Do you think the Turks recognized the Armenian genocide? No, no one seeks to incite ethnic hatred. In this article we will try to find out what happened back in 1915.

Negative attitude

Many of those who are at work or in everyday life encountered Armenians, they envy their unity. Some say that the Armenians live in a small area, that no one understands their language. Therefore, it is believed: this is why the people are well organized.

Negation

Why don't Turks like Armenians? Why don't they recognize the people? Let's find out what happened in Turkey in 1915. Shortly after the country entered the First World War, all employees law enforcement, as well as Armenian servicemen were arrested and then shot along with their family members (an old Eastern tradition).

The same fate befell all the famous Armenians who lived in Istanbul. After that, the mass extermination of the people who scattered scattered on Turkish lands began. Pogroms swept across the country, the result of which was the murder of half a million people.

It is known that Western Armenia was also part of the Ottoman Empire, on the territory of which one and a half million Armenians lived. All of them were killed. The massacre was carried out under the motto: "People must be destroyed, but gardens and crops must not be touched."

The Turks preserved the gardens for the Kurds, who later settled on these lands. As a result, Western Armenia completed its existence and became part of Turkish Kurdistan. And the eastern one turned into modern Armenia.

After Ataturk, the savior of peoples and specific people, came to power, a commission was established to investigate the Armenian genocide. During her work, the following conclusions were drawn:

• The inhabitants were massacred, but the territory remained. According to the norms of world law, these lands must be returned.
• Few Armenians lived in Turkey (maximum two hundred thousand). The war broke out, and this people, treachery and dirty maneuvers in their blood, themselves provoked numerous skirmishes.
• The patient Turkish people are people of a broad soul, instantly forgetting insults. In the Ottoman Empire in those days, a single multinational family was building a new beautiful society. That is why there can be no talk of genocide.

It is known that in Turkey it is forbidden to mention the existence of Western Armenia. According to Turkish law, public statements about her are considered a criminal offense. Such a point of view is official position countries from the time of Ataturk to the present day.

Armenian Genocide

Many cannot answer the question why Turks do not like Armenians. The genocide was prepared and implemented in 1915 in the areas supervised by the top of the Ottoman Empire. The destruction of people was carried out through deportation and physical destruction, including the displacement of civilians in an environment that leads to inevitable death.

Why is Memorial Day considered an important date in Armenia? We will consider this issue further, and now we will describe in detail the terrible events of those years. The Armenian Genocide was carried out in several stages: the disarmament of the soldiers, the selective deportation of people from the border regions, the mass expulsion and extermination of the inhabitants, the introduction of a law on resettlement. Some historians include in it the actions of the Turkish army in Transcaucasia in 1918, the murder of the 1890s, the massacre in Smyrna.

The organizers are the leaders of the Young Turks Jemal, Enver and Talaat, as well as the head of the "Special Organization" Shakir Behaeddin. In the Ottoman Empire, along with the genocide of the ancient people, the destruction of the Pontic Greeks and Assyrians took place. Most of the world's Armenian diaspora was formed from people who fled from the Ottoman kingdom.

At one time, the author Lemkin Rafael proposed the term "genocide", which served as a synonym for the massacre of Armenians in Turkish territory and Jews in the lands occupied by the German Nazis. The annihilation of the Armenians is the second most researched act of genocide in history after the Holocaust. In the collective Declaration of May 24, 1915 of the allied countries (Russia, Great Britain and France), for the first time in history, this mass destruction was recognized as an atrocity against philanthropy.

Conditions

And now let's find out what historical prerequisites preceded the genocide of the ancient people. The Armenian ethnos matured by the 6th century BC. e. on the lands of Armenia and eastern Turkey, in the area covering Lake Van and Ko II century BC. e. Armenians under the rule of King Artashes I united, forming the state of Greater Armenia. It had the largest territory during the reign of Emperor Tigran II the Great, when the cordon of his power expanded from the Euphrates, Palestine and the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east.

At the beginning of the IV century. n. e. (the generally accepted date is 301) this country (the first in the world) officially adopted Orthodoxy as state religion. The Armenian alphabet was created in 405 by the scientist Mashtots Mesrop, and in the 5th century the Bible was written in the new language.

The establishment of Orthodoxy was decisive factor, which connected the Armenian ethnos after the loss of the state system, and the Apostolic Church turned into the most important institution national life.

In 428, it ended its existence, and until the 7th century, the Byzantines ruled its western lands, and the Persians ruled its eastern lands. Since the middle of the 7th century, an impressive part of this country was controlled by the Arabs. The Armenian kingdom in the 860s, under the rule of the Bagratid dynasty, restored its sovereignty. The Byzantines in 1045 captured Ani, the capital of this country. Prince Ruben I founded in 1080 and Prince Levon II in 1198 assumed the title of king.

The Egyptian Mamluks captured Cilicia in 1375, and the independent power ceased to exist. The church conflict of the Armenians, who did not want to abandon Christianity during the multiple invasions of Muslims (Persians, Oghuz Turks and Seljuks, Arab Abbasids) into the territory of historical Armenia, mass migrations and devastating wars led to a decrease in the population on these lands.

Armenian Question and Turkey

And yet: why don't Turks like Armenians? Living in the Ottoman Empire, they were not Muslims and therefore were considered dhimmis - second-class citizens. Armenians paid huge taxes, they were not allowed to carry weapons. And those who converted to Orthodoxy did not have the right to testify in court.

Of course, it is difficult to answer the question why Turks do not like Armenians. It is known that 70% of the people persecuted by them, who lived in the Ottoman kingdom, consisted of poor peasants. However, among Muslims, the image of a successful and cunning Armenian with an impressive commercial talent extended to all representatives of the nationality without exception. Hostility was exacerbated by the struggle for resources in the agricultural sector and unresolved social problems in the cities.

These actions were hampered by the influx of Muslims from the Caucasus - Muhajirs (after the Turkish-Russian and 1877-78 years) and from the newly appeared Balkan countries. The refugees, expelled by Christians from their territories, vented their evil on the local Orthodox. The claims of the Armenians for collective and personal security and the parallel deterioration of their position in the Ottoman kingdom led to the emergence of the "Armenian question" as part of a more general eastern problem.

Turks and Armenians are opposing nations. In the Erzerum region in 1882, one of the first associations of Armenia, the “Agricultural Society”, was established to protect the people from the robberies committed by the Kurds and other nomads. The first political party "Armenakan" was founded in 1885. Its platform involved the acquisition of local self-determination of the people through propaganda and education, as well as military specialization to combat state terror.

In 1887, the social-democratic bloc "Hnchakyan" appeared, which sought to liberate Turkish Armenia with the help of the revolution and create an independent socialist state. In Tiflis in 1890, the first congress of the most radical union, Dashnaktsutyun, was held, the program of which stipulated autonomy within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, equality and freedom of all residents, and in the social segment referred to the foundation of peasant communes as the basic elements of a new society.

Extermination in 1894-1896

The massacre of Armenians began in 1894 and continued until 1896. There was a massacre in Istanbul, Sasun and the Van region, the pretext for which was the indignation of settled Armenians. In all regions of the empire in 1895, hundreds of thousands of souls were destroyed. The least studied and the most bloody is the second stage. The percentage of the administration's involvement in deploying the killings is still the subject of angry debate.

Preparations for the extermination of Armenians

Perhaps the Turks started the Armenian genocide as they needed to find a new identity after the Ittihat revolution in 1908. Imperial Ottoman unity was undermined by the constitution, which equalized the rights of various kinds of inhabitants of the Porte and deprived the Turks of great power status. In addition, this ideology yielded to the aggressive principles of Islamic doctrine and pan-Turkism. In turn, the positions of the Islamic worldview were undermined by the atheistic views of the Ittihat leaders and the fact of the existence of the nearby Shiite country of Persia.

The poet and sociologist Gökalp Ziya formulated the principles according to which the Ottoman Empire took part in the First World War. It was he who was the most authoritative ideologue of the Young Turks. His views extended to the country of Turan, which was inhabited by Turkish-speaking Muslims. He believed that the territory of Turan should have contained the entire range of the Turkic ethnos. This teaching actually excluded non-Turks not only from the government, but also from civil society. It was unacceptable for Armenians and other national minorities in Turkey.

For the main inhabitants of the empire, the most convenient was pan-Turkism, which, as ground rules was accepted by almost all the leaders of the Ittihat. Armenians identified themselves, first of all, from a religious position. They were probably mistaken in believing that Turkism is better than Islam.

During the Balkan War of 1912, these people mostly leaned towards the principles of Ottomanism, and the Armenian soldiers (more than 8,000 volunteers) played important role in the Turkish army. Most of the warriors, according to the stories the British ambassador showed extraordinary courage. In addition, the Armenian blocs "Dashnaktsutyun" and "Hnchakyan" began to adhere to the anti-Ottoman point of view.

Turks do not want to recognize the Armenian genocide. And how did it start? On August 2, 1914, Turkey entered into a secret agreement with Germany. One of his conditions was the transformation eastern borders. This nuance was necessary for the formation of a corridor leading to the Islamic peoples of Russia, which hinted at the destruction of the Armenian presence in the reformed possessions. This policy was announced to all the people by the Ottoman leadership after entering the war in 1914, on October 30. The appeal contained a prescription for the unforced merger of all representatives of the Turkish race.

