Representatives of the older generation in geography lessons at school studied 4 oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. However, not so long ago, part of the educational community identified the fifth ocean - the South. The International Hydrographic Association has agreed to allocate this ocean since 2000, but so far this decision has not been recognized by everyone.
What is South ocean? Who opened it and under what circumstances? Where is he located? What shores does it wash and what currents circulate in it? The answers to these and many other questions are waiting for you in the article.
History of Fifth Ocean Exploration
It is in the 21st century that there are no unexplored places left on the world map for a person. Technical progress allowed not only to see previously inaccessible territories on the satellite image, but also to get there relatively comfortably.
During the period new history did not yet exist space satellites, nor powerful icebreakers capable of breaking through the layer permafrost, no engines internal combustion. Man had only his own physical forces and mental flexibility. It is not surprising that the first mention of the Southern Ocean is theoretical.
The first mention of the ocean
Back in the 17th century, in 1650, the Dutch explorer-geographer Verenius announced the existence of a continent in the south, as yet unexplored, pole of the Earth, washed by the waters of the ocean. The idea was originally expressed in the form of a theory, since humanity was unable to unambiguously confirm or refute it.
"Random" discoveries
Like many geographical discoveries, the first "swims" towards the South Pole happened by accident. Thus, the ship of Dirk Geeritz got into a storm and went off course, sailing over the 64th degree south latitude and stumbling into the South Orkneys. South Georgia, and the island of Bouvet, and the island of Kargellan were explored in a similar way.
First expeditions to the South Pole
In the 18th century maritime powers active exploration of the region. Until that time, a purposeful study of the pole was not carried out.
One of the first serious expeditions to the southern part of the globe, historians call the expedition of the Englishman Cook, who passed the Arctic Circle at 37 degrees east longitude. Buried in impenetrable ice fields, having spent significant forces to overcome them, Cook had to deploy his ships. In the future, he wrote a description of the Southern Ocean so colorfully that the next daredevil went to storm the South Pole only at the beginning of the 19th century.
Bellingshausen expedition
In the early thirties of the nineteenth century Russian researcher Bellingshausen circled the South Pole for the first time in history. At the same time, the navigator discovered the island of Peter I and Alexander I Land. The fact that he traveled on light maneuverable ships that were not at all designed to deal with ice gives special weight to the traveler's merit.
Expedition of Dumont-Derville
The campaign of the French in 1837 was crowned with the discovery of Louis-Philippe Land. The expedition also discovered Adélie Land and the Clari Coast. The expedition was complicated by the fact that the Dumont-Derville ships were "captured" by the ice, from which they had to be rescued with the help of ropes and human strength.
American expeditions
A significant contribution to the study of the Southern Ocean was made by the then "young" United States of America. During the expedition of 1839, a group of ships led by Villis tried to pass from the Archipelago of Tierra del Fuego to the south, but ran into ice barriers and turned around.
In 1840, an expedition led by Wilkes discovered part of the territory of East Antarctica, which later became known as Wilkes Land.
Where is the Southern Ocean located?
Geographers call the southern part of the World Ocean, consisting of the most southern parts of the Indian, Pacific, Atlantic. The waters of the Southern Ocean wash Antarctica on all sides. The fifth ocean does not have such clear island boundaries as the other four.
To date, it is customary to limit the boundaries of the Southern Ocean to the 60th parallel of south latitude - an imaginary line that goes around the southern hemisphere of the Earth.
The problem of determining the actual boundaries is quite relevant today. The researchers tried to designate the boundaries of the fifth ocean using the currents of the Southern Ocean. This attempt was not crowned with success, as the currents gradually change their trajectory. It also turned out to be problematic to establish the island boundaries of the "new" ocean. Thus, the unequivocal answer to the question of where the Southern Ocean is located is: beyond the 60th parallel of south latitude.
Some interesting facts
The deepest point of the fifth ocean is almost 8300 meters (South Sandwich Trench). The average depth is 3300 meters. The length of the ocean coast reaches 18 thousand kilometers.
The length of the Southern Ocean from north to south is determined very conditionally, since there are no reference points from which to count. Until now, geographers do not have a common opinion about the boundaries of the ocean.
What seas does the fifth ocean consist of?
The oceans are the largest hydrographic features in modern geography. Each consists of several seas adjacent to land or expressed using the relief of the Earth, which is under water.
Consider the ocean. To date, geographers identify 20 seas that are part of the "new" ocean. Five of them were opened by Russian and Soviet researchers.
| sea name | |
| Sea of Lazarev | From 0 to 15 degrees east longitude |
| Sea of King Haakon VII | 20 to 67 degrees south latitude |
| Riiser-Larsen Sea | From 14th to 34th degrees of east longitude |
| Weddell Sea | 10 to 60 degrees west longitude, 78 to 60 degrees south latitude |
| Sea of Cosmonauts | Longitude 34 to 45 East |
| sea scotia | Longitude 30 to 50 East, Latitude 55 to 60 South |
| Commonwealth Sea | Longitude 70 to 87 East |
| Bellingshausen Sea | Longitude 72 to 100 degrees west |
| Davis Sea | Longitude 87 to 98 East |
| Amundsen Sea | Longitude 100 to 123 West |
| Mawson Sea | From 98th to 113th degrees of east longitude |
| Ross Sea | Longitude 170 East to Longitude 158 West |
| Durville Sea | Longitude 136 to 148 East |
| Sea of Somov | Longitude 148 to 170 East |
It should be noted that geographers rarely single out the Sea of King Haakon VII because of the adjacent territories with the Lazarev Sea. However, the Norwegian side, which opened it, insists on separating the Sea of King Haakon VII and does not recognize the borders of the Lazarev Sea.
Currents of the Southern Ocean
The main current characteristic of the ocean is the Antarctic Current - the most powerful flow of water in the oceans. Geographers call it Circular because it flows around the mainland - Antarctica. This is the only current that crosses absolutely all the meridians of the globe. Another, more romantic name is the current of the West Winds. It carries its waters between the subtropical zone and the Antarctic zone. If expressed in degrees, then it flows within the 34-50th degrees of south latitude.
Speaking about the current of the Western Winds, one cannot fail to note the interesting fact that it is divided into two symmetrical streams located on the northern and southern edges of the current almost throughout its entire length. In these streams, a fairly high speed is recorded - up to 42 centimeters per second. Between them, the current is weaker, moderate. Thanks to this phenomenon, enclosing Antarctica in a continuous ring, the Antarctic waters cannot leave their circulation. This conditional band is called the Antarctic Convergence.
