I.V. Saveliev Course general physics, volume 1. Mechanics, oscillations and waves, molecular physics.
volume 2. Electricity
I.V. Savelyev Course of General Physics, volume 3. OPTICS, ATOMIC PHYSICS, PHYSICS OF ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
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the main objective books - to acquaint students, first of all, with the basic ideas and methods of physics. Special attention addressed to the explanation of the meaning of physical laws and their conscious application. Despite its relatively small volume, the book is a serious guide that provides training sufficient for successful assimilation further theoretical physics and others physical disciplines.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1
PHYSICAL BASES
MECHANICS
Introduction
Chapter I. Kinematics
§ 1. Moving a point. Vectors and scalars
§ 2. Some information about vectors
§ 3. Speed
§ 4. Calculation of the distance traveled
§ 5. Uniform movement
§ 6. Projections of the velocity vector onto coordinate axes
§ 7. Acceleration
§ 8. Rectilinear uniform motion
§ 9. Acceleration at curvilinear motion
§ten. Kinematics of rotary motion
§eleven. Relationship between vectors v and *
Chapter II. Dynamics material point
§ 12. classical mechanics. The limits of its applicability
§ 13. Newton's first law, Inertial systems reference
§ 14. Newton's second law
§ 15. Units of measurement and dimensions physical quantities
§ 16. Newton's third law
§ 17. Galileo's principle of relativity
§ 18. Gravity and weight
§ 19. Forces of friction
§ 20. Forces acting during curvilinear motion
Section 21. Practical use Newton's laws
§ 22. Impulse
§ 23. Law of conservation of momentum
Chapter III. Work and energy
§ 24 Work
§ 25. Power
§ 26. Potential field of forces. Conservative and non-conservative forces
§ 27. Energy. Law of energy conservation
§ 28. Relationship between potential energy and force
§ 29. Conditions for the equilibrium of a mechanical system
§ 30. Central impact of balls
Chapter IV. Non-inertial frames of reference
§ 31. Forces of inertia
§ 32. Centrifugal force inertia
§33. Coriolis force
Chapter V Mechanics solid body
§ 34. Motion of a rigid body
§ 35. Motion of the center of inertia of a rigid body
§ 36. Rotation of a rigid body. Moment of power
§ 37. Angular moment of a material point. Law of conservation of angular momentum
§ 38. The basic equation of the dynamics of rotational motion
§ 39. Moment of inertia
§ 40. Kinetic energy solid body
§ 41. Application of the laws of rigid body dynamics
§ 42. Free axles. Principal axes of inertia
§ 43. Angular moment of a rigid body
§ 44. Gyroscopes
§ 45. Deformations of a rigid body
Chapter VI. gravity
Section 46 Law gravity
§ 47. Dependence of the acceleration of gravity on the latitude of the area
§ 48. Inertial mass and gravitational mass
§ 49. Kepler's laws
§ 50. Cosmic speeds
Chapter VII. Statics of liquids and gases
§51. Pressure 193
§52. Pressure distribution in liquid and gas at rest
§ 53. Buoyancy force
Chapter VIII. Hydrodynamics
§ 54. Lines and tubes of current. Continuity of the jet
§ 55. Bernoulli equation
§ 56. Measurement of pressure in a flowing liquid
§ 57. Application to the motion of a liquid of the law of conservation of momentum
§ 58. Forces internal friction
§ 59. Laminar and turbulent flow
§ 60. Movement of bodies in liquids and gases
PART 2
OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Chapter IX. oscillatory motion
§ 61. General information about vibrations
§ 62. Harmonic vibrations
§ 63. Energy of harmonic oscillation
§ 64. Harmonic oscillator
§ 65. Small oscillations of the system near the equilibrium position
§ 66. Mathematical pendulum
§ 67. Physical pendulum
§ 68. Graphic image harmonic vibrations. vector diagram
§ 69. Addition of oscillations of the same direction
§ 70. Beats
§ 71. Addition of mutually perpendicular vibrations
§ 72. Lissajous figures
§ 73. Damped oscillations
§ 74. Self-oscillations
§ 75. Forced vibrations
§ 76. Parametric resonance
Chapter X Waves 263
§ 77. Distribution of will in an elastic medium
§ 78. Flat and spherical waves
§ 79. The equation of a plane wave propagating in an arbitrary direction
§ 80. Wave equation
§ 81. Velocity of propagation of elastic waves
§ 82. Energy elastic wave
§ 83. Interference and diffraction of waves
§ 84. Standing waves
§ 85. Vibrations of a string
§ 86. Doppler effect
§ 87. Sound waves
§ 88. Speed sound waves in gases
§ 89. Scale of sound intensity levels
§ 90. Ultrasound
PART 3
MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Chapter XI. Preliminary information
§ 91. Molecular-kinetic theory (statistics) and thermodynamics
§ 92. Mass and dimensions of molecules
§ 93. The state of the system. Process
§ 94. Internal energy systems
§ 95. The first law of thermodynamics
§ 96. Work done by a body with changes in its volume
§ 97. Temperature
§ 98. Equation of state ideal gas
Chapter XII. Elementary kinetic theory of gases
§ 99. Equation of the kinetic theory of gases for pressure
§ 100. Strict consideration of the distribution of velocities of molecules in directions
§ 101. Equal distribution of energy over degrees of freedom
§ 102. Internal energy and heat capacity of an ideal gas
§ 103. The adiabatic equation for an ideal gas
§ 104. Polytropic processes
§ 105. The work done by an ideal gas at various processes
§ 106. Distribution of gas molecules by velocities
§ 107. Experimental verification of Maxwell's distribution law
Section 108. barometric formula
§ 109. Boltzmann distribution
§ 110. Perrin's definition of the Avogadro number
§ 111. Average length free run
§ 112. Transfer phenomena. Viscosity of gases
§ 113. Thermal conductivity of gases
§ 114. Diffusion in gases
§ 115. Ultra rarefied gases
§ 116. Effusion 393
Chapter XIII. real gases
§ 117. Deviation of gases from ideality