A couple of hours after the signing of the secret German-Turkish military treaty, Ittihat announced a general mobilization, which resulted in the drafting of almost all healthy Armenian men into the army. Further, after entering the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was drawn into fighting on many fronts. The raid on the lands of Persia and Russia increased the area of ​​violence against the Armenians.

First deportations

Turks, Armenians, 1915… What happened in that distant time? In mid-March 1915, French-British forces attacked the Dardanelles. In Istanbul, preparations have begun for moving the capital to Eskisehir and evacuating local residents. The leadership of the Ottoman Empire was afraid of the merging of Armenians with the allies, so they decided to deport the entire hated population between Eskisehir and Istanbul.

At the end of March, the "Special Organization" began to prepare the massacre of these people in Erzurum. She sent the most radical "Ittihat" emissaries to the provinces, who were supposed to carry out anti-Armenian agitation. Among them was Reshid Bey. It was he who, by extremely inhuman means, including detention and torture, looked for weapons in Diyarbakir, and then turned into one of the most unbridled killers.

The eviction of Armenians began on April 8 from the city of Zeytun, whose inhabitants enjoyed partial independence for centuries and were in confrontation with the Turkish authorities. Their expulsion provides an answer to the main question related to the timing of the preparation of the genocide. A small part of the Armenians was deported to the city of Konya, located not far from Iraq and Syria - places where the rest of the people were resettled a little later.

The murders were accompanied by a wave of robberies. Trader Mehmet Ali testified that Azmi Cemal (governor of Trebizond) and Asent Mustafa embezzled 400,000 gold Turkish pounds (approximately 1,500,000 US dollars) worth of jewelry. The US Consul in Aleppo reported to Washington that a monstrous plundering plan was in operation in the Ottoman Empire.

The consul in Trebizond reported that every day he saw how a horde of children and Turkish women followed the police and seized everything they could carry. He also said that the house of the commissioner "Ittihat" in Trebizond was littered with jewelry and gold obtained as a result of the division of the loot.

By the end of the summer of 1915, most of the Armenians who inhabited the empire were killed. The Ottoman authorities tried to hide this, but the refugees who reached Europe reported the extermination of their people. On April 27, 1915, the Armenian Catholicos called on Italy and the United States to intervene to stop the killings. The Armenian massacre was condemned by the allied powers, but in the conditions of war they could not help the long-suffering people in any way.

In England, after an official check, the documentary book “Attitude towards Armenians in the Ottoman Empire” was published, in the USA and Europe people began to raise funds for refugees. The liquidation of Armenians in western and central Anatolia continued after August 1915.

conspirators

We practically found out why the Turks killed Armenians. In Boston in 1919, at the IX Congress of the Dashnaktsutyun, it was decided to exterminate the leaders of the Young Turks who took part in the murders. The operation was named after the ancient Greek Nemesis. Most of the conspirators were Armenians who managed to escape the genocide. They ardently desired to avenge the death of their families.

Operation Nemesis was quite effective. Its most famous victims were one of the members of the Turkish triumvirate Talaat Pasha and the Minister of the Interior of the Ottoman Empire. Talaat, along with the rest of the leaders of the Young Turks, fled to Germany in 1918, but was liquidated in Berlin by Tehlirian Soghomon in March 1921.

Legal side

The Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Armenia interested the whole world with their confrontation. The collective declaration of May 24, 1915 of the allied countries is proof of this.

The awareness of the genocide is the most important goal of the Armenian lobbying organizations, and, in addition to the recognition itself, the demand for the payment of reparations by Turkey and territorial claims were announced. To achieve acceptance, lobbyists involve influential people and parliamentarians, founded institutions dealing with this issue, put pressure on the leadership of different countries, and widely publicize this issue in society. Almost all members of the Armenian diaspora are direct descendants of the victims of the genocide. This organization has sufficient material resources with which it can withstand the pressure of Turkey.

America has adopted resolutions on the mass extermination of Armenians three times. This genocide is recognized by the European Parliament, the parliamentary coalition of South American countries, the UN Sub-Commission on the Protection and Prevention of Discrimination of Minorities, the Parliament of Latin America.

Recognition of the destruction of the Armenian people is not a mandatory item for Turkey to join the EU, but some experts believe that it will have to fulfill this condition.

important date

The Day of Remembrance for the victims of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey was appointed on April 24 by the European Parliament in 2015. In Armenia, this date is a non-working day and has great importance. Every year, on the anniversary of the expulsion of the Armenian intelligentsia from Istanbul, millions of people around the world pay tribute to the memory of the dead people.

Armenian Genocide

The Armenian question is a set of such fundamental questions political history of the Armenian people as the liberation of Armenia from foreign invaders, the restoration of a sovereign Armenian state in the Armenian Highlands, a targeted policy of extermination and eradication of Armenians through mass pogroms and deportations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. by the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian liberation struggle, the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide.

What is the Armenian Genocide?

Massacre called Armenian Genocide Armenian population Ottoman Empire during the First World War.
These beatings were carried out in different regions of the Ottoman Empire by the government of the Young Turks, who were in power at that time.
The first international reaction to the violence was expressed in the joint statement of Russia, France and Great Britain in May 1915, where the atrocities against the Armenian people were defined as "new crimes against humanity and civilization". The parties agreed that the Turkish government should be punished for the crime.

How many people died during the Armenian Genocide?

On the eve of World War I, two million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire. About one and a half million were destroyed during the period from 1915 to 1923. The remaining half a million Armenians were scattered throughout the world.

Why was the genocide against the Armenians carried out?

With the outbreak of the First World War, the Young Turk government, hoping to preserve the remnants of the weakened Ottoman Empire, adopted the policy of pan-Turkism - the creation of a huge Turkish empire, absorbing the entire Turkic-speaking population of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Crimea, the Volga region, Siberia, and extending to the borders of China. The policy of Turkism assumed the Turkization of all national minorities of the empire. The Armenian population was considered the main obstacle to the implementation of this project.
Although the decision to deport all Armenians from Western Armenia(Eastern Turkey) was adopted at the end of 1911, the Young Turks used the outbreak of the First World War as an opportunity to implement it.

Genocide Implementation Mechanism

Genocide is the organized mass destruction of a group of people, requiring central planning and creation internal mechanism its implementation. This is what makes genocide a state crime, since only the state has the resources that can be used in such a scheme.
On April 24, 1915, with the arrest and subsequent extermination of about a thousand representatives of the Armenian intelligentsia, mainly from the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (Istanbul), the first stage of the extermination of the Armenian population began. Today, April 24 is celebrated by Armenians around the world as a day of remembrance for the victims of the Genocide.

The second stage of the "final solution" of the Armenian question was the conscription of about three hundred thousand Armenian men into the Turkish army, later disarmed and killed by their Turkish colleagues.

The third stage of the Genocide was marked by massacres, deportations and "death marches" of women, children and the elderly into the Syrian desert, where hundreds of thousands of people were killed by Turkish soldiers, gendarmes and Kurdish gangs, or died of starvation and epidemics. Thousands of women and children were subjected to violence. Tens of thousands were forcibly converted to Islam.

The last stage of the Genocide is the total and absolute denial by the Turkish government of the massacres and extermination of Armenians in their own homeland. Despite the process of international condemnation of the Armenian Genocide, Turkey continues to fight against its recognition by all means, including propaganda, falsification of scientific facts, lobbying, etc.

Commemorative events dedicated to the centenary of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire will be held in different countries of the world in the coming days. Divine services will be held in churches, memorial evenings will be held in all organized Armenian communities with concerts, the opening of khachkars (traditional Armenian stone steles with the image of a cross), exhibitions of archival materials.

In addition, 100 bells will be heard in Christian churches around the world.

It was the first genocide of the 20th century. I am ashamed and regretful that Israel has not yet officially recognized him for political reasons. Forgive us, Armenians, and blessed memory of those who died. Amen.

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About crimes and information war after 102 years

Isabella Muradyan

In these beautiful spring days when nature wakes up and blooms, is there a place in the heart of every Armenian, young or adult, that will no longer bloom ... All Armenians, not excluding those whose ancestors did not suffer during a series of Genocides organized by the Turks and their patrons in 1895-1896. , 1909, 1915-1923 carry this pain in themselves ...

And everyone is tormented by the question - why, why, why ...?! Despite the fact that so little and so much time has passed at the same time, most of the Armenians, and not only them, have a poor idea of ​​the answers to these questions.

This happens because since the end of the 19th century, a large-scale information war- and the majority of the Armenian elite of the Republic of Armenia and the Diaspora do not understand this.

The sacred duty of every Armenian parent, especially a mother, in the name of love and in the name of the life she has given, is not only to provide the child with normal conditions for growth and development, to provide knowledge about the terrible danger that can find him everywhere, her name is the Unpunished Armenian Genocide...

Within the framework of this article, I will only have the opportunity to lift the veil in this issue and make you want to know more...

