

W - whisper speech.

X - tongue in the form of "Cup".

T - long pronunciation, tongue in the form of "Cup".

STATEMENT OF SOUND [W]

Correct sound articulation.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Slotted 5. F-hard 6. Voiced

Pronunciation defects.

I. TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

1.Interdental-lateral sigmatism- the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth, and one edge of the tongue (right or left) comes off the molars, causing the entire tongue to turn to the side.

2.Lateral sigmatism- both edges of the tongue (or one) come off the molars, which forms a gap between the edges (edge) of the tongue and the molars. Air rushes into the gap formed, and the tip of the tongue rests against the sky, which results in an unpleasant squelching sound.

3.Interdental sigmatism- lisping tone when pronouncing.

4.Labiodental sigmatism- teeth protrude strongly forward, upper incisors are pressed against lower lip, forming a gap with it, where the air current rushes, the tongue does not take part in the formation of sound, a sound close to F is heard.

5.buccal - the tongue does not take part in articulation, a dull noise is formed between the teeth and the corners of the mouth pressed against them from the sides. Air puffs out both cheeks.

6.softened pronunciation

position of the tip of the tongue towards the front teeth.

7.Nasal sigmatism- the soft palate descends and air enters the nasal cavity (partial nasality).

8. lower pronunciation- a soft shade, reminiscent of Shch, since the gap in the anterior part of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

9.back lingual pronunciation- noise as with the sound X, a gap between the back of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

II. PARASIGMATISM (SOUND REPLACEMENT):

S, F, X, S, Y, T, W ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Speaker", "Donut".

2. For the tongue: "Cup", "Fungus", "Focus", "Sweetie", "Let's brush the upper teeth", "Delicious jam".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Focus”, “Let's drive the ball into the goal”, “Who will drive the ball further”.

Ways to set up sound.

1st way - by imitation of the "Beetle Song".

Method 2 - mechanical assistance: probe.

3rd way - from reference sounds:

Z, FOR - raising the tongue up.

SOUND SETTING [H]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are extended forward and rounded. Teeth at a distance of 1-2 mm. It starts with a closing element T - the tip of the tongue rests against the upper teeth, ends with a slotted element U - the front part of the back of the tongue is pressed against the upper palate, T + U = H. A warm air stream passes through the gap. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are open.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Slit 5. H-soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

I. TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

3.Interdental sigmatism- lisping tone when pronouncing.

4.Labiodental sigmatism- the teeth protrude strongly forward, the upper incisors are pressed against the lower lip, forming a gap with it, where the air current rushes, the tongue does not take part in the formation of the sound, a sound close to F is heard.

5.buccal - the tongue does not take part in articulation, a dull noise is formed between the teeth and the corners of the mouth pressed against them from the sides. Air puffs out both cheeks.

6.softened pronunciation– lower articulation of sound or close

position of the tip of the tongue towards the front teeth.

7.Nasal sigmatism- the soft palate descends and air enters the nasal cavity (partial nasality).

8. lower pronunciation- a soft shade, reminiscent of Shch, since the gap in the anterior part of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

9.back lingual pronunciation- noise as with the sound X, a gap between the back of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

II. SPECIFIC FAULTS OF PRONUNCIATION:

1. Splitting the sound into components TH and SH, where the reduced vowel Ы or Е is heard between the components (the ball is mashed, the tea is typing).

2. Falling out of the sound of the gap moment (ball - myatik, tea - tai).

3. Falling out of the sound of the stop moment (ball - ball, tea - chai).

III. PARASIGMATISM (SOUND REPLACEMENT):

S, C ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Speaker", "Donut".

2. For the tongue: "Cup", "Fungus", "Focus", "Sweetie", "Let's brush the upper teeth", "Delicious jam".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

Method 1 - by imitation of "Train stop".

Method 2 - mechanical assistance: probe.

3rd way - from reference sounds:

TT, AT - slightly move the tip of the tongue or put the probe under the tongue and move it away

C - move the tip of the tongue back to receive H-W-H.

Combinations T + W, T + W.

