On the day when the Colosseum in Rome was officially opened (and this event took place in 80 AD), more than two thousand gladiators died in the arena and about five thousand animals were killed. And according to the most conservative estimates, in the entire history of this unique architectural monument, more than half a million people and at least a million predators died here.

When you look at this attraction, it simply takes your breath away: it is so huge that its size cannot but amaze. Therefore, you understand: the Flavius ​​amphitheater is indeed a new wonder of the world.

This grandiose attraction is located in the capital of Italy, in Rome, between the Palatnisky, Tsilievsky and Esquilinsky hills (you can find out exactly where the Colosseum is located by referring to the city map). The Colosseum was erected not far from the Golden Palace of Nero, instead of a lake in which swans once swam.

Appearance

The history of the Colosseum in Rome, the real temple of death, begins in the sixty-eighth year, when one of the most cruel rulers of the ancient world, Nero, committed suicide, as a result of which the Civil War began, which lasted about two years, as a result of which Titus Flavius ​​Vespasian became emperor .

Once in power new ruler immediately decided to rebuild the center of Rome, destroying everything that could remind people of his predecessor.

They almost succeeded in doing this: only the palace of the former ruler remained, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich, together with the park located near it, occupied about 120 hectares - and the issue had to be somehow resolved with it. This was done in a rather original way: Vespasian decided to place various institutions in the building itself, and ordered the pond located near the palace to be filled up, and in its place to build a unique attraction - an amphitheater of unprecedented dimensions.

Although the people took his idea with a bang, they still failed to eradicate the memory of Nero: despite the fact that the new arena was officially called the Flavius ​​Amphitheater, the people called it the Colosseum (from the Latin words huge, colossal) - in honor of the huge 35- a meter-high bronze statue, which during the life of Nero was in the lobby of the Golden Palace, and then was installed not far from the built temple of death.

Construction

It did not take much time to build the Colosseum - it took about nine years to complete the construction work. At the same time, more than 100 thousand slaves were involved, who were specially brought to Rome from Judea (on the map this country is located on east coast Mediterranean Sea). Professional builders, architects, engineers, sculptures were invited - in a word, everyone who could be needed to make the building look as pompous and majestic as possible.

Despite the fact that the construction of the future temple of death progressed quite quickly, it turned out that the Colosseum in Rome was erected under three rulers: Vespasian did not live only a year before the end construction works, so the construction was completed by his son, Emperor Titus. When he died, the second son of Vespasian, who ascended the throne after the death of his brother, Domitian, added another tier to this attraction, intended for poor people, slaves and women (mostly standing places).

Despite the high speed of work, this miracle of the ancient world turned out to be of such high quality and good quality that it was not only actively used for its intended purpose for more than five hundred years, but could also be well preserved to this day (if people had not taken away stones for the construction of other buildings, most likely, would look much better now).

Appearance

Despite the fact that ancient historians claimed that about 70 thousand spectators could simultaneously stay in the amphitheater, modern research showed that the Roman Colosseum could accommodate no more than 50 thousand people. (which is also a lot, especially in those days). The architectural monument originally had three floors, and the height of the walls was about 50 m, and the foundation of the building was 13 m.

The temple of death was erected in the form of an ellipse, and in its center there was an arena of the same shape, surrounded on all sides by stands, the length of the outer ellipse exceeded 520 m, the length of the arena was 86 m, the width was 54 m.

The walls of the temple were built from stone or marble blocks of limestone tuff, which was brought from Tivoli (this city is located on the map 24 km northwest of Rome). Brick and tuff were also used in the construction of internal walls. Marble and Stone Blocks were connected by heavy steel cables.

During the construction of the Colosseum in Italy, for the first time, a solution was used that is used in the construction sports arenas and today: eighty entrances / exits were provided, through which the audience could completely fill the building in a quarter of an hour, and leave it within five minutes. Four entrances were intended for representatives of the highest aristocracy, and the rest of the audience got into the Roman Colosseum from under the arches of the lower tier, each of which was marked Latin numerals(there were 76 of them in total and a staircase led from each), after which they went up the stairs.

Spectators with stone benches were located around the arena. The lowest row was intended for the emperor, members of his family and the vestals - their places were on the north and south sides of the arena (there were best places). Senators also had the right to be here. A high parapet separated the elite row from the arena, thus guaranteeing the spectators complete safety.

There were three floors above the imperial row, each of which was intended for spectators of a certain category:

1. The first tier had 20 rows and was intended for the city authorities, as well as persons from the equestrian class;
2. The second floor consisted of 16 rows - only those who had Roman citizenship had the right to be here. A high wall separated it from the third tier;
3. The last floor was built for people of the lower class, and so that they could better see what was happening in the arena, it was on a steeper surface;
4. Above the third floor there was a portico, on the roof of which there were sailors: during bad weather they pulled a huge awning over the building, which was supposed to protect the audience from the elements.

Life of the amphitheater

In addition to gladiator fights and animal baiting, naval battles also took place here. To do this, the servants removed the wooden flooring from the arena, under which there were rooms for gladiators. with total area about six acres. During naval battles, these rooms were filled with water using a special system (it is interesting that even galleys took part in these battles).

For four hundred years, this temple of death was a kind of entertainment center for the Romans and guests of the city, where they could look at the bloody battles from early morning until dark. Gladiator fights, baiting animals and fighting on the water. So, it continued until 405, until the emperor Honorius ordered to ban gladiator fights, as inconsistent with Christian teachings.

The ban did not affect the baiting of animals - and cruel performances lasted for about a century (until the death of Theodoric the Great in 526, the king of the Ostrogoths, who managed to conquer the entire Apennine Peninsula). After that, hard times came for the Colosseum.

crash

The collapse of the Roman Empire, numerous barbarian raids gradually led the Colosseum to destruction, which aggravated powerful earthquake, which shook Italy in the middle of the XIV century (the south side of this attraction was especially hard hit).

After that, with one of the most significant architectural monuments of the ancient world, they acted simply in a barbaric way, since they began to use its stones for the construction of other buildings - at first they took already fallen stones, and then they began to break them out on purpose. Destroyed the attraction not only simple people, but also priests: Pope Paul II, Cardinal Riario and others took stones from here to build their palaces. Moreover, Clement IX even turned the former amphitheater into a plant for extracting saltpeter.

