Dialectisms are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular locality. Now dialect words are rare even in the speech of rural residents. The dialect words most commonly used in our time are included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. A mark is given next to the word region(regional).

There are special dialect dictionaries. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language"V. I. Dal has a lot of dialect words collected by him in different parts of our country.

Dialect words are sometimes used in literary works to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area. The above dictionary contains many examples of dialect words that children can write out for a Russian lesson in grade 6.

Dictionary of dialect and obsolete words and phrases for schoolchildren of the 6th grade.

Altyn - a coin of three kopecks.
Andel is an angel.
Archangel is an archangel.
Arshin is a measure of length equal to 0.71 meters.
Badag - batog, stick, staff, whip.

Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, to desire.
Baika - a lullaby, a refrain when a child is put to sleep; from the verb baikat - to lull, rock, lull.
Balamolok - talker; from balamolit - to chat.
Balki are sheep.
Barenki are sheep.
Basalai - dandy, dandy, rake, bouncer.
Basque - beautiful, handsome, elegant.
Bayat - to speak, tell.
Bozhatka - godmother, named mother.
Birch, birch bark, birch bark - made of birch bark.
Painful - painful.
Brazumentochka, prozumentochka, prozument - from the word braid - braid, ribbon, usually embroidered with gold or silver, galloon.
Brany - woven with patterns.
Bude, will be - full, enough, enough.
Buka is a fantastic creature that scares children.

Vadit, vyvazhivat - educate, feed.
Vasiliev evening - New Year's Eve, December 31, according to Art. Art.
Basil's Day is a Christian holiday in honor of Basil of Caesarea, coinciding with the New Year (January 1, old style).
Suddenly a row - a second time, another time, a second time.
Vereiki, Vereya - one of the pillars on which the gates are hung.
Lent is the seven-week fast before Easter.
World-wide, world-wide - a child born out of wedlock.
Vyazyga - a picky or absurd person; dorsal string (chord) of red fish, eaten.

Gaitan - a lace on which a pectoral cross is worn; generally lace, braid.
Galile - here: to serve the ball or ball in play.
Govena - from fasting: fasting, eating nothing, preparing for church confession.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Year - to live, stay, stay somewhere for a whole year.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - unlined leather mitten.
A grosz is a coin worth half a penny.
Gulyushki are pigeons.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Granature, set - dense silk fabric.
The hryvnia is a silver ingot that served as a monetary and weight unit in Ancient Russia.
Gunya - dilapidated, torn clothes.

Dolon - palm.
Doselny - the past.
Woody - small.
Drag, dangle - grow, get denser, get healthy, get stronger.

Egary, Egoriev's Day - a holiday in honor of the Christian Saint George the Victorious. The people celebrated two Egories: autumn (November 26) and spring (April 23, according to the old style).
Hedgehog - food.
Elen is a deer.
Yolkha, slokha - alder.

Belly - livestock, wealth, life.
Harvest - harvest time, time to harvest bread from the field; the field from which the grain is harvested.

Fun - beloved, dear.
Zavichat (bequeath, zavetat) - command, severely punish or order.
The conspiracy is the last day before fasting, when you can eat fast food.
Zaroda, zaroda - a stack, stack of hay, straw, sheaves, elongated.
Cornerstone - the nickname of an illegitimate child.
Matins is an early, morning church service.
Winter Christmas time - the time from Christmas to baptism: from December 29 to January 6, according to Art. Art.
Zipun is a peasant working caftan. Zybka - a cradle, a cradle.

And mother - to catch.
Kaby - if.
Kamka is a silk patterned fabric.
Loaf - round big bread.
To cast - to dirty, dirty, harm.
Rolled wire - felt boots.
Kaftan is an old men's outerwear.
China is a type of cotton fabric.
Koval is a blacksmith.
Peel, peel - skin.
Kolyada is a mythological creature.
Kokoshnik is the headdress of Russian women.
Gingerbread man, kolobok - a product made of dough of a round, spherical shape.
Box - a chest woven from a bast or curved from a rag; sleigh lined with bast.
Pigtail, braid - here: the tail of the rooster.
Bonfire - the tough bark of plants suitable for yarn (hemp flax).
Kostroma, Kostromushka - a mythological creature that was depicted by a girl or a scarecrow.
Cats - women's shoes, a kind of half boots, boots, shoes with high fronts.
Kochedyk - an awl, a tool for making bast shoes.
Kochet is a rooster.
Croma - a loaf of bread, a crust; beggar's sum.
Kuzhel, kuzhen - tow, a bunch of flax prepared for yarn.
Kuzhnya - basket, braid, box.
Kulazhka, kulaga - a tasty dish: steamed malted dough.
Kumach - cotton fabric scarlet color.
Kunya (fur coat) - from marten fur.
To mock - to mock, to mock.
Kut is the corner of a peasant's hut.
Kutia is a cult food served at wakes and on Christmas Eve (porridge made from barley, wheat, rice with raisins or other sweets).

Gore, gore - quadrangular multi-colored inserts in the sleeves of women's shirts.
To lie under the images (icons) - the dead were placed under the icons.
Lohan - wooden utensils for household needs.
Lubya, bast, bast - the subroot layer of linden and some other trees, from which baskets are made, bast shoes are woven.
Luchok - arc, bow.
Bast is the fibrous inner part of the bark of linden and some other deciduous trees.
Lytat - shy away from work, run away from business.
Lyadina, lyada - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.

Fry - from small: kid, child,
Maslenitsa - a holiday of seeing off winter among the ancient Slavs, timed by the Christian church to the week before Lent; during Shrove Tuesday, pancakes were baked, cheese and butter were plentifully eaten, and various entertainments were organized.
Mizgyro is a spider.
Mouse (tree) - possibly distorted: mast (tree).

Nadolba - a pillar, a pedestal along the road.
Nadolon, nadolonka - a piece of fabric, leather, sewn onto a mitten from the side of the palm.
A daughter-in-law is a married woman in relation to her husband's relatives.
Night - last night.
Needed, necessary - poor, beggar, miserable, meager.

Mass is a church service for Christians.
Drop - drop, lose.
Barn - a building in which sheaves were dried.
Ovsen (avsen, batssen, tausen, usun, the personification of the New Year.
Clothing - the remains of hay from a haystack or the bottom layer of hay, straw in luggage
Ozimye is a field sown with winter crops.
Ozorbdy - germ, stack. Surround - die.
Opara - sourdough for bread dough.
Oprbska - from clearing; to liberate - here: to liberate.
Yell - plow the land.
Ochep (Ocep) - a flexible pole on which a cradle was hung.

To harm - to harm, to pollute.
Dad, folder - bread (children's language).
Brocade - gold or silver fabric; silk fabric woven with gold and silver.
Parchevnik - old clothes made of brocade.
Easter is a Christian spring holiday in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Plow (floor, hut) - revenge, sweep.
Pelegovat - to touch with the fingers, to move the hands in vain.
before, before, before, before, before, at first
Perelozhek, fallow - a field that has not been plowed for several years.
A pestle is a pusher for grinding something in a mortar.
Pester is a basket woven or sewn from birch bark or bast.
Petun is a rooster.
A story - a flooring over a barnyard where hay was stored, a roof over a barnyard.
A povoynik is a headdress of a married woman.
Chaser - whip.
Graveyard - cemetery, burial ground.
Podgrebica - a building above the cellar.
Pozhnia is a meadow during haymaking.
Half a shelf - a shelf for storing food, utensils.
Polushka is an old coin worth a quarter of a penny.
To commemorate - to participate in the rite of commemoration of the deceased.
A commemoration is a ritual meal in memory of the deceased.
More polite - og clear: friendly, courteous.
Spinner - supryadki, gatherings, evening parties; good yarn.
A helper is a helper.
Postav - each individual dish at the table, meal, change.
A chain is a chain.
Honor - respect.
Hole - hole.
Pulanok - according to the performer's explanation - a sparrow.
Bullet - snot.

Get out of paper - have fun, disperse, roam.
Stripping, stripping - spiritual person deprived of dignity, title.
Ripachok ribachok - from rpbushi: rags, rags, tattered clothes, cast-offs.
Christmas is a Christian holiday (December 25 old style) dedicated to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Horn - a dressed cow horn with a dried nipple tied from a cow's udder - for feeding a baby.

Sazhen is an old Russian measure of length, equal to 2.13 m.
To swindle - to be cowardly, to go astray, to lie.
Semik - folk holiday, consulted on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.
Hay girls - courtyard serf girls, servants.
Sibirka - a short caftan in the waist with a stand-up collar.
Skolotochek, skolotok - a child born out of wedlock.
Malt - bread grain, germinated in warmth, dried and coarsely ground; used for making beer, mash, kvass.
Solop, salop - women's outerwear, a kind of raincoat.
Magpies - a holiday in honor of the forty martyrs, March 9, according to Art. Art.
Christmas Eve - Eve church holidays Christmas and baptism.
Candlemas is a Christian holiday in honor of Christ (February 2, O.S.).
Stretu - towards.
The wall is a shadow.
A pod is a pod.
Sugreva - dear, sweet, cordial.
Susek - a chest for grain in a barn.
Wort is a sweet broth made from flour and malt.
Shlyuzit, khlyuzit - - prevaricate, deceive, from khlyuzd: a deceiver, a swindler.
Syta - water sweetened with honey, honey decoction.