SETTING THE SOUND [SCH]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are extended forward and rounded. The teeth are brought together at a distance of 1-4 mm. The tip of the tongue is raised to the level of the upper teeth. The front part of the back bends a little. A warm air jet passes through two slots: the middle part of the back and the hard palate; tip of tongue and front teeth. The vocal cords don't work.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Slit 5. Soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

I. TYPES OF SIGMATISM (DISTORTION):

3.Interdental sigmatism- lisping tone when pronouncing.

5.buccal - the tongue does not take part in articulation, a dull noise is formed between the teeth and the corners of the mouth pressed against them from the sides. Air puffs out both cheeks.

6.softened pronunciation– lower articulation of sound or close

position of the tip of the tongue towards the front teeth.

7.Nasal sigmatism- the soft palate descends and air enters the nasal cavity (partial nasality).

8. lower pronunciation- a soft shade, reminiscent of Shch, since the gap in the anterior part of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

9.back lingual pronunciation- noise as with the sound X, a gap between the back of the back of the tongue and the hard palate.

II. PARASIGMATISM (SOUND REPLACEMENT):

W, H, S, Q, S, SCH, SCH ... etc.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Speaker", "Donut".

2. For the tongue: "Cup", "Fungus", "Focus", "Sweetie", "Let's brush the upper teeth", "Delicious jam".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Focus”, “Let's drive the ball into the goal”, “Who will drive the ball further”.

Ways to set up sound.

Method 1 - imitating "Scrambled eggs sizzle in a frying pan."

Method 2 - mechanical assistance: probe.

3rd way - from reference sounds:

CL + I, CL + A - with a lingering whistling element CL-CL-CL-A, at the moment of pronunciation with a spatula or probe, slightly raise the tongue, move it back a little.

H - stretch the sound to SC: H-W-H-H-H-H-Sch-Sch-Sch.

- "Fungus" - thumb press the tongue against the hard palate and blow on it: Shch-Sch-Shch.

Accelerated pronunciation W + H.

Sh - suck the tongue and pull the bridle, press it with your finger to the alveoli in the middle part, and exhale with force, pronouncing Sh-Sh-Sh-Sch-Sch-Sch.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [Y]

Correct sound articulation.

Lips stretched into a smile. The teeth are brought together at a distance of 1-2 mm, but not compressed. The tip of the tongue lies at the lower incisors. middle part the back of the tongue is strongly arched, raised to the hard palate. The edges rest against the upper lateral teeth. The air stream is warm, weak. The vocal cords are closed and working.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Middle lingual 4. Slit 5. Soft

6. Sonorant

Pronunciation defects.

1. Disadvantages of articulation - jotacism.

2. Substitutions - parariotacism: A, L

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Smile", "Calm position".

2. For language: "Hill", "Coil".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To develop the correct air stream: "Let's drive the ball into the goal", "Who will drive the ball further."

Ways to set up sound.

1way- pronounce the combinations of IA or AIA, increasing the exhalation at the moment of pronunciation And and immediately without interruption go to BUT.

2way- pronounce ZYA-ZYA-ZYA, press the front of the tongue with a spatula and move it back a little until the desired sound is obtained.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [K], SOUND [K]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are open and in a neutral position. I'll open my teeth. The tip of the tongue lies near the lower teeth, without touching them. The front and middle part of the back is lowered, the back part of the back is raised and rests against the soft palate, the lateral edges of the tongue slightly touch the back of the hard palate. The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity. The air stream exits through oral cavity and explodes the bow between the back of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, the exhalation is strong. The vocal cords are not tense, open, the voice is not formed.

KY - Lips stretch in a slight smile and open teeth. The tip of the tongue moves closer to the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The anterior part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle part approaches the hard palate, and the entire tongue moves forward, making a link with the hard palate, the lateral edges of the tongue touch the mid-posterior part of the hard palate.

Sound characteristic.

5. K - hard, Kb - soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

1. Capacism:

2. paracapacism: replacing the sound with T, X.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

Ways to set up sound.

From TA - at the moment of pronouncing with a spatula, gradually move the tongue back by pressing on the front of the back of the tongue. In the direction of travel, TYA-KYA-KA is heard.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [G], SOUND [G]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are open and in a neutral position. I'll open my teeth. The tip of the tongue lies near the lower teeth, without touching them. The front and middle part of the back is lowered, the back part of the back is raised and rests against the soft palate, the lateral edges of the tongue slightly touch the back of the hard palate. The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity. The air jet exits through the oral cavity and explodes the bond between the back of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, the exhalation is weak. The vocal cords are closed, the voice is formed.