The second life of the amphitheater

And only in mid-sixteenth II Art. this miracle of the ancient world got a chance for revival: Pope Benedict XIV, in memory of the martyred Christians who found their death here, decided to install a huge cross in the arena, and around it a series of altars that would remind of the torment and death of Jesus Christ, thus , the former arena of death was turned into a real temple. Modern scientists claim that according to latest research, the opinion that Christians were executed here is not true and is a myth.

A century later, the cross and altars were removed, but they did not stop caring about the safety of one of the greatest monuments of architecture in Italy: they strengthened the walls that threatened to fall, and repaired several internal stairs.

In our time, restoration work continues and every year the unique architectural monument tells people more and more about its former greatness. That is why, having found it on the map, people from all over the world come to this attraction of the ancient world to look at the wonder of the world, which has become a symbol of Italy, about which the locals say that while the Colosseum stands, Rome will stand.

The Colosseum is a famous arena where the legendary deadly fights of living beings and the execution of criminals took place. It was a place whose purpose was to inspire the greatness of Rome, as well as reminding each of the visitors present of his place in a complex hierarchical social system ancient Roman society. The Roman emperor who built the Colosseum did not initially think about power. He was chosen by the legionnaires - as was often the case in the history of ancient Rome. Now there was new task- conquer the crowd. The one who built the Colosseum, laying the foundation for the greatness of the Flavian family, understood how to win the hearts and minds of fellow citizens. A little about the history of the construction of one of the bloodiest arenas.

Nero

In 64 a.d. e. There was a huge fire in Rome. The despotic decided to take advantage of this misfortune. He planned to build a huge residence in the city center, called the Golden House. It included an unfinished palace, a 36-meter bronze statue of Nero himself, an artificial lake (the area of ​​5 football fields), a huge park. The people suffering from exorbitant taxes had to pay for the construction.

In the end, the taxpayers' patience ran out - a riot began. Nero was declared an enemy of the people and committed suicide. The vicissitudes of the civil war brought Vespasian to the throne, who founded the Flavian dynasty.

All this little background allows you to understand the purpose for which the Colosseum was built. The place was not chosen by chance. This is the center of Rome. Prior to this, the amphitheaters were located on the outskirts of the city. This emphasized its status as the most important entertainment complex not only of the city, but of the entire empire. The second point, which perfectly illustrates the populist strategy of winning the favor of the Roman citizens, is the place where the Colosseum was built.

To build such an object for the entertainment of citizens on the territory of the residence of Nero, hated by everyone, is a demonstration of public concern, protection, patronage.

The die was cast, the stakes were too high, there was no room for error.

Capture of Jerusalem

Vespasian is the emperor who built the Colosseum, pacified Judea and strengthened his power over Rome. However, at the very beginning of all these deeds, he was at a crossroads. He has always been ambitious. The situation in which he found himself at the beginning of construction was new to him. The project required colossal resources, and Emperor Nero managed to empty the treasury. An increase in the tax burden could provoke a social explosion, and it did not allow postponing the construction of the amphitheater political situation. In addition, the creation of new jobs in the context of economic crisis- this is another opportunity to strengthen their own power.

In April 70 A.D. e. Vespasian's eldest son Titus laid siege to Jerusalem. This talented military man, who repeatedly showed examples of personal courage on the battlefield, was able to conquer the city. The significance of this victory for Rome is difficult to overestimate.

Now all the riches of the Temple Mount of Jerusalem have fallen at the feet of the conqueror.

For those who built the Colosseum in Ancient Rome, Judea was another plundered country for which the ancient Roman saying was true: "Woe to the vanquished."

Drainage of the lake and water diversion

The optimal site for the start of construction was an artificial lake located on the territory of the former entertainment complex of Nero. It needed to be dried. For this purpose, a ditch 50 meters wide and 6 meters deep was dug around the reservoir. Its bottom and walls were lined with stone slabs, and the space between them was filled with a special waterproof mortar.

The final diversion of water became possible thanks to another canal dug and stretching for more than a kilometer. But it was too early to celebrate the victory. Rain water accumulated at the bottom of the drained lake. For its successful diversion, there was an extensive network of canals built at an angle of 2 degrees. A groove hollowed out in the board was used as a level. Liquid was poured there and thus “caught” a horizontal line above the ground. After that, it remained only to measure the distance down. In such a simple but ingenious way, underground channels were erected at an optimal angle.

Those who built the Colosseum were talented engineers, but that's not all the revolutionary achievements they used.

On the issue of slaves during the construction of the Colosseum

There is a well-known opinion that slave labor was widely used in the construction of the Colosseum. Truly fantastic figures of 100,000 people are sometimes called. Of course, slave labor was used. However, not all operations could be entrusted to a low-skilled worker, and there were neither resources nor time to train him directly at the production site.

One of distinguishing features those who built the Colosseum - high organization and production culture. For their time, the Romans were among the most skilled builders. Therefore, Vespasian (and this is confirmed by documents) preferred to sell most slaves captured as war booty in Jerusalem, and, having gained fabulous money from this operation, to hire experienced skilled specialists.

Long before the advent of the conveyor

When the Colosseum was built in Rome, for a very long time this building haunted not only contemporaries, but also many generations of descendants. The Romans applied three innovations that were the basis necessary for the success of the construction of the complex.

The first innovative solution - arches designed specifically to withstand big weight. Several wedge-shaped blocks, arranged in a semicircle, stand on two columns. The central stone absorbs the weight of the building, and then it is redistributed through the entire structure to the load-bearing columns on the sides. This makes it possible to withstand a large load. And if we add here that the space under the columns is free, this further reduces the weight of the entire building.

In total, there were 80 units on the outer ring of the first row. The same number on the second tier and on the third. The total number is 240. This arched complex had to have a very high level of standardization in its construction. That is, no matter which team made such an arch, it was suitable for any part of the object.

The idea of ​​repetition and interchangeability of building elements from the very beginning dominated the plans of Roman architects. It couldn't be otherwise. Since a huge number of workers had to work on one construction site with different levels professional skills.