Tiun - clerk, manager, judge.
Oatmeal - crushed oatmeal; oatmeal food.
Tonya is a net, a fishing net.
Tochivo - a peasant canvas, a whole tube, in a piece.
Trali - trawls, nets in the form of a bag for catching fish.
Reeds are marsh thickets or marsh plants.
Tuesok, tues - a kind of bucket with a birch bark lid.
Tukachok, tukach - upholstered, threshed sheaf.
Tikmanka - a poke in the head with the knuckles.
Tour - a stove pillar in a hut, the base of which is painted with paints.

Ustoek, ustoi - cream on settled milk.
Fork - a kind of iron pitchfork, with the help of which pots are put in and taken out of the oven.
Flail - threshing tool for threshing sheaves.
A child is a child, a child.
Sheludi - scabs, scabs, rash.
Shendrovat - distorted: to be generous - to go home with songs on New Year's Eve, receiving a reward from the owners for this.
The damask is a silk sundress.
The brother-in-law is the wife's brother.
Yalovitsa is a non-calf cow, a heifer.
Yarka - a young sheep

Russian language and its dialects .

"Peoples of the European part of the USSR".
Volume 1, M. Science-1964.

Dialects of the Russian language ( clickable).

The modern Russian language is complex in its structure. In oral and written speech in a highly developed normalized form (literary language), the language of science, the language fiction, business language, etc. One of the types of oral speech - colloquial speech - exists in the Russian language both in a literary processed form and in less normalized forms characteristic of popular colloquial speech. In the latter, in turn, various social varieties are distinguished (professional languages, jargons, etc.) and territorial varieties - dialects, or folk dialects, which represent a very significant ethnographic feature of the population of various localities.

The territorial dialects of the Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of the townspeople. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. This process, which began a long time ago, in connection with the movement of the population within the country. carriers traditional features folk dialects are now mainly older generations of the rural population. Most of the dialectal differences are usually associated with those eras when the integrity of a given nationality, its territorial and social structure, did not yet exist or was violated. generality.

In history East Slavic languages these differences began to emerge in the early medieval period, under the conditions of the existence of separate East Slavic tribes. However, most of the dialect differences arose in the Russian language in the era late medieval. Ancient monuments writing testify that the Novgorod dialect of the XI-XII centuries. “clattering” was already characteristic, which was absent in the Kievan land. To the same or earlier time, a difference in sound quality is erected - G-(plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences.

The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be as internal order(new growths resulting from internal development dialects in conditions of feudal fragmentation), and external (for example, outside influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). During the formation of the Russian centralized state, uniting more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects is increasing.

The allocation of dialect groups is based mainly on dialectal differences in phonetics and morphology. The syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that certain dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences, or special meanings of any models that are understandable, but uncommon in others.

For example, in some dialects they say “stand on right side" or " get a calculation on 20s number"- designate this construction action in space and time; in others - they can also say " went on milk"," left on firewood", denoting the purpose of the action. Dialectal differences in vocabulary most often consist in the fact that there are different words to denote one concept in different dialects, or one word expresses different concepts in different dialects. So, to designate a rooster in dialects, there are words: rooster kochet, peun, peven etc.

If you put the isoglosses of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of the distribution of the Russian language will be cut by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal units do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by the “reprimand on about”, a resident of the southern regions - according to his special pronunciation of the sound - G- (so-called g fricative) or soft pronunciation - t- in verb endings. According to the totality of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Oryol, a Tula from a Smolyan, a Novogorodsk man from a Vologda man, and so on.

The dialectal units of the Russian language do not, as a rule, have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when any one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory feature of an adverb, such as, for example, okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear border of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanye. Akanye is a sign of both the South Russian dialect and Central Russian dialects, and - G- explosive ( common feature North Russian dialects) also characterizes the majority of Central Russian dialects.

In Russian, two main dialects are distinguished: the main North Russian and South Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them.

The Northern Russian dialect is typical for the northern and eastern regions of the European part of the country. Its southern border runs from west to southeast along the line of Lake Pskov - Porkhov-Demyansk; then it departs north from Vyshny Volochek, then turns south and east and passes through Tver - Klin - Zagorsk - Yegorievsk - Gus-Khrustalny, between Melenki and Kasimov, south of Murom, Ardatov and Arzamas, through Sergach and Kurmysh, turns sharply to the south a little east of Penza and goes to the Volga north of Samara.

The South Russian dialect borders on the Ukrainian language in the southwest, and on the Belarusian language in the west. The boundary of its distribution can be outlined along the northern limits of the Smolensk region; east of Sychevka, it turns southeast, passes west of Mozhaisk and Vereya, then goes through Borovsk, Podolsk and Kolomna northeast Ryazan, through Spassk-Ryazansky, north of Shatsk, between Kerensky (Vadinsky) and Nizhny Lomov, east of Chembar and Serdobsk, through Atkarsk, to Kamyshin along the Volga, and then south of Volgograd, entering the North Caucasus.

As part of the North Russian dialect, five groups are distinguished: Arkhangelsk, or Pomor, Olonets, Western, or Novgorod, Eastern, or Vologda-Tver, and Vladimir-Volga; in the southern Russian dialect, the southern, or Oryol, Tula, eastern, or Ryazan, and western groups stand out. Central Russian dialects are divided into subgroups: Pskov (transitional dialects from the North Russian dialect to the Belarusian language), Western and Eastern. There is practically no dialectal border between the southern Russian dialect of the Russian language and the northeastern dialect of the Belarusian language, there is a wide zone in the dialects of which from east to west there is a gradual increase in features typical of the dialects of the Belarusian language.

The Northern Russian dialect is distinguished on the basis of okanya, -G - explosive (as in the literary language), - t- solid in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs ( he goes, they listen, but not: you go listen, as in the South Russian dialect) and the genitive-accusative case of personal pronouns: me, you, and return: myself, (but not me, you, yourself, as in the South Russian dialect). The peculiarities of the Northern Russian dialect are also the contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: byvat, think, red, blue(instead of happens, thinks, red, blue), the use of grammatically combined postpositive particles ( house-from, hut-ma, at sister-ti), the ending of the comparative degree of adjectives - ae (louder, blacker).

Pomorskaya, or Arkhangelsk, a group of the North Russian dialect, which occupies most of Arkhangelsk region and some areas of Vologda, is characterized by the fact that in those words where (according to pre-revolutionary spelling) the letter b was written, they pronounce the vowel - e - closed (something between - e- and - and-) - snow, animal. In the same place: daydream sounds instead dirt, uncle instead of uncle, in shlepe instead of in hat, but they say: dirty, hat, that is, they replace the sound under stress - a- sound - e- only between soft consonants.

Here they say: chiai, chiashka, end, sheep, that is, the so-called soft clatter is common. Missing combination - day-, -bm- (changeable, lanno, omman, instead of copper, OK, deception). These speeches say: I'll go to my wife, worked on the side, i.e. use the ending - s- instead of - e- for female nouns. kind in dates. and suggestion. pad. units hours; at nouns in creation. pad. pl. h. common endings - and we- or - am - (plows plowed or plowed plows), and for adjectives - ma-, -m- (dry mushrooms or dry mushrooms, instead of dry mushrooms). Here they can say: young, whom (with - G - fricative), or even without a consonant at all: young, coo.

The Olonets group is represented by dialects on the territory of Karelia to the east of Lake Onega. These dialects differ from the dialects of the Pomeranian group in some features: a special sound - e- closed in those words where the letter b was previously written will be pronounced only before hard consonants: bread, faith, measure; before soft consonants they pronounce the sound - and-: Zvir, in hlibi, virit, ommirit. Here they say: dougo, would, instead of for a long time, was, i.e. instead of - l- sound at the end of a syllable y- non-syllabic. Instead of: deception, smear, they say: omman, ommazat. Sound - G- fricative (close to - X-), is noted not only at the end of the genitive case, but also in other words in place of the letter - G -: many, okhorod, brave, khnali. Unlike other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect, in some Olonets dialects they use the ending - t- in the 3rd person of verbs: go, say, sleep. The combination of sounds oh- in some cases, the combination corresponds - hey- : to another, golden, sister .

The Western, or Novgorod, group covers the dialects of most of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In place of the old Ъ, it is pronounced here - and- or - e "-: snig, did, bread, peace, virit, beast or snow'g, de'd etc. Here they say dirt, hat, that is, the sound is preserved - a -. The clatter is currently absent in most dialects. In creative pad. pl. h. nouns and adjectives use the ending - m-: with clean hands. Unlike the dialects of the Pomeranian and Olonets groups, endings are not used here - wow-, -oho- but only - ovo- (dry, dry, good etc.). The remaining features of the dialects of the Novgorod group basically coincide with the features of the Pomor group.

The eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, group of North Russian dialects includes dialects of Vologda, Kirov ( Vyatka) , Perm regions, the northern parts of the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as some areas of the Novgorod and Arkhangelsk regions. It should be noted that in the east the boundary of this group is pushed beyond the Urals. In the dialects of this group, various sounds are pronounced in place of the old b: in most dialects - e'- or - ie - only before hard consonants, and -and- before soft: bread or khlieb, but Khlibets, beast. In some dialects, a diphthong -ie- pronounced in all cases: Khlieb, Khliebets, Zviyor etc. In part of the dialects of this group there is a special sound - about'-(sound like -u- and called -about- closed) or diphthong -woo-: vo'la or voola, koro'va or koruova, sister or sister.