Gb - Lips stretch in a slight smile and open teeth. The tip of the tongue moves closer to the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The anterior part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle part approaches the hard palate, and the entire tongue moves forward, making a link with the hard palate, the lateral edges of the tongue touch the mid-posterior part of the hard palate.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Posterior lingual 4. Explosive

5. G - hard, Gb - soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

1. Gammacism:

Sound distortion: nasal, lateral pronunciation.

2. Paragammaism: replacing the sound with D, K, Db, Kb.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Smile", "Soundless singing vowels Y-I».

2. For the language: "Gorka", "Who is stronger" - a competition between the child's tongue and the speech therapist's finger.

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Slide” + blowing off a cotton ball, breathing through the nose with a wide open mouth.

Ways to set up sound.

2. From YES - at the moment of pronouncing with a spatula, gradually move the tongue back by pressing on the front of the back of the tongue. In the direction of travel, YES-YES-DYA-DYA-GYA-GYA-GA-GA is heard.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [X], SOUND [X]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are open and in a neutral position. I'll open my teeth. The tip of the tongue lies near the lower teeth, without touching them. The front and middle part of the back is lowered, the back part of the back is raised and rests against the soft palate, the lateral edges of the tongue slightly touch the back of the hard palate. The soft palate is raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nasal cavity. The air stream exits through the oral cavity and forms a gap between the back of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, the exhalation is strong. The vocal cords are not tense, open, the voice is not formed.

Xb - Lips stretch in a slight smile and open teeth. The tip of the tongue moves closer to the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The anterior part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle part approaches the hard palate, and the entire tongue moves forward, making a link with the hard palate, the lateral edges of the tongue touch the mid-posterior part of the hard palate.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Posterior lingual 4. Slit

5. X - hard, Xb - soft 6. Deaf

Pronunciation defects.

Lack of sound is rare.

2. Parachytism: replacing the sound with K, C, T, KY, CL, TH.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: “Smile”, “Soundless singing of vowels Y-I”.

2. For the language: "Gorka", "Who is stronger" - a competition between the child's tongue and the speech therapist's finger.

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To develop the correct air stream: “Slide” + blowing off a cotton ball, breathing through the nose with a wide open mouth.

Ways to set up sound.

1. By imitation - "Let's warm up the hands", "blow warm air."

2.from SA - at the moment of pronouncing with a spatula, gradually move the tongue back by pressing on the front of the back of the tongue. In the direction of travel, you hear SA-SA - XYA-XYA - HYA-HYA - HA-HA.

3. from K - long pronunciation with breath.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [L], SOUND [L]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are open, occupy a neutral position, oriented towards the next vowel sound. The tip of the tongue is slightly raised and closes with the upper incisors, the root of the tongue in the position of the vowel sound Y is raised and pushed back. The middle part of the back is lowered and takes the form of a spoon or the shape of a saddle. The edges of the tongue do not adjoin the molars, leaving a passage for air. The soft palate is up. The vocal cords are tense, closed, the voice is formed. When exhaling, the air stream enters the oral cavity and exits along the sides of the tongue.

L - The lips stretch in a slight smile and open the teeth. The tip of the tongue is raised slightly higher and rests against the alveoli, the middle and back parts of the back of the tongue are raised and move forward towards the end of the hard and the beginning of the soft palate, which gives softening.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Stop-passing

5.L - hard, L - soft 6. Sonorant

Pronunciation defects.

1. Lambdacism:

Complete absence sound.

Semi-softened pronunciation of the sound L - the front of the back of the tongue is raised, the root is lowered.

Interdental pronunciation - the tip of the tongue protrudes between the teeth.

Labio-labial - the absence of a bow of the tongue with the teeth.

Nasal - the soft palate is lowered, the root of the tongue rises to the soft palate, the air goes into the nose, an unpleasant nasal sound is heard.

2. Paralambdacism: replacing the sound with V, U, R, D, S, Y.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: "Smile", "Silent singing of the vowels Y-I", "Grin".