In addition, there is another zone of water circulation in the ocean. It is located at 62-64 degrees south latitude. Here, the speed of the currents is noticeably weaker than in the Antarctic Convergence, and is up to 6 centimeters per second. The currents of this area are mainly directed to the east.
Currents near Antarctica make it possible to talk about the circulation of water around the mainland already in opposite direction- to the west. However, this theory has not been proven to date. main reason this is served by periodic changes in currents that occur quite often.
An interesting feature of the water circulation in the fifth ocean, which distinguishes it from other hydrographic objects of this category, is the depth of the water circulation. We are talking about the fact that the current in the Southern Ocean moves water masses not only on the surface, but also to the very bottom. This phenomenon is explained by the presence of special gradient currents, exciting and deep waters. In addition, the density and uniformity of water in the "new" ocean is higher than in others.
Temperature regime of the ocean
The temperature range on the mainland and in the ocean surrounding it is very wide. The most heat, recorded in Antarctica, was 6.5 degrees Celsius. lowest temperature- minus 88.2 degrees.
As for the average ocean temperature, it ranges from minus 2 degrees to 10 degrees Celsius.
Most low temperatures cover Antarctica in August, and the highest - in January.
Interestingly, during the day the temperature in Antarctica is lower than at night. This phenomenon is still unresolved.
The climate of the Southern Ocean is clearly characterized by the level of glaciation of the mainland. Scientists have found that the glaciation of the mainland is slowly, but beginning to decrease. This suggests that the average air temperature in Antarctica and the fifth ocean is increasing. True, in this case we are talking about the so-called global warming, which covers not only the South Pole, but the entire Earth. The main proof of this theory is the parallel decrease in glaciation at the North Pole.
icebergs
The gradual melting of Antarctic ice leads to the appearance of icebergs - huge pieces of ice that break off from the mainland and set sail across the oceans. The largest of them can measure hundreds of meters and cause great trouble to ships that meet on their way. The "lifespan" of such icebergs drifting in the ocean can be up to 16 years. This fact significantly increases the risk of damage to the ship when sailing in these latitudes.
Some experiencing countries are trying to use giant icebergs for its mining. To do this, icebergs are caught and towed to specially equipped places for the extraction of fresh water.
Ocean dwellers
Despite the difficult climatic conditions, the area of the ocean is quite densely populated by fauna.
The most prominent representatives of the animal world of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are penguins. These flightless seabirds feed in waters teeming with plankton and small fish.
Of the other birds, petrels and skuas are the most common.
The Southern Ocean is a habitat for many species of whales. The humpback whale, blue whale and other species live here. Seals are also common at the South Pole.
The Southern Ocean is also referred to as the Antarctic Ocean. Its waters surround Antarctica and it is the fourth largest of the world's five oceans.
The Southern Ocean covers an area of about 35 million square kilometers. The boundaries of the Southern Ocean are not specifically defined. Exists a large number of controversy over whether the Southern Ocean even exists. 
Some geographers believe that the waters of the Southern Ocean are really only extensions of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans.
The southern ocean was originally searched for because they believed in the existence of a continent that balances the northern continents, the so-called Terra Australis. 
The Southern Ocean spans the South Pole and contains 14 seas
During winter, half of the Southern Ocean is covered with icebergs and ice. Some ice and icebergs move away from the Antarctic ice sheet and float in the waters of the Southern Ocean.
The world's largest penguin species, the emperor penguin, lives on the ice of the Southern Ocean and on the continent of Antarctica.
Wandering albatrosses also make their home in the Southern Ocean.
Antarctica is home to 90% of the world's ice reserves. This continent is windy, dry and the coldest continent in the world. Antarctica is considered a desert due to the fact that there is very little moisture. The Sahara Desert receives more rainfall than Antarctica. Most of its moisture falls in the form of snow.
The summer season in the Southern Ocean lasts from October to February, the winter season lasts from March to September.
Sea water under the ice surface has a temperature of -2°C to +10°C.
Krill, tiny shrimp, live in ice water under the ice in Antarctica.
Military operations in the Southern Ocean are limited, in accordance with the scientific research treaty.
The first child born on the Antarctic mainland was Emilio Marcos de Palma on January 7th, 1978. He was also the first in history to be born this far south.
In 1953, the Southern Ocean was marked by the boundaries of the oceans and seas, marked by the boundaries of the world's main waters.
In 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization designated the Southern Ocean as its own ocean.
- The deepest part of the Southern Ocean is the southern end of the Sandwich Trench South, which is 23,737 feet deep.
- The average depth of the Southern Ocean is 13,100 to 16,400 feet.
The South Pole was not conquered by man until 1911.
Temperatures can drop even below -100 degrees Fahrenheit here. The most cold temperature, registered on Earth, was recorded in Antarctica. It was -128.6 degrees Fahrenheit. It is believed that if the ice sheet in the Southern Ocean melts, then the oceans around the world will grow by as much as 65 meters.
Southern Ocean in cartography
The Southern Ocean was first identified in 1650 by the Dutch geographer Benhard Varenius and included as yet undiscovered by Europeans " southern mainland”, and all areas above the Antarctic Circle.
Currently, the ocean itself continues to be considered water mass, which is mostly surrounded by land. In 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization adopted a five-ocean division, but this decision has never been ratified. AT current definition oceans from 1953 There is no Southern Ocean.
AT Soviet tradition(1969), the approximate boundary of the conditional "Southern Ocean" was considered the zone of the Antarctic convergence (the northern boundary of the Antarctic surface waters), near 55 ° south latitude. In other countries, the border is also blurred - the latitude south of Cape Horn, the border of floating ice, the Antarctic Convention zone (the area south of 60 parallel south latitude). The Australian Government considers the "Southern Ocean" to be the waters immediately south of the Australian continent.
The name "Southern Ocean" was included in atlases and geographical maps until the first quarter of the 20th century. AT Soviet time this term was not used, however, from the end of the 20th century, it began to be signed on maps published by Roskartografiya.
History of Southern Ocean exploration
XVI-XIX centuries
The first ship to cross the border of the Southern Ocean belonged to the Dutch; it was commanded by Dirk Geeritz, who sailed in the squadron of Jacob Magyu. In 1559, in the Strait of Magellan, the ship Geeritz, after a storm, lost sight of the squadron and went south. Having descended to 64 ° south latitude, it saw high ground- Possibly South Orkney. In 1671, Anthony de la Roche discovered South Georgia; in 1739 Bouvet Island was discovered; In 1772, the French naval officer Kerguelen discovered an island in the Indian Ocean named after him.