Roman concrete

The second innovative solution, which helped, on the one hand, to reduce the construction time, and on the other hand, to reduce the total weight of the amphitheater, is the use of concrete. His recipe is now almost forgotten. There are only vague references in Vitruvius. Mountain sand (black, carbuncle, gray and red) was used. Without the admixture of earth, and it should also crunch in the hand when rubbed.

The addition of lime gave the material elasticity. It took any necessary form (arch, vault). He grasped quickly, had less weight than stone and at the same time was water resistant. These qualities helped him to take his rightful place in ancient Roman architecture.

But concrete couldn't solve everything pressing issues. Builders still needed a durable, and most importantly, lightweight building material.

The invention of red brick

When the Colosseum was built in Rome, red brick was only being introduced into construction. Terracotta (red clay) was known. Roof tiles were made from it. In the course of experiments, she became more and more common in decoration.

Brick and concrete are the main materials used in the construction of this grandiose structure. The first tier was made of stone, since it was he who had to withstand the main load. The next floors were already made of brick and concrete.

Cranes

Despite the availability of high-quality materials, it was necessary to solve one more the most important task regarding the delivery of all the necessary elements to the required height. And for this, lifting mechanisms were required. Some of them, set in motion, thanks to the muscular strength of man, have reached the present. These are Trispastas and Polyspastos.

These ideas were adopted from the Greeks. The merit of the Romans is that they significantly improved the Greek heritage. Perhaps the most interesting invention is the wheel, which greatly increased the power of the crane.

The inner diameter of such a wheel, reinforced with an iron strip, ranged from 4 to 6 meters, and its height was over 25 meters. A trained team could handle a load of up to 20 tons. Those who built the Colosseum then used these mechanisms to deliver animals and gladiators to the arena in time. But this was already under the emperor Domitian, who, for the sake of the crowd, additionally built and equipped the dungeon with everything necessary.

Arena

It had a wooden covering strewn with sand. In order to be able to organize a “colorful” battle, there was a two-tiered dungeon under it. Gladiators, beasts, slaves with scenery and all other attendants were supposed to act as a single organism.

There is even a rather controversial version that, if necessary, the available hydraulic mechanisms could easily flood the arena and delight the guests with an exquisite naval battle. While she does not have serious evidence, however, even without them, the scale of the action is amazing.

Answering the question about the year in which the Colosseum was built in Rome, one cannot fail to note the professionalism and speed of the construction of the structure. In 72, work began, for which serious financial injections were needed. The sack of Jerusalem made it financially possible to realize such ambitious project without attracting additional funding. In 79, Vespasian dies, and his son, who recently ascended the throne, gave the builders deadline- another year.

The year 80 is the answer to another burning question: under which Roman emperor was the Colosseum built. To be absolutely precise, he did not build, but completed the last floor, using the lightest building material.

Emperor Titus consecrated it with his presence. He also attended to the construction of an additional 4 wooden tier. The capacity has increased. Numbers up to 87,000 spectators are called.

Woe to the vanquished

Thanks to cinema and paintings, a very strong opinion has developed that the life of a defeated gladiator depended on the whim of the crowd and last word emperor. A raised finger meant life, and a finger down meant death. This is not entirely true. The gesture that ended the life of a fighter was different. The crowd drove in a frenzy thumb at his throat, thus showing that the weak must be destroyed by cutting his throat, but these are just details known narrow circle specialists.

To kindle the thirst for blood in the crowd in anticipation of the main action - the battle between people, venators were called - gladiators fighting with wild animals. The most famous of them is Karpofar, who killed 20 animals in one day. Bears, tigers, lions came out against such a fighter, armed with a spear and shield.

The brutal killing of animals, as well as people, was not seen as something out of the ordinary. It is enough to remember in what century the Colosseum was built. It was a time when the power of Rome rested on her army, and blood, death, pain and humiliation of other living beings were a necessary condition for achieving one's own power. Because the enemy will not spare you. He will only laugh at your weakness.

Domitian

Emperor Domitian, who succeeded his father and brother, breathed new life into the main brainchild of his family. And here you involuntarily again return to the question of under which emperor the Colosseum was built, but exactly the one about which the verses were composed. Where none of those present, including even the most direct participants in those events, knew about what new test awaits in the arena.

The element of surprise, introduced precisely during this period, did not allow the fighters to relax and tickled the nerves of the audience, grateful to their emperor. The latter shamelessly took advantage of this disposition of his people, ordering to call himself "master and god." He went down in history thanks to numerous litigation and subsequent executions on charges of "insulting majesty".

The senators killed the last of the Flavians, and even the adoration of the crowd, heated bloody spectacles Coliseum, did not save him. The true significance of this amphitheater in the life of ancient society can only be understood by a contemporary of those events. Judge the customs and traditions of Rome from the position modern man not right. The architectural monument that has survived to this day is the cultural heritage of mankind, even if it is so gloomy, bloody and sinister. Despite many years of research by scientists of the territory, construction and architectural features, the last point in matters related to the history of the Colosseum has not been set. And this is unlikely to happen in the near future.

Story of the Colosseum will help to find out how the Colosseum was built, and why it was created. The message about the Colosseum in Ancient Rome, the greatest monument of architecture, is set out in this article.

Colosseum short message

Coliseum- one of the main symbols of Rome, which has come to us since the ancient world. Today the Colosseum is dilapidated, ancient building attracting tourists with its majesty and beauty.

Construction of the Colosseum

It didn't take long to build the Colosseum. Generally took 9 years to build, and was involved more than 100 thousand slaves. They were brought from Judea to Rome. In order to make the building look as majestic and pompous as possible, architects, builders, engineers, sculptures from all over the world were invited.

The story about the Colosseum should be continued with the fact that it was built by three rulers - the emperor Vespasian did not live only a year before the completion of construction, the emperor Titus, his son, the second son. But he soon died, so Domitian (the second son of Vespasian) completed this building, adding one tier to it for women, slaves and poor people.

Despite the fact that the work was completed very quickly, it is not for nothing that it is called a miracle not only of the ancient, but also modern world. It has been used for more than 500 years and has been well preserved to this day.