Feral wolf effect

In order to better understand the problems of the peoples living under Turkish yoke, one should take a closer look at the Turks themselves and their laws and customs. These nomadic tribes came to our region around the 11th century, following their herds during a terrible drought that reigned in Altai and the Volga steppes, but this is not their homeland. The Turks themselves and most scientists of the world consider the steppe and semi-desert, which are part of China, to be the ancestral home of the Turks. Today it is the Xinjiang Uygur region of China.

Worthy of mention is the well-known legend about the birth of the Turks, which is told by the TURKIC scientists themselves. A certain young boy survived after an enemy raid on his village in the steppe. But they chopped off his arms and legs and left him to die. The boy was found and raised by a wild she-wolf.

Then, having matured, he copulated with the she-wolf who fed him and from their connection eleven children were born, who formed the BASIS of the ELITE of the TURKIC TRIBES (genus Ashina).

If you at least once visit the ancestral home of the Turks - in the Xinjiang Uygur region of China and in the mass you will encounter the Uyghurs - a relatively pure form of the Turks, you will see their way of life and everyday life, you will immediately understand a lot - and most importantly, that the Turkic legends were right ... Already For a couple of centuries, the Chinese have been trying with a firm hand to ennoble the Uyghurs / train them, build modern houses, create infrastructure, give Newest technologies etc./. However, even today the relationship between the Chinese and the Uyghurs is rather ambiguous, based on the support of the “fraternal Turkish government”. Turkey officially finances terrorist Uyghur organizations that advocate secession from China and organize numerous terrorist attacks in China. One of the brutal ones was in 2011, when Uyghur terrorists in Kashgar first threw an explosive device into a restaurant, and then began to finish off the fleeing visitors with knives ... As a rule, in all terrorist attacks, the majority of the victims are Han Chinese /ethnic Chinese/.

The centuries-old processes of abduction and mixing of the Turks determined their external distance from their Uyghur relatives, but as you can see, their essence is one. Despite today's external deceptive similarity of the Turks / incl. Azeri-Turks / with the peoples of our region, it does not change, which is dispassionately evidenced by the terrible statistics of their inhuman crimes against Armenians (Greeks, Assyrians, Slavs, etc.), that in 1895-96, that in 1905 or 1909, that 1915- 1923, 1988 or 2016 / slaughtered family of Armenian old people and abuse of the corpses of Armenian soldiers, 4-day war / ...

One of the reasons is our misunderstanding of the Turkish essence. It is interesting, but being very practical people in everyday life and business, Armenians become “incorrigible romantics” (the words of the father of Zionism T. Herzel) in politics and operate in advance with categories that fail from the very beginning. Instead of moving away from the feral "wolf" or trying to isolate / destroy it, the majority is trying to "establish cooperation", "cause guilt", "offended" or looking for negotiators". Needless to say, at any opportunity this "wolf" will try to deal with you - a favorite Turkish proverb even today "you cannot cut off the outstretched hand, kiss it while you can ...". And let’s also imagine that a feral wolf has partial human thinking and is aware that he lives on land stolen from you, in a house stolen from you, eats fruits stolen from you, sells valuables stolen from you ... It’s not that he is bad, it’s just different - a completely different subspecies, and these are your problems since you don’t understand this ...

Another very important aspect - the causes of the Armenian Genocide should be sought primarily in the geopolitical and economic planes.

On the Causes of the Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey there are a huge number archival documents, historical, scientific and other literature, but even the broad masses of the Armenian people and their elite (including the Diaspora) are still in captivity of a number of delusions specially carried out by Turkish propaganda and its patrons - and this a significant part of the information war against the Armenians.

I will bring Top 5 of these misconceptions:

The genocide was a consequence of the First World War;

Mass deportations of the Armenian population were carried out from the Eastern front zone deep into the Ottoman Empire and were caused by military expediency so that the Armenians would not help the enemy (mainly the Russians);

Numerous casualties among the Armenians - the civilian population of the Ottoman Empire were random, not organized;

The basis of the Armenian Genocide was the religious difference between Armenians and Turks - i.e. there was conflict between Christians and Muslims;

The Armenians lived well with the Turks as subjects of the Ottoman Empire, and only the Western countries and Russia destroyed the friendly relations of the two peoples - Armenian and Turkish.

Giving a brief analysis, we immediately note that none of these statements has any serious grounds. This is a well-thought-out information war that has been going on for decades.

It is designed to hide the true causes of the Armenian Genocide, which lie in the economic and geopolitical planes and are not limited to the 1915 Genocide. It was precisely the desire to physically destroy the Armenians, take away their material wealth and territory, and so that nothing would prevent the creation of a new pan-Turkic empire led by Turkey - from Europe (Albania) to China (Xinjiang province).

Exactly the pan-Turkic component and the economic defeat of the Armenians(and then the Pontic Greeks) were one of the main ideas of the Genocide of 1909, 1915-1923 carried out by the Young Turks.

(On the map, the planned pan-Turkic empire is marked in red, its further advancement is marked in pink). And today, a small part of our homeland, the Republic of Armenia (about 7% of the original, see the map of the Armenian Highlands) cuts the proposed empire with a narrow wedge.

MYTH 1st. The genocide of 1915 was a consequence of the First World War.

It's a lie. The decision to exterminate the Armenians has been discussed in certain political circles in Turkey (and especially in the Young Turks) since the end of the 19th century, especially intensively since 1905, when there was still no talk of the First World War. With the participation and support of Turkish emissaries in Transcaucasia in 1905. the first Turkic/Tatar-Armenian clashes and pogroms of Armenians in Baku, Shushi, Nakhichevan, Erivan, Goris, Yelisavetpol were prepared and carried out. After the suppression of the Turkic / Tatar rebellion by the tsarist troops, the instigators fled to Turkey and entered the central committee of the Young Turks (Akhmed Agaev, Alimardan-bek Topchibashev, etc.). In total, there were from 3,000 to 10,000 people who died.

As a result of the pogroms, thousands of workers lost their jobs and livelihoods. The Caspian, Caucasian, "Petrov", Balakhani and other oil companies, warehouses, Beckendorf's theater owned by Armenians were burned. The damage of the pogroms reached about 25 million rubles - about 774,235,000 US dollars today ( gold content 1 ruble was 0.774235 gr. pure gold) the Armenian campaigns were especially affected, since the fires were directed specifically against the Armenians (for comparison, the monthly average earnings worker in 1905 in the Russian Empire it was 17 rubles 125 kopecks, 1 kg of beef shoulder blade - 45 kopecks, 1 liter of fresh milk - 14 kopecks, 1 kilogram of premium wheat flour - 24 kopecks, etc.

We should not forget the Armenian Genocide already provoked by the Young Turks in 1909. in Adana, Marash, Kessab (massacre on the territory of the former Armenian kingdom of Cilicia, Ottoman Turkey). 30,000 Armenians were killed. The total damage inflicted on the Armenians was about 20 million Turkish liras. 24 churches, 16 schools, 232 houses, 30 hotels, 2 factories, 1,429 summer houses, 253 farms, 523 shops, 23 mills and many other objects were burned down.

For comparison: the Ottoman debt to creditors after the First World War under the Treaty of Sèvres was fixed at 143 million gold Turkish liras.

So that First World War was for the Young Turks only a screen and decoration for the well-thought-out and prepared destruction of the Armenians in their area of ​​​​residence - on the historic land Armenia...

MYTH 2nd. Mass deportations of the Armenian population were carried out from the Eastern front zone deep into the Ottoman Empire and were caused by military expediency so that the Armenians would not help the enemy (mainly the Russians). It's a lie. The Ottoman Armenians did not help the enemies - and the same Russians. Yes, in the Russian army in 1914. there were Armenians from among the subjects of the Russian Empire - 250 thousand people, many were mobilized for the war and fought on the fronts, incl. against Turkey. However, according to official data, there were also Ottoman subjects of Armenians from the Turkish side - about 170 thousand (according to some sources, about 300 thousand) who fought as part of the Turkish troops (whom the Turks drafted into their army and then killed). The very fact of the participation of Armenian subjects of the Russian Empire did not make the Ottoman Armenians traitors, as some Turkish historians are trying to prove. On the contrary, when the Turkish troops under the command of Enver Pasha (Minister of War) after an attack on the Russian Empire were rebuffed and suffered a brutal defeat near Sarikamysh in January 1915, it was the Ottoman Armenians who helped Enver Pasha escape.

The thesis about the deportation of Armenians from the frontline zone is also false, since the first deportations of Armenians were carried out not at all on the eastern front, but from the center of the empire - from Cilicia and AnatoliainSyria. And in all cases, the deportees were doomed to death in advance.

MYTH 3rd. Numerous casualties among the Armenians - the civilian population of the Ottoman Empire were random, not organized. Another FALSE - a single mechanism for the arrest and murder of Armenian men, and then the deportation of women and children under escort with gendarmes and the organized extermination of Armenians throughout the empire directly point to state structure in the organization of the Genocide. The murder of Armenian subjects drafted into the Ottoman army, regulations, numerous testimonies, including the Turks themselves, speak of the personal participation of Turkish state officials of various ranks in the Armenian Genocide.