Almost simultaneously with the sailing of Kerguelen from England, James Cook set off on his first journey to the southern hemisphere, and already in January 1773, his ships Adventure and Resolution crossed the Antarctic Circle at meridian 37 33" east longitude. After a hard struggle with the ice, he reached 67 ° 15" south latitude, where he was forced to turn north. In December of the same year, Cook again went to the Southern Ocean, on December 8 he crossed the Antarctic Circle at 150 ° 6 "West longitude and at the parallel of 67 ° 5" S. latitude was covered with ice, freed from which, went further south and, in late January 1774, reached 71°15" south latitude, at 109°14" west longitude, southwest of Tierra del Fuego. Here an impenetrable wall of ice prevented him from going further. On his second voyage in the Southern Ocean, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle twice. During both voyages, he became convinced that the abundance of ice mountains indicates the existence of a significant Antarctic continent. The difficulties of polar navigation were described by him in such a way that only whalers continued to visit these latitudes and the southern polar regions. scientific expeditions stopped for a long time.
In 1819, the Russian navigator Bellingshausen, commanding the warships Vostok and Mirny, visited South Georgia and tried to penetrate deep into the Southern Ocean; for the first time, in January 1820, almost on the meridian of Greenwich, he reached 69 ° 21 "south latitude; then, having gone beyond the limits of the southern polar circle, Bellingshausen passed along it to the east to 19 ° east longitude, where he crossed it again and reached in February again almost the same latitude (69°6"). Further east, it rose only to 62 ° parallel and continued its journey along the margin of the floating ice, then, on the meridian of the Balleny Islands, it reached 64 ° 55 ", in December 1820, at 161 ° west longitude, passed the southern polar circle and reached 67 ° 15 "south latitude, and in January 1821, between the meridians 99 ° and 92 ° west longitude, reached 69 ° 53" south latitude; then, almost on the meridian 81 °, opened in 68 ° 40 "south latitude, a high coast islands of Peter I, and passing even to the east, inside the southern polar circle - the coast of Alexander I Land. Thus, Bellingshausen was the first to complete a full voyage around the South Arctic continent, open to them, almost all the time between latitudes 60 ° - 70 °, on small sailing ships.
An American expedition, consisting of three ships: "Vincennes", "Peacock" and "Porpoise", under the command of Lieutenant Willis, set out from the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in February 1839 in order to try to pass the Weddel route to the south, but she was met with the same insurmountable obstacles , like Dumont-Durville, and she was forced to return without any special results to Chile (on the meridian of 103 ° west longitude, she reached almost 70 ° south latitude and then, as if, she saw the earth). In January 1840 American explorer Charles Wilkes went almost due south along longitude 160° east. Already at the parallel of 64 ° 11 "S, the ice blocked his further path. Turning west and reaching the meridian 153 ° 6" East longitude, at 66 ° South latitude, he saw a mountain 120 km away, which was named by Ringold Knoll. Ross, who visited these places a little later, disputed Wilkes' discovery, but without foundation. Opening honor various parts The land of Wilkes actually belongs to each of the three navigators - Wilkes, Dumont-Durville and Ross - separately. During January and February 1840, Wilkes traveled a considerable distance along the margins of the Antarctic continent and reached the meridian 96° East. For all the time of the voyage, he did not manage to land on the shore anywhere.
A third English expedition, under the command of James Clark Ross, on the steam ships Erebus (Erebus) and Terror (Erebus commander was Crozier), was equipped to explore the south polar countries in general. In August 1840, Ross was in Tasmania, where he learned that Dumont-D'Urville had just discovered the coast of Adélie's Land; this prompted him to begin his explorations further east, on the meridian of the Balleny Islands. In December 1840, the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle on the meridian 169 ° 40 "East and soon began to fight the ice. After 10 days, the ice strip was passed, and on December 31 (old style) they saw the high coast of Victoria Land, one of the highest mountain peaks which Ross named after the initiator of the expedition - Sabina, and the entire chain of mountains with a height of 2000 - 3000 m - the Admiralty Range. All the valleys of this chain were littered with snow and huge glaciers descending to the sea. Behind Cape Adar, the coast turned to the south, remaining mountainous and impregnable. Ross landed on one of the Possession Islands, at 71 ° 56 "south latitude and 171 ° 7" east longitude, completely devoid of vegetation and inhabited by a mass of penguins that covered its shores with a thick layer of guano. Continuing his voyage further south, Ross discovered the Kuhlman and Franklin Islands (the latter at 76 ° 8 "south latitude) and saw the coast directly to the south and high mountain(Erebus volcano) with a height of 3794 meters, and a little to the east another volcano was seen, already extinct, called Terror, 3230 meters high. The further way to the south was blocked by the coast, turning to the east and bordered by a continuous vertical ice wall, up to 60 meters high above the water, which, according to Ross, descends to a depth of about 300 meters. This ice barrier distinguished by the absence of any significant depressions, bays or capes; its nearly level, vertical wall stretched for a vast distance. Outside the ice shore, to the south, the peaks of a high mountain range were visible, extending into the depths of the southern polar continent; it is named after Parry. Ross passed from Victoria Land to the east for about 840 km, and throughout this length the character of the ice coast remained unchanged. Finally, late time year forced Ross to return to Tasmania. On this voyage, he reached 78 ° 4 "south latitude, between meridians 173 ° -174 ° west longitude. On the second voyage, his ships crossed the Antarctic Circle again on December 20, 1841 and went south. In early February 1842, on meridian 165 ° west, they reached a more open sea and headed directly south, approaching the ice shore a little more east than in 1841. At 161 ° 27 "west they reached 78 ° 9" south latitude, that is, they approached the south closer to the pole than anyone hitherto. solid ice(pak), and the expedition turned to the north. In December 1842, Ross made a third attempt to penetrate south; this time he chose the path of Weddel and headed for the Land of Louis-Philippe. Going east, Ross crossed the Arctic Circle on meridian 8° west and on February 21 reached 71°30" south latitude, 14°51 west longitude.
Almost 30 years later, an expedition on the Challenger corvette visited, among other things, the southern polar countries. Having visited Kerguelen Island, the Challenger headed south and reached 65° 42 "S. should have been at a distance of only 30 kilometers, it was not visible.