§ 118. Van der Waals equation
§ 119. Experimental isotherms
§ 120 Supersaturated vapor and superheated liquid
§ 121. Internal energy real gas
§ 122. Joule-Thomson effect
§ 123. Liquefaction of gases
Chapter XIV. Fundamentals of thermodynamics
Section 124 Introduction
§ 125 Coefficient useful action thermal machine
§ 126. The second law of thermodynamics
§ 127. Carnot cycle
§ 128. Efficiency of reversible and irreversible machines
§ 129. Efficiency of the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas
§ 130. Thermodynamic temperature scale
§ 131. Reduced amount of heat. Clausius inequality
§ 132. Entropy
§ 133. Properties of entropy
§ 134. Nernst's theorem
§ 135. Entropy and probability
§ 136. Entropy of an ideal gas
Chapter XV. Crystal state
§ 137. Distinctive features crystalline state
§ 138. Classification of crystals
§ 139. Physical types crystal lattices
§ 140. Thermal motion in crystals
§ 141, Heat capacity of crystals
Chapter XVI. liquid state
§ 142. The structure of liquids
§ 143. Surface tension
§ 144. Pressure under the curved surface of a liquid
§ 145. Phenomena at the boundary of a liquid and a solid body
§ 146. Capillary phenomena
Chapter XVII. Phase equilibria and transformations
§ 147. Introduction
§ 148. Evaporation and condensation
§ 149. Melting and crystallization
§ 150. Equation of Clapeyron-Clausius
§151. Triple point. state diagram
Subject index
The main goal of the book is to acquaint students, first of all, with the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to the explanation of the meaning of physical laws and their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book contains an exposition of all the questions of the doctrine of electricity, the knowledge of which is necessary for the study of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines. The presentation is carried out in the International System of Units (SI), however, since the Gaussian system of units has been used in theoretical physics until recently, the reader also gets acquainted with this system.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Preface to the fourth edition
From the preface to the first edition
Chapter I. Electric field in vacuum
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Interaction of charges. Coulomb's law
§ 3. Systems of units
§ 4. Rationalized formulas
§ 5. Electric field. Field strength
§ 6. Superposition of fields. dipole field
§ 7. Lines of tension. Tension Vector Flow
§ 8. Gauss' theorem.
§ 9. Work of forces electrostatic field
§ 10. Potential
§ 11. Relationship between electric field strength and potential
§ 12. Equipotential surfaces
Chapter II. Electric field in dielectrics
§ 13. Polar and non-polar molecules
§ 14. Dipole in homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric fields
§ 15. Polarization of dielectrics
§ 16. Description of the field in dielectrics
§ 17. Refraction of electric displacement lines
§ 18. Forces acting on a charge in a dielectric
§ 19. Ferroelectrics
§ 20. Direct and reverse piezoelectric effect
Chapter III. Conductors in an electric field
§ 21. Equilibrium of charges on a conductor
§ 22. Conductor in an external electric field
§ 23. Van de Graaff generator
§ 24. Electricity
§ 25. Capacitors
§ 26. Connection of capacitors
Chapter IV. Electric field energy
§ 27. Energy of a system of charges
§ 28. Energy of a charged conductor
§ 29. Energy of a charged capacitor
§ 30. Energy of the electric FIELD
Chapter V. Direct Electric Current
§ 31. Electricity
§ 32. Electromotive force
§ 33. Ohm's law. Conductor resistance
§ 34. Law of Joule - Lenz
§ 35. Ohm's law for an inhomogeneous section of a chain
§ 36. Branched chains. Kirchhoff rules
§ 37. Efficiency of the current source
Chapter VI. Magnetic field in vacuum
§ 38. Interaction of currents
§ 39. Magnetic field
§ 40. Law of Biot - Savart. Moving charge field
§ 41. Fields of direct and circular currents
§ 42. Circulation of the vector B. Field of the solenoid and toroid
Chapter VII. Magnetic field in matter
§ 43. Magnetic field in matter
§ 44. Description of the field in magnets
§ 45. Refraction of lines of magnetic induction
Chapter VIII. The effect of a magnetic field on currents and charges
§ 46. The force acting on the current in a magnetic field. Ampère's law
§ 47. Lorentz force
§ 48. Circuit with current in a magnetic field
§ 49. Work done when moving current in a magnetic field
Chapter IX. Magnetics
§ 50. Classification of magnets
§ 51. Magneto-mechanical phenomena. Magnetic moments of atoms and molecules
§ 52. Diamagnetism
§ 53. Paramagnetism
§ 54. Ferromagnetism
Chapter X. Electromagnetic induction
§ 55. Phenomenon electromagnetic induction
§ 56. Electromotive force of induction
§ 57. Methods for measuring magnetic induction
§ 58. Foucault currents 200
§ 59. The phenomenon of self-induction
§ 60. Current when closing and opening the circuit
§ 61. Magnetic field energy
§ 62. Mutual induction
§ 63. Work of magnetization reversal of a ferromagnet
Chapter XI. Movement of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
§ 64. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
§ 65. Deflection of moving charged particles by electric and magnetic fields
§ 66. Determination of the charge and mass of an electron
§ 67. Definition of specific charge positive ions. Mass spectrographs
§ 68. Cyclotron
Chapter XII. Electric current in metals and semiconductors
§ 69. The nature of current carriers in metals
§ 70. Elementary classical theory metals
§ 71. Fundamentals of the quantum theory of metals
§ 72. Semiconductors
§ 73. Hall effect
§ 74. Work function
§ 75. Thermionic emission. Electronic lamps
§ 76. Contact potential difference
§ 77. Thermoelectric phenomena
§ 78. Semiconductor diodes and triodes
Chapter XIII. Current in electrolytes
§ 79. Dissociation of molecules in solutions
