On March 31, Russian troops entered Paris. Russian army on the streets of Paris

Of course, it would have been possible to complete the stories about the foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1814, but there is still a large layer not covered: albeit not very long (just over 2 months), the stay of the allied troops in the capital of France. This is the time, the atmosphere of joy about the end long war, the ease of communication with Parisians (and especially Parisians), despite certain roughness, is clearly conveyed in numerous drawings, paintings, cartoons and caricatures not only by Russian and foreign artists who, by the will of fate, ended up in Paris then, and in the later works of their colleagues, but also in letters, memoirs and memoirs of Russian officers, participants in the campaign.

Life Guards Cavalry Regiment in Paris
Bogdan VILLEVALDE

We remember that even from the moment the coalition troops entered the territory of France, Alexander I ordered treat the inhabitants as friendly as possible, and defeat them with more generosity than revenge, by no means imitating the example of the French in Russia. The sovereign spared the pride of the French, but at the same time he often sacrificed the dignity of his troops. It happened that the winners felt defeated in Paris ... Infantry General Fabian Wilhelmovich Osten-Saken, appointed after the occupation of Paris by the Governor-General of the French capital, and the military commandant, colonel of the Russian army, the French emigrant Count de Rochechouart strictly adhered to the parting words of the tsar, deserving the gratitude of the townspeople . But Russian officers and soldiers were not always happy with this. Throughout our stay in Paris, parades were often made, so that a soldier in Paris had more work than on a campaign., (from the Memoirs of Lieutenant Nikolai Muravyov, the future Karsky, Russian Archive, 1886, 1 book). In the early days, it happened that the troops even forgot to feed.

Bivouac of Russian troops on the Champs Elysees in Paris

Coco drink sale
Engraving by Philibert-Louis DEBUCUR after the original by C. Vernet. 1814
On the streets of Paris, you could quench your thirst with a refreshing Coco drink, which was sold right there

Book illustration based on a drawing by Bogdan Villevalde

There were also skirmishes between the allies and demobilized or sent on vacation French officers who flooded Paris at the end of April, and also arrived in the capital with King Louis XVIII: ...seeing a calm demeanor allied forces, they began to be impudent and impudent, especially in relation to well-disciplined and patient Russians(from the memoirs of an English eyewitness). Often there were duels in the city: Our Russians also fought more with the French officers of Napoleon's army, who could not see us indifferently in Paris(Nikolai Muravyov). To prevent such clashes, the governor of Osten-Saken ordered the allied officers to be in Paris only on official business, and the rest to return to the place of deployment of the units. The French leadership did the same. Later these problems were solved.

Bivouac of the Cossacks on the Champs Elysees, Paris, March 31, 1814

Bivouac of the Cossacks on the Champs Elysees, Paris, March 31, 1814, fragments

Sketches for theater production Cossacks of the troops of M.I. Platov in Paris: Three girls at the window
Mstislav DOBUZHINSKY

Only a small part of the Russian troops was in the capital: a corps formed from cuirassiers and guardsmen, the Guards marine crew, a certain number of Cossacks. The latter were located not in apartments, as was customary then, but in barracks and even bivouacs in Montmartre, the capital's streets and boulevards, bringing special exoticism and a peculiar charm to Parisian life...

A Russian Cossack is getting a haircut by a dog hairdresser on Novy Most.
Various artisans, merchants and artisans offered their services here.
Colored engraving

Officer of the Life Guards of the Cossack Regiment with a horse on Place Louis XV in Paris
Carl VERNET

Ivan ROZEN

Guards carriage in Paris. 1814
Ivan ROZEN

Together with Russian guard March 31, 1814 to the capital of the defeated Napoleonic Empire Paris entered and more than once became famous for bloody battles foreign trips Russian army Guards naval crew. Returning from Le Havre to Kronstadt on the frigate Archipelago, the sailors as part of the guard solemnly entered St. Petersburg on August 11, 1814 through the Triumphal Gates installed at the Narva Gate.

Guards carriage in Paris. 1814
Ivan ROZEN

Guards crew in 1814 on the frigate Archipelago
Watercolor by A.A. TRON

AT early XIX century there was no photography and photographers who could capture our compatriots in Paris, so all hope is for the painters who left various and wonderful drawings-evidence. You have already seen many of them in this . One of them was an Austrian citizen, the famous miniature painter, portrait painter and graphic artist Georg-Emanuel Opitz, a student of Francesco Casanova (by the way, the brother of the notorious adventurer Giacomo), a prominent representative of the Biedermeier style. Being in the retinue of one of the daughters of Peter Biron, Duchess of Courland Charlotte-Dorotea, he witnessed the end of the war with Napoleon, the entrance and stay of the allied troops in Paris, which allowed him to create a whole cycle of vivid costume watercolors-reports dedicated to these events, which were very popular . Later he made lithographs based on these drawings. Something from the 1814 series was brought to your attention, and. The series of Cossacks in Paris in 1814 consisted of more than 40 sheets and vividly conveyed the unusual festive atmosphere that reigned in the capital of France in the spring of 1814. Opitz sketched many scenes from nature, captured interesting situations and episodes from the life of the Cossacks, showing them, perhaps not too refined and delicate, but at the same time kind, sympathetic and cheerful.

Let's follow the artist and observe the pastime of Russian Cossacks in Paris, their camps and camps, walks in parks and streets, communication with local residents, visiting the sights of the city.

One of the first to enter the capital of France through the city gates of Paris was the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. It was behind him that Alexander I and European monarchs entered the city at the head of a huge retinue. These drawings by Opitz depict a march Cossack army on Paris during the entry into the city on March 21, 1814.

A detachment of Cossacks passes by the Arc de Triomphe on March 31, 1814
Occupation of Paris in 1814. Cossacks pass through the city

The Cossack distributes the declaration of Alexander I to the Parisians

This story refers to the first days of the Allied troops in Paris. The artist depicted an equestrian Don Cossack distributing to passers-by on the street not far from the Arc de Triomphe sheets with the printed declaration of Alexander I. A Parisian peddler of announcements (with a badge) runs after him and offers a proclamation from King Louis XVIII. The French capital had not witnessed foreign military triumphs for a long time, and the Parisians, anxiously awaiting future events, pounced on any information. All their hopes were connected, first of all, with the Russian Tsar, the inspirer and de facto leader of the anti-Napoleonic coalition. A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky recalled: Several proclamations announced at this time were all in the name of the Sovereign ... The first and most important proclamation to the French ... was made public on the very day of our entry at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In this, the emperor announces that he and the allies will not enter into negotiations with either Napoleon or anyone else from his family; that the lands that belonged to France under the former kings will be inviolable; and invites the French people to elect a provisional government to draw up a constitution.