In this area they say: dream, in a slap, but dirty, hat, as in the Arkhangelsk dialects. pronounce chiashka, chiai, sheep or ts shashka, ts sh yay, sheep sh i and so on, i.e., a soft and lisping clatter is observed. Non-syllabic -u- in part of these dialects, it is pronounced not only on the spot -l- before a consonant and at the end of a word, as in the Olonets dialects, but instead of -in- in the same terms: dougo, would, spider, kou, domou, pride, deuka. In these dialects they say Fedya, tsyaikyu, skate, i.e. soften -to- if it is after a soft consonant. In most of the dialects of this group they pronounce: omman, ommazal, in some also changeable, lanno, trunno etc. The instrumental plural ends in -m-: cried burning tears. In the eastern part of the Vologda-Kirov dialects, the following forms are noted: he is a guardian, you're pissed off etc.

The Vladimir-Volga group covers dialects in the north of the Tver, Moscow and Ryazan regions, Yaroslavl and Kostroma region south of the Volga, Nizhny Novgorod (without Zavetluzhye), Vladimir region, and surrounding dialects of Simbirsk, Penza, Saratov and other regions of the Lower Volga region. In the dialects of this group, in place of the old b, they pronounce the sound -e-, as in the literary language: grandfather, bread, white, beast etc. Okane in them is somewhat different than in other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect - here they pronounce clearly -about- or -a- only in cases like: water, mow, cow, grass, old man where these sounds are in the first syllable before the stress; in all other cases, the same sound is pronounced as in the literary language ( milk, pguvorim, proud, okal, under parm, old people, pgvori, udal, vypl etc). A feature of the considered dialects is the pronunciation: drown, missed, Ugorod, deceived, that is, in the second syllable before the stress at the beginning of the word instead of -about- pronounce -u-.

Vladimir-Volga dialects are characterized by the ending - ovo- in the genitive case: good, bad, bad. Most dialects of this group say: plowed; only in northern regions they will say: plowed plows, as in the Vologda-Kirov dialects. In some dialects, the forms are marked: Rodney, firewood- plural adjectives. Common verb forms such as: he is a steregoth mother pekot etc.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of such features as akanye, fricative -G -(average between -G- and -X-), soft -t - in 3rd person endings of verbs ( he sit, they listen), forms: me, you, yourself- in the genitive-accusative case. In the vast majority of South Russian dialects there is no clatter. South Russian dialects are also characterized by the ending -mi- in creativity. pad. pl. h. nouns ( plowed).

The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The grouping is based on the most complex feature of the South Russian dialects - type yakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable, sounds in place of letters -e-(including the old b) and -I- do not differ, and in certain cases, in place of all these letters, a sound is pronounced -I-: syalo, spot, varsts , weasels.

The southern, or Orel, group covers the dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, the Oryol region, the eastern half of the Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the west of the Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus. It is characterized by the so-called dissimilative yak- a type of vocalism in which there is a replacement of vowels -e- or -I- in a pre-stressed syllable to a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is stressed in the syllable: sister,- but sister, simya, - but samyu, syami, cry, - but I dance, dance etc.

dissimilative yak is represented by many subtypes resulting from the fact that various substressed mid vowels, which are pronounced in place of letters -about- and -e-, act on pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized -u- on the spot -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word: lauca, drow - instead of bench, firewood. Some dialects have sounds -o^- and -e^-(or diphthongs): will, cow, bread etc.

The Tula group is represented by dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yak. They say there: sistra, byada, syalo, piasok, varsts and so on, but family, trityak, plans are accepted, family, ribina, i.e. always pronounced before a hard consonant -a- in place of vowels -e- or -I-, and before soft in place of the same letters they pronounce -and-. In most dialects of the Tula group -in- always pronounced as in a literary language.

The eastern, or Ryazan, group of dialects occupies the territory of the Ryazan region, south of the Oka, the Tambov and Voronezh regions (without the western regions). The same group includes the South Russian dialects of Penza, Saratov regions, as well as some areas of the Volgograd region. The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yakanya the fact that in all words with a substressed -a- vowels in place of letters -e- or -I- in a prestressed syllable are replaced by a vowel -a-. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters -e- or -I- in the vast majority of cases they pronounce a vowel -a-, and only if there are letters -e- or -about- in a stressed syllable, a vowel can be pronounced in a pre-stressed syllable -and- : village, turquoise, by force etc. In some part of the Ryazan dialects, vowels are stressed -about- and -e^-, or -woo-, -ie-; in many Ryazan dialects they say: oats, flax, brought, -but not oats, flax, brought.

The western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies the Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk and western regions Kaluga regions. It is typical for her dissimilative akanye and yak"zhizdrinsky", or Belarusian type, in which in a syllable before stress in place of letters -e- or -I- the sound is pronounced and- if the vowel is stressed - a-; in all other cases, the sound is pronounced -a- : sister, prila, rica, tilat, tweet, glancing, - but sister, sistroy, to the sister, at the sistry, spinning, at the Ryaki, calf, girl. On site -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word in these dialects, as well as in dialects southern group, pronounced -u-; the same sound is pronounced on the spot - l- in words like: long, wolf, and in masculine past tense verbs: dougo(for a long time), wok(wolf), dhow(giving or giving), etc. This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with a part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. h. personal pronouns of the 3rd person on -s- (ony, yen), verb forms: rinse, rinse- instead of: rinse, rinse and so on, form: to the sister instead of: to the sister.

The South Russian dialect is also characterized by some other features that are not associated with individual groups, but are available in different parts of the dialects of this dialect: softening -to- after soft consonants ( Vanka, hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacement -f- on the -X- or -hv- : sarakhvan, kokhta, the ending -oho- in the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with adjectives in feminine: my dress, big bucket.

Central Russian dialects, occupying the territory between the North Russian and South Russian dialects, are characterized by a combination of akanya with North Russian features. By origin, these are mainly northern Russian dialects that have lost their okan and have adopted some features of the southern dialects.

Among the Central Russian dialects, an array of Pskov dialects stands out (southwestern regions Leningrad region and most of Pskovskaya), having a northern base and Belarusian layers. It is characterized by strong yap, at which in place of letters -e- and -I-, in a syllable before stress is always pronounced -a- (sistra, syalo, weasels, babysitter, toss). These speeches say: evil, dig, wash, or zlay, Ray, meiu- instead of: evil, dig, mine. The clatter is widespread -u- instead of -in- (lauka, drow- instead of bench, firewood); creation pad. pl. numbers on -m-: let's go for mushrooms, plowed plows. Instead of: woods, houses, eyes, they say here: forests, houses, eyes .

The remaining Central Russian dialects are characterized by various combinations of North Russian and South Russian features, depending on which dialects of the North Russian or South Russian dialect they adjoin. The western and eastern subgroups are not clearly demarcated from each other, but still some dialectal features characterize each of them.

So, in part of the dialects of the Western subgroup, a special type is common yakanya- the so-called assimilative-moderate, which is not common anywhere else in a compact territory. Here they say: okay, onna, as well as: omman, ommeril- instead of: okay, one, cheating, measured. Common forms " in sixth grade" instead of: " in the sixth..." and so on. The eastern subgroup is characterized skunk, or moderate yak, pronunciation: Vanka, gull, pronoun forms: thea, sowing, tee, see.

The penetration of some South Russian phenomena to the north and North Russian to the south also occurs outside the boundaries of the Central Russian dialects proper. In particular, in the Vladimir-Volga group, a significant number of South Russian forms penetrate. On the other hand, dialectal units identified by one phenomenon are often violated by others. which characterize only part of the dialects of a given dialect and at the same time can combine these dialects with dialects of any other dialects.

For example, the western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect according to the forms of 3rd person pronouns - th he-,- th ena- and -th eno- are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the South Russian dialect.

The Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect on the basis of hard labial consonants at the end of a word in accordance with soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language ( sam, dove instead of seven, dove), are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of the Central Russian dialects and with almost the entire Northern Russian dialect, excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects, and some dialects of the Vologda-Vyatka group.

In many cases, dialect groupings, which are territorially more extensive, contain small, narrowly local groupings of dialects. One of these local groupings, the so-called "Gdov Island", is located in the northern part of the distribution of the Pskov group of dialects in the territory adjacent from the northeast to Lake Peipsi. It is characterized special type vocalism, transitional from okanya to acanyu(Gdovskie akanye and yakane). The forms of names are characteristic of the "Gdov Island". pad. pl. h. nouns wives. R. on the -ya-(pits, beds) and some other unique features. In the north of the Ryazan region and in Meshchera there is also a peculiar grouping of dialects.