§ 80. Electrolysis
§ 81. Faraday's laws
§ 82. Electrolytic conductivity
§ 83. Technical applications of electrolysis
Chapter XIV. Electric current in gases
§ 84. Types of gas discharge
§ 85. Non-independent gas discharge
§ 86. Ionization chambers and counters
§ 87. Processes leading to the appearance of current carriers during self-discharge
§ 88. Gas-discharge plasma
§ 89. Glow discharge
§ 90. Arc discharge
§ 91. Spark and corona discharges
Chapter XV. Alternating current
§ 92. Quasi-stationary currents
§ 93. Alternating current flowing through an inductance
§ 94. Alternating current flowing through a container
§ 95. Chain alternating current containing capacitance, inductance and resistance
§ 96. Power released in the alternating current circuit
§ 97. Symbolic method
§ 98. Resonance of currents
Chapter XVI. electrical vibrations
§ 99. Free oscillations in a circuit without active resistance
§ 100. Free damped vibrations
§ 101. Forced electrical vibrations
§ 102. Obtaining undamped oscillations
Chapter XVII. Electromagnetic field
§ 103. Vortex electric field
§ 104. Betatron
§ 105. Mixing current
§ 106. Electromagnetic field
§ 107. Description of the properties of vector fields
§ 108. Maxwell's equations
Chapter XVIII. Electromagnetic waves
§ 109. Wave equation
§110. Plane electromagnetic wave
§111. Pilot study electromagnetic waves
§112. The energy of the electromagnetic butt
§113. Pulse electromagnetic field
§ 114. Radiation of a dipole
Appendix I Units of measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities in SI and in the Gaussian system
Annex II. Basic Formulas electromagnetism in SI and Gaussian formulas of electromagnetism in SI and Gaussian system
Subject index
The main goal of the book is to acquaint students, first of all, with the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to the explanation of the meaning of physical laws and their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book is a serious guide to physics, providing sufficient preparation for the successful assimilation in the future of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines.
The size: 442 pages
Format: Scanned pages
Quality: Excellent
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I OPTICS
Chapter I. Introduction
§ 1. Basic laws of optics
§ 2. Development of ideas about the nature of light
§ 3. Fermat's principle
§ 4. Speed of light
§ 5. Luminous flux
§6. Photometric quantities and their units
§ 7. Photometry Chapter
II. geometric optics
§ 8. Basic concepts and definitions
§ 9. Centered optical system
§ 10. Addition of optical systems
§ 11. Refraction at spherical surface
§ 12. Lens
§ 13. Errors of optical systems
§ 14. Optical devices
§ 15. Aperture of the lens Chapter
III. Light interference
§ sixteen; light wave
§ 17. Interference of light waves
§ 18. Methods for observing the interference of light
§ 19. Interference of light upon reflection from thin plates
§ 20. Applications of light interference
Chapter IV. Diffraction of light
§ 21. Huygens-Fresnel principle
§ 22. Fresnel zones
§ 23. Fresnel diffraction from the simplest obstacles
§ 24. Fraunhofer diffraction from a slit
§ 25. Diffraction grating
§ 26. X-ray diffraction
§ 27. Resolving power of the lens
Chapter V. Polarization of Light
§ 28. Natural and polarized light
§ 29. Polarization during reflection and refraction
§ 30. Polarization at birefringence
§ 31. Interference of polarized rays. Elliptical polarization
§ 32. Crystal plate between two polarizers
§ 33. Artificial birefringence
§ 34. Rotation of the plane of polarization
Chapter VI. Optics of moving media and the theory of relativity
§ 35. Fizeau's experiment and Michelson's experiment
§ 36. Special relativity
§ 37. Lorentz transformations
§ 38. Consequences of the Lorentz transformations
§ 39. Interval
§ 40. Addition of velocities
§ 41. Doppler effect
§ 42. Relativistic dynamics
Chapter VII. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter
§ 43. Dispersion of light
§ 44. Group velocity
§ 45. Elementary theory of dispersion
§ 46. Absorption of light
§ 47. Scattering of light
§ 48. Vavilov-Cherenkov effect
Chapter VIII. thermal radiation
§ 49. Thermal radiation and luminescence
§ 50. Kirchhoff's law
§ 51. Stefan-Boltzmann's law and Wien's law
§ 52. Rayleigh-Jeans formula
§ 53. Planck's formula
§ 54. Optical pyrometry
Chapter IX. Photons
§ 55. Bremsstrahlung X-rays
§ 56. Photoelectric effect
§ 57. Bothe's experience. Photons
§ 58. Compton effect
PART II
ATOMIC PHYSICS
Chapter X. Bohr's Theory of the Atom
§ 59. Regularities in atomic spectra
§ 60. Thomson's model of the atom
§ 61. Experiments on the scattering of a-particles. nuclear model atom
§ 62. Bohr's postulates. The experience of Frank and Hertz
§ 63. Elementary Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom
Chapter XI. Quantum mechanical theory of the hydrogen atom
§ 64. De Broglie's hypothesis. Wave properties of matter
§ 65. Schrödinger equation
§ 66. Quantum-mechanical description of the motion of microparticles
§ 67. Properties of the wave function. Quantization
§ 68. A particle in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential hole. Passage of particles through a potential barrier
§ 69. Hydrogen atom
Chapter XII. Multi-electron atoms
§ 70. Spectra alkali metals
§ 71. Normal Zeeman effect
§ 72. Multiplicity of spectra and electron spin
§ 73. Angular momentum in quantum mechanics
§ 74. The resulting moment of a multi-electron atom
§ 75. Anomalous Zeeman effect
§ 76. Distribution of electrons in an atom energy levels
Section 77. Periodic system elements of Mendeleev
§ 78. X-ray spectra
§ 79. Width of spectral lines
§ 80. Stimulated emission
Chapter XIII. Molecules and crystals
§ 81. Molecule energy
§ 82. Molecular spectra
§ 83. Raman scattering of light
§ 84. Heat capacity of crystals
§ 85. Mossbauer effect