Bivouac of the Cossacks on the Champs Elysees, Paris, March 31, 1814
Georg Emmanuel OPIC

Opitz painted Cossack bivouacs on the Champs Elysees more than once. BUT future writer Ivan Lazhechnikov, adjutant of General A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy, as he recalled them in the Campaign Notes of a Russian officer: 20th of March. The Cossacks set up their camp on the Champs Elysees: a spectacle worthy of Orlovsky's pencil and the attention of an observer of earthly vicissitudes! Where the Parisian dandy gave his beauty a bunch of newborn flowers and trembled with admiration, reading the answer in her affectionate eyes, a Bashkir stands by a smoky fire, in a huge greasy hat with long ears, and fries his beefsteak at the end of an arrow. Garlands and fleur coverings have been replaced by saddles and shaggy cloaks...

Cossack camp on the Champs Elysees

There are several scenes in the picture: in the background, the Cossacks in the camp are talking with the Parisians, watching the performance of acrobats and drinking wine; and before the formation, in the presence of an officer, an execution is carried out - the offender is whipped with a whip. In the foreground are sheep, a goat, a dead bird - everything that served as food for those living in the bivouac; a Cossack in a cloak and a straw hat (obviously from someone else's head :)) buys provisions from a Parisian.

Mardi Gras. Column of prisoners of war

Strange procession, isn't it? And the thing is that the allied troops entered Paris on March 31, 1814 during Oily (Shrovetide) week, which traditionally culminated in France with the grandiose Mardi Gras carnival procession. During this carnival, all the rules and traditions were violated, its participants changed roles: the beggars became king and queen, the masters pleased and served the servants, the poor commanded the rich.

This time, on April 3, 1814, the carnival was special; in an effort to soften the bitterness of defeat, the French staged a magnificent celebration, playing scenes of the French victory over the allies. The defeated French guards escorted Russians disguised as prisoners of war, demonstrating the agreement of the French with the fact of their defeat in this campaign and testifying to their benevolent attitude towards the winners, who were allowed to take part in this city holiday. Yes, and tired, tired of battles and marches, Russian soldiers celebrated the Wide Maslenitsa with great pleasure for the first time in several years.

* See the continuation of this story at the end of the message ...

This watercolor has different names:
National guards escort captured Russian soldiers and Cossacks through the streets of Paris
Russian prisoners in Paris are led past the Chinese baths
Cossack at the head of an impromptu procession past the Chinese baths

The artist depicted in the center an unarmed Cossack with a sack behind his back and a Russian officer in a raincoat, who are accompanied by French soldiers of the National Guard with guns in the form of an honorary escort. A whole crowd is moving behind them, consisting of Russian military men (judging by the headdresses - an infantryman, a dragoon, a cuirassier), as well as either mummers, or actors of a traveling theater, boys. Some suggest that in order to protect the peace civilian population Paris and the observance of order by the allied troops in the city at that time, joint patrols were equipped from Russian and French soldiers of the national guard. Then why are they prisoners? Others claimed that The sovereign was addicted to the French to such an extent that he ordered the French National Guard to take our soldiers under arrest when they were met on the streets, which caused many fights in which for the most part ours were victorious(Nikolai Muravyov).

Cooking meat in the camp of the Cossacks

Most likely the action takes place on the Champs Elysees or Champ de Mars, the locations of the camps. All Cossack regiments, with the exception of the Life Guards of Kazachy, lived in the field. They were forced, as of old, to live with grass and water, often expropriating everything that lay badly. The French recalled that the Cossacks, for example, during their stay at the palace of Napoleon in Fontainebleau, glorious carps were caught and eaten in the local reserved ponds. For marching field kitchen The French, including the local chef, also observe the Cossacks with undisguised curiosity.

Cossacks in Montmartre
Russian Cossacks divide the booty right on a blanket spread on the ground.

Cossacks on the street leading to Place Vendôme

The watercolor depicts April 8, 1814, the day the French dismantled the statue of Napoleon from the Vendome Column (you can read more about this event). A lively crowd of Parisians tends to the square to watch the action. But the Cossacks, who are located right there on a halt, do not care much, they have their own urgent business ...

Speech by a street magician and fortuneteller in the center of Paris.

Russians in Paris were struck by the abundance of actors, theaters and spectacular performances on the streets of the city. In general, the element of Parisians is a storm of all passions. There, in every small space, especially on the boulevard avenue and the Champs-Elysées, everywhere are the calls of the hearts to pleasures. Here they show learned animals, birds, fish and reptiles, hocus pocus, phantasmagoria, panoramas and magic lanterns, or magnificent quadrille dances on stretched wires and ropes, or fire-colored Chinese products that burn at the sounds of the most pleasant harmonica with a particularly amazing charm of overflows and sparkles(from the memoirs of an officer of the First Jaeger Regiment M.M. Petrov). On the occasion of Holy Week (from April 4 to April 10, 1814) and the retreat of Alexander I, an order was issued by the Governor-General Osten-Saken to ban Russians from visiting theaters and places of entertainment: The Sovereign Emperor hopes and is sure that not one of the Russian officers, contrary to the church decree, will use performances throughout the duration of Holy Week, which I let the troops know. But even during this period, Russian officers and soldiers were not left without spectacles on the streets of Paris. Georg-Emanuel Opitz portrayed a lively crowd of Parisians and two Russian Cossacks watching the performance of a wandering actor, amusing the people with card tricks and handing out envelopes with predictions.

