Latitudinal natural strip land or the World Ocean, which has uniform thermal conditions and atmospheric humidification, and, accordingly, the relative homogeneous elements landscapes, is integral part geographic zone of the earth. Syn.:… … Geography Dictionary

natural area- — EN natural area An area in which natural processes predominate, fluctuations in numbers of organisms are allowed free play and human intervention is minimal. (Source: LANDY) EN sensitive natural area Terrestrial or aquatic area or other fragile natural setting with unique or highly valued environmental features. (Source: EPAGLO)… … Technical Translator's Handbook

Specially protected natural area- 025 Specially protected natural area(Figure A.24) Standardized graphic content: tree silhouette next to animal silhouette. Purpose: indication of the location of a protected area designed to protect flora and fauna. Region… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Natural area, regional landscape unit, meaning a significant area with special type climate, specific plant and soil cover and the animal world. The geographic area is one of higher levels latitudinally zonal physical ... ... Ecological dictionary

Natural area with arid climate; desert and semi-desert zone. Here agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation. Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary. Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989... Ecological dictionary

Secondary intergradation zone, a natural zone within the range of a species in which secondary contact (meeting, gene exchange) of previously geographically isolated (divergent, allopatric) populations occurs. It is of decisive importance for... Ecological dictionary

A natural zone distinguished by the features of relief-forming processes. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989... Ecological dictionary

antarctic desert zone- The natural zone, including Antarctica and nearby islands, has a harsh Antarctic climate and sparse polar vegetation ... Geography Dictionary

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1. Natural complexes are very diverse. Which of them are called natural areas?

The natural complex of land, as well as the complex geographical envelope in general, it is a heterogeneous formation and includes natural complexes of lower ranks, which differ in the quality of the components of the complex natural ingredients. Such lower ranks are natural areas. Having studied the map of natural zones, you will be able to independently name these natural zones and trace the patterns of their placement.

2. Highlight the main features of the concept of "natural zone".

Each natural zone differs from others in the quality of its constituent soils, flora and fauna. And the quality of these components, in turn, depends on the characteristics of the climate, the totality of the received light, heat and moisture.

3. What are the features of the placement of natural zones on the continents and in the ocean?

The boundaries of natural zones on land are most clearly traced by the nature of the vegetation. It is no coincidence that vegetation is taken as the basis for the name of natural land areas.

Natural zones are also distinguished in the World Ocean, but the boundaries of these zones are less clear, and the division into zones in the ocean is based on the qualitative characteristics of water masses (salinity, temperature, transparency, etc.).

4. What is latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality?

The pattern with which natural areas are placed on the surface of the Earth is called latitudinal zonality. The change in the quality of the components that make up the natural zone occurs depending on their geographical location, especially on the geographical latitude, on which the amount of heat and moisture received depends.

In the mountains, in contrast to the flat territories, natural zones change with height. The change in natural zones from the foot of mountains to their peaks is similar to the change in natural zones from the equator to the poles. The pattern of changes in natural zones with height in the mountains is called altitudinal zonality or altitudinal zoning.

5. Which mountains have the largest number altitudinal zones, in which - the least? Why?material from the site

The number of natural zones in the mountains depends on the geographical position of the mountains in relation to the equator and on their height. On the southern slopes of the Himalayas, almost all natural zones are replaced: from wet equatorial zones at the foot to the arctic deserts at the peaks. In mountains located at higher latitudes, the number of natural zones will be less. Thus, one can trace the relationship that exists between the number of natural zones in the mountains and the geographical position of the mountains in relation to the equator. The reason for this regularity is in the amount of heat and moisture received.

The natural complexes of the Earth are very diverse. These are hot and icy deserts, evergreen forests, endless steppes, bizarre mountains, etc. This diversity is the unique beauty of our planet. You already know how the natural complexes "mainland" and "ocean" were formed. But the nature of each continent, like each ocean, is not the same. In their territories there are various natural zones.

