Before talking about the structure and properties of the geographic shell, it is necessary to understand what a geographic shell is. "Father" this term is the famous geographer A. A. Grigoriev, who introduced it in 1932. We live in it, it is our home, and in order for the house to remain strong, you need to take care of it, know the composition well and understand the properties of the geographical shell.
The structure of the geographical shell
The history of the development of the planet Earth is inextricably linked with the formation of the geographical envelope. As you know, life on Earth did not appear immediately. Then a single geographical shell consisted of three components: the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. But everything changed with the advent of living organisms. Their "birth" determined the emergence of a new layer - the biosphere. Thus, today the globe consists of the following shells:
- the lower layers of the atmosphere;
- the upper parts of the lithosphere;
- the entire hydrosphere;
- the entire biosphere.
All of the above shells do not exist in isolation. They are closely related to each other and interact. The result of such a close "neighborhood" was the impossibility to determine their clear boundaries.
On average, the thickness of the geographic envelope is about 55 km. Compared to the size of the Earth, it appears to be only a thin film.
Rice. 1 Geographic envelope components
Atmosphere
Until now, there are disputes between scientists about the boundaries of the geographical shell. Consider the often cited in foreign and domestic research theory.
The first is the lower part of the atmosphere. Its height reaches 25-30 km. It consists of the troposphere (8-16 km) and the lower layers of the stratosphere (11-30 km). They show a gradual drop in temperature, the existence of dust of volcanic origin, water vapor and living organisms.
TOP 1 articlewho read along with this
It is in the stratosphere that the so-called ozone layer which protects all living organisms and whole biological systems from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Rice. 2 Components of the atmosphere
Lithosphere
The geographic shell includes the upper layer of the lithosphere - top part earth's crust. Why only the top?
We must not forget that all shells are in constant interaction, and the influence of the atmosphere and hydrosphere extends to the lithosphere, starting from the surface of our planet and down to a depth of 4-5 km.
Hydrosphere and biosphere
Hydrosphere is the totality of all water reserves our planet. The geographic envelope includes almost the entire hydrosphere. Exception - a small part, which is located at great depths.
The biosphere is considered to be the most for the most part geographical envelope. Why? The answer to this question lies in literal translation this term with ancient Greek where bios is life and schaira is a ball. In other words, where there is life, where the activity of living organisms is possible, there is the biosphere. That is, its boundaries coincide with the boundaries of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere: there is life up to 4-5 km underground, on the surface the globe, in water, at great depths, and in the air, starting from the lower layers and ending at an altitude of 30 km.
Rice. 3 Boundaries of the biosphere
Basic properties of the geographic envelope
The close interaction of all components of the geographic envelope (GO) has led to the possibility of the emergence of special properties inherent only to it:
- Only in GO can substances exist in solid, liquid and gaseous different state. This property it is very important for the course of all processes, and especially for the emergence of life;
- Only GO is characterized by the origin of life, and then the appearance of man and human society. Air, water, solar energy, plants, animals, minerals - all the conditions for human development.
- Only in GO all existing processes occur, first of all, thanks to solar energy, and only then internal earthly sources energy.
What have we learned?
So the geographic envelope is important object study geographical science. It is understood as the close contact and interaction of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Once again, we will name the main properties of the geographic envelope.
Thanks to such GO, a variety of types of energy, the emergence of life on our planet, the emergence of man, and the development of human society became possible. In addition, only in the geographical shell the same substance can exist in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.
This article will help to consolidate the studied material in geography in grade 7.
Topic quiz
Report Evaluation
average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 142.
Geographic envelope- this is an integral shell of the Earth, where its components (the upper part of the lithosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere) closely interact, exchanging matter and energy. The geographical envelope has complex composition and building. It is studied by physical geography.
The upper boundary of the geographic shell is the stratopause, before which the thermal influence is manifested earth's surface on atmospheric processes. lower bound The geographical shell is considered to be the foot of the stratisphere in the lithosphere, that is, the upper zone of the earth's crust. Thus, the geographic envelope includes the entire hydrosphere, the entire biosphere, lower part atmosphere and upper lithosphere. The greatest vertical thickness of the geographic envelope reaches 40 km.