Cossacks are invited to go to a coffee shop

The scene of the Cossacks walking around the city shows the interested attitude of the Parisians towards them: a man raises his hat in gratitude for the coin received from the Cossack, women invite the warriors who became famous in military campaigns to visit a coffee shop, over which hangs a sign with a list of drinks sold here. They (the Parisians) imagined to find in us uneducated people, exhausted by campaigns, speaking a language incomprehensible to them, in strange clothes, indulging in robbery with a brutal smile, and could not believe their eyes, seeing the beauty of Russian uniforms, the brilliance of weapons, the cheerful appearance of soldiers, their healthy complexion, the affectionate treatment of the officers and hearing their witty answers in French. Soon the news of the incredible properties of their winners flew from mouth to mouth; praise of the Russians thundered everywhere; women from windows and balconies waved white handkerchiefs, greeted us with a wave of their hands .... (from the memoirs of A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky)

Puppet show in a cafe

After long deprivations of military field life, many Russians in Paris enjoyed comfortable life, gastronomic delights, wine and everything that one of best cities peace. Moreover, in Paris, the Russian troops were given the due salary for the year. Restaurants and cafes were cheap: Dinner was generally cheap for us. We used a lot of credit in shops and shops(from the notes of Major General N.P. Kovalsky). Only the lunch time did not match: the Russians were used to having lunch at noon, and the French at 6 pm. In the watercolor, Russian Cossacks, visiting cafes, drink wine, look after French women and have fun with a puppet show that a young boy has arranged for them. He simultaneously plays the pipe and the drum, and with the movement of his foot makes his dolls dance. In Russia, the puppet theater was then a rarity, and therefore the Cossacks are very interested in watching what is happening.

Playing cards in a gambling house

A very heterogeneous audience gathered at the card table in the gambling house: officials and military men, ladies of the demi-monde and commoners. The focus will be on Russian officers and Cossacks. Gambling card games were favorite pastime Russian society and especially the military, since each party was a kind of duel of opponents. And the battles at the card table were not inferior in drama to military battles. The most popular were such games as pharaoh and shtos, in which chance played the greatest role, which maximally corresponded to the mentality of the Russian military. Fate, luck, career, life - both in the service and in the war - very often depended on chance. Sometimes card game became a destructive passion. There was money, the military personnel were paid salaries. A passionate player, General Mikhail Miloradovich, asked the tsar for a salary for three years in advance and table money. And he lost everything. The Prussian Field Marshal Blucher did not lag behind him: How many times have I happened to see our generals there and old Blucher in a particular dress, the bitterest gambler who lost large sums(from the Notes of the Ensign of the Life Guards of the Semenovsky Regiment I.M. Kazakov, a participant in the campaigns of 1812-1814); ...I saw Blucher betting heaps of gold on one card. Prussian king paid for him his losses, and the winnings remained in his favor(Nikolai Muravyov) In addition, officers who had their own own state, could take loans without repaying the debt: Officers... ... applied to bankers with a simple certificate from the corps commander that they were people with means, and received significant sums against bills. The sovereign subsequently paid for everyone, and in addition we were dismissed from reprimands and remarks ...(N.P. Kovalsky). Cossack officers were not so rich and played much less often. And in this watercolor, the artist depicted them next to the ladies. They probably hoped more for success with women than for luck at the card table.

Playing roulette in a gambling house

Unlike cards, roulette was not yet popular in Russia at that time, and most Russian officers had no idea about it before entering Paris. Therefore, many sought to try their hand and try their luck in unusual game out of simple curiosity. Roulette is hell and heaven for many - the winner is delighted, and the loser experiences all the torments of hell and, in madness with desperation, shoots himself or throws himself into the Seine, - wrote the same I.M. Kazakov. Opitz portrayed the French public gathered at the gambling table, as well as soldiers and officers of the Allied forces watching the game. To the right of the croupier are two don Cossack officers they are talking animatedly about something with a lady sitting at the table, perhaps consulting with her, preparing to place a bet.

Cossacks playing with Parisian children in the Tuileries Garden

The watercolor depicts the walk of the Cossacks in the Tuileries garden and their friendly communication with small children, who are accompanied by mothers and nannies. Camp life accustomed the Cossacks to long absences from home, where their families and children remained, whom they could not see for years. Therefore, women with children evoked tenderness in them, a desire to play with the kids, cuddle them, give them a present. Witnesses recalled that during the solemn march through Paris, the Cossacks took the boys in their arms and put them in front of them on the horses' croup.

Mounted Cossack on the city street

Parisian children, especially boys, seeing conquerors on foot or on horseback, ran after them in droves, begging for money and souvenirs. They quickly became friends with shaggy and good-natured Cossacks, who allowed the kids to climb on their shoulders.

Bathing horses in the Seine

One of the most famous watercolors in the Parisian series of Georg-Emmanuel Opitz. At the arched bridge of Concorde (Pont de la Concorde), former bridge Louis XVI, the Cossacks bathe and water their horses in the Seine. And the Parisians poured out onto the embankment and, hanging over the parapet, with undisguised interest, they are watching the mighty slender Cossacks, who, in their underwear (or even completely naked), not paying attention to the spectators, look after their devoted favorites, who have gone through such a difficult campaign in such a difficult campaign. it's a long way.

Cossacks and sellers of fish and apples
Cossacks in the market

Local merchants readily supplied the Russian troops with food and haberdashery. They appeared at outposts, bivouacs, or even just on the streets, loaded with baskets of provisions and kegs of drinks, loudly offering their goods. It was funny to see our servicemen trying to be nice to the merchants, and the dexterity of the latter, who understood the intentions without understanding the words(I.M. Kazakov)

Often, the Cossacks visited the city markets. The highest Russian officers preferred to use the Cossacks as orderlies, as they were distinguished by quickness, sharpness, dexterity, were sociable and quick in carrying out any assignments, including the purchase of provisions. In the picture, the Cossack is eyeing homemade sausage, and the servant cuts off a piece of sausage for testing. The relationship between sellers and buyers is friendly and welcoming.

Walk of the Cossacks along the gallery with shops and shops

Russian soldiers loved to gawk at the numerous fashionable shops and stores that Paris was famous for, where goods for various purposes were put up for sale: perfumes, haberdashery, uniforms, weapons, even Russian epaulettes and orders, sewing, etc. Anyone who has been to Paris knows that you can get almost bird's milk there, if only there was money.. And the Parisians carefully took care that foreign guests were not stingy and left their money here ...