A natural zone is a large natural complex with a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and wildlife. The formation of zones is due to climate, on land - the ratio of heat and moisture. So, if there is a lot of heat and moisture, i.e. high temperatures and a lot of precipitation, a zone is formed equatorial forests. If the temperatures are high, and there is little precipitation, then a zone of deserts of the tropical belt is formed.

Natural areas of land outwardly differ from each other in the nature of vegetation. The vegetation of the zones of all the components of nature most clearly expresses all key features their nature, the relationship between the components. If there are changes in individual components, then outwardly this affects primarily the change in vegetation. The names of the natural zones of the land were received according to the nature of the vegetation, for example, zones of deserts, equatorial forests, etc.

There are also natural zones in the World Ocean ( natural belts). They differ water masses, organic world and others. The natural zones of the ocean do not have clear external differences, with the exception of the ice cover, and are named after their geographic location as well as climatic zones.

In the placement of natural areas on earth's surface scientists have found a clear pattern that can be clearly seen on the map of natural areas. To understand this regularity, let us trace the change of natural zones on the map from north to south along 20°E. e. In the subarctic zone, where temperatures are low, there is a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, which gives way to taiga to the south. There is enough heat and moisture for the growth of coniferous trees. AT southern half temperate zone, the amount of heat and precipitation increases significantly, which contributes to the formation of a zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Somewhat to the east, the amount of precipitation decreases, so the steppe zone is located here. On the coast mediterranean sea Europe and Africa have a Mediterranean climate with dry summers. It favors the formation of a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Then we get into the tropical zone. Here, in the expanses scorched by the sun, it is hot, the vegetation is sparse and stunted, in some places it is completely absent. This is the zone tropical deserts. To the south, it is replaced by savannas - tropical forest-steppes, where there is already a wet season of the year and a lot of heat. But the amount of rainfall is not enough for the growth of the forest. In the equatorial climatic zone there is a lot of heat and moisture, therefore a zone of humid equatorial forests with very rich vegetation is formed. In South Africa, zones, like climatic zones, are repeated.

In Antarctica, there is a zone of the Antarctic desert, characterized by exceptional severity: very low temperatures and strong winds.

So, you, apparently, were convinced that the alternation of natural zones on the plains is explained by the change climatic conditions- geographic latitude. However, scientists have long noted that natural conditions change not only when moving from north to south, but also from west to east. To confirm this idea, let us follow the map of the change of zones in Eurasia from west to east along the 45th parallel - in the temperate zone.

On the coast Atlantic Ocean, where the sea air masses coming from the ocean dominate, there is a zone of broad-leaved forests, beech, oak, linden, etc. grow. When moving to the east, the forest zone is replaced by a zone of forest-steppes and steppes. The reason is the decrease in rainfall. Even farther to the east, precipitation becomes less and the steppes pass into deserts and semi-deserts, which further to the east are again replaced by steppes, and near Pacific Ocean- zone of mixed forests. These coniferous-deciduous forests amaze with their richness and diversity of plant and animal species.

What explains the alternation of zones at the same latitude? Yes, all the same reasons - a change in the ratio of heat and moisture, which is determined by the proximity or remoteness of the direction of the prevailing winds. There are changes at the same latitudes and in the ocean. They depend on the interaction of the ocean with land, the movement air masses, currents.

The placement of natural areas is located in close connection with climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they naturally replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moistening. Such a change in natural zones - large natural complexes is called latitudinal zonality. Zoning manifests itself in all natural complexes regardless of their size, as well as in all components of the geographic envelope. Zoning is the main geographical pattern.

The change of natural zones, as you know, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. Temperature and pressure decrease with altitude, certain height rainfall increases, lighting conditions change. In connection with the change in climatic conditions, there is also a change in natural zones. The zones replacing one another, as it were, encircle mountains at different heights, which is why they are called high-altitude belts. The change of altitudinal belts in the mountains occurs much faster than the change of zones on the plains. It is enough to climb 1 km to be convinced of this.