The geographic envelope of the Earth is formed under the influence of terrestrial and space processes. It contains different kinds free energy. The substance is present in any state of aggregation, and the degree of aggregation of the substance is diverse - from free elementary particles before chemical substances and complex biological organisms. The heat flowing from the Sun is accumulated, and all natural processes in the geographical envelope occur due to the radiant energy of the Sun and internal energy our planet. In this shell, a human society develops, drawing resources for its life from the geographical shell and influencing it both positively and negatively.
Elements, properties
The main real elements of the geographic shell - rocks that make up the earth's crust, air and water masses, soils and biocenoses. Ice masses play big role in northern latitudes and highlands. These shell elements form various combinations. The form of this or that combination is determined by the number of incoming components and their internal modifications, as well as the nature of their mutual influences.
The geographic envelope has a number important properties. Its integrity is ensured by the constant exchange of matter and energy between its components. And the interaction of all components binds them into one material system, in which a change in any element provokes a change in other links.
In the geographic shell, the circulation of substances is continuously carried out. At the same time, the same phenomena and processes are repeated many times. Their overall effectiveness is based on high level, despite limited quantity starting materials. All these processes differ in complexity and structure. Some are mechanical phenomena, such as sea currents, winds, others are accompanied by the transition of substances from one state of aggregation to another, for example, the water cycle in nature, biological transformation of substances can occur, as in the biological cycle.
Note the repeatability various processes in a geographical envelope in time, that is, a certain rhythm. It is based on astronomical and geological reasons. There are daily rhythms (day-night), annual (seasons), intra-secular (cycles of 25-50 years), super-secular, geological (Caledonian, Alpine, Hercynian cycles lasting 200-230 million years each).
The geographic envelope can be considered as a continuous whole developing system under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors. Thereby continuous development there is a territorial differentiation of the surface of land, sea and ocean floor(geocomplexes, landscapes), a polar asymmetry is expressed, manifested by significant differences in the nature of the geographical envelope in the southern and northern hemispheres.
Related content:
LECTURE 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SHELL
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | LECTURE 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SHELL |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Geography |
Origin of the Earth. The question of the origin of our planet is directly related to cosmogonic hypotheses explaining education solar system generally. The disintegration of the protoplanetary disk into separate components with the formation a large number solid and rather large (up to several hundred kilometers in diameter) bodies - planetesimals, their subsequent accumulation and impact contributed to the accretion of the Earth as a celestial formation.
A new hypothesis of the structure of the Earth was proposed in the mid-70s of the XX century. V. N. Larin. According to his ideas, when spheres appeared, not gravitational differentiation, but magnetic separation of matter was of paramount importance. The starting material was not individual elements, but their compounds in the form of metal hydrides and carbides.
The main thing geographical importance The shape of the Earth lies in the fact that it determines the zonal distribution of heat on the earth's surface (decreasing from the equator to the poles), and, consequently, the zoning of all phenomena that depend on the thermal regime.
Models of the structure of the Earth. The first model, which was developed by V.M. Goldshmidt in the first quarter of the 20th century, is based on the analogy between the processes of differentiation of elements during blast-furnace smelting and in the molten Earth. In accordance with this model, the metal sinks towards the center of the Earth, forming core with a density of about 7 g / cm 3, and the lightest ʼʼ slag ʼʼ floats to the surface - a silicate substance that forms igneous rocks earth's crust(density below 3 g/cm3). Between them is starting material - mantle. Goldschmidt considered the atomic volumes of elements to be the main factor of differentiation. Elements with minimum atomic volumes, connecting with iron (siderophilic elements), formed the nucleus. Elements with maximum atomic volumes and some others that are similar to oxygen (lithophile elements) made up the earth's crust and upper mantle - the lithosphere. Elements capable of combining with sulfur (chalcophile elements) formed the sulfide-oxide shell of the lower mantle.
10 years after the hypothesis of V.M. Goldshmidt, Academician A.E. Fersman proposed his own model internal structure Earth. He identified the following geospheres: granite-basalt crust(up to 70 km from the surface), peridotite(olivine) shell(up to a depth of 1200 km), ore shell(up to a depth of 2450 km) and core, consisting of nickel iron.