Climate and weather
Sea temperatures vary from about −2 to 10 °C. Cyclonic movement of storms in eastbound around the continent and often becomes intense due to the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean. The ocean region from 40 degrees south latitude to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds on Earth. In winter, the ocean freezes to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 °C; at some coastal points, persistent strong winds leave the coastline ice-free during the winter.
Zooplankton in the waters of the Southern Ocean is represented by copepods (about 120 species), bipedals (about 80 species) and others. Of lesser importance are the chaetognaths, polychaetes, ostracods, appendicularians, and mollusks. AT quantitatively In the first place are copepods (copepods), which account for almost 75% of the zooplankton biomass of the Pacific and Indian sectors of the ocean. There are few copepods in the Atlantic sector, but the Antarctic krill is widespread here.
The Southern Ocean, especially for its Antarctic regions, is characterized by a massive accumulation of krill (Antarctic crustaceans). The biomass of krill in these areas reaches 2200 million tons, which makes it possible to catch up to 50-70 million tons of krill annually. Here, krill is the main food of toothless whales, seals, fish, cephalopods, penguins and tube-nosed birds. The crustaceans themselves feed on phytoplankton.
The number of zooplankton during the year has two peaks. The first is associated with the rise of species that have overwintered and are observed in surface waters. The second peak is characterized large quantity zooplankton in the entire water column and is due to the birth of a new generation. This is the period of summer zooplankton bloom, when most of zooplankton passes into the upper layers and moves to the north, where its noticeable accumulation occurs in the Antarctic Convergence Zone. Both peaks appear as two latitudinal bands of zooplankton concentration.
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Notes
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- South ocean- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- South ocean. Antarctica // Atlas of the World / comp. and prepare. to ed. PKO "Cartography" in 2009; ch. ed. G. V. Pozdnyak. - M. : PKO "Cartography": Onyx, 2010. - S. 201. - ISBN 978-5-85120-295-7 (Cartography). - ISBN 978-5-488-02609-4 (Onyx).
- Grushinsky, N.; Dralkin A.. - M.: Nedra, 1988. - 199 p. - ISBN 5-247-00090-0
- Antarctic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia (second edition), Vol. 2 (1950), pp. 484-485.
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing the Southern Ocean
Soon after uncle, she opened the door, obviously a barefoot girl by the sound of her feet, and through the door with a large tray in her hands came a fat, ruddy, beautiful woman 40 years old, with a double chin, and full, ruddy lips. She, with hospitable representativeness and attractiveness in her eyes and every movement, looked round at the guests and bowed respectfully to them with an affectionate smile. Despite the thickness of more than usual, forcing her to put forward her chest and stomach and hold her head back, this woman (uncle's housekeeper) stepped extremely lightly. She walked over to the table, set down the tray, and with her white, chubby hands deftly removed and arranged the bottles, snacks, and treats on the table. Having finished this, she moved away and stood at the door with a smile on her face. “Here she is and me! Do you understand your uncle now?" her appearance told Rostov. How not to understand: not only Rostov, but also Natasha understood the uncle and the meaning of frowned eyebrows, and the happy, self-satisfied smile that wrinkled his lips a little while Anisya Fyodorovna entered. On the tray were a herbalist, liqueurs, mushrooms, black flour cakes on yurag, honeycomb, boiled and effervescent honey, apples, raw and roasted nuts, and nuts in honey. Then Anisya Fyodorovna brought jam with honey and sugar, and ham, and chicken, freshly fried.All this was Anisya Fyodorovna's household, collection and jam. All this smelled and resonated and had the taste of Anisya Fyodorovna. Everything resonated with juiciness, purity, whiteness and a pleasant smile.
“Eat, young lady countess,” she kept saying, giving Natasha one thing, then another. Natasha ate everything, and it seemed to her that she had never seen or eaten such cakes on yuraga, with such a bouquet of jams, nuts on honey, and such a chicken. Anisya Fyodorovna went out. Rostov and his uncle, washing down their dinner with cherry liqueur, talked about past and future hunting, about Rugai and the Ilaginsky dogs. Natasha, with sparkling eyes, sat straight up on the sofa, listening to them. Several times she tried to wake Petya to give him something to eat, but he said something incomprehensible, obviously not waking up. Natasha was so cheerful at heart, so happy in this new environment for her, that she was only afraid that the droshky would come for her too soon. After an accidental silence, as almost always happens with people who receive their acquaintances for the first time in their house, the uncle said, answering the thought that his guests had:
“So I’m living out my life… If you die, it’s a pure march—nothing will be left.” What a sin then!
Uncle's face was very significant and even beautiful when he said this. At the same time, Rostov involuntarily remembered everything that he had heard good things from his father and neighbors about his uncle. My uncle had a reputation throughout the whole neighborhood of the province as the noblest and most disinterested eccentric. He was called to judge family cases, he was made an executor, secrets were trusted to him, he was elected to judge and other positions, but from public service he stubbornly refused, spending autumn and spring in the fields on his brown gelding, sitting at home in the winter, lying in his overgrown garden in the summer.
- Why don't you serve, uncle?
- He served, but quit. I'm not fit, it's a clean march, I can't make out anything. It's your business, and I'm not smart enough. As for hunting, it's another matter, it's a pure march! Open that door, he shouted. - What did they shut up! - The door at the end of the corridor (which uncle called the kolidor) led to an idle hunting room: that was the name of the human for hunters. Bare feet quickly slapped and an invisible hand opened the door to the hunting room. From the corridor, the sounds of a balalaika were clearly audible, which was apparently played by some kind of master of this business. Natasha had been listening to these sounds for a long time and now went out into the corridor to hear them more clearly.
- This is my coachman Mitka ... I bought him a good balalaika, I love it, - said my uncle. - It was customary for my uncle that when he came home from hunting, Mitka would play the balalaika in the bachelor's hunting lodge. Uncle loved to listen to this music.
“How good, really excellent,” said Nikolai with some involuntary disdain, as if he was ashamed to admit that these sounds were very pleasant to him.
- How great? - Natasha said reproachfully, feeling the tone in which her brother said this. - Not great, but it's a charm, what is it! - Just like mushrooms, honey and uncle's liqueurs seemed to her the best in the world, so this song seemed to her at that moment the height of musical charm.