The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when climbing to its top you will find the following altitudinal belts: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb into the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) of equatorial forests. The pattern is as follows: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitudinal zones and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zonality on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonality or altitudinal zonality.

Law geographic zoning manifests itself in the mountainous regions. Some of them we have already considered. Also from geographical latitude change of day and night, seasonal changes depend. If the mountain is near the pole, then there is a polar day and polar night long winters and short cold summers. In the mountains at the equator, day is always equal to night, there are no seasonal changes.

Slides and text of this presentation

NATURAL ZONING

Geography Grade 7

Geography teacher MOU Tver gymnasium No. 10

(Greek zone - belt), physical-geographical zone - part of a geographical zone with uniform climatic conditions.

Natural areas take their name from the vegetation found in them and other geographical features. The zones regularly change from the equator to the poles and from the oceans deep into the continents; have similar temperature and moisture conditions, which determine homogeneous soils, vegetation, wildlife and other components natural environment. Natural zones are one of the stages of physical-geographical zoning.

They differ in water masses, organic world, etc. The natural zones of the ocean do not have clear external differences, with the exception of the ice cover, and are named according to their geographical location, like climatic zones.
From a physical-geographical point of view, differences in the nature of the ocean in the horizontal direction are of greatest interest. The greatest differences on a planetary scale are observed in the meridional direction, they are associated with latitudinal zonality.

In the surface layers, the following natural, or physiographic, belts are distinguished:

SP - north polar (arctic); SSP - northern subpolar (subarctic); SU - northern temperate; SST - northern subtropical; ST - northern tropical; E - equatorial; UT - southern tropical; YUST - southern subtropical; YuU - southern temperate; SSP - southern subpolar (subantarctic); UP - south polar (antarctic)

To identify patterns in the location geographical zones and zones, a group of scientists (A.M. Ryabchikov et al., 1972) built a hypothetical continent, the size of which corresponds to half the land area, the configuration is its location in latitudes, the surface is a low plain washed by the ocean. The boundaries of belts and zones inscribed on a hypothetical continent reflect their average contours on the plains of real continents, and in place mountainous areas they are brought to the level of this plain. It turned out that the greater distribution of land in the SP causes a strong stretching of the zones in the continental sectors of the northern temperate and subtropical belts. In the SP, these sectors wedge out. AT in general terms the zonality of the SP repeats the zonality of the SP. Majority geographical areas located meridional. Only on the territory of Canada and Russia, mainly in the continental sectors of the temperate and subarctic zones, does latitudinal position zones.

The earth's land is divided into 13 main latitudinal belts: arctic and antarctic, subarctic and subantarctic, northern and southern temperate, northern and southern subtropical, northern and southern tropical, northern and southern subequatorial, equatorial.

The area around the poles is covered by cold arctic (in southern hemisphere- Antarctic) deserts.

Subpolar regions of the Earth. From left to right: arctic desert(Greenland), tundra (Yakutia), forest-tundra (Khibiny)

They are distinguished by an extremely harsh climate, extensive ice sheets and rocky deserts, undeveloped soils, poverty and monotony of living organisms. Animals of the Arctic deserts are connected mainly with the sea - these are polar bear, pinnipeds, in Antarctica - penguins.

In the Southern Hemisphere, tundra is represented only on some subantarctic islands. The cold climate and soils underlain by permafrost determine the predominance of mosses, lichens, herbaceous plants and shrubs here. To the south, small trees appear (for example, dwarf birch), and the tundra is replaced by forest-tundra. The fauna of the tundra is quite homogeneous and scarce: reindeer, arctic foxes, lemmings and voles, as well as extensive bird colonies. Of the insects, mosquitoes are plentiful. Most vertebrates leave the tundra with the onset of winter (migrating or flying to warmer climes). Near the seas and oceans, the tundra and forest-tundra give way to a zone of oceanic meadows.