The Gutenberg-Bullen model uses the indexing of geospheres, which is still popular today. The authors highlight: the earth's crust(layer A) - granite, metamorphic rocks, gabbro; upper mantle(layer B); transition zone(layer C); lower mantle(layer D), consisting of oxygen, silica, magnesium and iron. At a depth of 2900 km, a boundary is drawn between the mantle and the core. Below is outer core(layer E), and from a depth of 5120 m - inner core(layer G), folded with iron.
The hypothesis of the formation of the Earth and planets in a rapidly rotating protosolar nebula was developed by Japanese researchers based on the concepts of accumulation solids and particles (silicate and metallic). According to this hypothesis, during the entire period of formation, the Earth remained surrounded by a protosolar nebula (nebula). The general scheme of solar-terrestrial relations includes electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation(Fig. 3.7), which cause a number of processes and phenomena in all geospheres (for example, auroras, magnetic storms and related consequences). The activity of the Sun is different, there are periods when, as a result of the processes occurring on the Sun, our planet receives additional (compared to the radiation of the Sun in a calm state) radiation, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ affects the nature of many earthly processes.
Under solar activity usually understand the totality of all physical and energy changes occurring on the Sun and causing visible formations on it: spots and torches in the photosphere, flocculi and flares in the chromosphere, prominences in the corona.
solar flare- explosive release of a large amount of energy, usually occurring near large groups sunspots. The flash is accompanied by a sharp increase in the brightness of radiation in all wave ranges, as well as the release of plasma particles that affect the interplanetary medium and planets.
Solar activity is a factor influencing many processes in the geographic envelope. The upper layers are the first to meet solar radiation earth's atmosphere. Disturbances in the ionosphere that occur during periods of increased solar activity affect the nature of atmospheric processes in a given layer and cause corresponding changes in the stratosphere and troposphere, as well as in other shells of the planet.
Orbital movement. The Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one of its foci. Speed orbital movement equal to 29.765 km / s, the period of revolution is a year (365.26 mean solar days). The speed of the Earth's orbit is higher than smaller radius- vector (distance from the Earth to the Sun).
The daily rotation of the Earth occurs around an axis, which, due to the gyroscopic effect, tends to maintain a constant position in space. The rotation of the Earth is carried out uniformly, but the speed of rotation experiences fluctuations. The time interval between successive passages of the meridian plane of a given point through the center of the Sun is called sunny days. The earth rotates counterclockwise when viewed from north pole(The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.) The axis of rotation, the poles and the equator are the basis geographic coordinate system.
Geographic Consequences daily rotation Lands:
change of day and night - change during the day the position of the Sun relative to the plane of the horizon of a given point;
deformation of the figure of the Earth - oblateness from the poles (polar compression), associated with an increase centrifugal force from the poles to the equator;
the existence of the Coriolis force acting on moving bodies (the greater the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation, the more strength Coriolis);
superposition of centrifugal force and gravitational force, giving gravity. The centrifugal force increases from zero at the poles to maximum value at the equator. Corresponding to the decrease in centrifugal force from the equator to the pole, the force of gravity increases in the same direction and reaches its maximum at the pole (where it is equal to the force of gravity).
Movement of the Earth-Moon system. The moon creates tidal braking of the daily rotation of our planet, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is of great geographical importance, if we consider long (hundreds of millions of years) periods of geological time.
Changes in the speed of the Earth's rotation. The unevenness of the daily rotation of the Earth is usually characterized by a dimensionless quantity - the average monthly deviation (δp):
where T - duration earth days; P is the duration of an atomic day, equal to 86,400 s; ω = 2π/T and Ω = 2π/P - angular velocities corresponding to terrestrial and atomic days.
General Features geographical envelope. Geographical shell - This material system, which arose on the earth's surface as a result of the interaction and interpenetration of the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere saturated with organisms. Natural bodies of the geographical shell (rocks, water, air, vegetation, living matter) have different state of aggregation(solid, liquid, gaseous) and different levels of organization of matter (non-living, living and bio-inert - the result of the interaction of living and non-living substances).