In the watercolor, the Cossacks, accompanied by charming Parisian women, examine and vividly discuss shop windows, goods, signs of restaurants and hairdressers: Wax busts with wigs, exhibited at some shops under glass, seemed to us as white and alive as the hairdressers themselves., Restaurant signs were very attractively painted and lured us in, but time and circumstances did not allow us to regale ourselves. From the crowd of spectators, mostly ladies, pretty French women, stopped and looked at us ...(from Marching notes of an artilleryman 1812-1816 Ilya Timofeevich Radozhitsky)

A Cossack arguing with an old Parisian on the corner of the rue de Grammont

But sometimes there were skirmishes, as in this watercolor: a ragged old French woman swings a stick at a Cossack, who parries the blow by putting a gun forward. The Cossack, apparently, was engaged in purchases for his unit and either did not please the elderly woman, or there was a linguistic misunderstanding. Nearby are a Cossack horse and a donkey loaded with various belongings (sacks, baskets with drinks and provisions, dishes, weapons, a saddle bag). And near the window of a fashionable shop selling hats, French women of fashion are crowding.

At the statue of Apollo in the museum

After the end of Holy Week, the ban on visiting local theaters and museums was lifted. On the contrary, the commanders of many regiments obliged their officers to join themselves and involve their subordinates in art. Those who were richer became regulars at the Grand Opera, Versailles; others enjoyed walking along Luxembourg garden and the Bois de Boulogne; still others were imbued with the look and structure of the House of Invalids, the Museums of Artillery and Napoleon. The latter exhibited ancient masterpieces exported from Rome, as well as numerous works of art expropriated in other countries. Not all lower ranks simple soldiers or the Cossacks could judge the beauty of paintings and statues, but, as many memoirists noted, no one could pass indifferently past the statue of Venus and Apollo Belvedere, everyone stopped and admired what they saw.

Cossack dance at night on the Champs Elysees

The scene of rest and night fun of the Cossacks, who arranged a feast with the guests with songs and dances. The Ukhar dances of the Cossacks, their songs and refrains ... really liked the French, - recalled the Russian officer Ivan Petrovich Liprandi.

Despite the fact that in Paris the Russian troops mostly had a pleasant time, receiving a lot of new impressions, pleasures and pleasures of every kind, which are impossible to describe(Captain Ivan Dreyling), tired of many months of campaigns, homesickness and families, did their job. Beautiful France didn't seem so pretty anymore. Paris is amazing city; but I boldly assure you that Petersburg is much more beautiful than Paris, that although the climate here is warmer, it is no better than Kyiv, in a word, that I would not want to spend my life in the French capital, and in France even less, - the future Russian poet Konstantin Batyushkov wrote in letters. Therefore, when the time of departure came, many were delighted and did not mind.

Cossacks consider caricatures of themselves.
Georg-Emmanuel OPIC

Walking around the city, the Cossacks stopped at the showcase of the pavilion selling prints. Maps of France and the theater of operations in 1812, engravings with views of Moscow and Vienna, framed portraits of Talleyrand and Marie Louise are displayed here. Pinned on clothespins are small prints depicting King Franz I of Austria, Emperors Alexander I and Napoleon (a portrait made up of corpses), as well as various caricatures, including those of Russian Cossacks, one of the most popular characters. These cartoons flooded France. Georg-Emmanuel Opitz wrote in the foreground of the Cossacks, with surprise and a smile on their faces, examining a sheet with a caricature called Cossack drawn from life

But that's not all! How I didn’t want to break the post, but there’s nothing to be done, it doesn’t fit.
So the sweetest next time :)

UPD: Thanks to attention, her excellent knowledge of the subject and historical flair, Katerina, aka catherine_catty , doubted the correctness of the fact that the Mardi Gras carnival procession in 1814 took place during the stay of the allied troops in Paris. And it turned out to be right, indeed, this event happened on February 22, 1814, when the capital of France was still free: and. Once again, I thank Katerina for her observation and help in establishing the truth!

Nevertheless, the watercolor by Georg-Emmanuel Opitz exists with the description that I gave (), so I leave it on same place, hoping that you will take into account and remember my (and not only) oversight. I won’t transfer it to another post, I think you will understand why from my comment and forgive me :)

Alexander Column in St. Petersburg on Palace Square. Installed in memory of the victory of Alexander I over Napoleon. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

On March 31, 1814, Russian troops entered Paris. The historian Petr Multatuli tells about the main Victory Day of the 19th century in his article

December 25, on the Day of the Nativity of Christ, in Russian Empire celebrated Victory Day over Napoleon. After the victorious end of the wars with Napoleonic France and the capture of Paris, Emperor Alexander I the Blessed issued a manifesto stating:

On December 25, the day of the Nativity of Christ will henceforth also be a day of thanksgiving celebration under the name in the circle of the church: the Nativity of our Savior Jesus Christ and the remembrance of the deliverance of the Church and the Russian State from the invasion of the Gauls and with them twenty languages. Alexander".

This sacred holiday is generally forgotten in Russia: it is not celebrated either in the country or in the Church. Meanwhile, it would be nice to remember him not only to us, the winners, but also to the vanquished. It is high time to place the equestrian statue of Emperor Alexander in front of triumphal arch, adding to the gallery of sculptural monuments to the heroes of the war of 1812: M.I. Kutuzov, P.I. Bagration. It would also be nice to call new station metro "Paris", like the station "Stalingrad" in the capital of France. These measures would not only give away the memory of the sacred memory of 1812, but would also cool too hot heads in the Elysee Palace, and not only in it.

The campaign of 1814 began from the banks of the Rhine, behind which the French retreated. Broken near Leipzig in October 1813 Napoleonic army could no longer put up any serious resistance. At the beginning of 1814, the Allied troops entered the territory of France with the aim of overthrowing Napoleon Bonaparte. The Russian guards, led by Emperor Alexander I, entered France from Switzerland, in the Basel region.

The Allies advanced with two separate armies: the Russian-Prussian Silesian Army was led by the Prussian Field Marshal G.L. von Blucher, and the Russian-German-Austrian army was placed under the command of the Austrian Field Marshal K.F. zu Schwarzenberg. The headquarters of the Allies settled in Frankfurt am Main. The undisputed leader of the allied coalition was the Russian Tsar.