At the junction of the western, Tula, and southern groups of the South Russian dialect, a peculiar and very heterogeneous territory stands out. Within its boundaries are the dialects of the Kaluga Polissya with a closed -o^- and -e^- or diphthongs in place of vowels -about- and -e- (voila - will, myera - measure), and strong stretching of various unstressed vowels. To the northeast and east of the Kaluga Polissya there are dialects in which they pronounce: shai- instead of tea, Kurisa- instead of hen, as in a large part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these dialects they will say: I walk, - but not I go, love, - but not I love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

Study of geographical distribution lexical differences showed that among them there are those that can serve to characterize the adverbs and groups of dialects described above. So, for the entire North Russian dialect, the words are characteristic: unsteadiness(cradle), ladle, sourdough, fork, frying pan, also threshed or thresher(chain), winter, pregnant , lambs(about a sheep) and some others; for South Russian - the words: current- ground for threshing, cradle(cradle), deja(sauerkraut), loin(ladle), chapel or heron, chaplya, chapels(and other words of the same root meaning frying pan), chain, greenery , greenery- in accordance with the northern winter; boiler room , buzzing , lambed(about a sheep). A large number of dialectal differences is manifested in the fact that the same concept is conveyed by different words, common in many micro-territories.

Most of the outlying territories, gradually settled by the Russian population, are characterized by dialectal diversity. Such are the Russian dialects of Mordovia, the eastern part of the Penza region, and partly the Samara and Saratov regions.

Under special conditions, the dialects of various groups of the Cossacks developed; in each of them, a more or less homogeneous dialect was formed over the centuries from heterogeneous elements. Thus, the dialects of the Don and Kuban Cossacks were the result of the interaction of the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The Ural Cossacks formed a dialect based on the North Russian.

Among the Russian dialects of Siberia, the territory of a relatively late Russian settlement, there are dialects old-timers and dialects new settlers. Old-timer dialects are of the Northern Russian type, since the colonization waves to Siberia originally came from the northern European regions Russia. Dialects of this type are widespread in the western, as well as in the northern part of Siberia along the old waterways.

Dialects of new settlers who settled from the middle of the 19th century. along the main Siberian tract and to the south of it, they are distinguished by great diversity. These are South Russian and Central Russian dialects, which have largely retained their features. A special place is occupied by the dialects of the Altai " Poles"(near Zmeinogorsk and Biysk) and" family"(in Transbaikalia).

The peculiarities of the settlement of Siberia by Russians led to the close mutual influence of both different Russian dialects among themselves, and Russian dialects with different languages. local population. As a result of interaction with non-Slavic languages, Russian dialects in Siberia acquired some features that are absent in the dialects of the European part. In areas where communication with the non-Slavic population was especially close, Russian dialects were replenished with local words, for example: marlin(hunter) - in Tobolsk dialects, torbaza(fur boots) - in Yakutia, shurgan(blizzard in the steppe) - in the southeast of Siberia, etc.

Under the influence of the Ostyak, Nenets, Tungus, Yukaghir and other languages, a mixture of whistling and hissing consonants developed in dialects, mainly in the north-east of Siberia: - with -, -sh-, -z-, -zh-. « sweet tongue', which means that instead of -R- or -l- pronounced -th-: goyova, yevet (head, roar), as well as the pronunciation of hard labial consonants instead of soft ones: Mad, ima, maso, biru, pie, vyzhu .

The study of dialect differences provides interesting and valuable material for clarifying ethnic history Russian people, migration processes and phenomena, as well as the problems of cultural mutual influences between the individual peoples of our country.

[* Isoglosses are the boundaries of the distribution of phenomena or words that make up dialect differences.
* The grouping of Russian dialects (see the map) and their characteristics are given mainly from the work “Experience of the dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with an essay on Russian dialectology. Compiled by Η. N. Durnovo, Η. N. Sokolov, D. N. Ushakov ”(“ Proceedings of the Moscow Dialectological Commission, issue 5, M., 1915), but taking into account some significant clarifications that modern materials provide, collected in connection with the compilation of atlases of Russian folk dialects.
*Cm. also "Atlas of Russian folk dialects of the central regions east of Moscow" M-1957] .

B agres cloths- fabric of purple color (from "crimson", "crimson").
bass- beauty, decoration; Basco is beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- the head of the fishing cooperative.
Bayat- speak, say.
Safely- boldly.
Safely- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Berchataya - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
birdo- affiliation of the weaving mill.
bloody- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, that is, forest beekeeping, the extraction of honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - position.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast arranged on holidays in clubbing .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal bowl for drinking.
Buoy wand- battle club.
Burzametsky (spear) - see: Murzametsky.
bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, food, meal, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit- a small net, which is used to fish together, fording.
Buyava, buyovo- cemetery, grave.
Former - like, like.
bylica- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Important- hard, hard.
Valyak, valyachny, valyashchaty - cast, chased, carved, chiselled, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on a mound, on a jew's harp”) - maybe from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowing, open space in the forest.
Vereda - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(rope, rope, rope) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretier- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps the spindle is meant, i.e. the type of sucker - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, couple, couple.
Pounded miles - probably from "gverst" - coarse sand, crushed stone.
nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead.
Evening- yesterday.
uplift- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, rod, long branch.
Water carrier - vessel for carrying and storing water, drinking.
Volzhanskaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Volokitnoy (bow) - ordinary, everyday, worn out.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Votchina - estate (hereditary, family); patronymic; "by patrimony" - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; top part sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut serving as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
dress up- say something to yourself.
howl - food, eating; the amount of food at a time; meal hour.
Outputs - tribute, give.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, vyazinochka - club made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of skids, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viry, iry)- a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- winter storm.

G ah- oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, naked, devoid of vegetation and stones.
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
Grenesh - you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes .
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
grenesh- you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
Gridenko, Gridnya, Grinya, Grynushka - reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness over the shafts.
Gusli, goslings, goslings- plucked string instrument.
fit- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
godina- good clear weather, bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
dutch- chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- a dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
garden bed- a shelf going from the oven to the wall.
Lip- gulf, bay.
Horn- a three-string violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

D eever- Brother husband.
Nine- Nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the lineage of the hero.
Del - share division of production ("share to divide").
Hold - spend; does not hold - is not spent, does not dry out.
Sufficient - befits, befits; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a ratovishe, i.e., a weapon, perhaps long-stinging - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got it? (enough?)- in the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“it does not enter the thought”).
Fool - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's estate - family estate, passed into possession by lateral inheritance.
deja- dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, old.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drola- dear, dear, beloved.

E ndova- a wide copper bowl with a spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless jacket, fur coat.
Ernishny- from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Yerofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Estva- food, meal.

Zhalnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; cattle.
Zhito- any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an old semi-caftan.

W complain- to complain, to cry.
Zagneta (zagneta)- the ash pan of the Russian stove.
conspiracy- the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch for damage or destruction of the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- soiled or contaminated something new clean; lightening the heart (from “renew”; take the soul to lighten the heart).
get excited- rejoice.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not a round masonry, but an oblong one.
Zasek- bin, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zinut- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Mature- ripe berries.

And sleep- praise, glory, thank you.

To the azak, the Cossack- employee. (worker), laborer, hired worker.
Damask- ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
loaves - wheat pancakes.
wire rod- boots.
cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
kitty- bag.
kitina- grass stem, pea stalk.
Kichka- an old Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine - homemade sausage.
crate- room or pantry in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Kluka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- an egg bun.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, which went to the bedspread, veil.
kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house.
Kopyl- a short bar in the sledge runners, which serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Bonfire (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after their beating, scratching.
Skewed (skewed) window- a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods intertwined at an angle, typical of Russia until the 18th century.
cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- the corner in the hut where the icons hung.
the beauty- the bride's crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and girlish will.
Croma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma-big cream” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, that is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- manual weaving machine; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.
Krosenets- homespun shirts.
Krynitsa- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrowish and high.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- slovenly, untidy person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
smoke- make up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in the hut under the images or near the stove: "rotten kut" - northwest wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- a little fluff.
Ladom- well, as it should.
swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits of the shirt sleeves.
Lolden- ice cube.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in the lake protruding from the water.

Maina- polynya.
Mother, mother- the average ceiling beam in the hut.
Intermediate (intermediate)- long, long, summer.
low water - middle level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, "by the whole world."
Molodik- young month.
Muzzle- braided wicker.
Morok- (haze) - a cloud, a cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
ant- glazed.
Myalitsa- a pulper, a projectile with which flax and hemp are crushed, cleaning the fibers from the bonfire.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, chagrin.
Nat- it is necessary (abbreviated from "put on" - it is necessary).
pull on- to stumble, attack.
Neblyzhny- real, real.
Unsatisfactory- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
novelty- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; new harvest grain.
Night- last night.

Oh attendants- mushroom, boletus.
to charm (to charm)- stipulate, jinx it.
deaf-eared- long-eared, eared, long-eared.
spin- dress; dress up (young after the crown in women's clothes); marry.
Omshanik- a felling frame for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- windings for a leg under a boot or bast shoes, footcloth.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn and tattered shoes.
yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year on the site of mowed.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in the hut, on which the cradle was hung.

to live- pasture, pasture.
pasma- part of a skein of thread, yarn.
pelchaty- with a fringe.
fallow- neglected arable land.
Tell me, tell me- barn, barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
undercut- “sleigh with undercuts” - with a shackled sledge rune.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- old small copper coin a quarter of a penny.
Poppelunik (sprinkler)- from "peel": ashes, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
powder- falling snow layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
post- strip, field; plot, a section of a field occupied by reapers.
jaundiced- from wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- lingering, mournful.
span- the beginning of summer, June, it's time to petrovka.
Pryazhets- cake, pancakes in butter; black flour pancake with butter.
spinner- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from pole to pole; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which the fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoops.