Exterior view of the Colosseum

The story of the Roman Colosseum cannot be continued without a description of its appearance. Ancient historians claim that more than 70 thousand spectators could stay in it at the same time. And here modern researchers they say that it could accommodate no more than 50 thousand people. Initially, the architectural masterpiece had 3 floors, the height of the walls was 50 m, the length of the arena was 86 m, the width was 54 m. The Colosseum was erected in the form of an ellipse with an arena surrounded by stands on all sides.

The walls were made of marble or tufa stone blocks. It was brought from the city of Tivoli. During the construction of the inner walls, tuff and brick were also used. Wall blocks were connected with steel cables.

During the construction of an architectural monument, for the first time in Italy, a solution was used that is used today for the construction of sports arenas - 80 entrances / exits were provided. For members of the highest aristocracy, 4 entrances were intended, and all the rest for the average spectator. They entered the Colosseum from the lower tier, the arches of which were marked with Latin numerals. Then steps led up.

Around the arena there are rows for spectators with stone benches. The bottom row was intended for the emperor, from the south and north side arenas were seats for members imperial family. Senators could also be located in this part of the Colosseum. This part of the visual rows was separated from the arena by a high parapet.

There were 3 more floors above the place of the emperor. Here could be located:

• Persons representing the city nobility and the estate of horsemen
• Individuals with Roman citizenship
• On the top floor there could be people of the lower class

Colosseum Life

What was shown in the arena of the majestic Roman structure? Animal baiting, gladiator fights and sea battles took place here. For the last show special system filled rooms with an area of ​​6 acres with water, and naval battles were played. Interestingly, galleys could also take part in the battles.

It was a kind of entertainment center for the Romans and guests of Rome until 405. Emperor Honorius, who professed Christianity, banned all battles, baiting of animals and sea battles.

The collapse of the Colosseum has been realized since the fall of the Roman Empire. Pope Paul II and Cardinal Riario, along with other priests, took stones from the Colosseum to build personal palaces. And Pope Clement IX generally turned the amphitheater into a plant where saltpeter was mined.

Restoration work continues in the amphitheater today.

We hope that the report on the Colosseum helped you in preparing for the classes, and you learned a lot of useful things about this country. And you can leave your message about the Colosseum through the comment form.

But this colossal circus was originally built by Jewish slaves.

Forgotten and neglected, the 2,000-year-old Roman Colosseum holds many secrets, and there are many interesting facts associated with it.

Ancient Colosseum in Rome

1. Its real name is the Flavian Amphitheatre.

The construction of the Colosseum began in 72 AD. e. by order of the emperor Vespasian. In 80 AD e., under the emperor Titus (son of Vespasian), the construction was completed. Together with Titus, from 81 to 96, Domitian (Tito's brother) ruled the country. All three were of the Flavian dynasty, and in Latin the Colosseum was called Amphitheatrum Flavium.

2. There was a time when next to the Colosseum there was a giant statue of Nero - the Colossus of Nero.

The infamous emperor Nero erected a giant bronze statue of himself, 35 meters high.

3. The Colosseum was built on the site of a former lake.

The golden house of Nero was built after the Great Fire of 64, and on its territory there was an artificial lake. After the death of Nero in the year 68 and a series of civil wars Vespasian became emperor in 69

He dedicated the palace of Nero to the people of Rome. All the expensive ornaments of the palace were removed and buried in the mud, and the Baths of Trajan were built on this site. The lake near the house of Nero was filled up and, by order of the emperor, the construction of an amphitheater intended for the entertainment of the people of Rome began.

4. The Colosseum was built in exactly 10 years.

After the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD. Emperor Vespasian used the ruins of the Jerusalem Temple to start building an amphitheater for the inhabitants of Rome. Despite the fact that Vespasian died before the completion of construction, his son Titus completed the Colosseum in the 80th year.

5. This is the largest ancient amphitheater ever built.


Unlike other amphitheaters of the time, which were built by digging the right shape out of a hillside, the Colosseum is a structure made of cement and stone. The length of the outer ellipse of the Colosseum is 524 meters, the major axis is 187.77 meters long and the minor axis is 155.64 meters. The arena of the Colosseum has a length of 85.75 m and a width of 53.62 m, and the walls rise 48 - 50 meters.

6. There were also seats in the Colosseum.

The building was designed in such a way that there were places for both the poor and the rich. All spectators were divided into sectors, depending on their social status and financial situation. Senate members, for example, sat closer to the arena, while women and the poor sat in the poor seats. There were 5 sections in total, and all the arches were numbered I-LXXVI (i.e. from 1 to 76). There were different entrances and stairs for People of different status, and there were also walls that separated them.

7. The Colosseum held 50,000 spectators.

A seat only 35 cm wide was allocated for each person. Today, not all football stadiums can boast of the attendance that the Colosseum had.

Arena of the Colosseum
8. Battles between gladiators were organized with incredible care.

For 400 years, former soldiers, military prisoners, slaves, criminals and even volunteers fought in the arena, and all this served as entertainment for the Romans. But the fighters were chosen for a reason. To enter the arena of the Colosseum, competing gladiators were selected for their weight, size, experience, fighting skill and fighting style.

9. The Colosseum became a graveyard huge amount animals.

In addition to fights between gladiators, the Romans staged battles between animals and demonstrative hunting. Lions, elephants, tigers, bears, hippos and other exotic animals could be seen in the arena killing or being severely injured.

More than 9,000 animals died during the opening of the arena and another 11,000 were killed during the 123-day festival hosted by Emperor Trajan. According to conservative estimates, over 500,000 people and over 1 million animals have died in the arena of the Colosseum in its entire existence.

10. Grand battles on ships.

Surprisingly, the arena of the Colosseum was specially flooded by about 1 meter so that ship battles could be arranged. Reconstructions of warships were installed in the arena so that great naval victories could be celebrated. Water flowed through special aqueducts directly to the arena. All this could be seen before the emperor Domitian, during which the Colosseum was made into a basement, where there were rooms, passages, traps and animals.

11. The Colosseum has been in disrepair for many centuries.

When the bloody gladiator fights lost their spectacle and the Roman Empire began to collapse in the 5th century, the Colosseum ceased to be a venue for large social events. Moreover, earthquakes, lightning strikes and other natural phenomena significantly influenced the structure.