§ 86 Lasers. Nonlinear optics
PART III PHYSICS OF THE NUCLEAR AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Chapter XIV. atomic nucleus
§ 87. Composition and characteristics atomic nucleus
§ 88. Mass and binding energy of the nucleus
§ 89. The nature of nuclear forces
§ 90. Radioactivity
§ 91. Nuclear reactions
§ 92. Nuclear fission
Section 93. thermonuclear reactions
Chapter XV. Elementary particles
§ 94. cosmic rays
§ 95. Methods of observation of elementary particles
§ 96. Classes of elementary particles and types of interactions
§ 97. Particles and antiparticles
§ 98. Isotopic spin
§ 98. Strange particles
§ 100. Parity nonconservation in weak interactions
§ 101. Neutrino
§ 102. Systematics of elementary particles
Appendix. Holography
Subject index
Physics course. v.3. quantum optics. Atomic physics. Solid state physics. Physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. Saveliev I.V.
M.: Science. Ch. ed. Phys.-Math. lit., 1989.-304 p.
The content and arrangement of the material correspond to the program of the course "Physics" for engineering technical specialties universities approved Educational and methodological management on higher education Ministry of higher education of the USSR. The main attention is paid to the explanation of physical laws and their conscious application. New Deal significantly differs from the "Course of General Physics" by the same author (M.: Nauka, 1986-1988) in the selection of material, the level and method of presentation.
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PART 1
QUANTUM NATURE OF RADIATION
Chapter 1. Thermal radiation. .....
§ 1. Basic definitions ............... 7
§ 2. Kirchhoff's law ...............
§ 3. Equilibrium radiation energy density..... 13
§ 4. Stefan-Boltzmann's law and Wien's law ..... 14
§ 5. Planck's formula......... ...... 16
§ 6. Optical pyrometry..... ....... 27
Examples of problem solving...... ........ 32
Chapter 2. Photons ........ 32
§ 7. Shortwave boundary x-ray spectrum. . 32
§ 8. External photoelectric effect .............. 35
§ 9. Photons..... .... ....... . . 40
§ 10. Compton effect ............... 44
Examples of problem solving ......... ..... 48
PART 2
ELEMENTS OF ATOMIC PHYSICS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS
Chapter 3. Wave properties of microparticles....... 50
§ 11. De Broglie's hypothesis ....... . ..... fifty
§ 12. Properties of microparticles..... ....... 53
§ 13. Uncertainty relation ......... 65
§ fourteen. wave function.............. 60
§ 15. Schrödinger equation............. 62
§ 16. Passage of particles through a potential barrier. .65
Examples of problem solving ............... 70
Chapter 4. Quantization of physical quantities ...... 71
§ 17. Quantization of energy............... 71
§ eighteen. Eigenvalues physical quantities .... 76
§ 19. Quantization of angular momentum ... ...... 78
§ 20. Harmonic oscillator ........... 81
Examples of problem solving ......... ..... 84
Chapter 5. Physics of atoms and molecules.......... 83
§ 21. Rutherford's experiment. Bohr's theory........ 83
§ 22. Hydrogen atom .............. 93
§ 23. Mechanical and magnetic moments electron. . . 104
§ 24. Mechanical and magnetic moments of atoms. . . .110
§ 25. Zeeman effect...............118
§ 26. Electron paramagnetic resonance ...... 122
§ 27. Pauli's principle ............... 124
§ 28. Molecular energy...............131
Examples of problem solving ............................... 135
Chapter 6
§ 29. Spectra of atoms and molecules..........136
§ 30. X-ray spectra............141
§ 31. Raman scattering of light ........ 144
§ 32. Stimulated emission .............. 146
§ 33. Lasers .................. 149
Examples of problem solving ............................... 156
PART 3
ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM STATISTICS AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Chapter 7. Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics
§ 34. Fermi-Dirac distribution and Bose-Einstein distribution.........-.....157
§ 35. Photon gas .................165
§ 36. Phonon gas. Heat capacity of the crystal lattice 167
§ 37. Superfluidity .......... 174
§ 38. e-gas in metals..........179
§ 39. Motion of an electron in a periodic field of a crystal lattice .............................. 184
§ 40. Electrical conductivity of metals .......... 186
§ 41. Superconductivity ............... 189
Examples of problem solving.......................196
Chapter 8 Zone theory solids........197
§ 42. Energy zones in crystals........197
§ 43. Semiconductors ............... 200
§ 44. Contact phenomena............. 210
§ 45. Contact of electronic and hole semiconductors 220
§ 46. Photoelectric effect in semiconductors .......... 225
§ 47. Luminescence of solids .......... 227
Examples of problem solving.......................229
PART 4
ELEMENTS OF THE PHYSICS OF THE NUCLEAR AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Chapter 9
§ 48. Composition and characteristics of the atomic nucleus ..... 231
§ 49. Mass defect and binding energy of the nucleus....... 235
§ 50. Nuclear forces .......... 238
§ 51. Radioactivity .................... 245
§ 52. Nuclear reactions .................... 254
§ 53. Nuclear fission .................. 259
§ 54. Synthesis of atomic nuclei............. 267
Examples of problem solving.......................270
Chapter 10
§ 55. Types of interactions and classes of elementary particles 271
§ 56. Particles and antiparticles............. 274
§ 57. Quarks .......... 281
§ 58. unified theory interactions.........285
Examples of problem solving.............287
Appendix. ................290
Origin of the designations S, P, D, F, .. for states with different values of azimuth quantum number L..290
Name Index ................294
Index ...............................293
I.V. Saveliev
General Physics Course, Volume III.