This is also evidenced by inhuman experiments in state institutions of the Ottoman Empire on Armenians (including women and children). These and many other facts of the 1915 Armenian Genocide ORGANIZED BY THE TURKISH AUTHORITIES. revealedTurkish military tribunal 1919-1920And many still do not know that one of the first countries to recognize the Armenian Genocide, afterThe first world war was precisely TURKEY. Among the general cruelty and savagery, the methods of extermination of Armenians by OFFICIAL TURKISH PERSONS in 1915 stand out, which subsequently were only partially used by fascist executioners in World War II and recognized as crimes against humanity. For the first time in the history of the 20th century and on a similar scale, it was to the Armenians were appliedthe so-called lower“biological status” .

According to the accusation announced on Turkish military tribunal, the deportations were not dictated by military necessity or disciplinary reasons, but were conceived by the central committee of the Ittihad Young Turks, and their consequences were felt in every corner of the Ottoman Empire. By the way, the Young Turk regime was one of the successful "color revolutions" of that time, there were other projects that were unsuccessful - young Italians, young Czechs, young Bosnians, young Serbs, etc.

In evidence Turkish military tribunal 1919-1920. primarily relied on documents, not on witness's testimonies. The Tribunal considered as proven the fact of the organized murder of Armenians by the leaders of Ittihat (tour. taktil cinayeti) and found Enver, Dzhemal, Talaat and Dr. Nezim, who were absent from the trial, guilty. They were sentenced to death by the tribunal. By the beginning of the work of the tribunal, the main leaders of Ittihat - denme Talaat, Enver, Jemal, Shakir, Nazim, Bedri and Azmi - fled with the help of the British outside of Turkey.

The killings of Armenians were accompanied by robberies and theft. For example, Asent Mustafa and the governor of Trebizond, Cemal Azmi, embezzled Armenian jewelry worth between 300,000 and 400,000 Turkish gold pounds (at that time about 1,500,000 US dollars, while the average salary of a worker in the US during the specified period was about $45.5 per month). The American consul in Aleppo reported to Washington that a "gigantic plundering scheme" was operating in Turkey. The Consul in Trebizond reported that he saw daily "a crowd of Turkish women and children following the police like vultures and seizing everything they could carry", and that the house of Commissioner Ittihat in Trebizond was full of gold and jewels, which are his share of the robberies, and etc.

MYTH 4th. The basis of the Armenian Genocide was the religious difference between Armenians and Turks - i.e. There was conflict between Christians and Muslims. And this is also a FALSE. during the Genocide of 1915. were destroyed and robbed not only Christian Armenians, but also Muslim Armenians who converted to Islam from the 16th to the 18th centuries - the Hamshens (Khemshils). During the Genocide of 1915-1923. Armenians were not allowed to change their religion, many agreed to this just to save their loved ones - Directive of Talaat "On the change of faith" dated December 17, 1915. directly insisted on the deportation and actual murder of Armenians REGARDLESS OF THEIR BELIEF. And do not forget that the difference in religion did not become an obstacle and the bulk of the Armenian Christian refugees found shelter and conditions for organizing a new life. EXACTLY IN THE NEIGHBOR MUSLIM COUNTRIES . So that, the factor of Islamic-Christian confrontation was only a background / cover.

MYTH 5th. The Armenians lived well with the Turks as subjects of the Ottoman Empire, and only the Western countries and Russia destroyed the friendly relations of the two peoples - the Armenian and Turkish. This statement may be considered the apotheosis of LIE and a visual aid of information propaganda, since the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, not being Muslims, were considered second-class subjects - dhimmis (submissive to Islam), and they were subject to many restrictions:

- Armenians were forbidden to carry weapons and ride horseback(On horse);

- the murder of a Muslim - incl. in self-defense and protection of loved ones - punishable by death;

- Armenians paid higher taxes, and in addition to the official ones, they were also taxed by various small-town Muslim tribes;

- Armenians could not inherit real estate(for them there was only lifetime use, heirs had to get permission again. for the right to use the property)

- the testimony of the Armenians was not accepted in court;

In a number of localities Armenians were forbidden to speak their native language under pain of cutting off the tongue(for example, the city of Kutia - the birthplace of Komitas and the reason for his ignorance of his native language in childhood);

- Armenians had to give part of their children - to the harem and to the Janissaries;

- Armenian women and children were constantly the targets of violence, abductions and the slave trade and much more…

For comparison: Armenians in the Russian Empire. They were equated in rights with Russian citizens, including the possibility of entering the service, representation in noble assemblies etc. In serf Russia, serfdom did not apply to them, and Armenian settlers, regardless of class, were allowed to leave the Russian Empire without hindrance. Among the benefits provided to Armenians was the establishment of an Armenian court in 1746. and the right to use the Armenian judicial code in Russia, permission to have their own Magistrates, i.e. granting full self-government. The Armenians were exempted for ten years (or forever, as, for example, the Armenians of Grigoriopol) from all duties, camps, and recruitment. They were given sums without a refund for the construction of urban settlements - houses, churches, buildings of magistrates, gymnasiums, the installation of water pipes, baths and coffee houses (!). Sparing fiscal legislation was implemented: “after 10 grace years pay them to the treasury from the merchant's capital at 1% of the ruble, from the workshops and philistines 2 rubles a year from each yard, from the villagers 10 kopecks. for a tithe." See Decree of Empress Catherine II of October 12, 1794.

During the organization of the Armenian Genocide in 1915, at the beginning of 1914-1915. the government of the Young Turks declared war on the infidels - jihad, organizing numerous gatherings in mosques and public places, at which Muslims were called upon to kill ALL Armenians as spies and saboteurs. According to Muslim law, the property of the enemy is the trophy of the first one who kills him. Thus, murders and robberies were carried out everywhere, because. after the mass declaration of Armenians as enemies - this was considered a LEGAL and FINANCIALLY ENCOURAGED act. One fifth of what was stolen from the Armenians OFFICIALLY went to the Young Turks' party fund.

The speed and scale of the implementation of the 1915 Genocide by the Young Turks is appalling. During the year, about 80% of the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were destroyed - in 1915. about 1,500,000 Armenians were killed, as of today, in 2017. the Armenian community in Turkey is about 70,000 Christian Armenians, there are also Islamized Armenians - the number is unknown.

Geopolitical and Legal Aspects of the Armenian Genocide

AT 1879 Ottoman Turkey officially declares itself bankrupt- the size of Turkey's external debt was considered astronomical and reached a nominal value of 5.3 billion francs in gold. Central State Bank of Turkey "Imperial Ottoman Bank" was a concession company established in 1856. and was given for 80 years English and French financiers (including those from the Rothschild clan) . Under the terms of the concession, the Bank serviced all operations related to the accounting of financial receipts to the state treasury. The bank had the exclusive right to issue banknotes (i.e. issue Turkish money) valid throughout the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

It should be noted that it was in this bank that the values ​​and funds of the majority of Armenians were stored, which were then seized from them ALL AND WAS NOT RETURNED TO ANYONE, so did branches of foreign banks.

Map of the killings and pogroms of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915

Turkey quickly sold off existing assets, includingleased to foreign companies(mainly western) land, rights to build and operate large infrastructures ( Railway), field development, etc. This is an important detail, in the future the new owners were not interested in changing the status of the territories and losing them to Turkey.

Map of mineral resources of Western Armenia /Turkey today/.

For reference: the territory of Western Armenia is rich in various useful, incl. ore minerals: iron, lead, zinc, manganese, mercury, antimony, molybdenum, etc. There are rich deposits of copper, tungsten, etc.

Living on my historical homeland Armenians and Pontic Greeks also participated in economic legal relations within the empire - especially after a series of internal Turkish reforms (1856, 1869), which took place under pressure from the Western powers (France, Great Britain) and Russia, and were significant part financial and industrial elite of Turkey.

Having a centuries-old relevant civilizational potential and strong ties with compatriots from outside, including the possibility of attracting (turning in) national capital, the Armenians and Greeks represented serious competition and therefore were exterminated by the Denme Young Turks.

Legal levers operated by the Young Turks during the deportation and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. (the most important acts).

1. The totality of a number of aspects of the Ottoman Muslim law, which legalized the seizure of the property of Armenians by virtue of declaring them en masse as “Western and Russian spies”. Important step in the indicated direction - announcement holy war- jihad against infidels from the Entente countries and their allies on November 11, 1914. The confiscated property of the Armenians/”harbi”, according to the legal custom established and applied in Turkey, passed to the killers. By order of the Young Turks, one fifth of it was officially transferred to their party fund.

2. Decisions of the congresses of the party "Unity and Progress" 1910-1915. ( the extermination of the Armenians has been considered since 1905. ), including Secret decision of the "Unity and Progress" committee at the congress in Thessaloniki on the Turkishization of the non-Turkish peoples of the empire. The final decision on the implementation of the Armenian Genocide was made at a secret meeting of the Ittihadists on February 26, 1915. with the participation of 75 people.

3. Decision on education special. organ - Executive Committee of the three, as part of the Young Turks-Denme Nazim, Shakir and Shukri, October 1914, who was to be responsible for the organizational issues of the destruction of the Armenians. The organization of special detachments of criminals “Teshkilat-i mahsuse” (Special Organization), to assist the Executive Committee of the Three, numbered up to 34,000 members and largely consisted of “chettes” - criminals released from prisons.