Only in the 18th century Catholic Church and a multitude of priests decided that the building site of the Colosseum should be preserved.

12. The Colosseum was dismantled for building materials.

The beautiful stone and marble from which the Colosseum was made attracted the attention of many people. After the earthquake of 847, Roman priests and aristocrats began to collect the beautiful marble that adorned the facade of the Colosseum and use it to build churches and houses.

It is worth noting that the Colosseum was used as a source of building materials for buildings such as the Palazzo Venezia and the Lateran Basilica. Also, the marble of the Colosseum was used for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica - the most large building Vatican, and the largest historic Christian church in the world.

13. One priest wanted to turn the Colosseum into a cloth factory.

The underground part of the Colosseum eventually filled with mud, and for several centuries the Romans grew vegetables and stored them inside the building, while blacksmiths and merchants occupied the upper tiers.

Pope Sixtus V, who helped rebuild Rome in the late 16th century, tried to convert the Colosseum into a cloth factory, with living quarters on the upper tiers and a workplace in the arena. But in 1590 he died, and the project was not carried out.

Rome's most popular attraction
14. The Colosseum is the most visited attraction in Rome


Along with the Vatican and its holy places, the Colosseum is the second most visited attraction in Italy and the most visited monument in Rome. Every year it is visited by 6 million tourists.

15. The Colosseum will finally be updated.

To begin with, it is planned to spend 20 million euros on the arrangement of the arena. Billionaire Diego Della Valle also plans to invest $33 million to restore the Colosseum, which began in 2013 and includes restoration of the arches, marble cleaning, restoration of brick walls, replacement of metal railings, and the construction of a new visitor center and cafe.

The Italian Ministry of Culture plans to restore the Colosseum to what it was in the 19th century. In addition, they want to make a scene in the arena based on the images of the Colosseum of the 1800s, which will cover the underground tunnels that are this moment open.

1. When, by whom and for what was the Colosseum built in Italian Rome

Of course, the most striking symbol of Italian Rome in the view of modern man is the famous COLOSSEUM, rice. 1, fig. 2, fig. 3. In the light of the New Chronology, many ideas about ancient history are changing dramatically. And, of course, the question arises - when and by whom was the Colosseum built in Italian Rome? What is it - an ancient original or a late props? And if props, then what ancient prototype did they try to reproduce in it?

Rice. 1. Colosseum. Photo 2009.

Rice. 2. Bird's eye view of the Colosseum. Taken from, p. 23.

Rice. 3. Arena of the Colosseum. Photo taken in 2007.

In our book "The Vatican" we talk in detail about the fact that many of the supposedly "ancient" monuments of Italian Rome were not built in antiquity, as is usually believed, but much later. They were erected in the XV-XVI centuries by the popes, who appeared in Italian Rome relatively recently - only around 1453. The first popes of Rome were, apparently, fugitives from Constantinople - the capital of the Roman Empire, defeated in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks (today it is the Turkish city of Istanbul). Most of the supposedly "ancient" buildings of Italian Rome were built by fugitive popes as imitations of the original buildings that stood in their former homeland, in Constantinople-Istanbul. And the Colosseum is no exception. One careful look at it is enough to notice that it was built from the very beginning as "ancient ruins". Traces of its late construction are very clearly visible.

It is known that "The Colosseum is built of stone, concrete and brick", Volume 21, p. 604. Isn't it strange that CONCRETE was used in such an allegedly very ancient structure? Historians may argue that concrete was invented by the "ancient" Romans more than 2,000 years ago. But why then was it not widely used in medieval construction? In our opinion, all supposedly "ancient" buildings made of concrete are of much later origin than historians think.

Let's take a closer look at the brickwork of the inner walls of the Colosseum, fig. 4, fig. 5. We are not talking about restored sites here. Traces of GENUINE restoration in the Colosseum are not visible at all. All brickwork in it looks approximately the same and is made of a uniform brick. Bricks in many places are neatly upholstered from the edges. It is clearly seen that the bricks were upholstered BEFORE THE LAYING, and not after it. In other words, during the construction of the Colosseum, THE ALLEGED CENTURY WEAR OF THE BUILDING WAS ARTIFICIALLY IMAGINED.

Rice. 4. The brick wall of the arena of the Colosseum is laid out "under the antiquity" of brick with specially upholstered edges. Moreover, almost all the brickwork of the arena of the Colosseum is just that. Photo taken in 2007.

Rice. 5. Brickwork of the arena of the Colosseum. It can be seen that the edges of the bricks are upholstered in a very orderly manner and the upholstery was made BEFORE laying, and not over the centuries (which they tried to portray). The bricks are fastened together with a composition that is very reminiscent of 19th-century cement. Photo taken in 2007.

The same can be said about the areas of allegedly "collapsed" brickwork. They are inside the Colosseum. These sections are also clearly made artificially, immediately in their current "collapsed" form, fig. 6. If the brickwork had collapsed for real, then its exposed inner bricks would have been located ALONG the original surface of the walls, and not at an angle to it. In addition, a significant part of the bricks in the fault would have been chipped. There is nothing like it in the Colosseum. The collapsed sections of the walls are laid out immediately in their final, “collapsed” form from whole bricks. Most of the bricks are deliberately turned at an angle to the surface of the wall to depict an allegedly chaotic cleavage surface. However, masons, accustomed to laying bricks evenly, could not achieve real chaos. In the laying of "collapses" orderliness is clearly visible.

Rice. 6. Brickwork of the Colosseum. Allegedly collapsed "from antiquity" section of the wall. However, for some reason, the exposed bricks are located not along, but at an angle to the surface of the wall and are stacked in a fairly orderly manner. Most likely, this is a remake "under the antiquity." Photo taken in 2007.