Natural zones of temperate zones

First, conifers (taiga), then mixed, and finally, broad-leaved (Southern temperate zone almost completely covers the world's oceans). The temperate forests cover vast territories in Eurasia and North America. The climate here is already much warmer, and the species diversity is several times greater than in the tundra. Dominated on podzolic soils large trees- pine, spruce, cedar, larch, to the south - oak, beech, birch. Among the animals, predatory (wolf, fox, bear, lynx), ungulates (deer, wild boars), songbirds, individual groups insects.

From left to right: taiga (Sayan), broad-leaved forest ( Krasnoyarsk region), steppe (Stavropol), desert (Gobi)

Slide #10

The zone of temperate zones is replaced by the forest-steppe and then the steppe

The climate is getting warmer and drier, and among the soils, chernozems and chestnut soils are most common. Cereals predominate, among animals - rodents, predatory (wolf, fox, weasel), birds of prey (eagle, hawk), reptiles (vipers, snakes), beetles. A large percentage of the steppes is occupied by agricultural land. Steppes are common in the Midwest of the United States, Ukraine, the Volga region and Kazakhstan.

Slide #11

Semi-deserts and deserts (Middle and central Asia, West Side North America, Argentina)

The desert climate is characterized by low rainfall and large daily temperature fluctuations. Reservoirs in deserts, as a rule, are absent; only occasionally cross the desert major rivers(Huanhe, Syr Darya, Amu Darya). The fauna is quite diverse, most of the species are adapted to living in arid conditions.

Slide #12

As you approach the equator, the temperate zone is replaced by the subtropics.

AT coastal strip(northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, southern coast of Crimea, Middle East, southeastern United States, extreme south of South Africa, southern and west coast australia, north island New Zealand) evergreen subtropical forests are widespread; far from the sea there is a forest-steppe (in North America - prairies), steppe and deserts (the latter - in South Australia, on the south coast Mediterranean Sea, in Iran and Tibet, northern Mexico and western South Africa). Animal world subtropics is characterized by a mixture of temperate and tropical species.

subtropical belts. From left to right: evergreen forest (Abkhazia), prairies (Nebraska), desert (Karakum)

Slide #13

Largely plowed up and used for plantations. Large animals are practically exterminated. Western Hindustan, Eastern Australia, Parana basin in South America and South Africa- zones of distribution of more arid tropical savannahs and light forests. The most extensive zone of the tropical belt is deserts (Sahara, Arabian Desert, Pakistan, Central Australia, Western California, Kalahari, Namib, Atacama). Huge spaces pebbly, sandy, rocky and saline surfaces are devoid of vegetation here. The animal world is small.

Tropical belts. From left to right: deciduous forest (Costa Rica), veld (South Africa), desert (Namibia)

The fact that in different places of our planet the climate, landscape, flora and fauna are very different, I knew from childhood. I knew that it was warm in the south, and cold in the north, that somewhere there eternal Frost, somewhere - vast deserts, boundless oceans and vast forests. But far from immediately, I began to think about the reasons for all these differences, to pose the question “Why exactly this way and not otherwise?”. And even later, I learned about such a concept as natural zoning.

What is natural zoning

In general, the answer to this question can be slightly different. But, to make it clearer, natural zoning is the division of the entire planet into separate natural zones. These most natural areas are characterized by a common:

• climate;
• landscape;
• animal and plant world.

The natural zonality of the whole world directly depends on climatic zones, because natural zones replace each other in the direction from the equator to the poles.

What are the natural areas

As far as I remember, there are 19 natural zones in total. I will not list them all, but I will mention the main ones:

Features of the taiga as a natural area

I decided to write about the taiga, because it occupies a significant part of the territory of Russia and, in general, it is the largest natural area in the world. And the taiga in Eurasia, moreover, is considered the most large area continuous forests on the planet.
Basically, they grow in the taiga coniferous trees, and, since coniferous trees produce more O2 than deciduous trees, it is the taiga that produces the most oxygen.
The climate here is very different, depending on whether it is the western part of the zone or the eastern one. If in the west of the taiga in winter the temperature, on average, drops to 10 degrees below zero, then in the east -60 - absolutely normal weather.