Meanwhile, Austrian Chancellor K. von Metternich did not give up hope to keep the weakened Napoleon on French throne, in order to weaken Russian influence. Metternich proposed a plan for peace with Napoleon on the terms of his renunciation of the (already lost) conquests and an end to the war. In this case, he was left with France within the borders of 1801.

Metternich's plan met with no objections from England and Prussia. But Alexander I did not agree with them, rightly believing that Napoleon could not be trusted. Metternich began to hint in no uncertain terms that if the peace proposals were rejected, then Austria might withdraw from the coalition. I had to send peace terms to Bonaparte.

As noted by E.V. Tarle:

Already on the very edge of the abyss, after terrible disasters In 1812 and 1813, under the immediate threat of an Allied invasion of France, a chance of salvation suddenly appeared. Napoleon remained the master of a first-class power."

But the Allied envoy arrived and found the French emperor pacing back and forth in his office:

Wait, wait," he said to no one, "you will soon find out that my soldiers and I have not forgotten our trade! We were defeated between the Elbe and the Rhine, we were defeated by betrayal ... But there will be no traitors between the Rhine and Paris ... ".

Since Napoleon was slow to respond, Alexander I announced that he was continuing the campaign. On January 1, 1814, he crossed the Rhine at the head of the army and entered France. In his manifesto, the Emperor declared that the war was not against the French, but against the excesses and violence of Napoleon.

The Allied campaign took Napoleon by surprise. The Allied forces numbered 453 thousand people (of which 153 thousand were Russians). Napoleon could oppose them along the left bank of the Rhine with only 163 thousand people. But in fact, he had only about 40 thousand on hand. Besides, french army had just experienced a severe typhoid epidemic that claimed many lives.

Main fighting campaigns unfolded in the basin of the Marne and Seine rivers, where Napoleon, skillfully maneuvering, managed to win several victories, confirming his reputation as an outstanding tactician. On January 13 (25), 1814, Napoleon left Paris for Chalons to serve in the army, handing over the management of state affairs to his wife, Empress Marie-Louise, and his brother Joseph.

On January 17, Napoleon attacked the avant-garde allied forces Blucher's army and dealt her a sensitive blow at Brienne. Within five days (from January 29 to February 2), Bonaparte won a series of successive brilliant victories (at Champaubert, Montmiray, Chateau-Thierry and Vauchamp) over the Russian-Prussian corps scattered one by one in the Marne valley. Taking advantage of Napoleon's successes, Schwarzenberg immediately offered to conclude a truce with him. Only the persistence of Alexander I forced the Austrian commander to move forward. This saved Blucher from inevitable defeat. Realizing that the Austrians could conclude a separate peace with Napoleon and withdraw from the coalition, Alexander I literally forced the allies to sign the Treaty of Chaumont, in which they pledged not to conclude either peace or a truce with France without general consent.

In the 20th of March 1814, Napoleon decided to go to the northeastern fortresses on the border of France, where he expected to release the French garrisons, and, having significantly strengthened his army, forced the allies to retreat. Napoleon hoped that the allies would follow him and hoped to pull them away from Paris. At the end of February, the Cossacks, who were subordinate to Field Marshal Blucher, intercepted a Napoleonic courier carrying a letter from Napoleon to his wife. It followed from it that the French emperor decided to move east and pull the Allied forces away from Paris.

As soon as Alexander I found out about this, he immediately ordered all the troops who were with him to move in accelerated marches to Paris.

Historian N.K. Schilder noted:

The courageous decision to march on Paris, abandoning his messages, belongs entirely to the Emperor Alexander.

During the advance on Paris, several battles took place. In one of them, according to the military historian A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander I personally participated in the attack:

The sovereign himself rushed with cavalry to the French squares, showered with bullets. God save the Great Monarch!"

And another military historian A.A. Kersnovsky noted:

The Emperor of All Russia, as a simple squadron commander, cut into the enemy system.

During the march, Emperor Alexander circled the troops and encouraged them:

"Guys! It's not far to Paris!"

From time to time he drove to the nearest hills and watched the movement of military columns hurrying to Paris.

Monument to Emperor Alexander I near the walls of the Moscow Kremlin in the Alexander Garden. Photo: Mikhail Metzel/TASS

As soon as Napoleon learned of the advance of the allied forces towards Paris, he immediately ordered his troops to move to the aid of the capital as quickly as possible. Napoleon praised the maneuver of the allies: "This is an excellent chess move. I would never have believed that any general among the allies is able to do this."

In the meantime, terrible rumors spread around Paris about the approach of the Allies, who were going to burn the city, as Moscow was burned. On the evening of March 29, the advanced units of the Allies saw the heights of Montmartre and the Parisian towers in the distance. Exhausted by the long march, the troops settled down for the night.

The city at that time had up to 500 thousand inhabitants and was well fortified. The defense of the French capital was led by marshals E.A.K. Mortier, B.A.Zh. de Moncey and O.F.L.W. de Marmont. Napoleon's elder brother, Joseph Bonaparte, was the supreme commander of the city's defense. The Allied troops consisted of three main columns: the right (Russian-Prussian) army was led by Field Marshal Blucher, the central - Russian general M.B. Barclay de Tolly, the left column was led by the Crown Prince of Württemberg.

Alexander I, together with Major General Prince N.G. Volkonsky and Count K.V. Nesselrode developed a plan of action for the next day. Alexander gave the order to storm the heights of Montmartre and a number of others in order to prevent the French from gaining a foothold on them. However, he ordered, wanting to avoid bloodshed, to use every opportunity to negotiate with the Parisians on the surrender of Paris. On the morning of March 18 (30) at 6 o'clock in the morning, the assault on the Montmartre Heights began. At 11 o'clock, Prussian troops approached the fortified village of Lavilet with the corps of M.S. Vorontsov, and the Russian corps of General A.F. Langeron launched an attack on Montmartre. The fights were tough. The French made every effort to defend the approaches to their capital. Participant in the assault on Montmartre, Colonel M.M. Petrov recalled:

When we went to the fortifications of Paris, or, rather, climbed on the vigorous crown of France, then each soldier glowed with the blush of heroism, understanding the importance of the final feat and revenge being accomplished, and each of us did not want to die before the conquest of Paris.