Alterations and rearrangements found within the walls of the Colosseum are also not at all like the real ones. Neatly laid out “remnants of the old vaults” look strange on the even, as if from a needle, brick walls of the Colosseum, fig. 7. It is clearly seen that all these "re-arrangements" were made immediately during the initial construction in order to depict "antiquity". Genuine recasting of vaults, windows and doors, inevitable in old, underground buildings, look completely different. On fig. 8 we provide for comparison a photograph of the outer wall of the Cathedral of St. Irene in Istanbul. Numerous traces of GENUINE translations are clearly visible there. Please note that the upper sections of the walls of St. Irene look significantly NEWER than the lower ones. The lower sections, on the contrary, are older, they have more alterations. But in the Colosseum masonry miraculously EQUAL in novelty at ALL LEVELS, fig. 7.

Rice. 7. Brickwork of the Colosseum. Props "under the antiquity." On the surface of the wall, “traces of ancient vaults”, as well as “a trace of an ancient collapsed staircase” are neatly laid out. Photo taken in 2007.

Rice. 8. Brick wall of the Cathedral of St. Irene in Istanbul. One can see numerous, heterogeneous, superimposed traces of re-arrangement of vaults and windows. The lower part of the walls (below the growing grass) is in the excavation made around the temple. Photo taken in 2007.

Further, in authentic old buildings, the lower part of the building is usually underground or in an excavation. For example, the Cathedral of St. Irene stands in an approximately 4-meter excavation, fig. 8. But there is NO EXcavation around the Colosseum. There are no signs of any significant sinking into the ground. Is it possible that in the 2,000 years that allegedly elapsed since the time of construction, a cultural layer, visible to the naked eye, has not grown around the Colosseum? It is very strange.

Note that the completion of the Colosseum continues today. In the photograph shown in fig. 9, it is clearly seen how the work on the addition of the brick wall of the Colosseum with "ancient" white stone is progressing. This is done frankly, in front of tourists, with the help of mobile scaffolding.

Rice. 9. The walls of the Colosseum are still growing. The photo shows how the brick wall of the Colosseum is being built with a modern white stone “in antiquity” with the help of mobile scaffolding. Photo taken in 2007.

So, when was the Colosseum actually built? It turns out that this is not particularly hidden in the Vatican.

So, for example, in the Vatican Palace, a fresco is on display, depicting how a NEWLY DESIGNED COLOSSEUM descends from a paper sheet, turning into reality, fig. 10. And - IMMEDIATELY IN THE FORM OF RUINS (!), Next to it is an angel with a compass and a building angle. He helps build the Colosseum. But to whom? Really - to the pagan emperor (which would be inappropriate for an angel)? Far from it. The name of the builder, as well as the year of construction, are directly indicated on the fresco. Next to the image of the Colosseum, we read: “SEVENTH YEAR OF POPE PIO VII” (“PIVS.VII.P.M.ANNO.VII”), fig. 11. Since Pope Pius VII ruled from 1800-1823, then we are talking about 1807 A.D. e. (!)

Rice. 10. Fresco in the Vatican Palace. The Colosseum leaves the designer's paper sheet, turning into reality. It is directly indicated that this happens under Pope Pius VII (1800-1823), in the 7th year of his reign, that is, in 1807. Photo taken in 2007.

Rice. 11. Fragment of the previous figure. Date plate "PIVS.VII.P.M.ANNO.VII", i.e. "SEVENTH YEAR OF POPE PIO VII". This is 1807. Photo taken in 2007.

The same year is repeated once again in the inscription under the fresco. The following is written, fig. 12:

AMPHITHEATRVM.FLAVIUM

A.PIO.VII.CONTRA.RVINAM.EXCELSO.FVLCIMENTO.SOLIDATVM

ET.PLVRIFARIAM.SVBSTRVCTIONE.MVNITVM

Rice. 12. A large marble plaque with a cross hanging over the entrance to the Colosseum solemnly announces that the "restoration" of the Colosseum ("FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATRE", AMPHITEATRVM FLAVIVM) was completed under Pope Pius IX in 1852, in the 7th year of his reign. Photo 2009.

Let's give literal translation into Russian, using the Latin-Russian dictionary of I.Kh. Butler.

FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATRE

Pius VII, RUINS RESTING HIGHLY ON A CASTLE AND, AGAIN, ON MULTIPLE BASES, THE BUILDER

Without delving into the intricacies of the translation, we note that the BUILDER OF THE RUINS (RUINS) OF THE COLOSSEUM is unambiguously named Pope Pius VII. Moreover, it is said that the beginning of construction - or perhaps only the approval of the project - happened in 1807.

So, in the Vatican Palace, the construction of the Colosseum is frankly depicted IMMEDIATELY AS "ANTIQUE" RUINS IN 1807 AD. Moreover, it is shown that the case began with the drafting of the project. Which probably means that in 1807 the Colosseum had just begun to be built.

But who then FINISHED its construction? The answer is probably contained on a solemn marble plaque hanging directly above the entrance to the Colosseum, fig. eleven. in big letters the name of Pope Pius IX (1846–1878) is written here. The year of completion of the "restoration" of the Colosseum is also indicated. This is significant event occurred in 1852, in the seventh year of the reign of Pius IX. Which, most likely, is the GENUINE COMPLETION DATE OF THE COLOSSEUM. This is 1852, that is mid XIX century.

After its construction, the Colosseum was heavily advertised. And on July 7, 2007, he even got into the list of the so-called "new seven wonders of the world", taking second place there after the Great Chinese wall.

But if the Colosseum was built in the 19th century, then on what basis was it attributed to Emperor Flavius ​​Vespasian, who allegedly lived in the 1st century AD? e.?

Let us turn to the generally accepted history of the Colosseum.

“The Colosseum is the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheaters and one of the most remarkable buildings in the whole world. It is located in Rome ... in the place where there once was a pond ... The construction of this building was started by the emperor Vespasian, after his victories in Judea, and completed in 80 AD. emperor Titus ... Initially, the Colosseum was called, by the name of the mentioned sovereigns, the Flavian amphitheater, its current name (lat. Colosseum, Colosaeus, Italian. Coliseo) was subsequently approved by him.