OPTICS, ATOMIC PHYSICS, PHYSICS OF ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
The main goal of the book is to acquaint students, first of all, with the basic ideas and methods of physics. Particular attention is paid to the explanation of the meaning of physical laws and their conscious application. Despite the relatively small volume, the book is a serious guide to physics, providing sufficient preparation for the successful assimilation in the future of theoretical physics and other physical disciplines,
Preface to the third edition 7 | § sixteen; light wave | ||
From the preface to the first | § 17. Interference of light | ||
§ 18. Methods of observation | |||
light interference | |||
Chapter I. Introduction | § 19. Interference of light at | ||
§ 1. Basic laws of optics | reflection from thin plates | ||
§ 2. Development of ideas about | § 20. Applications | ||
nature light | light interference | ||
§ 3. Fermat's principle | Chapter IV. Diffraction of light | ||
§ 4. Speed of light | § 21. Huygens' principle - | ||
§ 5. Luminous flux | |||
§ 6. Photometric quantities | § 22. Fresnel zones | ||
and their units | § 23. Fresnel diffraction from | ||
§ 7. Photometry | the simplest barriers | ||
Chapter II. Geometric | § 24. Fraunhofer diffraction from | ||
§ 8. Basic concepts and | § 25. Diffraction grating | ||
definitions | § 26. X-ray diffraction | ||
§ 9. Centered optical | |||
§ 27. Resolving power | |||
§ 10. Addition of optical | lens | ||
Chapter V. Polarization of Light | |||
§ 11. Refraction at | § 28. Natural and | ||
spherical surface | polarized light | ||
§ 12. Lens | § 29. Polarization at | ||
§ 13. Errors in optical | reflection and refraction | ||
§ 30. Polarization at double | |||
§ 14. Optical devices | refraction | ||
§ 15. Lens aperture | § 31. Interference | ||
Chapter III. Interference | polarized rays. | ||
Elliptical polarization | |||
§ 32. Crystal plate 175 | § 56. Photoelectric effect | ||
between two polarizers | § 57. Bothe's experience. Photons | ||
§ 33. Artificial double | § 58. Compton effect | ||
refraction | |||
§ 34. Rotation of the plane | ATOMIC PHYSICS | ||
polarization | Chapter X. Bohr's Theory | ||
Chapter VI. Optics moving | |||
environments and the theory of relativity | § 59. Regularities in atomic | ||
§ 35. Fizeau's experiment and experiment | spectra | ||
Michelson | § 60. Thomson's model of the atom | ||
§ 36. Special theory | § 61. Experiments on scattering a- | ||
relativity | particles. Nuclear model of the atom | ||
§ 37. Lorentz transformations | § 62. Bohr's postulates. Experience | ||
§ 38. Consequences from | Frank and Hertz | ||
Lorentz transformations | § 63. Elementary Bohr | ||
§ 39. Interval | hydrogen atom theory | ||
§ 40. Addition of velocities | |||
§ 41. Doppler effect | quantum mechanical theory | ||
§ 42. Relativistic dynamics | hydrogen atom | ||
Chapter VII. Interaction | § 64. De Broglie's hypothesis. | ||
electromagnetic waves with | Wave properties of matter | ||
substance | § 65. Schrödinger equation | ||
§ 43. Dispersion of light | § 66. Quantum mechanical | ||
§ 44. Group velocity | description of the movement of microparticles | ||
§ 45. Elementary theory | § 67. Properties of the wave | ||
dispersion | functions. Quantization | ||
§ 46. Absorption of light | § 68. Particle in infinite | ||
§ 47. Scattering of light | deep one-dimensional | ||
§ 48. Vavilov effect - | potential hole. | ||
Cherenkov | Passage of particles through | ||
Chapter VIII. Thermal | potential barrier | ||
radiation | § 69. Hydrogen atom | ||
§ 49. Thermal radiation and | Chapter XII. Multielectronic | ||
luminescence | |||
§ 50. Kirchhoff's law | § 70. Spectra of alkaline | ||
§ 51. Stefan-Boltzmann law 251 | metals | ||
and Wien's law | § 71. Normal effect | ||
§ 52. Rayleigh-Jeans formula | |||
§ 53. Planck's formula | § 72. Multiplicity of Spectra | ||
§ 54. Optical pyrometry | and electron spin | ||
Chapter IX. Photons | § 73. Angular moment in | ||
§ 55. Brake x-ray | quantum mechanics | ||
radiation | § 74. Resulting moment | ||
multielectron atom | § 87. Composition and characteristics | ||
§ 75. Anomalous effect | atomic nucleus | ||
§ 88. Mass and binding energy of the nucleus | |||
§ 76. Distribution of electrons in 367 | § 89. The nature of nuclear forces | ||
atom by energy | § 90. Radioactivity | ||
§ 91. Nuclear reactions | |||
§ 77. Periodic system | § 92. Nuclear fission | ||
elements of Mendeleev | § 93. Thermonuclear reactions | ||