On the captured heights, the allies installed guns that threatened Paris. Marshal O.F. de Marmont sent an envoy to the Russian Tsar. Approaching Alexander I and taking off his headdress, the French officer said:

Marshal Marmont asks Your Majesty to stop hostilities and agree on a truce."

After several minutes of reflection, Alexander I answered the Frenchman:

I agree to your marshal's request. I will order now to stop the battle, but with the condition of the immediate surrender of Paris. Otherwise, by the evening you will not recognize the place where your capital was!

Colonel M.F. Orlov learned from Napoleon's adjutant Girardin about Bonaparte's secret order at a fateful moment to blow up the powder magazines and destroy Paris. Orlov immediately reported this to Marmont and Mortier and thereby saved Paris for France and the world. But Marmont at first refused to sign the surrender on the terms of Alexander I. And only when the Russian guns spoke from the heights of Montmartre did they have no arguments left. Orlov came to the Sovereign with joyful news - and immediately received the rank of general.

This great event is now linked to your name"

Alexander told him.

Alexander I (right) and Napoleon in Tilsit. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

The capitulation of Paris was signed at 2 am on March 31 (new style) in the village of Lavilette. By 7 o'clock in the morning, according to the terms of the agreement, the French regular army was to leave the defeated capital. Emperor Alexander I, at the head of his Guard and allied monarchs, solemnly entered the French capital, which greeted him with delight. The sovereign hastened to announce to the French:

I have only one enemy in France, and that enemy is a man who deceived me in the most unworthy way, abused my trust, betrayed all the oaths he had given me, brought the most unjust, most vile war into my country. No reconciliation between him and me is now possible, but I repeat that in France I have only this enemy. All the French, except for him, are in my good standing. I respect France and the French and wish they would let me help them. Tell the Parisians, gentlemen, that I do not enter their city as an enemy, and it depends only on them that I become their friend; but tell me also that I have one single enemy in France and that I am irreconcilable towards him.

One Frenchman, who squeezed through the crowd to Alexander, said:

We have been waiting for Your Majesty's arrival for a long time!"

To this the Emperor replied:

I would have come to you earlier, but the courage of your troops delayed me."

Alexander's words were passed from mouth to mouth and quickly spread among the Parisians, causing a storm of delight. Hundreds of people crowded around Alexander I, kissing everything they could reach: his horse, clothes, boots. Women grabbed at his spurs, and some clung to the tail of his horse. Part of the French rushed to the statue of Napoleon in Place Vendôme to destroy it, but Alexander hinted that this was undesirable.

Meanwhile, Napoleon himself moved through Troyes to Fontainebleau. On March 18, in Troyes, he gave the disposition for the troops to approach Paris, and he himself drove by post at midnight to the Cours-de-France station, 20 miles from the capital, thinking to assist her with his personal presence. Here he met the troops retreating from Paris, and learned that the capital had fallen. Napoleon sat down on the road and plunged into deep thought, surrounded by associates who silently awaited his orders. He sent Caulaincourt to Paris for negotiations, hoping to gain time, while he himself returned to Fontainebleau. The number of his troops, together with those who retreated from Paris, reached 36 thousand, and the allies gathered 180 thousand south of the capital. The marshals did not at all want to go to Paris, which they announced to the emperor, hinting at the need for renunciation. On March 25, the emperor signed the abdication for himself and his heirs, after which almost all of his associates left Napoleon. On the night of March 31, he opened his travel box, took out the poison prepared back in 1812, and took it. The poison didn't work.

For the capture of Paris, the Russian army paid a considerable price: 7100 people. It was the Russian troops that went into battle in all the breakthrough sectors of the operation. Cossack chieftain M.I. Platov, in a sentimental message, wrote in those days to the Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna:

I am not able to describe the celebrations of this; but most loyally I inform only that this has not happened in past centuries and is unlikely to happen in future ones. On both sides there was an indescribable joyful admiration, accompanied by the exclamation of the most numerous people of the inhabitants of Paris: Long live Alexander! who brought prosperity and peace to the whole of Europe."

As A.S. Pushkin:

But God helped - the murmur became lower,

And soon by the power of things

We ended up in Paris

And the Russian Tsar is the head of tsars.

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At noon on March 31, 1814, the cavalry led by Tsar Alexander I triumphantly entered Paris. The city was overrun by the Russians. The Cossacks turned the banks of the Seine into a beach area. " Water procedures"They were accepted, as in their native Don - in their underwear or completely naked.

Chess move

In the 20th of March, Napoleon, after successful operations against the allies in France, went to the northeastern fortresses to strengthen the army and force the allies to retreat. He did not expect an attack on Paris, counting on the well-known intractability of the allied armies. However, on March 24, 1814, the Allies urgently approved a plan for an attack on the capital. To distract Napoleon, 10,000 men were sent against him. cavalry corps under General Winzingerode. Meanwhile, the allies, without waiting for the concentration of troops, launched an attack on Paris. Due to unpreparedness, 6,000 soldiers were lost. The city was taken in a day.

Having defeated a small detachment, Napoleon realized that he had been tricked: “This is an excellent chess move! I would never have believed that any general among the Allies is capable of doing this.

All Paris

Most of all, the Parisians feared the revenge of the Russians. There were stories that the soldiers loved violence and amused themselves with barbaric games. For example, to drive people naked for a spanking in the cold.

Major General Mikhail Fedorovich Orlov, one of those who signed the surrender, recalled his first trip around the captured city:

“We rode on horseback and slowly, in the deepest silence. Only the sound of horses' hooves was heard, and occasionally a few faces with anxious curiosity appeared in the windows, which quickly opened and quickly closed.

When a proclamation of the Russian Tsar appeared on the streets of houses, promising the residents special patronage and protection, many citizens rushed to the northeastern borders of the city in order to at least have a glimpse of the Russian emperor. "There were so many people in Saint Martin's Place, Place Louis XV and the avenue that divisions of regiments could hardly pass through this crowd." Parisian young ladies expressed particular enthusiasm, who grabbed the hands of foreign soldiers and even climbed on their saddles in order to better examine the conquerors-liberators entering the city. The Russian emperor fulfilled his promise to the city by stopping the slightest crimes.