The geographical envelope is formed by two fundamentally different types matter: atomic-molecularʼʼnon-livingʼʼ matter and atomic-organism"living" substance. The first can only participate in physical and chemical processes, as a result of which new substances may appear, but from the same chemical elements. The second has the ability to reproduce its own kind, but of a different composition and appearance.
Most researchers, following S.V. Kalesnik, call the interconnected and interdependent material body, framing the planet Earth everywhere, a geographical shell. There are other names - outer earth shell(P.I. Brounov), epigeosphere(A. G. Isachenko), epigeneme(R. I. Abolin), physical-geographical envelope(A. A. Grigoriev), biogenosphere(I. M. Zabelin), landscape sphere(Yu. K. Efremov, F. N. Milkov), but they are not widely used.
Components of the geographic envelope. geographic envelope, or global Geosphere, consists of an inseparable complex of private geospheres, occupied mainly by one component of a certain state and functioning together in the presence of biota. Lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere form almost continuous shells. Biosphere as a set of living organisms in a certain habitat, it does not occupy independent space, but masters the above-mentioned spheres completely (hydrosphere) or partially (atmosphere and lithosphere). In geography, the concept of ʼʼgeographical shellʼʼ includes all living organisms (each private sphere has its own biota, which is its inseparable component), in connection with this, the independent selection of the biosphere is hardly extremely important. In biology, on the contrary, the allocation of the biosphere is legitimate. occupy a specific position cryosphere(sphere of cold) and pedosphere(soil cover).
The geographic shell is characterized by the allocation of zonal-provincial isolations, which are called landscapes, or geosystems. These complexes arise with a certain interaction and integration of geocomponents.
Chemical elements in the geographic shell are in free state(in the air), in the form of ions(in water) and complex connections(living organisms, minerals, etc.).
LECTURE 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SHELL - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "LECTURE 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SHELL" 2017, 2018.
Revealing the most important qualitative properties and peculiarities of the nature of a geographic envelope is an indispensable condition for understanding the basic patterns of its differentiation.
I As already noted, the geographical shell is a complex, historically formed and continuously developing, integral and qualitatively unique material system. It has the following key features:
1) - its qualitative originality, which lies in the fact that only within its limits the substance is located simultaneously in three physical states: solid, liquid and gaseous. In this connection, the geographic shell consists of five qualitatively different, interpenetrating and interacting geospheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and paleosphere. Within each of them there are several components. For example, within the lithosphere, various rocks are distinguished as independent components, in the biosphere, plants and animals, etc.
2) - close interaction and interdependence of all its geospheres and parts, which determine its development. The experience of mankind has shown that the geographical envelope is not a conglomerate of various objects and phenomena that do not depend on each other, but a complex complex, a natural system that is a single whole. It is enough to change only one link of this complete system to cause changes in all its other parts and in the complex as a whole. Human society, transforming nature in order to rational use natural resources, should take into account all possible consequences impact on individual links of this system and prevent undesirable changes in it. So, burning forests on the slopes of the mountains of Cuba and receiving fertilizer in the ashes from the fire for only one generation of very profitable coffee trees, the Spanish planters did not care that tropical downpours subsequently washed away the already defenseless topsoil, leaving behind only bare rocks ( Yurenkov, 1982). In all cases when we are talking about the impact on some links natural systems on a large scale, a reasonable approach should win. For example, put forward in the 80s. 20th century and not approved by the State Planning Commission former USSR, the project for the creation of the Nizhneobsky hydro complex, provided for the receipt of very cheap and in large numbers Siberia's much-needed energy. But as a result of the construction of a dam in the lower reaches of the Ob, a vast sea would have formed in the form of a flood zone, which would have been ice-bound for about nine months a year. This, in turn, would significantly change the climate of adjacent territories, undesirably affect agriculture, industry, people's health. Minerals (oil, gas, etc.), millions of hectares of agricultural land, forests, which (among other things) is the most important producer of oxygen, would be flooded. Ready-made graduation papers quickly and inexpensively, all this can be found on the website zaochnik.ru. Also here you can order a practice report, abstract, semester work, dissertation.