4. Order of Minister of War Enver in February 1915 on the destruction of Armenians serving in the Turkish army.

7. Provisional Law "On the disposal of property" of September 26, 1915 Eleven articles of this law regulated issues related to the disposal of the property of the deportees, their loans and assets.

8. Order of the Minister of Internal Affairs Talaat of September 16, 1915 on the extermination of Armenian children in orphanages. In the initial period of the 1915 Genocide, some Turks began to officially adopt Armenian orphans, but the Young Turks saw this as a “loophole for the salvation of the Armenians” and was published secret order. In it, Talaat wrote: “gather all the Armenian children, ... remove them under the pretext that they will be taken care of by the deportation committee, so that suspicion does not arise. Destroy them and report on their execution."

9. Provisional Law “On the Expropriation and Confiscation of Property”, dated October 13/16, 1915 Among the many shocking facts:

The unprecedented nature of the confiscation carried out by the Ministry of Finance of Turkey, on the basis of this law, of bank deposits and jewelry of Armenians deposited by them before deportation to the Ottoman Bank;

- official expropriation of money that was received by the Armenians when selling their property to local Turks;

Attempts by the government, represented by Minister of Internal Affairs Talaat, to receive compensation under the insurance policies of Armenians who insured their lives in foreign insurance companies, based on the fact that they had no heirs left and the Turkish government becomes their beneficiary.

10. Talaat's directive "On the change of faith" of December 17, 1915 etc. Many Armenians, trying to escape, agreed to change their religion, this directive insisted on their deportation and actual murder, regardless of their faith.

Losses from the Genocide for the period 1915-1919. / Paris Peace Conference, 1919 /

Losses of the Armenian people at the end of the 19th century. and the beginning of the 20th century, the highest point of which was the implementation of the 1915 Genocide. - cannot be calculated either by the number of those killed or by fixed property damage - they are immeasurable. In addition to those brutally killed by enemies, tens of thousands of Armenians died every day from hunger, cold, epidemics, and stress etc., mostly helpless women, old people and children. Hundreds of thousands of women and children were converted into Turks and held captive by force, were sold into slavery, the number of refugees numbered in the hundreds of thousands, plus tens of thousands of orphans and homeless children. The mortality figures also speak of the catastrophic situation. In Yerevan alone in 1919, 20-25% of the population died. According to experts, for 1914-1919. the population of the current territory of Armenia decreased by 600,000 people, a small part of them emigrated, the rest died from illness and deprivation. There was a massive looting and destruction of numerous valuables, incl. destruction of the priceless treasures of the nation: manuscripts, books, architectural and other monuments of national and world significance. The unfulfilled potential of the destroyed generations, the loss of qualified personnel and the failure in their succession, which has drastically affected the general level of development of the nation and the world niche it occupies so far, and this list can be continued...

Total from 1915-1919. 1,800,000 Armenians were killed throughout Western Armenia and Cilicia, part of Eastern Armenia. 66 cities, 2,500 villages, 2,000 churches and monasteries, 1,500 schools, as well as ancient monuments, manuscripts, factories, plants, etc. were plundered and devastated.

Incomplete (admitted) damage at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. amounted to 19,130,932,000 French gold francs, of which:

Recall the size of the external debt of Ottoman Turkey was the largest among the countries of Eurasia and reached the face value of 5,300,000,000 French gold francs.

Turkey paid for it and today it has a lot due to the robbery and murder of Armenians on Armenian soil…

Since the Armenian Genocide remained an unpunished crime, which brought huge dividends to its organizers, ranging from material to moral and ideological - perpetuating them positive role for the formation of the Turkish state and the embodiment of the ideas of pan-Turkism, the Armenians will always be a target.

It is the unwillingness of the Turkish side to part with the loot and pay the bills of history that makes any negotiations on the problem of the Armenian genocide impossible.

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 essential element state security of the Republic of Armenia, since the impunity of the crime and too large dividends unambiguously lead to an attempt to REPEAT the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE.

The increase in the number of countries that have recognized the Armenian genocide also increases the level of Armenia's security, since the international recognition of this crime is a deterrent for Turkey and Azerbaijan.

We do not call for hatred, we call for UNDERSTANDING and ADEQUACY not only for Armenians, but also for all those who consider themselves cultural and civilized people. And even after more than 100 years, but the crimes against the Armenians must be condemned, the criminals punished, and the proceeds of crime must be returned to the owners (their relatives) or to the national successor state.This is the only way to stop new crimes, a new genocide at any pointpeace. In the dissemination of significant information and the consistent struggle for the punishment of criminals, the salvation of our future generations - in the hands of mothers, look for the fate of nations ...

Isabella Muradyan - migration lawyer (Yerevan), member of the Association international law, specially for

We went to Calvary with enthusiastic love,
And in the dark ages we fought alone.
We could drink hell with our blood
And put out its crimson lights...
"Armenian Bulletin", 1916. No. 47

On April 24, the Turkish authorities began massacres, arrests and deportation of Armenians from Constantinople.
Subsequently, this date will become the day of remembrance of the victims of the Armenian genocide. Even the term "genocide" itself was once proposed (by its author Raphael Lemkin) to refer to mass destruction Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and only then the same word called the destruction of Jews in the occupied Nazi Germany territories. More about how it was…

The massacre of Armenians by the Turks began in the 1890s. The massacre in Smyrna and the actions of Turkish troops in Transcaucasia in 1918 can be included in the genocide.

In the joint Declaration of May 24, 1915 of the allied countries (Great Britain, France and Russia), the massacres of Armenians for the first time in history were recognized as a crime against humanity.

Simultaneously with the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, the genocide of the Assyrians and the genocide of the Pontic Greeks took place.

Armenians lived on the territory of modern Turkey when there were no Turks as a nation. The Armenian ethnos was formed by the 6th century BC. e. on the territory of modern eastern Turkey and Armenia, in a region that includes Mount Ararat and Lake Van. Armenia became the first country to officially adopt Christianity as a state religion. The religious opposition of the Armenians, who did not want to abandon Christianity, during the numerous invasions of the Muslims (Arab Abbasids, Seljuks and Oguz Turks, Persians) and devastating wars led to a strong decrease in the Armenian population.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the ethnonym "Turk" (Türk) was often used in a pejorative sense. "Turks" was the name given to the Turkic-speaking peasants of Anatolia, with a hint of contempt for their ignorance.

When the Armenians were part of the Ottoman Empire, not being Muslims, they were considered second-class citizens - dhimmis. Armenians were forbidden to carry weapons and had to pay higher taxes. Christian Armenians were not allowed to testify in court.

Hostility towards Armenians was exacerbated by unresolved social problems in the cities and the struggle for resources in agriculture. The situation was complicated by the influx of Muhajirs - Muslim refugees from the Caucasus (after the Caucasian War and Russian-Turkish war 1877-78) and from the newly formed Balkan states. Driven out of their lands by Christians, the refugees projected their hatred onto local Christians. All this and the problems that began in the Ottoman Empire led to the emergence of the so-called "Armenian issue".

The massacres that began in 1894-1896, which claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of Armenians, consisted of three main episodes: the massacre in Sasun, the massacre of Armenians throughout the empire in the autumn and winter of 1895, and the massacre in Istanbul and the Van region, which was caused by protests of local Armenians.

In the region of Sasun, the Kurdish leaders imposed tribute on the Armenian population. At the same time, the Ottoman government demanded the repayment of state tax arrears, which had previously been forgiven, given the facts of Kurdish robberies. The following year, the Kurds and Ottoman officials demanded taxes from the Armenians, but met with resistance, which the 4th Army Corps was sent to put down. At least 3,000 people were killed.

Protesting against the unresolved Armenian problems in September 1895, the Armenians decided to hold a big demonstration, but the police stood in their way. As a result of the skirmish that began, dozens of Armenians were killed and hundreds wounded. The police caught Armenians and handed them over to software students of Islamic educational institutions Istanbul, who beat them to death. The massacre continued until 3 October.

On October 8, Muslims killed and burned alive about a thousand Armenians in Trabzon. This event heralded a series of massacres of Armenians organized by the Ottoman authorities in Eastern Turkey: Erzincan, Erzurum, Gumuskhan, Bayburt, Urfa and Bitlis.

Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire

Massacres in 1894-1896 consisted of three main episodes: the massacre in Sasun, the massacres of Armenians throughout the empire in the autumn and winter of 1895, and the massacre in Istanbul and the Van region, which was triggered by the protests of local Armenians.

In the region of Sasun, the Kurdish leaders imposed tribute on the Armenian population. At the same time, the Ottoman government demanded the repayment of state tax arrears, which had previously been forgiven, given the facts of Kurdish robberies. At the beginning of 1894 there was an uprising of the Armenians of Sasun. During the suppression of the uprising by Turkish troops and detachments of Kurds, according to various estimates, from 3 to 10 thousand or more Armenians were slaughtered.

The peak of the Armenian pogroms occurred after September 18, 1895, when a protest demonstration took place in Bab Ali, the district of the Turkish capital of Istanbul, where the residence of the Sultan was located. More than 2,000 Armenians died in the pogroms that followed the dispersal of the demonstration. The massacre against the Armenians of Constantinople initiated by the Turks resulted in a total massacre of Armenians throughout Asia Minor.