§ 78. X-ray spectra | Chapter XV. Elementary | ||
§ 79. Width of spectral | |||
§ 94. Cosmic rays | |||
§ 80. Stimulated emission | § 95. Methods of observation | ||
Chapter XIII. Molecules and | elementary particles | ||
crystals | § 96. Classes of elementary | ||
§ 81. Molecule energy | particles and types of interactions | ||
§ 82. Molecular spectra | § 97. Particles and antiparticles | ||
§ 83. Raman scattering | § 98. Isotopic spin | ||
§ 98. Strange particles | |||
§ 84. Heat capacity of crystals | § 100. Non-conservation of parity in | ||
§ 85. Mossbauer effect | weak interactions | ||
§ 86 Lasers. Nonlinear optics | § 101. Neutrino | ||
§ 102. Systematics | |||
NUCLEUS PHYSICS AND | elementary particles | ||
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES | Appendix. Holography | ||
Chapter XIV. atomic nucleus | Subject index | ||
SUBJECT INDEX | |||
Aberration of Light 21, 191 | Atomic mass unit 434 | ||
Spherical 62 | Atomic number 435 | ||
Chromatic 63 | Remainder 343 | ||
Absolute Reference System 191 | Baryon number 493 | ||
Absolutely black body 248, 250 | Baryon charge 486, 493 | ||
Hadrons 485 | Baryons 485 | ||
Accommodation 64 | |||
Alpha rays 450 | Beta rays 450 | ||
Alpha Decay 450 | Beta Decay 453 | ||
Alpha particles 295 | Fresnel biprism 89 | ||
Analyzer 175 | Bosons 486 | ||
Annihilation of couples 489, 492 | Atomic bomb 441, 467 | ||
Antineutrino 435 | Thermonuclear 473 | ||
Antineutron 493 | Vacuum 488 | ||
Antiproton 492 | Acoustic branch 415 | ||
Antiparticles 492 | Optical 405, 415 | ||
Astigmatism 63 | Gravitational interaction 484 |
||
Exchange 442, 446 | Diopter 42 |
Strong interaction 442, 483 | Anomalous dispersion 229, 236 |
Weak 484 | Normal 229, 236 |
Electromagnetic 483 | Sveta 63, 228 |
Visibility feature 24 | Elementary Theory 233 |
Virtual processes 446 | Spectral instrument |
Particles 443 | linear 141 |
Internal Conversion 452 | Corner 140 |
Wave monochromatic 23, 93, 236 | Distortion 63 |
Wave function 311, 314, 320 | Diffraction grating 134 and etc., 250 |
Wave number 283, 291 | Concave 143 |
Waves are coherent 78, 81 | Reflective 143 |
The Eightfold Path 515 | Diffraction in parallel beams |
Rotation of the plane of polarization | |
From the edge of the half-plane 120 |
|
Magnetic 188 | Round disc 118 |
Time absolute 197 | Holes 114 |
Interactions 483 | slots 126, 128 |
Life excited state | X-rays 144 etc. |
atoms 381 | Sveta 18, 106 |
Cores 418, 452 | Fraunhofer 108 |
Metastable state 381 | Fresnel 108 |
Own 207 | Electronov 309, 315 |
Degeneration 332 | Dichroism 165 |
Gamma rays 450 | Additional colors 178 |
Harmonic Oscillator 392 | Unit of radioactivity 457 |
Hypercharge 501 | e-capture 456 |
Hyperon 486 | Boltzmann's Law 260, 388, 424 |
De Broglie's hypothesis 308, 309, 312 | Brewster 160, 161 |
Yukawa 444 | Booger 237 |
The main section of the crystal 165 | Reciprocity of light rays 11 |
Gravitational redshift | Relationships between mass and energy 226 |
Dulong and Petit 406, 414 |
|
Gravitons 484 | Kirchhoff 249 |
Series 292 border | Lambert 29 |
Wave group 230, 236 | Malusa 157 |
Light pressure 283 | Moseley 378 |
Birefringence 161, 180 | Independence of light beams 9, |
Deuterium 436 | |
Dayton 442, 457 | Reversibility of light rays 11 |
Nuclear fission 441, 463 | Light Reflections 9, 20 |
Mass defect 440 | Light Absorption Law 237 |
Moseley diagram 370 | Light refraction 10, 20 |
- proportionality of mass and energy 226
- rectilinear propagation of light 9, 112
- radioactive decay 448
Rayleigh 240
- Wien bias 253, 264
- conservation of baryon charge 493
- - combined parity 507
- - lepton charge 494
Oddities 501
Parity 505
- Stefan-Boltzmann 252, 263
Stokes 404
Stoletova 277
T 3 Debye 413
Conservation laws 513
- photoelectric effect 275 etc. Particle twist 507 Charge independence of nuclear
forces 442 Charge coupling 494
Number 435
Fresnel mirrors 88 Spherical mirror 55 zone plate 114 Fresnel zones 108 Spotting scope 67
Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation 243
- forced 386, 424
- induced 386
- equilibrium 245, 264
Resonance 417
Spontaneous 382, 386
- temperature 244
- thermal 244 Isobars 436
Image valid 36
Imaginary 36
Reverse 39
Optical 36
Direct 39
- stigmatic 36
- point 36 Isomers 436, 452 Isotones 436 Isotopes 436
Combined inversion 507 Space inversion 504 Population inversion
energy levels 425 Fresnel integrals 122 Light intensity 73, 75 Interval 208 Interference in thin plates
Waves 79
- polarized rays 170, etc.
