The concept of homonymy

Homonym types

Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)

Paronymy and paronomasia

Literature

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The concept of homonymy

homonymy(gr. homos‘same’ and ōnyma‘name’) – audio and/or graphic match language units, whose values ​​are not related to each other.

homonymy similar to polysemy in that same the sound (graphic) shell corresponds to several objects or phenomena of reality. BUT

at polysemysemantic connections between these realities clearly understood speaking,

at homonymyconnections between these realities for native speakers of modern language does not exist.

Those. at ambiguity we are dealing with one in a word, at homonymy- with two(and more) in the words [Rakhmanov, Suzdaltsev, p. 75].

[Girutsky, p. 131]

Homonym types

At broad sense homonymy allocate several types homonyms.

1. Lexical homonyms (actually homonyms) are words of different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all (almost all) forms and refer to the same part of speech.

beam‘construction material’ ↔beam'ravine';

stern from feed↔stern from stern;

smack‘cut at the seams’ ↔ smack‘cut’.

According to the degree of completeness lexical homonyms are divided into

full (absolute),

incomplete (partial).

Complete(absolute) are called homonyms that match in all forms:

key‘spring’ ↔ key'master key',

braid‘hair woven into one strand’ ↔ braid‘agricultural implement for mowing’ ↔ braid‘peninsula in the form of a narrow shoal’,

English.light ‘easy’ ↔ light'light',

German.Mal ‘time’ ↔ Mal 'birthmark'.

Homonyms relating to to one part of speech, but matching not in all forms, are called incomplete:

onion'plant', lynx'run', boron‘chemical element’ does not have a plural form. hours;

fist'clasped hand' and fist‘wealthy peasant’ do not match in the form of V. p. units. and pl.;

conduct– perfective pair (CB) to the verb see off and an imperfective pair (NSV) to the verb conduct.

2. Grammatical homonyms(homoforms) - one or more coinciding grammatical forms of different words.

Omoform is observed among words like one part of speech, and different:

flying- 1 l. unit from treat

from fly;

know- noun. in I. and V. p. and inf. verb;

three– D.p. numeral three

1 l. pl. h. verb rub;

saw- noun. in I.p. unit

ave. in. units h.zh.r. verb drink;

English. saw- noun. 'saw'

ave. verb to see.

Sometimes homonyms of this kind are called lexico-grammatical, because they differ both lexically and grammatically. And under grammatical homonyms understand units that differ only in grammatical meanings:

game- D. and P. p.

mothers– R., D., P. p.

3. Phonetic homonyms (homophones) are words or forms that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently:

company - campaign,

pretend - pretend,

bone - bone,

German die Page 'side'

die site‘string’ [Kodukhov, p. 173]

Most often these are words that coincide in sound only in separate forms:

rod - pond (but rod - pond),

climb - forest,

metal is metal.

In languages ​​with traditional orthography (for example, English and French), there are significantly more homophones:

English. write'write'

right‘right, correct’,

week'a week'

weak 'weak',

French.boulet ‘fat man’ – bowleau 'Birch',

pot ‘pot’ - peau ‘skin’ [LES, p. 344],

German.Moore'swamp' - Mohr‘Moor’ [Shaikevich, p. 155].

4. Graphic homonyms(homographs) are words or forms that are spelled the same but pronounced differently.

In Russian, these are usually words that differ accent:

castle - castle,

flour - flour,

to shake - to shake.

AT other languages homographs are not so strictly related to stress, cf.:

lead 'lead'

‘to lead,

tear 'tear'

‘tear’ [LES, p. 344].

Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Homonyms are another confirmation of the "greatness and power" of the Russian language. It is these "nuances of vocabulary" that make the Russian language difficult for foreigners to learn.

If a language learner is put into a stupor with an incomprehensible set of words, then homonyms create a plurality of interpretations of the same word.

What are homonyms

Homonyms are words that are spelled the same, sound the same (or similar), but mean completely different things.