“More, please, more,” Natasha said at the door, as soon as the balalaika fell silent. Mitka tuned in and again valiantly rattled the Lady with busts and interceptions. Uncle sat and listened, his head tilted to one side with a slight smile. The motif of the Lady was repeated a hundred times. The balalaika was tuned several times and the same sounds rattled again, and the listeners did not get bored, but only wanted to hear this game again and again. Anisya Fyodorovna came in and leaned her fat body against the lintel.
“If you please listen,” she said to Natasha, with a smile very similar to her uncle’s smile. “He plays well with us,” she said.
“He’s doing something wrong in this knee,” my uncle suddenly said with an energetic gesture. - Here it is necessary to scatter - a clean march - scatter ...
– Do you know how? Natasha asked. Uncle smiled without answering.
- Look, Anisyushka, that the strings are intact, or something, on the guitar? I haven’t taken it in my hands for a long time - it’s a pure march! abandoned.
Anisya Fyodorovna willingly went with her light step to carry out her master's order and brought the guitar.
Uncle, without looking at anyone, blew off the dust, tapped the lid of the guitar with his bony fingers, tuned it, and straightened himself in his chair. He took (with a somewhat theatrical gesture, putting the elbow of his left hand aside) the guitar above the neck and winking at Anisya Fyodorovna, he began not to the Lady, but took one sonorous, clear chord, and measuredly, calmly, but firmly began to finish with a very quiet tempo famous song: Along the street and the pavement. At the same time, in time with that sedate joy (the same that Anisya Fyodorovna's whole being breathed), the motive of the song sang in the soul of Nikolai and Natasha. Anisya Fyodorovna blushed and, covering herself with a handkerchief, laughingly left the room. Uncle continued to cleanly, diligently and energetically firmly finish the song, looking with a changed inspired look at the place from which Anisya Fyodorovna had left. A little bit something laughed in his face on one side under a gray mustache, especially laughed when the song dispersed further, the beat accelerated and something came off in places of busting.
- Charm, charm, uncle; more, more, ”Natasha shouted as soon as he finished. She jumped up from her seat, hugged her uncle and kissed him. - Nikolenka, Nikolenka! she said, looking round at her brother and as if asking him: what is this?
Nikolai also really liked the uncle's game. Uncle played the song a second time. The smiling face of Anisya Fyodorovna appeared again at the door, and from behind her there were still other faces ... "Behind the cold key, she shouts: wait a girl!" my uncle played, again made a deft enumeration, tore it off and moved his shoulders.
“Well, well, my dear, uncle,” Natasha groaned in such an imploring voice, as if her life depended on it. Uncle stood up and as if there were two people in him - one of them smiled seriously at the merry fellow, and the merry fellow made a naive and neat trick before the dance.
- Well, niece! - shouted the uncle, waving his hand to Natasha, tearing off the chord.
Natasha threw off the handkerchief that was thrown over her, ran ahead of her uncle and, propping her hands on her hips, made a movement with her shoulders and stood.
Where, how, when she sucked in herself from that Russian air that she breathed - this countess, brought up by a French emigrant, this spirit, where did she get these techniques that pas de chale should have long been forced out? But these spirits and methods were the same, inimitable, not studied, Russian, which her uncle expected from her. As soon as she stood up, she smiled solemnly, proudly and cunningly cheerfully, the first fear that gripped Nikolai and all those present, the fear that she would do something wrong, passed and they were already admiring her.
She did the same thing and did it so exactly, so quite exactly, that Anisya Fyodorovna, who immediately handed her the handkerchief necessary for her work, burst into tears through laughter, looking at this thin, graceful, so alien to her, educated countess in silk and velvet. who knew how to understand everything that was in Anisya, and in Anisya's father, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person.
“Well, the countess is a pure march,” said the uncle, laughing joyfully, having finished the dance. - Oh yes, niece! If only you could choose a good fellow for you, - march is a clean business!
“Already chosen,” said Nikolai smiling.
- O? said the uncle in surprise, looking inquiringly at Natasha. Natasha nodded her head in the affirmative with a happy smile.
- Another one! - she said. But as soon as she said it, another new system thoughts and feelings rose up in her. What did Nikolai's smile mean when he said: "already chosen"? Is he happy about it or not? He seems to think that my Bolkonsky would not have approved, would not have understood our joy. No, he would understand. Where is he now? thought Natasha, and her face suddenly became serious. But it only lasted for one second. “Don’t think about it, don’t dare to think about it,” she said to herself, and smiling, she sat down again with her uncle, asking him to play something else.
Uncle played another song and a waltz; then, after a pause, he cleared his throat and sang his favorite hunting song.
Like powder from the evening
Turned out good...
Uncle sang the way the people sing, with that complete and naive conviction that in a song all meaning lies only in the words, that the melody comes by itself and that there is no separate melody, but that the melody is only for the warehouse. Because of this, this unconscious tune, like the song of a bird, was unusually good with my uncle. Natasha was delighted with her uncle's singing. She decided that she would no longer study the harp, but would only play the guitar. She asked her uncle for a guitar and immediately picked up the chords for the song.
At ten o'clock a line, a droshky, and three riders arrived for Natasha and Petya, sent to look for them. The count and countess did not know where they were and were very worried, as the messenger said.
Petya was taken down and laid like a dead body in a ruler; Natasha and Nikolai got into the droshky. Uncle wrapped up Natasha and said goodbye to her with a completely new tenderness. He escorted them on foot to the bridge, which had to be bypassed into a ford, and ordered the hunters to go ahead with lanterns.
“Farewell, dear niece,” his voice shouted out of the darkness, not the one that Natasha had known before, but the one that sang: “Like powder since the evening.”
The village we passed had red lights and a cheerful smell of smoke.
- What a charm this uncle is! - said Natasha, when they drove out onto the main road.
“Yes,” said Nikolai. - Are you cold?
- No, I'm fine, fine. I feel so good, - Natasha even said with bewilderment. They were silent for a long time.
The night was dark and damp. The horses were not visible; all you could hear was their paddling through the invisible mud.
What was going on in this childish, receptive soul, which so greedily caught and assimilated all the most diverse impressions of life? How did it fit into her? But she was very happy. Already approaching the house, she suddenly sang the motive of the song: “Like powder from the evening,” a motive that she caught all the way and finally caught.
- Got it? Nikolai said.
“What are you thinking now, Nikolenka?” Natasha asked. They liked to ask each other that.