Sveta 18, 78 etc.
Michelson interferometer 100,
Emissivity 246 Isotropic light source 26
Cosine 29
- - Lambertovsky 29
Spot 26
(j,j) bond 358
Strip edge 396, 403 Kaon 485 Cathodoluminescence 244 Quasiparticle 416 Action quantum 260
Sound 416
Energy 251, 260
Quantum number azimuthal 331, 332, 367
- - rotational 394
- - main 305, 331, 332, 367
- - oscillatory 392
- - magnetic 331, 332, 345,367
- - total torque 351
Spin 349, 367
Light quanta 278, 281, 301 Quarks 516
K-capture 456
K mesons 485 Coherence 78, 81
Temporary 81
- spatial 81 Collinear correspondence 37 Newton's rings 98 Coma 63 Compound core 458
Compton wavelength 289, 444 Coupling constant 483 Shortwave boundary
X-ray spectrum 272, 275 Wave-particle duality 18,
Cosmic rays 476 etc. Reflection coefficient 77, 328
Takeovers 236, 237
- - negative 425
Packing 440
Einstein 387
Extinctions 240
Degeneracy multiplicity 332 Biaxial crystal 166
- single axle 165 Critical mass 467
Opalescence 242
Circle of least scattering 36 Curie, unit of radioactivity 457 Lagrange-Helmholtz invariant
57 Laser 387, 424 etc.
Lande factor 363, 364 Lepton number 494 Lepton charge 494 Leptons 446, 485
Showers of electron-positron pairs
Lens 58 Lorentz mixing 347
Reduction 205
- extraordinary 164, 168
- ordinary 164, 168
Paraxial 52
Lumen 26 Luminescence 244 Phosphors 244 Magneton Bora 344, 350
Nuclear 434
Magnetic moment of an atom 363
- - electron orbital 344
- - - own 350
Maser 424 Rest mass 223, 282
- relativistic 223 Mass number 435
Mesons 442, 445, 485
Mechanical equivalent of light 27 Microparticles 310, 316 World line 208
Point 208
Multiphoton processes 432 Atom vector model 361
Rutherford 296
Thomson 293
- - nuclear 296, 301 angular momentum 333, 354, etc.
- molecular inertia 394, 398 term multiplicity 360 multiplets 348
- charge 496, 497, 514
Converts 377
Correct 377
Unitary 514
Turbid environments 239
Mu-meson 207, 445
Muon 445 Neutrino 455, 509
Muonic 512
Longitudinal 508
- electronic 512 Neutron 435
Nonlinear Light Reflection 431 Parity Violation 505 Nits 29
Normal displacement 347, 361, 365 | Main planes 41 |
Nucleon 434, 496 | Cardinal 41, 43, 46 |
Wave optics 34, 72 | Nodal 46 |
Geometric 34 | Focal 38 |
Luchevaya 34 | Oscillation plane 155 |
Nonlinear 431 | Polarization 155 |
Optical path length 19, 82, 193 | Probability Density 284, 315. 337 |
Crystal axis 165, 183 | Energy flow 23 |
Systems 36, 52 | Luminous flux 75 |
Travel difference 82 | Radiation energies 253 |
Strength 42, 53, 55 | Absorption capacity 248 |
System 36, 37 | Light absorption 236 etc. |
Perfect 36 | Myogophotonic 432 |
Telescopic 67 | Resonance 417, 420 |
Centered 37 | Errors of optical systems 62 and |
Optical harmonics 432 | |
Optical quantum generator 424 | Positron 455, 487, 489 |
Ives Experience 217 | Positronium 490 |
Refractive index 11, 14, 74, |
|
Vavilov 285 | |
Absolute 11 |
|
Davisson and Germer 309 | Relative 10, 11, 12 |
Laue, Friedrich and Knipping 145 | Interference field 83 |
Lederman and Schwartz 512 | Total internal reflection 13 |
Michelson's experiment 193 etc. | Rotary strips 397 |
Pound and Rebka 422 | Vibrational-rotational 399 |
Rutherford 295 | Equal slope 95, 98 |
Reines and Cowan 510 | Equal thickness 97, 98 |
Fizeau 191, 213 | Electronic oscillatory 400 |
Frank and Hertz 302 etc. | Spectral line half-width |
Stern and Gerlach 333 | |
Illumination 27 | Polarizer 156 |
Relative hole 71 | Light polarization 18, 155 etc. |
Electron-positron pair 489 | Circular 158, 173 |
Forced crossings 386 | Elliptical 158, 173 |
Induced 386 | Polaroid 165 |
Spontaneous 382 | Interference order |
Half-life 449 | maximum 92, 94 |
Periodic system of Mendeleev | Constant Verde 189 |
Spins 183 |
|
Pi meson 445, 485 | Specific 183 |
Diffraction grating 134 |
|
Optical pyrometers 264 etc. | Kerra 182 |
- Plank 260, 275, 279, 305, 311, 333
Decay 449
- Rydberga 292, 306, 338, 379
- Stefan-Boltzmann 252, 264 Bohr's postulates 301 Selection rules 400, 426
Hunda 376
Selection rule for j 354
J 397, 401
I 334
L 343
M346
M J 366
M L 366
M s 366
V 393
Galilean transformations 200, 203, 218
Lorentz 203, 218 Huygens principle 17, 106, 169
- Huygens - Fresnel 106, 107,
Prohibition 368
Exceptions 368
- Relativity Galileo 191
Einstein 197, 218
Pauli 368, 369, 375
- constancy of the speed of light 197, 200
Farm 19
- equivalence 422 Intermediate nucleus 458 Absolute space 197
Images 36
Items 36
- four-dimensional 208
Protium 436
Proton 434, 493
Direct nuclear interactions 459 Ray beam 34
Astigmatic 35 Homocentric beam 34
- - paraxial 52 Radiative neutron capture 465 Radioactivity 448 etc.