For example:

1. BOW - a popular vegetable and at the same time small arms;
2. POINTS - an object that improves vision, and at the same time a scoring system in various games;
3. MARRIAGE - an object spoiled in production and at the same time a union of two people;
4. WORLD - Earth and at the same time the absence of war;
5. A KEY is an object that unlocks a lock, and at the same time a synonym for a stream.

A few more examples homonym words:

The very word "homonym", like many terms in Russian, came from Ancient Greece. It consists of two halves - "homos" (the same) and "onyma" (name), which means " same name". According to one version, the first to describe such words in detail was the famous philosopher and thinker - Aristotle.

Types of homonyms

There are several types of homonyms - full, partial and grammatical.

Full homonyms- these are words that match in all possible cases and numerals.

1. CRANE - plumbing or lifting (faucets, crane, crane, etc.)
2. KOSA - hair styling, coastal shallow or agricultural tool (scythe, scythe, scythe, scythe, etc.)

Partial homonyms- these are words that are similar to each other in their original form (singular, nominative, perfect view), but may not match in individual cases or plural.

1. WEASEL - an animal of the mustelid or tenderness family. If we take the genitive case and the plural, then the words will no longer sound and be spelled the same - a lot of PASSIONS (animals) and a lot of PASSIONS (manifestation of feelings).
2. LOVE is a feeling for another person and woman's name. If we take the genitive case singular, then the words will sound in a new way - there is no LOVE (feeling) and there is no LOVE (name).

Grammatical homonyms- words in Russian that are complete opposite partial homonyms. That is, they absolutely do not coincide in their original form, but become similar in individual forms.

1. THREE is a number and a derivative of the verb to RUB. A match is possible only when the first word is used in nominative case, and the second in imperative mood. In all other variants, the words will cease to be homonyms.
2. FLIGHT - derivatives of two different verbs FLY and HEAL, both used in the first person.
3. GLASS - genitive case of the noun GLASS (no glass) and past tense female verb DRAIN (glass water).

By the way, you can notice that grammatical homonyms can represent different parts of speech, for example, a noun and a verb, a pronoun, and so on. This is their fundamental difference from full and partial homonyms, where parts of speech always coincide.

Homographs and homophones

Two more types of words in the Russian language, which some linguists (but not all) refer to as varieties of homonyms.

homographs are words that are spelled the same but sound different (mostly because they are stressed differently). The term is also Greek and consists of "homos" (the same) and "grapho" (I write).

1. BUT TLAS (collection of maps or tables) and ATL BUT C (type of fabric)
2. W BUT IOC (medieval building) and ZAM O K (locking device)
3. MUK BUT(ground cereals) and M At KA (experience)
4. O RGAN (human) and ORG BUT H (musical instrument)
5. SEL O(settlement) and C E LO (sun)
6. P BUT RIT (in the bath) and STEAM And Th (in air)

Homophones are the opposite of homographs. They sound the same, but are spelled differently. The word is also Greek - "homos" (same) and "phone" (sound).

1. FRUIT - RAFT
2. THRESHOLD - VICE
3. Pillar - Pillar
4. CODE - CAT
5. FLU - MUSHROOM

Examples of homonym words in literature

Not so often, but some writers and poets resort to the help of homonyms. For example, to create a rhyme. For example, an excerpt from Pushkin:

What does the spouse do?
Alone, in the absence of a spouse?

AT this case the word SPOUSE denotes a woman (wife) in the first sentence, and a man (husband) in the second.

Or here at Bryusov:

Closing tormented eyelids,
The moment that has departed, I SHORE.
Oh, if only to stand like this forever
On this quiet shore.

In this case, the first word is one of the forms of the verb PROTECT, and the second is the SHORE of some reservoir, used in the accusative case.

Homonyms in riddles, anecdotes, puns

A lot of riddles have been created on the basis of homonyms.