- I? - said Nikolai remembering; - you see, at first I thought that Rugay, the red dog, looked like an uncle and that if he were a man, he would still keep the uncle with him, if not for the jump, then for the frets, he would keep everything. How good he is, uncle! Is not it? - Well, what about you?
- I? Hold on, hold on. Yes, at first I thought that here we are going and we think that we are going home, and God knows where we are going in this darkness and suddenly we will arrive and see that we are not in Otradnoye, but in a magical kingdom. And then I thought… No, nothing more.
“I know, I was thinking about him right,” Nikolai said smiling, as Natasha recognized by the sound of his voice.
“No,” answered Natasha, although at the same time she really thought both about Prince Andrei and about how he would like his uncle. “And I also repeat everything, I repeat all the way: how Anisyushka performed well, well ...” said Natasha. And Nikolai heard her sonorous, causeless, happy laughter.
“You know,” she said suddenly, “I know that I will never be as happy and calm as I am now.
“That’s nonsense, nonsense, lies,” said Nikolai and thought: “What a charm this Natasha of mine is! I don't have another friend like him and never will. Why should she get married, everyone would go with her!
“What a charm this Nikolai is!” thought Natasha. - BUT! there’s still a fire in the living room,” she said, pointing to the windows of the house, which shone beautifully in the wet, velvet darkness of the night.
Count Ilya Andreich resigned from the leaders because this post was too expensive. But things didn't get better for him. Often Natasha and Nikolai saw the secret, restless negotiations of their parents and heard rumors about the sale of a rich, ancestral Rostov house and a suburban one. Without leadership, it was not necessary to have such a large reception, and the life of congratulations was conducted more quietly than in previous years; but the huge house and outbuilding were still full of people, everyone sat down at the table more people. All these were people who had settled down in the house, almost members of the family, or those who, it seemed, had to live in the count's house. Such were Dimmler - a musician with his wife, Yogel - a dance teacher with his family, the old lady Belova, who lived in the house, and many others: Petya's teachers, the former governess of young ladies and just people who were better or more profitable to live with the count than at home. There was no such big visit as before, but the course of life was the same, without which the count and countess could not imagine life. There was the same, still increased by Nikolai, hunting, the same 50 horses and 15 coachmen at the stable, the same expensive gifts on name days, and solemn dinners for the whole county; the same count whists and bostons, behind which he, dissolving cards for everyone to see, allowed himself to be beaten every day by hundreds of neighbors who looked at the right to play the game of Count Ilya Andreich as the most profitable lease.
The count, as if in huge snares, went about his business, trying not to believe that he was entangled, and with each step he became more and more entangled and feeling himself unable to either break the nets that entangled him, or carefully, patiently begin to unravel them. Countess loving heart she felt that her children were going bankrupt, that the count was not to blame, that he could not be different from what he was, that he himself was suffering (although he hides it) from the consciousness of his own and children's ruin, and she looked for means to help the cause. From her feminine point of view, there was only one way - the marriage of Nicholas to a rich bride. She felt that it was last hope, and that if Nikolai refuses the party that she found for him, it will be necessary to say goodbye forever to the opportunity to improve things. This party was Julie Karagina, the daughter of a beautiful, virtuous mother and father, known from childhood to Rostov, and now a rich bride on the occasion of the death of the last of her brothers.
The Countess wrote directly to Karagina in Moscow, offering her the marriage of her daughter to her son, and received a favorable response from her. Karagina replied that she, for her part, agreed that everything would depend on the inclination of her daughter. Karagina invited Nikolai to come to Moscow.
Several times, with tears in her eyes, the Countess told her son that now that both her daughters were added, her only desire was to see him married. She said that she would lie down in the coffin calm, if that were the case. Then she said that she had a beautiful girl in mind and elicited his opinion about marriage.
In other conversations, she praised Julie and advised Nikolai to go to Moscow for the holidays to have fun. Nikolai guessed what his mother's conversations were leading to, and in one of these conversations he called her to complete frankness. She told him that all the hope of getting things right was now based on his marriage to Karagina.
- Well, if I loved a girl without a fortune, would you really demand, maman, that I sacrifice feeling and honor for a fortune? he asked his mother, not understanding the cruelty of his question and wishing only to show his nobility.
“No, you didn’t understand me,” said the mother, not knowing how to justify herself. “You didn’t understand me, Nikolinka. I wish you happiness,” she added, and felt that she was telling a lie, that she was confused. She started crying.
“Mamma, don’t cry, but just tell me that you want it, and you know that I will give my whole life, I will give everything so that you are calm,” said Nikolai. I will sacrifice everything for you, even my feelings.
But the countess did not want to put the question that way: she did not want a sacrifice from her son, she herself would like to sacrifice to him.
“No, you didn’t understand me, let’s not talk,” she said, wiping her tears.
“Yes, maybe I love the poor girl,” Nikolai said to himself, well, should I sacrifice feeling and honor for the state? I wonder how my mother could tell me this. Because Sonya is poor, I can’t love her, he thought, I can’t respond to her faithful, devoted love. And I'll probably be happier with her than with some sort of Julie doll. I can always sacrifice my feelings for the good of my relatives, he said to himself, but I cannot command my feelings. If I love Sonya, then my feeling is stronger and higher than anything for me.
Nikolai did not go to Moscow, the countess did not resume the conversation with him about marriage, and with sadness, and sometimes with anger, she saw signs of an ever greater rapprochement between her son and the dowryless Sonya. She reproached herself for that, but she could not help but grumble, find fault with Sonya, often stopping her for no reason, calling her "you" and "my dear." Most of all, the kind countess was angry with Sonya because this poor, black-eyed niece was so meek, so kind, so devotedly grateful to her benefactors, and so faithfully, unfailingly, selflessly in love with Nicholas that it was impossible to reproach her for anything. .
Nikolai spent his vacation with his relatives. The 4th letter was received from the groom, Prince Andrei, from Rome, in which he wrote that he would have been on his way to Russia long ago if his wound had not suddenly opened in a warm climate, which makes him postpone his departure until the beginning of next year . Natasha was just as in love with her fiancé, just as reassured by this love, and just as receptive to all the joys of life; but at the end of the fourth month of separation from him, moments of sadness began to come over her, against which she could not fight. She felt sorry for herself, it was a pity that she had been lost for nothing, for no one, all this time, during which she felt herself so capable of loving and being loved.
It was sad in the Rostovs' house.