Dress up- to try, to care, to assist. Get undressed - undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- splay, spread, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- a heart.
zealous, zealous- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- crossroads, crossing roads, where they say goodbye, part, part.
Rubel- a wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, toss.
Row (rada)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction when buying, hiring, supplying, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freezing.
Scroll- top long clothes (usually for Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- Wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain, which the sower wears over his shoulder.
week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko north, north wind.
to give birth quickly- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
get bored- gather in a bunch, in one place.
funny- tasty.
Smychin- knotty, strong stick, going to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
in order- neighbor, fellow villager (from "row" - street).
Stavets- big cup, bowl.
flock- a stall, a barnyard, a paddock, a fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stamovik- hedge from a small forest.
Village inconvenient- the children of the deceased.
Surplice- clothes of a clergyman, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
fear- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
tie- poles, lay down, thick sticks to strengthen a haystack or cart with hay.
Sukoleno- knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
Adversary- rival.
Susek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Syta- honey broth; water sweetened with honey.

T alan- happiness, luck, destiny.
Talina- thawed earth, thawed earth.
tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- web.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one throw of a seine; a place where they fish.
Torok- a gust of wind, a squall.
Torok (torok)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo, a travel bag to it.
Torok- a bat, a torn road.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tuleley- tulle frill.
yablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

At timber- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
supper bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, the number of sheaves.
Shrink (of water)- to come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
steal- caulk in one fell swoop, prepare for the winter.

H alo- hoped, it seemed.
Chelo- the front of the Russian oven.
Cheremny- red, red.
Blackberry, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Thursday- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 any units (for example, a bag of 4 pounds).
Chuyka- a long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- braided ball; wooden ball; whip, whip, whip.
shanga- Cheesecake, juicy, simple cake.
scaly- with a convex hat.
Sherstobit- the one who beats, pats, pushes wool.
wool- hornets.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric in full width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

scherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barkingbarren (of cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a constant epithet for the harp.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

dialect dictionaries

An attempt to describe dictionary form features of dialect speech were discovered already in the first third of the 18th century. Some regional words were included in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy. In the 19th century the task of creating a consolidated dialect dictionary becomes relevant. Vocabulary descriptions of various lengths dialect vocabulary, which appeared in the first half of the 19th century, had common features. "Since the scientific awareness of dialects as a necessary part of the all-Russian system has not yet come, the dialect word is still perceived by collectors as a unit of an alien and so far unknown system. The method of interpreting dialect words is also connected with this - usually this is a translation of a dialect word by a literary one and only occasionally is a detailed interpretation values, for example, basco -"smartly" izvara- "tubs" (IRL 1998: 278).

B 40-50s. 19th century the activities of the Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society and the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities are being activated; a systematic and mass collection of ethnographic information (including local features of the language) from different regions of Russia begins.

"This marks a new stage in Russian dialect lexicology and lexicography: the "collective", partly amateur stage has ended, the conscious and purposeful 239

corrected collection and study of dialect facts as elements of a nationwide lexical system" (IRL 1998: 280). Great Russian dictionary" I. I. Sreznevsky (St. Petersburg, 1852), "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dahl (St. Petersburg, 1863), which occupies a special place in the description of the regional vocabulary, "Dictionary of the regional Arkhangelsk dialect in its existence and ethnographic application" by A. O. Podvysotsky (St. Petersburg, 1885), which demonstrated an exceptionally high level of lexicographic processing of dialect material (about 5000 words), "Dictionary of the regional Olonets dialect in its everyday and ethnographic application" by G. I. Kulikovsky (St. Petersburg, 1898 ), "Materials for an explanatory regional dictionary of the Vyatka dialect" by N. M. Vasnetsov (Vyatka, 1907), "Smolensk Regional Dictionary" by V. N. Dobrovolsky (Smolensk, 1914). "Russian dialect dictionaries long before the appearance of dialect lexicology identified and described rich stocks of dialect vocabulary and phraseology of large regions of central Russia. Specific thematic groups of vocabulary were identified, which gave the largest number of dialect words" (IRL 1998: 328).

In the 20-40s. 20th century much of what was accumulated in dialect lexicography was forgotten and lost. Interest in the lexicographic description of Russian folk dialects again escalated in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Many research centers and higher educational institutions have joined in the work of collecting material for regional dictionaries. Expeditionary work gained wide scope.

"Undoubtedly, dialect lexicography owes much to the successful development of general lexicography. It enriched it with new ideas, methods and techniques for lexicographic processing of linguistic material. All this could not but affect the rapidly growing scientific level and quality of dialect dictionaries of the 60-90s. The results of the progressive development of dialect lexicography were manifested primarily in a large number of dictionaries covering almost the entire territory of Russia, in the diversity of their types.They were reflected in attention to the dialect word, its boundaries, in a thorough and detailed description of its properties and

nirovaniya in live speech in all the variety of its phonetic options, semantic meanings and shades, showing its compatibility features and phraseological uses" (IRL 1998: 533).

The current stage of development of Russian dialectology is characterized by a significant activation of the lexicographic development of the vocabulary of folk dialects. In dialect lexicography (not without the influence of the lexicography of the literary language), the idea of ​​a system of dictionaries describing dialect vocabulary in full and from different angles was established.

The specifics of the lexicographed object, the variety of tasks solved by dialect dictionaries, their borderline position between historical and synchronous lexicography with simultaneous inclusion in both genres - all this poses a number of complex theoretical and practical issues for dialect lexicography (Zagorovskaya 1990).

The most significant problems of dialect lexicography, related to the definition of the nature of the dialect dictionary, received theoretical background during the discussion that unfolded in the late 50's - early 60's. This period marked the beginning of a new stage in the study of the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects. In November 1955 By decision of the Second All-Union Coordinating Conference at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the compilation of regional dictionaries was declared one of the essential tasks of Russian dialectological science.

Of the whole complex of issues discussed at that time, great controversy was raised by the question of the subject of lexicography, in other words, 1 should the dialect dictionary include the entire vocabulary of the dialect (non-differential approach), or only that part of it that is opposed to the literary language (differential approach). The theory and practice of dialect lexicology and lexicography ultimately clearly showed the inconsistency of an alternative solution to the issue: in Russian dialect lexicography, three types of vocabulary were established as full-fledged -

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differential, non-differential, semi-differential. The theoretical foundations and principles for compiling each of them were developed respectively by F. P. Filin (Filin 1961), B. A. Larin (Larin 1961), I. A. Ossovetsky (Ossovetsky 1964). At present, no one doubts the idea that "the presence of dictionaries of different directions (differential, non-differential, semi-differential, etc.) significantly benefits science itself" (Kogotkova 1979: 34).

In the general system of dictionaries of the Russian language, which together reflect its history and current state, dialect dictionaries (as the most clearly and organically combining elements of synchrony and diachrony) occupy a special place. The diachronic aspect of dialect dictionaries connects them with the system of dictionaries of the historical cycle (etymological and actually historical).

In the system of dictionaries of the historical cycle, dialect dictionaries act as a component of the "trinity", representing historical lexicography as a genre composed of etymological, historical and dialect lexicography. In the absence or insufficiency of written evidence of past eras, the dialect dictionary acquires special significance in the lexicographic complex of information about the language. The written fate of a word, as you know, does not always correspond to its real history.Modern dialects know many Old Russian words that either did not find reflection in writing at all, or are represented in it by single examples.In some cases, the dialect dictionary is one of the main sources of their retrospective study At the same time, however, the retrospection of the dialect dictionary should, if possible, be supported by the testimony of the etymological and proper historical dictionaries.

The synchronic aspect of dialect dictionaries includes them in a system of dictionaries reflecting the current state of the language in all its varieties. In this regard, the correlation of dialect dictionaries with the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language is essential.

It is quite obvious that an adequate description of such a complex linguistic object as Russian folk dialects cannot be carried out in a single dictionary. Such a description is achieved in a complex of dialect dictionaries of different types. Currently, Russian dialect lexicography has a large number of dictionaries that differ in object, subject, aspects and methods of lexicography. Each of the dialect dictionaries has an independent scientific value, but their value increases significantly in the lexicographic complex that has developed to date in Russian lexicography and is represented by dictionaries of various orientations. According to V. M. Mokienko, "such monumental collections of Russian folk vocabulary as" Dictionary of Russian folk dialects "," Pskov regional dictionary with historical data "," Arkhangelsk regional dictionary "," Dictionary of Bryansk dialects "served as a model for many regional dictionaries: Deulinsky and Meshchersky (Ger. Ryazan), Moscow, Novgorod, Smolensk, Vologda, Don, Yaroslavl, Oryol, Akchim (Gezr, Perm), Russian dialects of Mordovia, Murmansk, Novosibirsk, Sakhalin regions, etc." (Mokienko 1997: 187).

According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary, dialect dictionaries of two types are distinguished: differential and non-differential (complete). Differential dictionaries include only those words that have a local distribution and at the same time are not included in the vocabulary of the literary language (in any of its varieties). Non-differential (complete) dictionaries, approaching in terms of breadth of coverage a thesaurus-type dictionary, include all words that exist in dialects, regardless of the territory of their distribution and the presence or absence of these words in the literary language. The inclusion in non-differential dictionaries of all vocabulary that exists in the speech of dialect speakers (not only local, but also common to the dialect and literary language) is not a purely lexicographic technique, but the principle of a systematic study of folk speech, which allows you to establish the ratio of local and national units in the vocabulary dia-

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lecture, to identify patterns of interaction between the literary language and dialects, and to determine the trends that characterize the modern, historically unique stage in the existence of dialects in new social conditions.