Summer next year a group of Armenian militants, representatives of the radical Dashnaktsutyun party, attempted to draw Europe's attention to the unbearable plight of the Armenian population by seizing the Imperial Ottoman Bank, Turkey's central bank. The first dragoman of the Russian embassy, ​​V. Maksimov, took part in settling the incident. He assured that the great powers would exert the pressure necessary for reforms on the High Porte, and gave his word that the participants in the action would be given the opportunity to freely leave the country on one of European ships. However, the authorities ordered attacks on the Armenians to begin even before the Dashnaks left the bank. As a result of the three-day massacre, according to various estimates, from 5,000 to 8,700 people died.

In the period 1894–1896. in the Ottoman Empire, according to various sources, from 50 to 300 thousand Armenians were destroyed.

Establishment of the Young Turk regime and Armenian pogroms in Cilicia

In order to establish a constitutional regime in the country, a group of young Turkish officers and government officials created secret organization, which later became the basis of the Ittihad ve terakki (Unity and Progress) party, also called the Young Turks. At the end of June 1908, the Young Turk officers raised a rebellion, which soon developed into a general uprising: the Young Turks were joined by Greek, Macedonian, Albanian and Bulgarian rebels. A month later, the Sultan was forced to make significant concessions, restore the Constitution, grant amnesty to the leaders of the uprising, and follow their instructions in many matters.

The restoration of the Constitution and new laws meant the end of the traditional superiority of Muslims over Christians, in particular Armenians. At the first stage, the Armenians supported the Young Turks, their slogans of universal equality and brotherhood of the peoples of the empire found the most positive response among the Armenian population. In the Armenian-populated regions, celebrations were held on the occasion of the establishment of a new order, sometimes quite stormy, which caused additional aggression among the Muslim population, which had lost its privileged position.

New laws allowed Christians to carry weapons, which led to the active arming of the Armenian part of the population. Both Armenians and Muslims accused each other of mass arming. In the spring of 1909, a new wave of anti-Armenian pogroms began in Cilicia. The first pogroms took place in Adana, then the pogroms spread to other cities of the Adana and Aleppo vilayets. The troops of the Young Turks from Rumelia, sent to maintain order, not only failed to protect the Armenians, but, together with the pogromists, took part in robberies and murders. The result of the massacre in Cilicia - 20 thousand dead Armenians. Many researchers are of the opinion that the organizers of the massacre were the Young Turks, or at least the Young Turk authorities of the Adanay vilayet.

From 1909, the Young Turks launched a campaign of forcible Turkification of the population and banned organizations associated with non-Turkish ethnic goals. The Turkishization policy was approved at the Ittihad congresses of 1910 and 1911.

World War I and the Armenian Genocide

According to some reports, the Armenian genocide was being prepared before the war. In February 1914 (four months before the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo), the Ittihadists called for a boycott of Armenian businesses, and one of the Young Turk leaders, Dr. Nazim, went on a tour of Turkey to personally oversee the implementation of the boycott.

On August 4, 1914, mobilization was announced, and already on August 18, reports began to arrive from Central Anatolia about looting of Armenian property under the slogan of "raising funds for the army". Parallel to different areas the country's authorities disarmed the Armenians, taking away even kitchen knives. In October, robbery and requisitions were in full swing, arrests of Armenian politicians, began to receive the first reports of murders. Most of the Armenians drafted into the army were sent to special labor battalions.

In early December 1914, the Turks launched an offensive against Caucasian front, but in January 1915, having suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of Sarykamysh, they were forced to retreat. The victory of the Russian army was largely helped by the actions of Armenian volunteers from among the Armenians living in the Russian Empire, which led to the spread of the opinion about the betrayal of the Armenians in general. The retreating Turkish troops brought down all the anger from the defeat on the Christian population of the front-line regions, slaughtering Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks in their path. At the same time, arrests of prominent Armenians and attacks on Armenian villages continued throughout the country.

At the beginning of 1915, a secret meeting of the Young Turk leaders took place. One of the leaders of the Young Turk Party, Dr. Nazim Bey, delivered the following speech during it: "The Armenian people must be destroyed at the root so that not a single Armenian remains on our land, and this very name is forgotten. Now there is a war, there will be no such opportunity again. The intervention of the great powers and the noisy protests of the world press will go unnoticed, and if they find out, they will be confronted with a fait accompli, and thus the question will be settled". Nazim Bey was supported by other participants of the meeting. A plan was drawn up for the total extermination of the Armenians.

Henry Morgenthau (1856-1946), US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (1913-1916), later wrote a book on the Armenian Genocide: "The true purpose of the deportation was robbery and destruction; this is indeed a new method of massacre. When the Turkish authorities ordered these deportations, they were in fact pronouncing the death sentence of an entire nation".

The position of the Turkish side is that there was an Armenian rebellion: during the First World War, the Armenians sided with Russia, signed up as volunteers in the Russian army, formed Armenian volunteer squads that fought on the Caucasian front along with Russian troops.

In the spring of 1915, the disarmament of the Armenians was in full swing. Detachments of Turkish, Kurdish and Circassian irregular troops slaughtered Armenian villages in the Alashkert Valley, the Greeks drafted into the army were killed near Smyrna (Izmir), and the deportation of the Armenian population of Zeytun began.

In the first days of April, massacres began in the Armenian and Assyrian villages of the Van vilayet. In mid-April, refugees from the surrounding villages began to arrive in the city of Van, reporting on what was happening there. The Armenian delegation invited to negotiate with the administration of the vilayet was destroyed by the Turks. Upon learning of this, the Armenians of Van decided to defend themselves and refused to surrender their weapons. Turkish troops and detachments of Kurds besieged the city, but all attempts to break the resistance of the Armenians were unsuccessful. In May, forward detachments of Russian troops and Armenian volunteers pushed back the Turks and lifted the siege of Van.

On April 24, 1915, several hundred of the most prominent representatives of the Armenian intelligentsia were arrested and then destroyed in Istanbul: writers, artists, lawyers, and representatives of the clergy. At the same time, the liquidation of Armenian communities throughout Anatolia began. April 24 entered the history of the Armenian people as a black day.

In June 1915, Enver Pasha, the Minister of War and the de facto head of the government of the Ottoman Empire, and Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha instructed the civil authorities to begin the deportation of Armenians to Mesopotamia. This order meant almost certain death - in Mesopotamia the lands are poor, there was a serious shortage fresh water, and it is impossible to immediately settle 1.5 million people there.

The deported Armenians of the Trebizond and Erzurum vilayets were driven along the Euphrates valley to the Kemakh gorge. On June 8, 9, 10, 1915, defenseless people in the gorge were attacked by Turkish soldiers and Kurds. After the robbery, almost all Armenians were slaughtered, only a few managed to escape. On the fourth day, a "noble" detachment was sent, officially - to "punish" the Kurds. This detachment finished off those who survived.

In the autumn of 1915, columns of emaciated and ragged women and children moved along the roads of the country. Columns of deportees flocked to Aleppo, from where the few survivors were sent to the deserts of Syria, where most of them perished.

The official authorities of the Ottoman Empire made attempts to hide the scale and ultimate goal of the action, but the consuls foreign countries and missionaries sent messages about the atrocities taking place in Turkey. This forced the Young Turks to act more cautiously. In August 1915, on the advice of the Germans, the Turkish authorities forbade the killing of Armenians in places where American consuls could see it. In November of the same year, Jemal Pasha tried to court the director and professors of the German school in Aleppo, thanks to whom the world became aware of the deportations and massacres of Armenians in Cilicia. In January 1916, a circular was sent out forbidding the photographing of the bodies of the dead.

In the spring of 1916, due to the difficult situation on all fronts, the Young Turks decided to speed up the process of destruction. It included previously deported Armenians, who were usually settled in desert areas. At the same time, the Turkish authorities are suppressing any attempts by neutral countries to provide humanitarian assistance to Armenians dying in the deserts.

In June 1916, the authorities dismissed the governor of Der Zor, Ali Suad, an Arab by nationality, for refusing to destroy deported Armenians. Salih Zeki, known for his ruthlessness, was appointed in his place. With the arrival of Zeki, the process of extermination of the deportees accelerated even more.

By the autumn of 1916, the world already knew about the massacre of Armenians. The extent of what happened was unknown, reports of the atrocities of the Turks were perceived with some distrust, but it was clear that something had happened in the Ottoman Empire that had not been seen before. At the request of the Turkish Minister of War Enver Pasha, the German ambassador Count Wolf-Metternich was recalled from Constantinople: the Young Turks considered that he was too actively protesting against the massacre of Armenians.

US President Woodrow Wilson declared October 8 and 9 the Days of Assistance to Armenia: on these days the whole country collected donations to help Armenian refugees.

In 1917, the situation on the Caucasian front changed dramatically. February revolution, failures on Eastern Front, the active work of the Bolshevik emissaries to decompose the army led to a sharp decrease in the combat effectiveness of the Russian army. After the October coup, the Russian military command was forced to sign a truce with the Turks. Taking advantage of the ensuing collapse of the front and the disorderly withdrawal of Russian troops, in February 1918, Turkish troops occupied Erzrum, Kars and reached Batum. The advancing Turks mercilessly exterminated the Armenians and Assyrians. The only obstacle that somehow hindered the advance of the Turks were the Armenian volunteer detachments covering the withdrawal of thousands of refugees.