Cossacks in Paris

If the Russian soldiers and officers could not be distinguished from the Prussians and Austrians (except in form), then the Cossacks were bearded, in trousers with stripes - the same as in the pictures in French newspapers. Only real Cossacks were kind. Delighted flocks of children ran after the Russian soldiers. And the Parisian men soon began to wear beards “under the Cossacks”, and knives on wide belts, like the Cossacks.

During their stay in the French capital, the Cossacks turned the banks of the Seine into a beach area: they bathed themselves and bathed their horses. "Water procedures" were accepted, as in their native Don - in underwear or completely naked. On the popularity of the Cossacks and great interest Parisians testify to them a large number of references to them in French literature. George Sand's novel is even called: "Cossacks in Paris".

Kazakov captured the city, especially beautiful girls, gambling houses and delicious wine. The Cossacks turned out to be not very gallant gentlemen: they squeezed the hands of Parisians like a bear, gorged themselves on ice cream at Tortoni on the Boulevard of the Italians and stepped on the feet of visitors to the Palais Royal and the Louvre.

The Russians were seen by the French as gentle, but not too delicate giants. The Parisians gave the soldiers their first lessons in etiquette.

The French were frightened by Asian cavalry regiments in the Russian army. For some reason, they were horrified at the sight of the camels that the Kalmyks had brought with them. French ladies fainted when Tatar or Kalmyk warriors approached them in their coats, hats, with bows over their shoulders, and with a bunch of arrows on their sides.

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The Parisians were amazed by the communication with the Russians. French newspapers wrote about them as terrible "bears" from a wild country where it is always cold. And the Parisians were surprised to see tall and strong Russian soldiers, who in appearance did not differ at all from Europeans. And the Russian officers, moreover, almost all spoke French. There is a legend that soldiers and Cossacks went into Parisian cafes and hurried food peddlers: "Quickly, quickly!"

200 years ago, the Russian army led by Emperor Alexander I triumphantly entered Paris

On March 19 (31), 1814, Russian troops led by Emperor Alexander I triumphantly entered Paris. The capture of the capital of France was the final battle of the Napoleonic campaign of 1814, after which french emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte abdicated.
Defeated near Leipzig in October 1813, the Napoleonic army could no longer offer serious resistance. At the beginning of 1814, the Allied troops, consisting of Russian, Austrian, Prussian and German corps, invaded France in order to overthrow the French emperor. The Russian guards, led by Emperor Alexander I, entered France from Switzerland, in the Basel region. The Allies advanced in two separate armies: the Russian-Prussian Silesian Army was led by the Prussian Field Marshal G. L. von Blucher, and the Russian-German-Austrian army was placed under the command of the Austrian Field Marshal K. F. Schwarzenberg.

In battles in France, Napoleon won victories more often than the allies, but none of them became decisive due to the numerical superiority of the enemy. At the end of March 1814, the French emperor decided to go to the northeastern fortresses on the border of France, where he expected to break the blockade of enemy troops, free the French garrisons, and, having strengthened his army, force the allies to retreat, threatening their rear communications. However, the allied monarchs, contrary to Napoleon's expectations, on March 12 (24), 1814 approved the plan of attack on Paris.
On March 17 (29), the allied armies approached the front line of defense of Paris. The city at that time had up to 500 thousand inhabitants and was well fortified. The defense of the French capital was led by marshals E. A. K. Mortier, B. A. J. de Moncey and O. F. L. V. de Marmont. Napoleon's elder brother, Joseph Bonaparte, was the supreme commander of the city's defense. The Allied troops consisted of three main columns: the right (Russian-Prussian) army was led by Field Marshal Blucher, the central one was led by the Russian General M. B. Barclay de Tolly, and the left column was led by the Crown Prince of Württemberg.
Total number defenders of Paris at this time, along with National Guard(militia) did not exceed 45 thousand people. The allied armies numbered about 100 thousand people, including 63.5 thousand Russian troops.
The battle for Paris was one of the most bloody battles for allied troops who lost more than 8 thousand soldiers in one day, 6 thousand of which are soldiers of the Russian army.
French losses are estimated by historians at over 4,000 soldiers. The allies captured 86 guns on the battlefield and another 72 guns went to them after the capitulation of the city, M. I. Bogdanovich reports 114 captured guns.
The offensive began on March 18 (30) at 6 am. At 11 a.m., Prussian troops with the corps of M. S. Vorontsov approached the fortified village of Lavilet, and the Russian corps of General A. F. Langeron launched an attack on Montmartre. Seeing from Montmartre the gigantic size of the advancing troops, the commander French defense Joseph Bonaparte left the battlefield, leaving Marmont and Mortier the authority to surrender Paris.

During March 18 (30), all the suburbs of the French capital were occupied by the allies. Seeing that the fall of the city was inevitable and trying to reduce losses, Marshal Marmont sent a truce to the Russian emperor. However, Alexander I presented a tough ultimatum to surrender the city under the threat of its destruction.
On March 19 (31) at 2 am, the capitulation of Paris was signed. By 7 o'clock in the morning, according to the agreement, the French regular army was to leave Paris. The act of surrender was signed by Marshal Marmont. At noon, the Russian guards, led by Emperor Alexander I, solemnly entered the capital of France.

Napoleon learned of the surrender of Paris at Fontainebleau, where he was waiting for the approach of his lagging army. He immediately decided to withdraw all available troops to continue the fight, but under pressure from the marshals, who took into account the mood of the population and soberly assessed the balance of power, on April 4, 1814, Napoleon abdicated.
On April 10, after the abdication of Napoleon, the last battle in this war took place in the south of France. Anglo-Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Wellington made an attempt to capture Toulouse, which was defended by Marshal Soult. Toulouse capitulated only after news from Paris reached the city's garrison.
Peace was signed in May, returning France to the borders of 1792 and restoring the monarchy there. The era of the Napoleonic Wars ended, only breaking out in 1815 with the famous brief return of Napoleon to power.