The vast majority of Russian dialect dictionaries are differential (this is largely due to the exceptional laboriousness of compiling full-type dictionaries). Dictionaries of a complete type, or non-differential, are the "Pskov Regional Dictionary", "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects". According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary within the lexicographed thematic group of words, the full-type dictionaries can also be referred to as the "Systemic Dictionary of Subject-Ordinary Vocabulary of Dialects of the Talitsky District Sverdlovsk region"K. I. Demidova (for this dictionary, see below). Complete dictionaries also include the Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect and the Vershi-Ninsky Dictionary, which describe the vocabulary of one village.

The "Pskov Regional Dictionary", which implements the lexicographic ideas of B. A. Larin, began to be published in 1967 at the Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University. It includes, if possible, the entire active vocabulary of Pskov dialects, everything that has become firmly established in the everyday speech of the peasant population of the Pskov region. The preface to the first edition of the dictionary says that the folk speech of the Pskov region has " exceptional value for historians and dialectologists of the Russian language, as it reflects millennial connections and culture Exchange Russian population with closely adjoining peoples of the Baltic-Finnish group, with Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as with Belarusians. "A large place in the dictionary is given to historical data. The compilers try to reflect the direct connection of modern dialect speech with monuments of writing of the feudal era. The reference material of dictionary entries describing the words of modern Pskov dialects contains extracts from the monuments of ancient Russian writing.

A lexicographic description of the Bryansk dialects is presented in the "Dictionary of the Bryansk Dialects" and in the "Dictionary of the People's Dialects of the Western Bryansk Region" by P. A. Rastorguev. The dictionary of P. A. Rastorguev, differentiated by type, was created from 1939 to 1954. The author set himself the task of providing materials for the history of the vocabulary of the dialects of the Western Bryansk region, to determine their border character with Belarusian dialects. The dictionary is based on dialect records collected by the author since 1903.

Unlike the dictionary of P. A. Rastorguev, the "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects" embodies the idea of ​​a dictionary of the full type. The original program of the dictionary was presented at the First Pskov Dialectological Conference in 1960. The dictionary was conceived as a complete (systemic) dictionary of a dialect that does not have a written tradition and functions only in oral form. "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects", being a dictionary of the full type, reflects, if possible, the entire vocabulary of Bryansk dialects of the second half of the 20th century. It includes the vocabulary of dialects in the territory of the modern Bryansk region (according to the administrative-territorial division of 1973). The dictionary was compiled on the basis of a card index formed by the materials of the annual dialectological expeditions to the Bryansk region in the period 1951-1953. and from 1957 to 1987. Under the guidance and with the direct active participation of Professor V. I. Chagisheva, and later - V. A. Kozyrev, more than 30 dialectological expeditions were carried out in Bryansk region, a unique card-index collection of Bryansk vocabulary and phraseology has been created with a total volume of a million quote cards. As a result of many years of work, a reliable basis was created for a comprehensive and in-depth study of the folk speech of a vast region of the Russian dialect territory.

In the description of lexical material in accordance with the principles of the regional dictionary of the full type, compilers rely on systems approach to the lexicographed object. Five editions of the dictionary, describing the vocabulary in the alphabetical segment A-Zh, contain 8067 entries, not

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counting references. Here are fragments of dictionary entries from this dictionary:

PREPARE, thuyu, thuye and thuet (t), nesov. Var. gotuva"th, gutova"th, gu-tuva"th. 1. what. Bring to a usable condition or use withstanding... 2. what. To make, to work on doing something.... 3. what and without additional Cooking, cooking... 4. what. make a zapasy of smth. for later use, store for future use; procure...

a handful, and, well. Var. bitter 1. Palm and fingers folded so thatthey could scoop up, grab or hold on to smth. ...

2. The amount of something that fits in a hand folded in this way ...

3. A bunch of ears, flax, hemp, captured at one time ...

SQUEEGING "TH, nu, thread (t). nesov. In choral singing - do not fall into tune, out of tune. fields, shut up, you're talking, she somehow doesn't understand, she's such a talker, she got into the choir, we don't get along. Tr. Mantsurovo. She isWell, she sings anywhere, so she was probably warned: do not swear. Tr. Mantsurovo.

"The position of the Bryansk dialects in the territory where three Slavic people, determined their great originality, the presence of conservative features ... It is no coincidence that dialectal parallels to the words famous monument Old Russian literature - "Words about Igor's Campaign". The value of the Dictionary of Bryansk dialects is invaluable for solving many problems in the history of the Russian language and its dialects and in general the history of the three Slavic peoples" (IRL 1998: 556-557).

The result of a great deal of work on the description of the old-timer dialect of the village of Vershinin in the Tomsk region of the Tomsk region is the "Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect", which represents everything recorded by Siberian dialectologists in the period of the late 40-80s. vocabulary and phraseology of the Verkhin dialect, both proper dialect and all-Russian, dialect-vernacular. In this dictionary, all common Russian words and phraseological combinations that do not have dialect specifics are given without grammatical marks, interpretation of the meaning, illustrative material and other information about the word.

The next stage in the work of Tomsk lexicographers on the card file of the "Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect" is associated with the publication

the definition of the "Vershininsky Dictionary", in which all words, including those that do not have dialect specifics, receive a full interpretation. The number of words described in the dictionary has also increased, the illustrative material has been updated, which is given in the orthographic record while maintaining the main features of the dialect pronunciation.

Close to complete "Dictionary of the dialect of the village of Akchim, Krasnovishersky district of the Perm region: (Akchim dictionary)". It is compiled on the basis of a card index, collected according to the principles characteristic of card files of dictionaries of a complete (non-differential) type. However, in the very corpus of the dictionary, the general orientation towards the completeness of the coverage of the material is implemented in a peculiar way. Each volume of the dictionary contains two parts. The first one presents dictionary entries into dialect and those common Russian words (literary, special, colloquial, vernacular), the semantic structure of which in the Akchim dialect includes dialectal elements. In the second part, common Russian words are presented in a list, the semantic structure of which does not contain specific dialectal meanings and shades. Such a compromise is due to considerations of a purely practical rather than fundamental nature: the desire to significantly reduce the volume of the dictionary and reduce the timing of its publication.

An intermediate position between differential and non-differential dictionaries (obviously gravitating towards the latter) is occupied by the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Folk Dialect (village Deulino, Ryazan District, Ryazan Region) (this dictionary is sometimes called semi-differential). Its peculiarity is manifested in the fact that the words fixed in the dialect, which differ from the literary ones in one of their meanings, are entered into the dictionary with the entire set of meanings, and the words that completely coincide in semantics with literary ones remain outside the dictionary.

A special refraction of the principle of differentiation in the selection of vocabulary is presented in the "Dictionary of vernacular Russian dialects of the Middle Ob". It includes a layer of vocabulary common to the dialect and urban vernacular (conditionally: vernacular vocabulary). The dictionary contains such lexical

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units of Middle Ob dialects, which are classified as colloquial in the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language (for example: really, forgive, freeze,to contrive, chivalrous, to regale etc.). The dictionary includes 2030 dictionary entries, not counting references. As an appendix to the dictionary, the "Glossary of the Dictionary of Vernacular Russian Dialects of the Middle Ob" is given. It contains information about in which or in which explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language this or that word qualifies as colloquial. The actual basis for compiling the dictionary of vernacular was the materials of the dialectological expeditions of 1946-1975.

Depending on the object of lexicography, one can include general (polydialect) dictionaries, regional dictionaries (including groups of close dialects or one dialect), idiolect dictionaries, or individual dialect dictionaries.

At present, Russian dialect lexicography has one idiolect dictionary. This is V.P. Timofeev's "Dialect Dictionary of Personality", which is a differential dialect dictionary of one person. A peasant woman E. M. Timofeeva, a native of the village of Usoltseva, Shatrovsky district, Kurgan region, was chosen as an informant. The material was recorded between 1949 and 1969.

The general (polydialect) dictionaries include the vocabulary of all dialects of the language. Such a dictionary in Russian lexicography is the "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects" - a summary dictionary of Russian dialect vocabulary. The task of this grandiose multi-volume work is to collect and generalize disparate materials on dialect vocabulary presented in various, often hard-to-reach sources. It includes the vocabulary of all Russian dialects and is compiled as a dictionary of a differential type. Its sources are: materials that have been given one or another dictionary (lexicographic) form (dictionaries and dictionaries, interpretations of words, etc.); recordings of live dialect speech; articles, monographs, etc.; folklore materials. A significant part of the materials on the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects is stored in the main card index of the Vocabulary Department of the Institute for Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to approximate

It is estimated that there are about 250 thousand dialect words in the card index of the dictionary, and the number of cards exceeds 2 million. To date, 33 editions of this dictionary have been published. In total, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects will contain about 300 thousand dialect words that are used only in dialects and are not known to the literary language, which significantly exceeds the number of words recorded by the largest dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. SRNG, which includes the vocabulary of Russian dialects that have existed in them for a long time, belongs to the type of comparative historical dictionaries. "The Dictionary clearly shows a historical trend in the arrangement of meanings polysemantic words, in quotes and comments that often lead to the origins of the meaning of the word. Combining in its composition the whole mass of Russian dialect vocabulary, the Dictionary fulfills its main task - to be a manual, a source for the history of the vocabulary of the Russian language, for Slavic comparative historical lexicology and etymology "(IRL 1998: 563-567). Here are examples from the SRNG:

Sickly,paren I. Bold. Yaroslavl, 1820. Volog. | | in meaning wordless skaz. Nasty, sickening to someone. (from too greasy or foul-smelling food). Rzhev Tver., 1897, Tver. 2. Disgusting, unpleasant. As a commissionThe duck will be made more often by the housewives in the hut, and then again it is even cloying to look at. Zyryan. Vol., 1964. It's sickening to slurp these cabbage soup every day. Small.