… Long time The Colosseum was a favorite place of entertainment for the inhabitants of Rome ... The invasions of the barbarians left it desolated and laid the foundation for its destruction. From the 11th century until 1132, it served as a FORTRESS FOR THE NOBLE ROMAN FAMILY ... especially for the families of Frangipani and Annibaldi. The latter, however, were forced to cede the Colosseum to Emperor Henry VII, who presented it to the Roman Senate and people. Back in 1332, the local aristocracy organized a BULL FIGHT here (in 1332, bullfights took place, most likely, not in the current Colosseum, but in that city theater of Italian Rome, which was later converted into the Castel Sant'Angelo, see our book "Vatican" - Auth.), but from that time the systematic destruction of the Colosseum began ... So, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Pope Paul II took material from it to build the so-called Venetian palace, Cardinal Riario - for the Palace of the Office (Cancelleria), Paul III - Palazzo Farnese (the Colosseum has nothing to do with it - just stone and brick of the old city of the XIV century was used for papal buildings of the XV-XVI centuries, AFTER WHICH the old part of Italian Rome turned into ruins, see our book "Vatican" - Auth.). However ... a significant part of it survived ... Sixtus V intended to use it for the construction of a DLOTH FACTORY, and Clement IX actually TURNED THE COLOSSEUM INTO A PLANT FOR EXTRACTION OF SALTPETER. best attitude Popes to the majestic monument ... BEGAN NOT BEFORE THE MIDDLE OF THE 18TH CENTURY ... Benedict IV (1740-1758) ... ordered a HUGE CROSS to be erected in the middle of its arena, and a number of altars to be erected around it in memory of the tortures, the procession to Calvary and the death of the Savior on the cross. This cross and altars were removed from the Colosseum only in 1874 (probably, they contradicted the imaginary antiquity of the Colosseum too much, giving it an openly Christian appearance, which is why they were removed - Auth.)”, article “Colosseum”.

So, under Clement IX (1592–1605), a cloth factory worked on the site of the Colosseum, and before that there was probably just a POND. No Colosseum in those days, most likely, was not in sight. Probably the first person to think of building the Colosseum was Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758). But he clearly intended to erect not an “ancient monument”, but a monument to Christian martyrs. However, his successors took things in a different direction. Under them, the real construction of the modern Colosseum begins, portrayed as supposedly "light restoration ancient monument". Here is what the Encyclopedic Dictionary says:

“The popes who followed Benedict XIV, especially Pius VII and Leo XII ... reinforced with buttresses the places of the walls that threatened to fall (read: they built the walls of the Colosseum - Auth.), and Pius IX corrected some of the internal staircases in it (read: built inner part Coliseum - Auth.). Since great attention guarded by the Colosseum by the current Italian government, by whose order, under the guidance of learned archaeologists ... curious excavations were carried out in the arena, which led to the discovery of basements, which once served to push groups of people and animals, trees and other decorations into the arena, or fill it with water and lift ships up when naumachia were presented”, article “Colosseum”.

The thought of historians about "naumachia" sounds especially ridiculous - naval battles presented in the water-filled arena of the Colosseum. At the same time, no intelligible explanations are given - how exactly and with the help of what mechanisms could water fill the arena of the Colosseum? Where are the drain and fill pipes? Water devices?

Waterproof walls with traces of water filling? There is nothing like it in the Colosseum. Below we will explain the true background of these legends about the "naumachia".

But - we will be told - if the Colosseum was built in the 19th century, as you say, then, therefore, the authors of the 17th-18th centuries did not yet know anything about it. Is it so?

Yes, apparently it was. To test this, we turned to our available sources XVII centuries, which, apparently, should have mentioned such a wonderful building as the Colosseum, if they knew anything about it. But it turned out that not a word was said about the Colosseum in any of these sources. Here are two of the most striking examples.

First of all, let's open the FACE CHRONICLE - a detailed account of world and Russian history, usually dating from the 16th century. By the way, in our opinion, the Facial Vault was made not in the 16th, but in the 17th century, but in this case it does not matter. For a long time, the Facial Code was completely inaccessible for study, however, in 2006–2008, the Moscow publishing house AKTEON released a complete facsimile edition of all 10 volumes of the Facial Code. The second and third volumes detail the history ancient rome. Moreover, which is fortunate, especially much space is given to the reign of Emperor Flavius ​​Vespasian, who, according to historians, laid the foundation of the Colosseum, see above.

Note that the Front Chronicle is far from being a simple chronicle. First, it is VERY DETAILED. Secondly, it was intended for the king and his entourage, and therefore was written with particular care. Huge amounts of money were spent on its production. "Facial vault XVI century - the largest historical illustrated work in Russian literature”, p. 27. Some volumes of the Facial Code were in the library of the Moscow tsars, belonged personally to Peter I, p. 15–21. The obverse vault contains more than sixteen thousand beautiful color drawings, including many drawings depicting the city of Rome. Therefore, if EVEN THERE there are no mentions of the Colosseum - neither in the text, nor in the drawings - then one has to conclude that in Moscow of the 16th-17th centuries THEY STILL KNOW NOTHING about the Colosseum. It is amazing that there really are no such references.

But perhaps the Facial Vault is silent about the Colosseum simply because it does not refer to the buildings erected by the emperor Vespasian in Rome at all? No, it's not. The Facial Vault describes in sufficient detail how Vespasian, returning to Rome from the Jewish War, immediately started building huge and amazing buildings. But the Colosseum is not mentioned among them. And in general, nothing is said about the theater. It is only about temples, treasuries, libraries. In the Facial Vault, by the way, it is DESIGNED in detail - what exactly Vespasian built in Rome. See fig. 13. Carpenters with axes are shown erecting various buildings. There is no theater among them, fig. thirteen.

Rice. 13. Emperor Vespasian, on his return from the Jewish War, builds an "altar to an idol" in Rome. But this is by no means the Colosseum, but temple buildings with a "golden idol". Veils and books. The Colosseum is not depicted or mentioned at all in the text of the Facial Vault. Taken from, book 2, p. 2850.

For completeness, we will cite an excerpt from the Facial Vault, which speaks of the buildings of Vespasian in Rome. As we have already said, Vespasian conceives them immediately upon his return from the Jewish War.

“But Uespasian, seeking to create an altar to an idol, and soon he will be here and more than human thoughts will die. And put all the valuable stench and be able to see all the invisible and unobtainable that is collected. Even dividing them, people around the world walk, toiling and longing to get to see a. Hang up that Judaic catapetasme, like boasting of the ima, and all the golden construction of the robe, the laws even books in the floor commanded to keep ”, book 2, p. 2850–2851.