Christmas time came, and apart from the ceremonial mass, except for the solemn and boring congratulations from neighbors and courtyards, except for all the new dresses put on, there was nothing special commemorating Christmas time, and in a windless 20 degree frost, in a bright blinding sun during the day and in a starry winter light at night, the need for some kind of commemoration of this time was felt.
On the third day of the holiday, after dinner, all the households went to their rooms. It was the most boring time of the day. Nikolai, who went to the neighbors in the morning, fell asleep in the sofa room. The old count was resting in his study. In the living room for round table Sonya sat, sketching a pattern. The Countess laid out the cards. Nastasya Ivanovna, with a sad face, was sitting at the window with two old ladies. Natasha entered the room, went up to Sonya, looked at what she was doing, then went up to her mother and silently stopped.
- Why are you walking around like a homeless person? her mother told her. - What do you want?
“I need him ... now, this minute I need him,” said Natasha, her eyes shining and not smiling. The Countess lifted her head and looked at her daughter intently.
- Don't look at me. Mom, don't look, I'll cry now.
“Sit down, sit with me,” said the countess.
Mom, I need it. Why am I disappearing like this, mother? ... - Her voice broke off, tears splashed from her eyes, and to hide them, she quickly turned around and left the room. She went out into the sofa room, stood for a moment, thought, and went into the girls' room. There, the old maid grumbled at a young girl, out of breath, who had come running from the cold from the servants.
“That will play,” said the old woman. - There is all the time.
“Let her go, Kondratyevna,” said Natasha. - Go, Mavrusha, go.
And releasing Mavrusha, Natasha went through the hall into the hall. The old man and two young footmen were playing cards. They interrupted the game and stood up at the entrance of the young lady. "What should I do with them?" thought Natasha. - Yes, Nikita, please go ... where can I send him? - Yes, go to the servants and bring a rooster please; yes, and you, Misha, bring oats.
- Would you like some oats? Misha said cheerfully and willingly.
“Go, go quickly,” said the old man.
- Fedor, and you get me some chalk.
Passing by the buffet, she ordered the samovar to be served, although it was not at all the time.
Fok the barman was the most angry person in the whole house. Natasha loved to try her power over him. He did not believe her and went to ask if it was true?
- Oh, this young lady! said Foka, feigning a frown at Natasha.
No one in the house sent out so many people and gave them so much work as Natasha. She could not see people with indifference, so as not to send them somewhere. It was as if she was trying to see if she would get angry, if one of them would pout at her, but people did not like to fulfill anyone's orders as much as Natasha's. “What should I do? Where should I go? Natasha thought as she slowly walked down the corridor.
- Nastasya Ivanovna, what will be born from me? she asked the jester, who, in his kutsaveyka, was walking towards her.
- From you fleas, dragonflies, blacksmiths, - answered the jester.
“My God, my God, it’s all the same. Ah, where should I go? What should I do with myself? - And she quickly, clattering her feet, ran up the stairs to Vogel, who lived with his wife on the top floor. Vogel had two governesses, and there were plates of raisins, walnuts, and almonds on the table. The governesses talked about where it was cheaper to live, in Moscow or Odessa. Natasha sat down, listened to their conversation with a serious, thoughtful face, and stood up. “The island of Madagascar,” she said. “Ma da gas car,” she repeated each syllable distinctly, and without answering m me Schoss’s questions about what she was saying, she left the room. Petya, her brother, was also upstairs: he and his uncle arranged fireworks, which he intended to set off at night. - Petya! Petka! she shouted to him, “take me downstairs. c - Petya ran up to her and turned his back. She jumped on top of him, wrapping her arms around his neck, and he jumped up and ran with her. “No, no, it’s the island of Madagascar,” she said, and, jumping off it, went down.
As if she had bypassed her kingdom, tested her power and made sure that everyone was submissive, but still boring, Natasha went into the hall, took a guitar, sat in a dark corner behind a cabinet and began to pluck the strings in the bass, making a phrase that she remembered from one opera heard in St. Petersburg together with Prince Andrei. For outsiders, something came out on her guitar that had no meaning, but in her imagination, because of these sounds, resurrected whole line memories. She sat at the cupboard, fixing her eyes on the streak of light falling from the pantry door, listening to herself and remembering. She was in a state of remembrance.
The most little-studied and, perhaps, the most interesting from the point of view of science is the Southern or Antarctic Ocean. Until 2000, the concept of the "Southern Ocean" was conditional - this is how oceanologists called the part of the world ocean, consisting of the southern parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans and washing the coast of Antarctica.
The study of the specifics of this part of the world ocean, associated with the originality hydrological regime Antarctic waters between the convergence zone and the northern coasts of Antarctica, which are united by the circumpolar current, the uniqueness of the bottom shelf, animal and flora, as well as his special influence on the climate of the planet, gave scientists reason to single out in 2000 the fifth Southern or Antarctic Ocean.
The boundary of the Southern Ocean runs along the 60th parallel of south latitude and corresponds to the northern boundary of the Antarctic convergence zone and the uniqueness of the bottom topography. Its area is 20,327 thousand square meters. km. and it is the fourth largest ocean globe. Its water part includes the Amundsen, Bellingshausen, Ross, Weddel-la seas, part of the Drake Passage, a small part of the Scottish Sea and other water areas of Antarctica. The relief of the Southern Ocean for the most part has a depth of 4,000 to 5,000 m with minor areas of shallow water. Its continental shelf is extremely deep, narrow and lies at depths from 400 to 800 m. The deepest point of the Antarctic Ocean is the southern tip of the Sandwich Basin - 7,235 m.
The biggest ocean current in the world that affects the formation and change of climate on the whole earth - the Antarctic polar current. It moves east around Antarctica and carries 130 million cubic meters of water per second. This figure is a hundred times greater than the amount of water carried by all the rivers of the globe. The climate of the Southern Ocean is distinguished by its severity.
Fashionable direction of the 20-21 centuries - tours to Antarctica
The water temperature in the surface layers of the ocean varies from +10?C to -2?C. Due to the strong temperature contrast between the area of ice and the open ocean, cyclonic storms are almost constantly observed here, which move around Antarctica in an easterly direction. Harsh cold winds here blow much stronger than anywhere else on the planet. In winter, the Southern Ocean freezes up to 65 parallels south latitude in the Pacific Ocean and to 55 parallels in the Atlantic Ocean, and surface temperatures drop well below zero.