Shuffle around.owls. Greet, say hello. She is still hereall shuffled, bowed all(came to visit). Pinez. Arch., 1974.

The "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects" is not only of great linguistic significance, but, of course, is a cultural monument. "The Dictionary contains an extensive range of information about the Russian people and Russian nature. Reflecting the lexical and phraseological composition of all Russian folk dialects according to the records of the 19th-20th centuries, the SRNG includes the main part of the words naming concepts, objects and phenomena that characterize the features of life and labor activity, way of thinking, beliefs and habits of the Russian peasantry of the last two centuries of our history

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torii. This period is characterized by the flourishing of Russian peasant material and spiritual culture and its decline, decline, erosion under the influence of social and socio-economic conditions experienced by the country as a whole" (IRL 1998: 569).

Unlike the consolidated one, regional dictionaries include the vocabulary of a group of related dialects or one dialect. The vast majority of Russian dialect dictionaries are regional dictionaries. More often they represent the vocabulary of a group of dialects, less often - one dialect (dialect of one locality). Almost all regional dictionaries compiled on a differential basis. The exception is the regional non-differential (and related) dictionaries mentioned above.

Russian dialect lexicography has a large number of dictionaries representing the vocabulary of different regions.

Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Pskov, Kalinin, Moscow region, Novgorod, Ivanovo, Smolensk, Bryansk, Kursk-Oryol, Ryazan, Don, Siberian and other dialects are described by lexicographic means.

The "Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary" presents the vocabulary of modern Arkhangelsk dialects with all its specific features. The basis of the dictionary is a card index, which includes more than 2 million cards. The collection of material has been carried out since 1959. The publication of the dictionary continues.

"Dictionary of Vologda dialects" reflects the current state of the vocabulary of the Vologda group of the Northern Russian dialect. 417 settlements were surveyed. The dictionary is compiled on the basis of a card file containing more than 150,000 quote cards. The collection of dialect vocabulary began in 1963.

The lexicographic description of the Murmansk dialects is presented in the dictionaries of I. S. Merkuriev: "Materials for the Murmansk Regional Dictionary" and "Live Speech of the Kola Pomors". The second of these publications contains an outline of the features of the modern Pomor dialect, samples of lively Pomor speech and a brief Murmansk regional speech.

var, which includes about 5000 Pomeranian words. The material was collected in dialectological expeditions from 1957 to 1967.

"Dictionary of Russian dialects of Karelia" is a large-scale description of the vocabulary of the Russian North. "Karelian area" includes material from Murmansk, Leningrad, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Novgorod and Tver regions. The dictionary is based on a card index of 1.5 million cards. The dictionary includes not only dialectisms proper, but also professionalisms, ethnographisms. This allows us to reflect in lexicographic form different aspects of the life of Northern Russians in the past and present.

"Novgorod Regional Dictionary" refers to differential dictionaries. Materials for the dictionary were collected for thirty years on the territory of the former Novgorod province (modern Novgorod region and part of the Leningrad region). The total number of lexicographed units (words and phraseological units) approaches 25,000. Along with common nouns, some place names are also included in the dictionary.

Yaroslavl dialects are represented by "Additions to" Materials for the Dictionary of the Folk Language in the Yaroslavl Province. "E. Yakushkina", "Materials for the Dictionary of the Folk Language of the Poshekhono-Volodarsky District of the Yaroslavl Region" by S. A. Koporsky, "A Brief Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" G. G Melnichenko, "Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary". GG Melnichenko's "Short Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" contains materials from all Yaroslavl regional dictionaries and dictionaries (lists of words) for the period from 1820 to 1956 (24 sources, one of them handwritten). The dictionary includes over 10,000 words. The "Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" edited by G. G. Melnichenko contains dialect words of dialects of the Yaroslavl region within its borders for 1940. The dictionary includes all materials of the "Short Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" by G. G. Melnichenko (with minor exceptions) that were not used in This dictionary contains materials from printed and handwritten sources, materials collected during expeditions from 1940 to 1980.

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"The experience of the dictionary of dialects of the Kalinin region" T. V. Kirilloven and others includes dialect vocabulary collected on the territory of the Kalinin region for 40 years (1927-1967). More than 500 settlements were surveyed.

"Dictionary of dialects of the Moscow region" by A.F. Ivanova (Voitenko) contains material collected in 1959-1968. and expanded in subsequent years. Being a differential dialect dictionary, it reflects the state of the dialect vocabulary of dialects of the Moscow region.

Dialects and literary language. The atlas "Language of the Russian Village" is unusual. This is not a geographical or historical atlas, like those you get acquainted with at school in geography and history lessons. This is a dialectological atlas. Reading it, you can learn about the differences in the pronunciation of words, in grammatical forms, the names of the same objects and concepts in different areas Russia, where they speak Russian. Probably, many of you yourself have come across the fact that the inhabitants of even nearby villages differ from each other in their dialect. Pronunciation features are often fixed in nicknames. So, you can hear: “Yes, we call them schemyaki, they are on sch they say; here, for example, shchichasch(now)". The science that studies the territorial varieties of language - local dialects, or dialects, is called dialectology(from the Greek dialektos "dialect, dialect" and logos "word, teaching").

Each national language includes a literary language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", is called the language everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. His distinguishing feature – normalization, that is, the existence of rules (you learn them at school from year to year), the observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the speakers of the dialects - the villagers, moreover, they do not have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are peculiar only oral form existence, in contrast to the literary language, which has both oral and written forms.

The dialect, or dialect, is one of the basic concepts of dialectology. A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by the inhabitants of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for all who speak Russian.

How to deal with dialects? Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than dialects on the literary language. His influence spreads through schooling, television, radio. Gradually dialects are destroyed, losing their characteristic features. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, household items of a traditional village have gone and are leaving along with the people of the older generation. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as fully and in detail as possible.

In our country, for a long time, a disdainful attitude towards local dialects as a phenomenon that must be fought prevailed. But it was not always so. On the mid-nineteenth in. in Russia there is a peak public interest to popular speech. At this time, the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where dialect words were specially collected for the first time, and the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal in 4 volumes (1863–1866), also including big number dialect words. The materials for these dictionaries were actively collected by lovers of Russian literature. Magazines, provincial journals of that time from issue to issue published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, dictionaries of local sayings.

The opposite attitude towards dialects is observed in the 30s. our century. In the era of breaking up the countryside - the period of collectivization - the destruction of the old ways of doing business, the family way of life, the culture of the peasantry, that is, all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village, was proclaimed. A negative attitude towards dialects has spread in society. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. A whole generation of rural residents, consciously abandoning their language, at the same time failed to perceive a new language system for them - the literary language - and master it. All this led to the decline of linguistic culture in society.

Respectful and careful attitude to dialects is characteristic of many peoples. For us, the experience of Western European countries is interesting and instructive: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in the schools of a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is put in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialect bilingualism and constant communication in a dialect in the family are generally accepted. in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.

Now people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is evaluated in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects, and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition of "one's own" (one's own dialect) - "foreign" has a different meaning. In the first case, when “alien” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at (see examples of teasing in the comments on the cards and), and “own” as correct, clean. In the second case, "one's own" is assessed as bad, "gray", wrong, and "foreign" - the literary language - as good. Such an attitude towards the literary language is quite justified and understandable: in this way, its cultural value is realized.

But should a person be ashamed of the language of his "small motherland", forget it, expel it from his life? What does a dialect mean from the point of view of the history of the Russian language and the Russian people, from the point of view of culture?

Our dialectological atlas will help answer these questions and learn something new about the Russian language.

How the School dialectological atlas works. We have already written that the science of dialectology deals with dialects, while people who have chosen it as their specialty are called dialectologists. They study dialects in various ways: descriptively, writing down and studying specific modern dialects; historical, exploring how dialects and dialect differences developed; linguo-geographic, compiling maps and entire sets of maps - dialectological atlases. To date, about 300 atlases of various languages ​​have been published. Our atlas is distinguished primarily by its simplicity, the accessibility of the presentation of complex material.

The school dialectological atlas is an album of linguistic maps with explanatory texts. On the geographical maps using special symbols - color fills, hatches, icons- shows the spread of linguistic phenomena. The area in which a certain linguistic feature occurs is called habitat, and the line that bounds it - isogloss. In terms of size, the areas are very different: some include the dialects of only a few villages, others occupy vast spaces.
Sometimes the areas overlap each other. And then we are talking about the coexistence of several phenomena in one territory. Usually coexistence is represented by a combination of characters, and when these characters are filled different color, they are given by a stripe: a stripe of one color, a stripe of another (for example, on a map).