Translation into modern Russian:

“Vespasian thought about how to create an altar to an idol and soon erected something that surpassed all human imagination. And he put all the costly garments there, and everything wonderful and inaccessible was gathered there and laid in plain sight. For the sake of all this, people around the world travel and work, just to see with their own eyes. [Vespasian] hung up the Jewish veils there, as if proud of them, and all the robes embroidered with gold, and ordered the books with the laws to be kept in the chamber ”, book 2, p. 2850–2851.

As you can see, the Facial Vault did not fail to tell about the remarkable buildings of Vespasian in Rome, erected after the Jewish War. But the Colosseum is not mentioned among them.

Knows nothing about the Colosseum and the Lutheran chronograph of 1680 is a world chronicle, in the most detailed way describing Roman events. She, like the Facial Vault, only reports on the construction by Vespasian of a certain “temple of peace” at the end of the Jewish War: “The year of Christ is 77, the temple of peace is being built, the decorations of the temple of Jerusalem are laid in it, there are vessels of Judaic gold. The law and the scarlet veils in the chambers are preserved by the command of Vespesian, sheet 113.

This is where the description of Vespasian's buildings ends. About the Colosseum - and in general, about any theater built by Vespasian in Rome, the Lutheran Chronograph is completely silent. Moreover, in the detailed index of names and titles given at the end of the Chronograph, there is no name "Coliseum". There are no similar names either. It turns out that the Lutheran Chronograph, like the Obverse Vault, KNOWS NOTHING about the Colosseum. Although it was written in 1680 and, it would seem, its author should have known about such an outstanding building as the Colosseum. And call it "Colosseum". After all, this name, as historians tell us, has been assigned to the Colosseum since the 8th century AD. e. , article "Colosseum". Why is the author of the second half of XVII century does not know him yet?

It turns out that in the 17th century they really did not know anything about the Colosseum.

But let's turn now to the "ancient" writers. What do they know about the greatest building of ancient Rome, the grand Colosseum?

It is believed that Suetonius, Eutropius and other "ancient" authors wrote about the Colosseum. There is also an opinion that the Colosseum allegedly glorified the "ancient" poet of the 1st century AD. e. Martial. And he even tried to rank it among the seven wonders of the world, surprisingly anticipating the decision of contemporary historians (in 2007) to classify the Colosseum as one of the “seven new wonders of the world”.

But were the “ancient” writers exactly talking about the Colosseum in Italian Rome, and not about some other amphitheater? After all, as we have shown in our works on chronology, the authentic " ancient rome"has nothing to do with modern Italian Rome. See our books « Royal Rome in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga”, “Vatican”. But then, maybe the real Colosseum is not in Italy, but in some other place?

And one more important question. When, by whom and where were the supposedly “most ancient” writings, which are generally known today, talking about the Colosseum, discovered? Isn't it in the Vatican? And - already AFTER it was decided to build the Colosseum in Rome and it was required to find "primary sources" that "confirm" its existence in the past?

Let's take for example the book of Suetonius (the rest say about the same). Suetonius reports on the construction in Rome by the emperor Vespasian, upon his return from the Jewish War, several structures at once:

1) Temple of Peace,

2) another temple,

3) some nameless amphitheater in the middle of the city.

Suetonius writes: “He also undertook new constructions: the temple of Peace near the forum, the temple of the divine Claudius on the Caelian hill, begun by Agrippina, but almost completely destroyed by Nero, and, finally, the amphitheater in the middle of the city, conceived, as he learned, by Augustus” , with. 257.

Modern commentators believe that Suetonius is speaking here of the Colosseum, p. 843. But Suetonius does not at all call the amphitheater the Colosseum and, in general, does not give any details about it. He writes simply about the "amphitheater". Why is it necessarily the Colosseum? There is no evidence for that.

Eutropius in his Brief history from the founding of the City” attributes the construction of the amphitheater to Emperor Titus Vespasian, son of Emperor Vespasian. But he also does not provide any data to identify the amphitheater of Titus with the Colosseum. It is only sparingly reported that Titus Vespasian "built an amphitheater in Rome, during the consecration of which 5 thousand animals were killed in the arena", p. fifty.

Another “ancient” historian, Sextus Aurelius Victor, writes in the “History of Rome” that under the emperor Flavius ​​Vespasian “in Rome, the restoration of the Capitol ... the temple of Peace, the monuments of Claudius, the Forum and much more was started: an amphitheater was created huge size" , with. 86. But even here there are no details that allow us to identify this amphitheater with the Colosseum. It is not said what size the amphitheater was (“huge” is a loose concept), nor how it was arranged, nor in any place in the city it was located. And again the question arises: why is this the Colosseum? Maybe Aurelius Victor had in mind a COMPLETELY DIFFERENT AMPHITHEATRE?

As for the “Book of Spectacles” of the Roman poet Martial, where he is believed to have sung the Colosseum, there is nothing in it either that would unambiguously indicate the Colosseum. Yes, and this book itself may turn out to be a fake, since, as has long been noted, it is suspiciously different from the rest of Martial's writings. “From him (Martial - Auth.) a collection of 14 books of epigrams has come down to us, NOT CONSIDERING IN THIS NUMBER A SPECIAL BOOK OF POEMS, ALSO CALLED EPIGRAMS, BUT RELATED EXCLUSIVELY TO THE GAMES OF THE AMPHITHEATRE UNDER TITUS AND DOMITIAN ", article "Martial".

And even if the “Book of Spectacles” by Martial is the original, then all the same, where is the evidence that it is about the Colosseum? There is no such evidence. It may well happen that Martial and Roman historians are not talking about the Colosseum in Italy at all, but about ANOTHER AMPHITHEATRE. Moreover, the ruins of a huge Roman amphitheater that fits these descriptions REALLY EXIST. But this is by no means the Colosseum in Italian Rome. Unlike the Italian Colosseum, this other, GENUINE Colosseum is completely unadvertised by historians. They have surrounded him with deathly silence and are trying to pretend that he does not exist.

However, it actually exists. Only not in Rome, but in Istanbul.

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