1. In the sky, a zigzag traced a trail of fire. In a skirt, nothing can replace me. (LIGHTNING)
2. They are cast from metal, and they fall from trees. (LEAVES)
3. This is the device to eat. And then we connect the device to the network. (FORK)
4. I can’t sit idle, I’m in the hands of a craftswoman. And I spin like a fidget in a bicycle wheel. (SPOKE)
5. Without it, the door cannot be opened and the letter cannot be scribbled. (PEN)
6. As a reason I act and I control the horse. (OCCASION)
7. In it, patrons are protected and products are sold. (SCORE)
8. They eat jam from it and a fence from the current. (SOCKET)

Sometimes jokes are built on homonyms.

The doctor told the blonde patient that she would get better soon. And she: “Yes, I would rather die than get better!”

Here, in the first case, the word GET GET HEALING means improving health, and in the second case, getting fat.

Doctor: "How are you, patient?" Patient: "Thanks to your care, my condition has greatly decreased."

The word CONDITION can simultaneously mean well-being and health, as well as financial situation.

In the literature exam, the teacher asks: "What can you say about the heroine?". The student replies, “Heroin is a powerful drug. And what does literature have to do with it?

There is no need to explain much here. The word HEROINE in dative case really sounds like the name of the drug. This is one example of grammatical homonyms.

When I go to the store with my husband, he often says: "I'm going to cry." And it seems to me that he is barely holding back so as not to change the emphasis.

And here a prime example homographs. Words Cry At CL and DISPL BUT CHUS really are a funny couple.

Well and puns is a joke based on the same sound, but different spellings words (and these are pure homophones):

Or here's another example of a great homophone pun:

Carried a bear, walking to the market
For the sale of honey jar,
Suddenly on the bear - that's attack! —
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with an army of aspen
He fought with a torn-out aspen.
Could he not fall into a rage,
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
Stinging anywhere
They got it for it.

Homonym dictionary

Basic or full homonyms actually not so much in Russian. Here is their list:

1. BOR - Pine forest and a dentist's tool;
2. BRAN - swearing and obsolete value battles;
3. VIEW - appearance and grammatical category;
4. SCALLOP - a comb and a small outgrowth on the head of birds;
5. YARD - a plot in front of the house and close to the monarch;
6. DEBT - obligation and borrowed;
7. DISCIPLINE - strict rules and varieties in science or sport;
8. SHOT - balls for shooting and a number consisting of a part of one;
9. FACTORY - enterprise and watch mechanism;
10. TOOTH - an organ in the mouth and the sharp part of the instrument;
11. BRUSH - part of the hand and tool of the artist;
12. KOL - pointed piece of wood and grade at school;
13. SHOP - a store and a piece of furniture;
14. MOTIVE - synonymous with occasion and melody;
15. MINK - a small animal and a depression in the ground;
16. HUNTING - tracking down animals and a colloquial synonym for desire;
17. OFFER - a part of speech and a constructive idea;
18. NOVEL - literary work and love relationships
19. LIGHT - the source of brightness and high society;
20. CONSEQUENCE - investigation and conclusion.
21. UNION - an association (of countries) and official word connecting words.
22. LANGUAGE is a means of communication and an organ in the oral cavity.

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How do homonyms differ from polysemantic words

In conclusion, I would like to say that you do not confuse homonyms with the so-called "". There is such a concept in Russian.

For example, a HAT for a woman, a nail and a mushroom means about the same thing, namely a headdress and its likeness. And in this case, the word cannot be considered a homonym, since it is violated main criterion – different lexical meaning(Here it is, in fact, the same).

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What are antonyms and examples of enriching the Russian language with them Polysemantic words- these are examples of different facets of the Russian language Phraseological units are examples catchphrases In russian language Dialectisms are words with local flavor Impress - what is it (word meaning)

Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but the same sounding or spelling units of the language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and onyma- name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.