To get it right read the map, we must first carefully examine map name and legend- a set of symbols and explanatory texts to them. Most of the maps of the atlas are devoted to one topic, which is included in the title. But there are maps where there is not one, but several topics, bound friend with friend. Then they are numbered in the legend with Roman numerals (see maps,).

In a number of cards, in addition to the main theme, an additional one is given. It is not specified in the title, but it becomes clear from the logic of the map.

Consider the card “Verbs with the meaning “to plow the land”. It uses the verb plow in a different meaning, namely: “sweep the floor”, “sweep the dust” and others - is shown by an isogloss, which in this case is an additional sign that introduces new information not provided for by the name. However, the isogloss can also be used as the main sign corresponding to the theme of the map (see maps,). Sometimes on the map you can see "voids", that is, territories not filled with signs. So, on the cards, , , special symbols(see legends) various dialectal phenomena are shown, and emptiness - unshaded space - means the absence of a mapped feature in dialects.

Maps accompany texts - comments. They tell about dialect features, their history, origin individual words or forms, the necessary linguistic terms are explained. And in the explanations to the vocabulary cards, attention is paid not only to linguistic features, but also on the features of the life and culture of the village, on ethnography.

At the end of the comments there are tasks for those who are interested in what they have read and want to test themselves. In the atlas, the authors sought to give examples of genuine dialect speech, while dialect features are transmitted in three ways: orthographically (for example, karo wa, byagu, dirivansky), with transcription elements (for example, about[m:] yang(deception n), [q '] a box(cup) or in transcription (for example, [d'in'o k] (day). Often dialect examples taken from regional dictionaries, folklore, fiction.

Russian writers, classics and contemporaries, who know the village and its language well, use elements of local speech in their works - dialectisms, which are introduced into the literary text to characterize the speech of characters, describe the features of local nature, village life. Looking at the examples from the comments, you will see for yourself.

The school atlas consists of only 25 cards, although there are a lot of language features in dialects. When selecting cards for this edition, the authors chose, first of all, those that most clearly demonstrate:

1. The importance of phenomena in the system of dialect differences in the Russian language.
2. The visibility of the linguistic landscape, i.e. the existence of clear areas of phenomena.
3. Dialectal features that are common and recognizable in speech.
4. Dialect differences that are essential for understanding traditional peasant culture (this applies to vocabulary).

The atlas includes maps of various language levels- vocabulary, phonetics, grammar.
There are several more lexical maps in the atlas than others, for obvious reasons: they are easier for the perception of a linguistically inexperienced reader, but, most importantly, because it is the vocabulary that introduces us to the traditional culture of the village, way of life and peasant mentality.

Dialectology is closely connected with history, archeology, ethnography, since it is inseparable from the life of the people. Each historical period is a tribal era, the era of the ancient Russian principalities of the 12th century, the time of the rise of the Moscow principality in the 15th century. etc. - left its mark on modern Russian dialects. You all know that in the Middle Ages in the East Slavic lands (the Eastern Slavs include Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians) there was a repeated redistribution of territories between the feudal principalities. It turns out that on some maps you can see the boundaries of linguistic phenomena, correlated with ancient political boundaries, for example, the Novgorod Republic.

In modern dialects, archaic phenomena are sometimes preserved, reflecting the dialectal features of the Proto-Slavic language - the ancestor of all Slavic languages, as well as the features of East Slavic tribal dialects: Krivichi, Vyatichi, Slovenian, etc.

So, each of the dialects is generated by the history of the people, and in this sense they are all equal. And the modern Russian literary language also has a dialect basis - the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding Moscow.

Sources of the School Dialectological Atlas. The atlas "Language of the Russian Village" was compiled on the basis of DAR - "Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Center of the European Part of the USSR)" - a large scientific work created at the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - Russian Academy Sciences). Materials for this unique edition were collected in 1946-1966. on a special Program (it contains 294 questions) during numerous expeditions to the villages Central Russia. Here are examples of questions of the Program: “What vowel sound is pronounced in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter about? Is there a sound about or a, or a sound that is average between a and s, audibly close to uh? – water, vada, issue... "; “What ending do plural nouns have: a) in I. p .: Houses, houses; horns, horns, forests, forests or forests; horses, horse; swamp, bolo you or swamps etc.; b) in R.p.: Godot in, godot x or year, for eggs, hare in or for an egg etc."; “What do you call knitted, leather or cloth mittens with one finger: mittens, elm nk, de flanks, dia nk, fur coats, go lks…?».

Dialectologists, teachers and university students traveled to more than 4,500 villages and villages. The survey density is one settlement per 225 km2. This means that the villages where the records were kept were separated from each other by a distance of about 15 km. Many of these settlements no longer exist. Everywhere, linguists recorded the speech of the older generation, mostly women, who rarely leave their homes in search of work, do not serve in the army, and therefore the features of the traditional dialect are better preserved in their speech.

From the outside it may seem that the dialectological expedition is an easy task that does not require special training. This is not true. The work requires not only great professional knowledge, but also the ability to win over the interlocutor, arouse his sympathy and trust. In addition, a linguist must be able to listen and hear linguistic phenomena well. After all, there are such subtle phonetic, pronunciation differences that an inexperienced collector may not notice.

It does not do when collecting materials and without curiosities. In one of the questions of the Program, it is required to find out the T. p. of the noun the spoon. Students ask the old woman: “Grandma, what do you eat?” To which they receive an answer full of irony: "We eat the same way as you do - with a poker." Native speakers are very often endowed not only with a sense of humor, but also with an amazing linguistic flair. They themselves hear and understand that in their speech there are sounds that differ from the sounds of the literary language, they give vivid examples. And the work of dialectologists is treated with understanding. Once, in one of the Pskov villages, we happened to hear: “Well, your work is difficult - you christen after the word!”

The “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language” does not represent the entire territory where the Russian population predominates and Russian speech is heard, but only the area of ​​early settlement of East Slavic tribes until the end of the 16th century. - the territory on which the language of the Russian nation developed. These dialects are called dialects primary education (see Scheme 1).

Scheme 1

The Arkhangelsk region, including the coast of the White Sea, was not included in either the DARIA or the School Atlas, although it was inhabited as early as the 12th-15th centuries. natives of Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. But in these places, the territory of settlement was not continuous, as in Central Russia: the villages stood only along the rivers and on the coast, and the rest of the space remained uninhabited, which means that it was impossible to observe the accepted principle of survey density (see above about this).

Our atlas covers only the territory of the Center of Russia. In the spaces outside it, dialects of the so-called secondary education are widespread. Russian people moved to these lands, as a rule, later than the 16th century. from a wide variety of areas. Here the population was mixed, dialects were mixed, forming new variants of the local language. So it was in the Middle and Lower Volga regions, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other regions. The dialects of the Center are "mother" for them. Therefore, the atlas is also interesting to those who live outside the territory covered by it. The atlas helps to determine the language origins of secondary dialects.

Dialects are part of folk culture. Getting acquainted with dialects, we get not just information about the names of household items, the meanings of words, concepts that are not characteristic of urban life. Behind them are certain ways of housekeeping, features of the family way of life, rituals, customs, folk calendar. Each dialect contains a large number of expressive, vivid verbal images, phraseological units that convey a peculiar perception and vision of life by a village dweller - a peasant. Thus, studying dialects, we get acquainted with a whole complex of diverse folk ideas about the world, often differing from the ideas of a city dweller.

“The people have a well-known - and very respectable and high moral worldview ... included in their language and customs ... This circle of vocabulary teaches and educates the people from childhood to old age,” wrote about dialects renowned linguist and teacher V. I. Chernyshev at the beginning of this century.

The dialectological atlas is also remarkable in that, by looking at the maps, you can find out how the inhabitants of different villages speak without going on a long journey.
The authors of the atlas really want their work to draw attention to Russian dialects, change the view of the dialect as an incorrect, corrupted language, arouse interest and respect for the living Russian word.

The team of authors expresses their deep gratitude to V. E. Goldin, who proposed the idea of ​​creating the School Dialectological Atlas; LN Bulatova, whose valuable criticisms were taken into account when working on the text; teachers and students of school gymnasiums No. 67 and 57 in Moscow, whose advice and recommendations helped to different stages compiling an atlas; M. Volotskaya for drawings for the Atlas.

The authors would be grateful to everyone who sent their comments and feedback to [email protected] or 121019, Moscow, Volkhonka, 18/2. Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Dialectology and Linguistic Geography).

Although the norms of the Russian literary language are the same everywhere, the speech of the intelligentsia, educated people, for example, in Vologda, Arkhangelsk, on the one hand, and in Voronezh, Orel, on the other, has its own characteristics, differing from the speech of Muscovites and Petersburgers. It's clear why this is happening: urban population replenished and replenished by people from neighboring villages. So individual local words penetrate into urban speech, the phonetics of speech retains some dialectal features, intonation features.
In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, literature, verbal sciences are sciences leading to the study of the word, speech, correct and elegant language.

Ethnographic(from ethnography) - a description of the life, customs and customs of the people (according to the dictionary of V. I. Dahl)