One of the most important manifestations of the interaction of all geospheres and components of the geographic shell is the constant exchange of matter and energy, therefore, all sides and components of the geographic shell, consisting mainly of a certain combination of chemicals characteristic only of them, as a rule, include a certain amount of substances. , which make up the bulk of the remaining components or are derivatives of this bulk (A.A. Grigoriev, 1952, 1966). The interaction of all parties, components and parts of the geographic envelope, their internal contradictions- the main reason for its constant development, complication, transition from one stage to another.
3) - this integral material system is not isolated from the outside world, it is in constant interaction with it. outside world for the geographic shell is, on the one hand, the Cosmos, on the other hand, the inner spheres of the globe (the mantle and the earth's core).
Interaction with the Cosmos is manifested primarily in the penetration and transformation of solar energy within the geographic envelope, as well as in heat radiation from the latter. The main source of heat for the geographic envelope is solar radiation - 351 10 22 J/year. The amount of heat supplied by the processes occurring in earthly depths, small - about 79x10 19 J / year (Ryabchikov, 1972), i.e. 4400 times less.
Along with solar and other cosmic energy, the Earth is continuously supplied with interstellar matter in the form of meteorites, meteoric dust (up to 10 million tons/year; Yurenkov, 1982). At the same time, our planet is constantly losing light gases (hydrogen, helium), which, rising into the high layers of the atmosphere, evaporate into interplanetary space. This interchange chemical elements between the Earth and Space was substantiated by V. I. Vernadsky. Iron, magnesium, sulfur and other elements migrate from the earth's crust to the deeper spheres of the Earth, and silicon, calcium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, radioactive and other elements come from the deep spheres.
The interaction of the geographic envelope with the inner spheres of the Earth is also manifested in a complex energy interchange, which determines the so-called azonal processes, and, first of all, the movements of the earth's crust. Contradictory, unified and inseparable zonal and azonal processes determine the main regularity of the geographical envelope - its zonal-provincial differentiation.
4) - in the geographical shell, both the emergence of new forms and the decay of more complex education, i.e., one of the basic laws of nature is implemented - the law of synthesis and decay and their unity (Gozhev, 1963), which contributes to the constant development and complication of the geographical envelope, its transition from one stage to another.
The development of the geographic envelope is characterized by rhythm and progression, i.e., the transition from "the simpler to the more complex; the constant complication of its zonality and provinciality, the structure of its natural systems.
The development of the geographic shell and its parts is subject to the “law of development heterochrony” (Kalesnik, 1970), which manifests itself in the non-simultaneity of the change in the nature of the geographic shell from place to place. For example, noted in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. in the northern hemisphere, the “warming of the Arctic” on Earth was not universal, and at the same time, cooling was observed in some regions of the southern hemisphere.
A characteristic feature of the development of the geographic envelope is the increase in relative conservatism natural conditions as you move from more high latitudes to the lower ones. In the same direction, the age natural areas. Thus, the tundra zone has the youngest, postglacial age; in the Pliocene-Quaternary time, the forest zone was mainly formed; in the Pliocene - forest-steppe, in the Oligocene-Pliocene - steppe and desert.
5) - characterized by the presence organic life, with the emergence of which all other geospheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) underwent profound changes.
6) - it is the arena of life and activity of human society. At the current stage man of sense- this is an indicator of the highest stage of development of the geographical envelope.
7) - it is characterized by regional differentiation. According to materialist dialectics, the unity of the world does not exclude its qualitative diversity. The integral geographic envelope is heterogeneous from place to place, has complex structure. On the one hand, the geographic envelope has continuity (all its sides, components and structural parts are connected and permeated by the flow of matter and energy; it is characterized by continuity of distribution), on the other hand, it is characterized by discreteness (the presence of natural-territorial complexes inside this continuous shell - PTK having relative integrity.) Moreover, continuity is generally stronger than discontinuity, i.e., the geographic shell is a single whole, a solid body, and its discontinuity is conditional, since PTCs are its constituent parts, between which there are no voids or formations alien to the geographical shell (Armand D. et al., 1969).