The Roaring Forties…
Antarctic ice packs occupy average area from a low of 2.6 million square kilometers in March to a maximum of 18.8 million square kilometers in September, an increase of about seven times during this time. They represent the largest supply of the purest fresh water on the planet. wreckage shelf ice and continental glaciers form icebergs and floating ice. Individual Antarctic icebergs can exist for 10 or more years.
Despite the harsh climatic conditions of the Southern Ocean, living life in Antarctic waters is rich and distinctive. The waters of the southern ocean are extremely saturated with phyto- and zooplankton, represented primarily by krill. Krill is the basis of nutrition for many species of fish, cetaceans, penguins, squids, sponges, echinoderms, seals and other animals. Among the mammals that have adapted to living in such harsh conditions, it should be noted penguins, fur seals, seals. The waters of the Southern Ocean are a favorite habitat for many species of whales, such as the blue whale, fin whale, sei whale, humpback whale. An extremely rich species diversity of valuable species of oceanic fish, which are represented by endemic families of notothenia and white-blooded fish.
The non-vertebrate animals that live in the South Ocean waters are very peculiar. Of particular interest are huge jellyfish, reaching a weight of up to 150 kilograms. Penguins are a symbol of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. These peculiar birds with a vertical body position are represented by 17 species. They lead a semi-terrestrial lifestyle, feed on small crustaceans and fish in the water and do not know how to fly at all like their relatives.
The Southern Ocean, due to its very harsh climate, is still little studied and represents huge interest for science and scientific discoveries. The secrets kept in the waters of the Southern Ocean will amaze humanity with their discoveries and sensations more than once.
Detailed information about the country: Southern Ocean. Photos, maps, population, cities, economy, climate, statistics compiled by the US CIA / World factbook
| Introduction | South ocean |
| The name of the country: | South ocean
|
| Story: | The decision of the International Hydrographic Organization, adopted in the spring of 2000, determined the boundaries of the fifth world ocean, formed from the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The new ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60°S. sh., which is the internationally recognized boundary of Antarctica. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, but larger than the Arctic). |
| Geography | South ocean |
| Location: | body of water from the coast of Antarctica north to the 60th parallel |
| Geographical coordinates: | 60°00'S, 90°00'E (nominal), but the Southern Ocean has the unique feature of being a large body of water around the pole, completely surrounding Antarctica; this ring of waters lies between the 60th parallel and the coast of Antarctica, enclosing 360 degrees of longitude |
| Map link: | Antarctic RegionShow map: Southern Ocean: |
| Country area: | total area: 20,327,000 sq. km 5th place / Compare with other countries: / Dynamics of change: |
| Area in comparison: | somewhat larger than double the size of the US |
| Coast length: | 17,968 km |
| Climate | South ocean |
| Climate: | sea temperature varies from about 10 °C to -2 °C; cyclonic storms move eastward around the continent, are often very strong due to the temperature contrast between the ice area and the open ocean; in the ocean region from about 40 ° S. sh. to the Antarctic Arctic Circle, stronger winds than anywhere else on Earth; in winter, the ocean freezes to 65 ° S. sh. in the Pacific Ocean sector, up to 55 ° S. sh. in the Atlantic Ocean sector, surface temperatures drop well below 0°C; in some parts of the coast due to constant winds from the continent coastline stays ice-free all winter |
| Landscape: | The Southern Ocean is mostly deep (from 4,000 to 5,000 m), with small areas of shallow water; the Antarctic continental shelf is mostly narrow and unusually deep, its edge lies at depths of 400 to 800 m (with a world average of 133 m); Antarctic pack ice occupies an average area of minimum value in 2.6 million sq. km. in March to about 18.8 million sq. km. in September, increasing more than sevenfold; The Antarctic Polar Current (21,000 km long) is constantly moving east, it is the largest ocean current in the world, carrying 130 million cubic meters of water per second, that is, a hundred times more than all the rivers of the world |
| Height above sea level: | lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the Sandwich Basin;
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| Natural resources: | large and even huge reserves of oil and gas are likely on the shelf of the continent, manganese ores, deposits of gold, sand and gravel are possible, fresh water in the form of icebergs, squid, whales, seals (none of the above is mined); krill and fish |
| Natural disasters: | huge icebergs with a draft of up to several hundred meters; smaller ice floes and fragments of icebergs; sea ice(usually 0.5 to 1 m thick) experiencing short-term dynamic variations and large annual and seasonal variations; deep continental shelf with ice deposits, the thickness of which varies greatly even at short distances; strong winds and high waves throughout most of the year; icing of ships, especially in May-October; most of the region is inaccessible to search and rescue facilities |
| Environment: | growing as a result of education in recent years ozone hole sunny over Antarctica ultraviolet radiation reduces the productivity of the sea (phytoplankton) by about 15% and damages the DNA of some fish; illegal, hidden and unregulated fishing in recent years, especially 5-6 times the legal fishing of Patagonian toothfish (fish of the Nototheniidae family), which may affect the abundance of the species; large numbers of seabird deaths from long net fishing for toothfish; |
| Environment - international agreements: | The Southern Ocean is the subject of all international agreements on the oceans, in addition, it is the object of agreements specifically for this region; The International Fisheries Commission prohibits commercial whaling south of 40°S. (south of 60° S between 50° and 130° W); The Antarctic Seal Protection Treaty restricts seal hunting; The Convention for the Conservation of the Living Marine Resources of Antarctica regulates fisheries; |
| Geography - note: | the narrowest point is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the polar front is the best natural definition of the northern limit of the Southern Ocean; the polar front and the current pass around the whole of Antarctica, reaching 60 ° S. near New Zealand and almost 48°S. in the South Atlantic, coinciding with the direction of most westerly winds |
| Population | South ocean |
| Control | South ocean |
| Economy | South ocean |
| Economics - overview: | For the fishing season in 2005-2006. caught 128 081 metric tons fish products, of which 83% are krill and 9.7% Patagonian toothfish, compared with the 2004-2005 season, in which 147,506 tons were caught, where 86% krill and 8% Patagonian toothfish. At the end of 1999, international agreements were adopted to reduce illegal, hidden, indiscriminate fishing. For the period of the Antarctic summer 2006-2007. The Southern Ocean and Antarctica were visited by 35,552 tourists, most of whom arrived by sea. |
| Communication / Internet | South ocean |
| Transport | South ocean |
| Ports: | McMurdo, Palmer |
| Transport - addition: | The Drake Passage is an alternative passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean to the Panama Canal. |
| Defense | South ocean |
| Miscellaneous | South ocean |
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