At full/absolute homonyms the whole system of forms coincides. For example, key(for the castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
At partial Not all forms are the same. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of endearment) diverge in form genitive plural - caresses - caresses.

Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek. homos- the same and grapho- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
healthy - healthy
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
inferno - inferno
pier - pier
forty - forty
already - already

Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts speech.
I'm flying by plane and flying throat (in other forms - to fly and treat, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw and saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saws and drink, etc.).

Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that match in their own way sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and morphe- the form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning actor) and switch(meaning active subject); suffix -ets in words sage, male, incisor and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.

And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο - "sound likeness".
Examples in Russian:

threshold - vice - park,
meadow - bow, fruit - raft,
ink - ink,
fall - fall
ball - score,
inert - bone,
betray - give
emit - imitate.

In Russian, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of stunning consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.

Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be exactly the same and the difference in spelling is only in the spacing:

in place, together
in everything - at all,
from mint - crumpled,
from the hatch - and evil,
not mine - mute.

In English, homophones arose as a result of historical different designations on the letter of the same consonant or vowel sound, for example:

whole hole,
knew - new.

In French there are a whole series of homophones, consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not read.

Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Reference books

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling but are different. lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.

Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.

Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source,) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block (building material) - block (sports technique).

Incomplete homonyms do not match in their separate grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - bow (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" does not have a plural form.

Types of homonyms

In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a few phenomena close to them. Allocate the following types homonyms:

1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely different. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street soars - an eagle soars;

2) Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently. Examples: company - campaign; lead - lucky; rinse - caress; ink - ink; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;

3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: I am treating a patient - I am flying on an airplane; young man - taking care of a young mother.

Thus, homonymy is such a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressiveness of speech.

Homonyms- (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

homonymy- Homonyms (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

Homonym- This term has other meanings, see Homonym (meanings). Homonyms (other Greek ὁμός identical + ὄνομα name) are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term has been introduced ... ... Wikipedia

ANTISTICH- (Greek ἀντίστοιχον opposition), the principle of orthographic differentiation of homonyms (both whole words and individual linguistic elements of grammatical, spelling, etc.) in Greek. and clergy. languages. Greek spelling. Byzantine language. ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

homonymy- (from the Greek ὁμωνυμία eponymous) in linguistics, the sound coincidence of various linguistic units, the meanings of which are not related to each other. Lexical homonyms are the same sounding words, not having common elements meaning (sem) and not related ... ...

homonym dictionary- A lexicographic publication containing words that have lexical or grammatical homonyms, indicating and characterizing from a semantic and grammatical point of view lexemes that coincide in form, but differ in meaning. In it are given ... ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

homonym dictionary- A lexicographic publication containing words that have lexical or grammatical homonyms, indicating and characterizing from a semantic and grammatical point of view lexemes that coincide in form, but differ in meaning. It has rows... Vocabulary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Homonymy and related phenomena- (from the Greek homonymia - same name) - the presence in the language of units that coincide in form (sound and / or spelling), but have different semantics (meaning) and are not associated associatively. For example: marriage - flaw and marriage - marriage; scolding - scolding and scolding - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language

homonymy- concept playing important role in logic (See Logic), logical semantics (See Logical semantics) and semiotics (See Semiotics) and being a natural generalization of the corresponding linguistic concept(see Homonyms); O. represents… Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Lexicology- (from the Greek λεξικός referring to the word and λόγος teaching) a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary, vocabulary of the language. The subject of study of lexicology are the following aspects vocabulary language: the problem of the word like basic unit language... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language, O. S. Akhmanova. The dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language, published for the first time, is the result of a long-term research work author in the field of homonymy. The dictionary includes over 2000 dictionary entries,… Buy for 320 rubles
• Russian-English dictionary , . Brief Russian-English dictionary intended for students English language especially for middle and high school students high school, and is designed for the translation of texts of medium difficulty and includes ...