RUSSIANS IN PARIS

At noon on March 31, 1814. columns of the allied armies with drumming, music and banners unfurled began to enter Paris through the gates of St. Maarten. One of the first to move was the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, which made up the imperial convoy. Many contemporaries recalled that the Cossacks took the boys in their arms, put their horses on the groats and, to their delight, drove them around the city.
Then a four-hour parade took place, in which the Russian army shone in all its glory. Poorly equipped and battle-worn units were not allowed to enter Paris. The townsfolk, not without trepidation, were waiting for a meeting with the "Scythian barbarians", saw a normal European army, not much different from the Austrians or Prussians. In addition, most of the Russian officers spoke French well. The Cossacks became a real exotic for the Parisians.

The Cossack regiments set up bivouacs right in the city garden on the Champs Elysees, and bathed their horses in the Seine, attracting the curious eyes of Parisians and especially Parisians. The fact is that the Cossacks accepted the “water procedures” exactly as in their native Don, that is, in a partially or completely exposed form. For two months, the Cossack regiments turned into perhaps the main attraction of the city. Crowds of curious people flocked to watch them fry meat, cook soup on a fire, or sleep with a saddle under their heads. Very soon, in Europe, "steppe barbarians" became fashionable. For artists, the Cossacks became a favorite nature, and their images literally flooded Paris.
The Cossacks, it must be said, never missed an opportunity to profit from local population. In the famous ponds of the Palace of Fontainebleau, for example, the Cossacks caught all the carps. Despite some "pranks", the Cossacks had big success the French, especially the commoners.

It should be noted that at the end of the war among lower ranks The Russian army, which for the most part was recruited from serfs, desertion flourished. Moscow Governor-General F. Rostopchin wrote: “What a fall our army has come to if old non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers remain in France ... They go to farmers who not only pay them well, but also give their daughters for them.” Such cases among the Cossacks, people personally free, could not be found.
Spring Paris was able to swirl anyone in its joyful whirlpool. Especially when three years are behind us. bloody war, and the feeling of victory overwhelmed my chest. Here is how F. Glinka recalled the Parisian women before leaving for their homeland: “Farewell, dear, charming charmers for whom Paris is so famous ... The brave Cossack and the flat-faced Bashkirs became favorites of your hearts - for money! You have always respected the ringing virtues!” But the Russians had money: on the eve of Alexander I ordered to give the troops a salary for 1814 in a triple amount!
Paris, which the Decembrist S. Volkonsky called "the moral Babylon of modern times", was famous for all the temptations of wild life.

Russian officer A. Chertkov described the most important of the hot spots, the Palais Royal Palace: “On the third floor there is a gathering of public girls, on the second floor there is a game of roulette, on the mezzanine there is a loan office, on the first floor there is a weapons workshop. This house is a detailed and true picture of what the revelry of passions leads to.
Many Russian officers "came off" at the card table. General Miloradovich (the one who would be killed 11 years later during the Decembrist uprising) begged the tsar for a salary for 3 years in advance. And he lost everything. However, even unfortunate players always had a chance. Russian officers easily got money in Paris. It was enough to come to any Parisian banker with a note from the corps commander, in which it was said that the bearer of this was a man of honor and would certainly return the money. Returned, of course, not all. In 1818, when the Russians left Paris forever, Count Mikhail Vorontsov paid the officer's debts out of his own pocket. True, he was a very rich man.
Of course, not all Russians lived their lives in the Palais Royal. Many preferred Parisian theatres, museums and especially the Louvre. Culture lovers greatly praised Napoleon for bringing back from Italy a fine collection of ancient antiquities. Emperor Alexander was praised for allowing her not to return.

At noon on March 31, 1814, the cavalry led by Tsar Alexander I triumphantly entered Paris. The city was overrun by the Russians. The Cossacks turned the banks of the Seine into a beach area. "Water procedures" were accepted, as in their native Don - in underwear or completely naked.

Chess move

In the 20th of March, Napoleon, after successful operations against the allies in France, went to the northeastern fortresses to strengthen the army and force the allies to retreat. He did not expect an attack on Paris, counting on the well-known intractability of the allied armies. However, on March 24, 1814, the Allies urgently approved a plan for an attack on the capital. To distract Napoleon, a 10,000-strong cavalry corps was sent against him under the command of General Winzingerode. Meanwhile, the allies, without waiting for the concentration of troops, launched an attack on Paris. Due to unpreparedness, 6,000 soldiers were lost. The city was taken in a day.

All Paris

Major General Mikhail Fedorovich Orlov, one of those who signed the surrender, recalled his first trip around the captured city:

Cossacks in Paris

If the Russian soldiers and officers could not be distinguished from the Prussians and Austrians (except in form), then the Cossacks were bearded, in trousers with stripes - the same as in the pictures in French newspapers. Only real Cossacks were kind. Delighted flocks of children ran after the Russian soldiers. And the Parisian men soon began to wear beards "under the Cossacks", and knives on wide belts, like the Cossacks.

During their stay in the French capital, the Cossacks turned the banks of the Seine into a beach area: they bathed themselves and bathed their horses. "Water procedures" were accepted, as in their native Don - in underwear or completely naked. The popularity of the Cossacks and the great interest of the Parisians in them is evidenced by the large number of references to them in French literature. George Sand's novel is even called: "Cossacks in Paris".

Kazakov captivated the city, especially beautiful girls, gambling houses and delicious wine. The Cossacks turned out to be not very gallant gentlemen: they squeezed the hands of Parisians like a bear, gorged themselves on ice cream at Tortoni on the Boulevard of the Italians and stepped on the feet of visitors to the Palais Royal and the Louvre.

The Russians were seen by the French as gentle, but not too delicate giants. The Parisians gave the soldiers their first lessons in etiquette.

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However, this version is confirmed by French linguists. The first mention of the use of the word "bistrot" in French dates back to the 1880s. In addition, there are similar dialect and vernacular words such as bist(r)ouille, bistringue or bistroquet. French etymological dictionary"Robert" connects bistro with the dialectal bistouille - "swill, bad alcohol". The Russian version qualifies as "pure fantasy".

The commander of the Russian occupation corps, Count Mikhail Vorontsov, in 1818, when the last soldiers left France, paid for all the debts. To do this, he had to sell the Krugloye estate.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Chess move

All Paris

Cossacks in Paris

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Chess move

All Paris

Cossacks in Paris

More about bistro

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