Natural 448
- artificial 448
Proton 456
Radioactive rows 449
- family 449 Radiocarbon 462
Resolving power grating 142
Lens 153
- - spectral instrument 142
Scattering of α-particles 295 etc.
Sveta 238 etc.
- - combinational 400, 403, 431
- - molecular 241 Resonant absorption of neutrons
Resonances 486 Relativistic dynamics 218 etc. X-ray tubes 272
X-ray bremsstrahlung
- - characteristic 274, 377 X-ray analysis 150 Pair production 489 Rayleigh criterion 142, 153
Self-focusing light 432 Natural light 155, 159
- plane polarized 155
- polarized 155
Around 158, 173
- rectilinearly polarized 155
- partially polarized 157,
- elliptically polarized 158, 173
Luminosity 27, 29
Energy 246, 265
Absolute black body 250, | Spin 348, 349, 361, 487 |
Isobaric 496 |
|
Luminous flux 25, 26 | Isotopic 486 |
Lens aperture 69, 71 | Photon 334 |
Communication heteropolar 390 | Spin-orbit interaction |
Homeopolar 389 | |
Communication Ressel - Saunders 358 | Spiral Cornu 122 |
X-ray series 378 | Particle helicity 507, 508 |
Balmer series 292, 334 | Stationary state 312 |
Bergman 338 | Degree of polarization 158 |
Bracket 292 | |
Home 338, 340 | Weirdness 499, 501, 503 |
Diffuse 338, 340 | Supermultiplet 514 |
Lyman 292, 334 | Scintillation 295 |
Main 338, 340 | Tautochronism 19 |
Pashen 292 | Telescope 67, 69 |
Pfunda 292 | Debye temperature 413, 421 |
Sharp 338-340 | Negative 425 |
Spectral 290 | Radiation 267, 270 |
Fundamental 338 | Color 270, 271 |
Gray body 248, 270 | Brightness 269 |
Light power 26 | Bohr Theory 305 et al., 331 |
Term symbols 351, 359, 429 | Dirac 487, 490 |
Synthesis of nuclei 441, 472 | Expiration 16 |
Group speed 231, 236 | Relativity 197 etc. |
Sveta 18, 21, 23, 199 | Light wave 1.6, 190 |
Phase 230, 236 | Corpuscular 16 |
Complex doublet 354 | Electromagnetic 18 |
Eigenvalues 321 | Heat capacities of Debye crystals |
Functions 321 | |
Uncertainty relation | Einstein 406 |
Unitary symmetry 514 |
|
Conjugate points 36 | Thermal effect of a nuclear reaction |
Compound core 458 | |
States degenerate 332 | Therm 293, 302, 338, 340, 343, 351, 359 |
Spectrum atomic 290 | Thermonuclear reaction 441, 472 |
Ultrafine Structure 438 | Managed 474 |
Fine structure 348 | Main points 41, 46 |
Ruled 290 | Cardinal 41, 43, 46 |
Molecular 395 | Nodal 46 |
Striped 396 | Tritium 436 |
X-ray 378 | Tunnel effect 330, 453, 473 |
Heavy water 469 | Photofission of nuclei 465 |
Heavy hydrogen 436 | Photoluminescence 244 |
Linear magnification 39, 44 | Photometry 30, 280 |
Optical instrument 6 4 | Photon 18, 72, 281, 282, 334, 336 |
Cross 39, 45, 46, 65 | Virtual 443 |
Longitudinal 45 | Impulse 283 |
Angular 45 | Energy 282 |
Brewster angle 160, 161, 163 | Photoresistance 280 |
Least deviation 14 | Photoelectromotive force 280 |
Full polarization 160 | Photoeffect 18, 275, etc. |
Limit 12 | Valve 280 |
Slides 149 | External 279 |
Optical system components 46, 54 | Internal 279 |
Ultraviolet Disaster 259 | Red border 278 |
Dirac equation 349, 487 | Multiphoton 433 |
Schrödinger 311 and d., 320, 331 | Chemiluminescence 244, 245 |
For stationary states | Bethe cycle 473 |
Proton-proton 473 |
|
Energy levels 302 | Carbon 474 |
Fermi, unit of length 436 | Wave train 79, 155, 172 |
Fermions 485 | Particles are absolutely neutral 493 |
Fluorescence 404 | Strange 499 etc. |
Resonance 417 | Elementary 482, 516 |
X-ray 281 | Parity 503 |
Focal length 41 | Internal 505 |
Focuses of the optical system 38, 46 | Combined 507 |
Phonon 416, 421 | States 504 |
Balmer formula 291, 292 | Spectral linewidth 382, |
Generalized 293, 306 | |
Doppler 218 and d. |
|
Wulf - Bragg 149, 150 | Spectral line width |
Newton 44, 55 | natural 382, 418 |
Plank 262, 387 | Energy Level 382 |
Rutherford 300 | Electroluminescence 244 |
Rayleigh - Jeans 258, 262 | Electronic group 368 |
Fine lens 60 | Configuration 370, 375 |
Einstein 279 | Shell 368 |
Laue formulas 147, 150 | Electronic grip 456 |
Rydberga 338 | |
Fresnel 161 | Rotational energy 392 |
Centered optical | Oscillator 392 |
systems 44 | Zero 393 |
|
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