2. For the tongue: “Swing”, “Malyar”, “Delicious jam”, “Turkeys”.

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To generate the correct air jet: "Focus".

Ways to set up sound.

1. From the combination YA - while Y is pronounced briefly on a solid attack, then say the same thing with the tongue clamped between the teeth.

2. From LA - at the moment of pronouncing LA-LA-LA with a spatula or probe between the hard palate and the middle part of the back of the tongue, gradually press the tongue down and move the tongue to the right and left, adjust the pronunciation of LA-LA-LA to LA-LA-LA.

3. From B - moving the tongue up behind the upper teeth, slow down the vibration of the lips.

4. From A - biting the tongue, sharply move the jaw down, pronouncing LA.

5. From Y - bite your tongue and sharply lower your jaw down, saying LY.

6. Chew the tip of the tongue in a sing-song voice A, it turns out - LA.

7. From U - stick your tongue between your lips, singing U-U-U and quickly hide your tongue behind your upper teeth.

STATEMENT OF SOUND [P], SOUND [Pb]

Correct sound articulation.

The lips are open and in a neutral position. I'll open my teeth. The tongue is wide, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front edge of the tongue is raised to the alveoli and comes into contact with them during vibration. The vibration of the tip of the tongue occurs under the pressure of air coming from the larynx into the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised, closing the passage to the nasal cavity. The vocal cords are tense, closed, vibrate. The tension of the exhaled air current is strong.

Pb - an additional rise in the middle part of the back of the tongue to the sky and some advancement of it forward.

Sound characteristic.

1. Consonant 2. Oral 3. Anterior lingual 4. Trembling (vibrant)

5. P - hard, Pb - soft 6. Sonorant

Pronunciation defects.

1.Rotacism:

Lack of sound.

Throat pronunciation - burr - the tongue is pulled back and its root part approaches the soft palate. If the exhaled air, passing through the groove, vibrates a small tongue, then such a sound is called uvular (grassing). And if it is formed by the vibration of the soft palate - velar, a rough rumble is heard.

Doral pronunciation - the front edge of the tongue is lowered, the vibration is formed by the back of the tongue, which strikes the anterior part of the palate or alveoli. The entire lower jaw trembles along with the tongue. A rough rumble is heard.

Lateral - anterior-lingual vibration is replaced by a separation of the lateral edge of the tongue, usually on one side, from the upper molars.

Exhaled air breaks through the resulting gap. Hears-

a squelching sound. In the most severe cases, the cheek and upper lip are involved at the moment of vibration.

2. Pararotacism: replacing the sound with L, D, T, Y.

Complex of articulatory gymnastics.

Articulation gymnastics in strict sequence:

1. For lips: “Smile”, “Soundless singing of vowels A-E-Y”.

2. For the language: "Horse", "Fungus", "Painter", "Drummers".

3. For the lower jaw: "Monkeys", "Under the bill."

4. To generate the correct air jet: "Focus".

Ways to set up sound.

1.ot Z, ZA - the development of a fricative R, a cup-shaped tongue, pronounce exaggerated Z-Z-Z, Z-Z-ZA, then the words: Z-Z-Zyba (Fish), Z-Z-Care (work) , Z-Z-Zaketa (rocket).

2. from Z - using a probe or spatula, movements to the right and left at the time of pronunciation. Probe under the tongue.

3. With the tongue raised in the shape of a "Cup", blow on the lying pencil.

4. From the sound D - jump with the tongue along the tubercles-alveoli, and make movements to the right and left with the probe.

5. From the sound T - jump with the tongue along the tubercles-alveoli, and make movements to the right and left with the probe.

6. "Drum" - knock on sky D-D-D from the middle to the upper incisors with a strong exhalation at the end.

7. "Balalaika" - knock with the tongue on the tubercles-alveoli: TD-TD.

8. "Balalaika with a breeze" - knock with the tongue on the tubercles-alveoli: TZN-TZN-TN.

9.From the sound Zh - lingering pronunciation with movement leading edge tongue forward so that there is a small gap.

10. W+D - fast paced, strong exhalation on D - F-F-F-D!

Setting Pb from soft sounds.

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