On October 30, 1918, the Turkish government signed the Mudros truce with the Entente countries, according to which, among other things, the Turkish side undertook to return the deported Armenians, withdraw troops from Transcaucasia and Cilicia. The articles that directly affected the interests of Armenia stated that all prisoners of war and interned Armenians should be gathered in Constantinople so that they would be handed over to the allies without any conditions. Article 24 had the following content: "In the event of unrest in one of the Armenian vilayets, the allies reserve the right to occupy part of it".

After the signing of the treaty, the new Turkish government, under pressure from the international community, began trials against the organizers of the genocide. In 1919–1920 emergency military tribunals were formed in the country, which investigated the crimes of the Young Turks. By that time, the entire Young Turk elite was on the run: Talaat, Enver, Dzhemal and others, having taken the party fund, left Turkey. They were sentenced to death in absentia, but only a few lower-ranking criminals were punished.

Operation Nemesis

In October 1919, at the IX Congress of the "Dashnaktsutyun" party in Yerevan, on the initiative of Shahan Natali, it was decided to hold punitive operation"Nemesis". A list was compiled of 650 persons involved in the massacre of Armenians, of which 41 people were selected as the main culprits. To carry out the operation, a Responsible body (headed by the Ambassador of the Republic of Armenia to the United States Armen Garo) and a Special Fund (headed by Shahan Satchaklyan) were formed.

As part of the Nemesis operation in 1920-1922, Talaat Pasha, Jemal Pasha, Said Halim and some other leaders of the Young Turks who fled from justice were tracked down and killed.

Enver was killed in Central Asia in a skirmish with a detachment of Red Army soldiers under the command of the Armenian Melkumov ( former member Hunchak Party). Dr. Nazim and Javid Bey (Minister of Finance of the Young Turk government) were executed in Turkey on charges of participating in a conspiracy against Mustafa Kemal, the founder of the Republic of Turkey.

The situation of the Armenians after the First World War

After the Armistice of Mudros, Armenians who survived the pogroms and deportations began to return to Cilicia, attracted by the promises of the allies, primarily France, to assist in the creation of Armenian autonomy. However, the emergence of the Armenian public education went against the plans of the Kemalists. The policy of France, which was afraid of too sharp strengthening of England in the region, changed towards greater support for Turkey, as opposed to Greece, which was supported by England.

In January 1920, the Kemalist troops launched an operation to exterminate the Armenians of Cilicia. After heavy and bloody defensive battles that lasted more than a year in some areas, the few surviving Armenians were forced to emigrate, mainly to French-mandated Syria.

In 1922–23 A conference on the Middle East issue was held in Lausanne (Switzerland), which was attended by Great Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and a number of other countries. The conference ended with the signing of a series of treaties, among which was a peace treaty between the Republic of Turkey and the allied powers, defining the borders of modern Turkey. In the final version of the treaty, the Armenian question was not mentioned at all.

Data on the number of victims

In August 1915, Enver Pasha reported 300,000 dead Armenians. At the same time, according to the German missionary Johannes Lepsius, about 1 million Armenians were killed. In 1919, Lepsius revised his estimate to 1,100,000. According to him, only during the Ottoman invasion of Transcaucasia in 1918, from 50 to 100 thousand Armenians were killed. On December 20, 1915, the German consul in Aleppo, Rössler, informed the Reich Chancellor that, based on a general estimate of the Armenian population of 2.5 million, the death toll could very likely reach 800,000, possibly higher. At the same time, he noted that if the Armenian population of 1.5 million people is taken as the basis for the assessment, then the death toll should be proportionally reduced (that is, the estimate of the death toll will be 480,000). According to the estimates of the British historian and culturologist Arnold Toynbee, published in 1916, about 600,000 Armenians died. The German Methodist missionary Ernst Sommer estimated the number of deportees at 1,400,000.

Contemporary estimates of the number of victims vary from 200,000 (some Turkish sources) to over 2,000,000 Armenians (some Armenian sources). The American historian of Armenian origin Ronald Suny gives estimates ranging from several hundred thousand to 1.5 million as the range of estimates. According to the Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, the most conservative estimates indicate the number of victims is about 500,000, and the highest is the estimate of Armenian scientists at 1. 5 million. The "Encyclopedia of Genocide" published by the Israeli sociologist and specialist in the history of genocides, Israel Charny, reports the destruction of up to 1.5 million Armenians. According to the American historian Richard Hovhannisyan, until recently the most common estimate was 1,500,000, but recently, as a result of Turkish political pressure, this estimate has been revised downward.

In addition, according to Johannes Lepsius, between 250,000 and 300,000 Armenians were forcibly converted to Islam, prompting protests from some Muslim leaders. Thus, the Mufti of Kutahya declared the forced conversion of Armenians to be contrary to Islam. Forced conversion to Islam pursued political goals destroying the Armenian identity and reducing the number of Armenians in order to undermine the basis for the demands of autonomy or independence on the part of the Armenians.

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide

UN Sub-Commission on Human Rights 18 June 1987 - European Parliament adopted a decision to recognize the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire of 1915-1917 and to appeal to the Council of Europe to put pressure on Turkey to recognize the genocide.

18 June 1987 - Council of Europe adopted a decision according to which the refusal of today's Turkey to recognize the Armenian genocide of 1915, carried out by the government of the Young Turks, becomes an insurmountable obstacle to Turkey's entry into the Council of Europe.

Italy - 33 Italian cities recognized the genocide of the Armenian people in Ottoman Turkey in 1915. The first on July 17, 1997 was the City Council of Bagnocapaglio. Today, they include Lugo, Fusignano, S.Azuta Sul, Santerno, Cotignola, Molarolo, Russi, Conselice, Camponozara, Padova and others. The issue of recognizing the Armenian Genocide is on the agenda of the Italian parliament. It was discussed at the meeting on April 3, 2000.

France - On May 29, 1998, the French National Assembly adopted a bill recognizing the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915.

On November 7, 2000, the French Senate voted for the resolution on the Armenian Genocide. The senators, however, slightly changed the text of the resolution, replacing the original "France officially recognizes the fact of the Armenian genocide in Ottoman Turkey" with "France officially recognizes that the Armenians were victims of the 1915 genocide." On January 18, 2001, the National Assembly of France unanimously adopted a resolution according to which France recognizes the fact of the Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey in 1915-1923.

December 22, 2011 lower house of the French parliament approved the draft law on criminal punishment for the denial of the Armenian genocide . On January 6, French President Nicolas Sarkozy sent the bill to the Senate for approval . However, the constitutional commission of the Senate on January 18, 2012 rejected the bill criminalizing the denial of the Armenian genocide deeming the text unacceptable.

On October 14, 2016, the French Senate passed a bill to criminalize the denial of all crimes committed against humanity, listing among them the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

Belgium - In March 1998, the Belgian Senate adopts a resolution, according to which the fact of the Armenian Genocide in 1915 in Ottoman Turkey is recognized and appealed to the government of modern Turkey to also recognize it.

Switzerland - The issue of recognizing the Armenian Genocide of 1915 was periodically raised in the Swiss Parliament by a parliamentary group headed by Angelina Fankevatzer.

On December 16, 2003, the Swiss parliament voted to officially recognize the killings of Armenians in eastern Turkey during and after World War I as genocide.

Russia - On April 14, 1995, the State Duma adopted a statement condemning the organizers of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1922. and expressing gratitude to the Armenian people, as well as recognizing April 24 as the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Canada - On April 23, 1996, on the eve of the 81st anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, on the proposal of a group of Quebec parliamentarians, the Parliament of Canada adopts a resolution condemning the Armenian Genocide. "The House of Commons, on the occasion of the 81st anniversary of the tragedy that claimed the lives of almost one and a half million Armenians, and in recognition of other crimes against humanity, decides to designate the week from April 20 to 27 as the Week of Remembrance for the Victims of the Inhumane Treatment of Man to Man," the resolution says.

Lebanon - April 3, 1997 The National Assembly of Lebanon adopted a resolution in which it recognized April 24 as the Day of Remembrance of the tragic massacre of the Armenian people. The resolution calls on the Lebanese people to be united with the Armenian people on April 24. On May 12, 2000, the Lebanese parliament recognized and condemned the genocide carried out in 1915 against the Armenian people by the Ottoman authorities.

Uruguay - On April 20, 1965, the Main Assembly of the Senate of Uruguay and the House of Representatives adopted the law "On the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Armenian Genocide".

Argentina - On April 16, 1998, the legislature of Buenos Aires adopted a memorandum in which it expressed solidarity with the Armenian community of Argentina, which is celebrating the 81st anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire. On April 22, 1998, the Argentine Senate adopted a statement condemning genocide of any kind as a crime against humanity. In the same statement, the Senate expresses its solidarity with all national minorities victims of the genocide, emphasizing in particular their concern about the impunity of the organizers of the genocide. At the basis of the statement, examples of the massacre of the Armenian, Jewish, Kurdish, Palestinian, Gypsy and many peoples of Africa are given as a manifestation of genocide.