Qualitative differences in the interactions between the sides and components of the geographic envelope in its different places, and with it its regional differentiation, are primarily determined by the unequal ratios of the quantitative indicators of these sides and the components of nature. So, even the same amount of precipitation for different territories with various ratios quantitative indicators of other components of nature predetermines the difference in the degree of moisture in these territories with all the ensuing consequences. So, at about equal number rainfall in northern regions territory of Russia and in the north of the Central Asian plains (200-300 mm / year), but significantly different values solar radiation, different states of the atmosphere, unequal temperature conditions in the first case, there is a lack of heat and an excess of moisture and tundra landscapes are formed, in the second, with an abundance of heat and a lack of moisture, semi-desert landscapes are formed.
The dialectical unity of the properties of continuity and discreteness of the geographic envelope allows us to single out among the objects studied by physical geography, relatively independent natural-territorial complexes of different ranks (NTCs) - complex geographic systems(geosystems).
Natural-territorial complexes are understood as areas of a geographical envelope that have natural boundaries that are qualitatively different from other areas and represent an integral and regular set of objects and phenomena. The order of magnitude and degree of complexity of the PTC are quite diverse. The most simple internal organization have small areas of NTC (NTC of the near-channel shaft, the slope of the moraine hill, the side of the log, etc.). With an increase in rank, the degree of complexity and area of the PTC increase, since they already include systems of many PTCs more than low rank. As an example of such NTCs, one can note the East European province of the taiga zone, the taiga zone as a whole, etc.
NTCs include all or most of the main components of nature - the lithogenic base, air, water, soil, vegetation, animal world. They are building blocks geographical envelope.
Some physical geographers (K.V. Pashkang, I.V. Vasilyeva et al., 1973) all natural complexes subdivided into complete (called natural-territorial and consist of all components of nature) and incomplete and consist of one (single-membered natural complexes) or several (two - two-membered, three - three-membered natural complexes) components of nature. According to the views of these authors, “natural-territorial complexes are the main object of study physical geography”, and single-membered (phytocenosis, air mass, etc.), two-membered (for example, a biocenosis consisting of interconnected phyto- and zoocenoses) natural complexes are the subject of study of the corresponding branches of natural science: phytocenoses are studied by geobotany, air masses- dynamic meteorology, biocenoses - biocenology. Such an interpretation of the question raises significant objections. First, it is necessary to clarify that the NTC as a whole is the main object of study not of physical geography in general, but of regional physical geography and landscape science. Secondly, the legitimacy of singling out the so-called incomplete natural complexes is highly doubtful. It's obvious that natural formations, consisting of one component of nature, it is not logical to call a natural complex, even one-membered. Most likely it is part of the natural complex. Thus, an accumulation of coarse clastic material does not represent a natural complex, even a one-membered one. The phytocenosis and biocenosis cited as examples as "incomplete" natural complexes do not exist in nature. In nature, there are no plant communities that are not in close relationship with the rest of the components of nature - the lithogenic base, air, water, wildlife. This is one of the manifestations the most important law materialist dialectics—the law of the unity of the organism and the conditions of its life. And if a geobotanist or biocenologist, due to the tasks facing him, does not seek to reveal these relationships, this does not mean at all that these relationships do not exist, and does not give any reason to call phytocenoses and biocenoses incomplete natural complexes.
The illegitimacy of attributing a phytocenosis to a single-membered natural complex is obvious already because the biocenologist can consider the same territory as a two-membered one, and the landscape scientist as a complete natural complex, consisting of all components of nature. The same applies to other "incomplete" complexes.
All natural complexes at this stage of their development are complete. This already follows from the most important regularity of the geographic shell - the interaction and interdependence of all its geospheres, components and structural parts. There is not a single component of the geographic envelope that would not experience the impact of others and would not affect them. This interaction is carried out through the exchange of matter and energy.
The most important features by which one PTK differs from another are: their relative genetic heterogeneity; qualitative differences, which are primarily predetermined by different quantitative characteristics their constituent components; a different natural set of components and conjugation of the structural parts of the compared PTK.