Greece - On April 25, 1996, the Greek Parliament decided to recognize April 24 as the Day of Remembrance for the victims of the genocide of the Armenian people carried out by Ottoman Turkey in 1915.

Australia - On April 17, 1997, the parliament of the South Australian state of New Wales adopted a resolution in which, meeting the needs of the local Armenian diaspora, it condemned the events that took place on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, qualifying them as the first genocide in the 20th century, recognized April 24 as the Day of Remembrance of the Armenian victims and urged the Australian government to take steps towards the official recognition of the Armenian genocide. On April 29, 1998, the Legislative Assembly of the same state decided to erect a memorial obelisk in the parliament building to commemorate the victims of the 1915 Armenian genocide.

USA - October 4, 2000 by the Committee on international relations The US Congress adopted resolution No. 596, recognizing the fact of the genocide of the Armenian people in Turkey in 1915-1923.

At various times, 43 states and the District of Columbia have recognized the Armenian Genocide. In the list of states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington , Wisconsin, Indiana.

Sweden - On March 29, 2000, the Swedish Parliament approved the appeal of the Parliamentary Commission on foreign relations, insisting on the condemnation and recognition of the Armenian genocide of 1915 .

Slovakia - On November 30, 2004, the National Assembly of Slovakia recognized the fact of the Armenian Genocide. .

Poland - On April 19, 2005, the Polish Sejm recognized the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. The parliamentary statement noted that "respect for the memory of the victims of this crime and its condemnation is the duty of all mankind, all states and people of good will."

Venezuela- On July 14, 2005, the Venezuelan parliament announced its recognition of the Armenian genocide, noting: "It is 90 years since the commission of the first genocide in the twentieth century, which was planned and carried out in advance by the Young Turks, embraced by the idea of ​​pan-Turkism, against the Armenians, as a result of which 1, 5 million people".

Lithuania- On December 15, 2005, the Seimas of Lithuania adopted a resolution condemning the Armenian genocide. "The Seimas, condemning the fact of the genocide of the Armenian people committed in 1915 by the Turks in the Ottoman Empire, calls on the Republic of Turkey to recognize this historical fact," the document said.

Chile - On July 6, 2007, the Chilean Senate unanimously called on the country's government to condemn the genocide committed against the Armenian people. "These terrible actions were the first ethnic cleansing of the twentieth century, and much earlier than such actions received their legal formulation, the fact was registered flagrant violation human rights of the Armenian people," the Senate said in a statement.

Bolivia - On November 26, 2014, both houses of the Bolivian Parliament recognized the Armenian Genocide. "On the night of April 24, 1915, the authorities of the Ottoman Empire, the leaders of the "Unity and Progress" party began arrests and the planned expulsion of representatives of the Armenian intelligentsia, politicians, scientists, writers, cultural figures, clergy, doctors, public figures and specialists, and then massacre of the Armenian civilian population on the territory of historical Western Armenia and Anatolia," the statement said.

Germany - On June 2, 2016, the deputies of the German Bundestag approved a resolution that recognizes the killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as genocide. On the same day, Turkey withdrew its ambassador from Berlin.

Roman Catholic Church- April 12, 2015 the head of the Roman Catholic Church Francis during the mass dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, called the massacres of Armenians in 1915 the first genocide of the 20th century: "In the last century, mankind experienced three massive and unprecedented tragedies. The first tragedy, which many consider to be the 'first genocide of the 20th century,' hit the Armenian people."

Spain- 12 cities of the country recognized the Armenian genocide: on July 28, 2016, the city council of Alicante adopted an institutional declaration and publicly condemned the genocide of the Armenian people in Ottoman Turkey; On November 25, 2015, the city of Alzira was recognized as a genocide.

Genocide denial

Most countries of the world have not officially recognized the Armenian Genocide. The authorities of the Republic of Turkey actively deny the very fact of the Armenian genocide, they are supported by the authorities of Azerbaijan.

The Turkish authorities categorically refuse to recognize the fact of the genocide. Turkish historians note that the events of 1915 were by no means ethnic cleansing, and as a result of clashes, Armenians died at the hands of Armenians. big number the Turks themselves.

According to the Turkish side, there was an Armenian rebellion, and all operations for the resettlement of Armenians were dictated by military necessity. Also, the Turkish side disputes the numerical data on the number of dead Armenians and emphasizes the significant number of casualties among the Turkish troops and the population during the suppression of the rebellion.

In 2008, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan suggested that the Armenian government establish a joint commission of historians to study the events of 1915. The Turkish government has declared that it is ready to open all the archives of that period to Armenian historians. To this proposal, Armenian President Robert Kocharian replied that the development of bilateral relations is the business of governments, not historians, and proposed the normalization of relations between the two countries without any preconditions. Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanian, in a response statement, noted that "outside of Turkey, scientists - Armenians, Turks and others, have studied these problems and made their own independent conclusions. The most famous among them is a letter to Prime Minister Erdogan from International Association scientists of the genocide in May 2006, in which they together and unanimously confirm the fact of the genocide and ask the Turkish government to recognize the responsibility of the previous government".

In early December 2008, Turkish professors, scientists and some experts started collecting signatures for open letter, which apologizes to the Armenian people. "Conscience does not allow not to recognize the great misfortune of the Ottoman Armenians in 1915," the letter says.

Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan criticized the campaign. The head of the Turkish government said that he "does not accept such initiatives." "We did not commit this crime, we have nothing to apologize for. Whoever is to blame can apologize. However, the Republic of Turkey, the Turkish nation has no such problems." Noting that such initiatives of the intelligentsia hinder the settlement of issues between the two states, the French prime minister concluded: "These campaigns are wrong. Approaching issues with good intentions is one thing, but apologizing is quite another. It is illogical."

The Republic of Azerbaijan has shown solidarity with the position of Turkey and also denies the fact of the Armenian genocide. Heydar Aliyev said, speaking about the genocide, that there was nothing of the kind, and all historians know this.

AT public opinion France is also dominated by tendencies in favor of initiating the organization of a commission to study the tragic events of 1915 in the Ottoman Empire. French researcher and writer Yves Benard on his personal resource Yvesbenard.fr calls on impartial historians and politicians to study the Ottoman and Armenian archives and answer the following questions:

• What is the number of Armenian victims during World War I?
• What is the number of victims of Armenians who died during the resettlement, and how did they die?
• How many peaceful Turks were killed by "Dashnaktsutyun" during the same period, became victims?
• Was there a genocide?

Yves Benard believes that there was a Turkish-Armenian tragedy, but not a genocide. And he calls for mutual forgiveness and reconciliation between the two peoples and two states.

Notes:

1. Genocide // Online Etymology Dictionary.
2. Spingola D. Raphael Lemkin and the Etymology of "Genocide" // Spingola D. The Ruling Elite: Death, Destruction, and Domination. Victoria: Trafford Publishing, 2014. P. 662-672.
3. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide December 9, 1948 // Collection international treaties. V.1, part 2. Universal agreements. UN. N.Y., Geneve, 1994.
4. Armenian Genocide in Turkey: Brief historical overview// Genocide.ru, 08/06/2007.
5. Berlin Treaty // Official site of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University.
6. Cyprus Convention // "Akademik".
7. Benard Y. Genocide arménien, et si on nous avait menti? Essay. Paris, 2009.
8. Kinross L. Rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. Moscow: Kron-press, 1999.
9. Armenian Genocide, 1915 // Armtown, 04/22/2011.
10. Jemal Pasha // Genocide.ru.
11. Red. Part twenty nine. Between Kemalists and Bolsheviks // ArAcH.
12. Switzerland recognized the killings of Armenians as genocide // BBC Russian Service, 12/17/2003.
13. International Affirmation of the Armenian Genocide // Armenian National Institute. Washington; The US state of Indiana recognized the Armenian Genocide // Hayernaysor.am, 06.11.2017.
14. Who Recognized the Armenian Genocide of 1915 // Armenika.
15. Decision of the Parliament of the Slovak Republic // Genocide.org.ua .
16. Poland Parliament Resolution // Armenian National Institute. Washington.
17. National Assembly of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Resolution A-56 14.07.05 // Genocide.org.ua
18. Lithuania Assembly Resolution // Armenian National Institute. Washington.
19. The Senate of Chile adopted a document condemning the Armenian Genocide // RIA Novosti, 06.06.2007.
20. Bolivia recognizes and condemns the Armenian Genocide // Website of the Museum-Institute of the Armenian Genocide, 01.12.2014.
21. Türkei zieht Botschafter aus Berlin ab // Bild.de, 06/02/2016.
22. Turkish Prime Minister is not going to apologize for the Armenian Genocide // Izvestia, 12/18/2008.
23. Erdogan called the position of the Armenian diaspora "cheap political lobbying" // Armtown, 11/14/2008.
24. Lyudmila Sycheva: Turkey yesterday and today. Are the claims for the role of the leader of the Turkic world justified?
25. The Armenian Genocide: Not Recognized by Turkey and Azerbaijan // Radio Liberty, 17.02.2001.

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