The ending is a changeable morpheme that serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence and forms the form of a word, expressing the meanings of gender, number, person and case. For example, in a noun table ending -A expresses the meaning male singular genitive, in the verb is reading ending -et expresses the meaning of the 3rd person singular. Termination can be null: table (cf. table[A]), kind (cf. kind[s]) , read (cf. read[And]).

Only modified words have endings. There are no endings service words, adverbs, invariable nouns and adjectives. Changed words have no endings in those grammatical forms, in which the indicated grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case) are absent, that is, for the infinitive and gerund.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have several endings. This can be easily seen when changing these words: tr-and-st-a, tr-ex-sot-, sofa-bed-, sofa-a-bed-and.

The end may be null. It stands out from the modified word, if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. Zero ending- this is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word is. Yes, the ending A in the shape of table-a shows that this word is in the genitive case, - at V table-at points to dative. The absence of an ending in the form table says that it is a nominative or accusative case, that is, it carries information, meaningfully. It is in such cases that the zero ending is allocated in the word.

You must not confuse words with a zero ending and words in which there are no and cannot be endings - immutable words. Only inflected words can have a null ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles- . The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th "] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: night-her, night-ami. If [th"] is traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [th" -a] - become [th "-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [th "] is not expressed at the letter level, it is “hidden” in an iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and designate this sound. "], "hidden" in an iotized vowel with j, without parentheses inscribed in Right place: Articles.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -ya, -ya, -ya. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:

genius, genij-th, genij-th

army-i, army-she - tables-th, tables-th, etc.

4) adjectives in short form singular masculine: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have different morphemic structure in the indicated cases:

units number	I. p.	blue	fox-
	R. p.	blue-his	foxj-his
	D. p.	blue him	foxj-him
	V. p.	=and. p. / c. P.
	T. p.	syn-im	foxj-im
	P. p.	blue-em	foxj-em.

This morphemic structure possessive adjectives it is easy to understand, given that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivatives, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -ij- from nouns: mother® mom-in-, fox ® fox-y-. IN indirect cases this possessive suffix - uy- is realized in [j], which is “hidden” in an iotized vowel;

6) a verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood: dela-l- (by) - cf.: dela-l-a, dela-l-and;

7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-te;

8) in short participles null ending, like short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-

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The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such huge amount rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun in cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What is an ending?

The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person given word. For example, in the word "continent" the ending -a indicates that the given word is in the singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word "thinks" the ending -et indicates that this construction is third person singular.

Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word

When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.

In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each base. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect the lexical meaning of the word and the whole sentence. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:

. numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: a clean canvas - the ending -oe indicates singular, on neuter gender And Nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular neuter and nominative) ;

Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th indicates the genitive case) and part of the numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: she spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.

Words are an ending that is not expressed by letters or sounds. Even though the material this species the ending is not expressed in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it must be denoted as an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

Zero ending is in Russian the following types words:

. First person nouns in and plural person. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.

Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.

Possessive nouns are adjectives in the singular masculine form. For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.

Singular imperative verbs. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.

Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;

words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All adverbs, since this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;

All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.

Also, words that have no endings at all should not be indicated in writing in morphological analysis with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.

How to determine the end?

To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

		Singular	Plural	immutable word
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?		mirrorAM
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental		a mirror	mirrors
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		mirrors

On this example it is noticeable how easily a given morpheme can be defined in words. Since the word "pleated" is not declined by cases, this word is without an ending, and in the word "mirrors" only the root and the zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, in the morphemic analysis of which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.

in morphemic analysis

Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands before it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of the morphemic analysis of the word

Ending is the only one variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.

Minor difficulties that may arise in correct definition endings is to distinguish words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.

The ending in a word may not be materially expressed either by letters or by sounds. This ending is called zero. Despite its seeming intangibility, we must inflected words designate it graphically as an empty square. The zero ending is revealed in the word when comparing its different forms.

In what words or forms of words is there a zero ending? To answer this question, let's go through the parts of speech.

Zero ending nouns

Nouns have zero endings masculine words 2 declension:

• blacksmith_
• aluminum_
• dry wind_
• hero_;

feminine nouns 3 declensions:

• whim_
• beans_
• silence_
• thing_;

genitive plural nouns:

• no families
• two wrists
• many dachas_
• five saucers
• multiple towers_

Zero ending adjectives

Possessive masculine adjectives in the nominative case have a zero ending, which is easily materialized when changing the form of the word:

• fathers_ - fathers A
• kuniy_ - kun his
• Tannin_ — Tannin Wow
• lizcheritsyn _ - Lizcheritsyn A.

In the forms of short masculine adjectives select the zero ending:

• joyful_ (but joyful)
• lazy_ (lazy)
• beautiful (beautiful).

Zero ending pronouns

Specify zero ending at pronouns:

• index - this_, that_, such_;
• possessive - our_, your_, your_, your_;

at relative pronoun what_;

personal — I you he_.

Zero ending numerals

For cardinal numbers 5 to 9, 10 to 80, 200 to 900 in nominative and accusative cases there is a null ending:

five_, ten_, eight_ten_, seven_hundred_;

in the form of the genitive case of complex numerals:

two hundred, three hundred, four hundred ;

numeral "one" - one_ person, I see one_ object.

Zero ending verbs

In masculine past tense verb forms there is a null ending:

• got up - got up
• nes_ - nesl-a;

for verbs in the form imperative mood:

• read_
• cut_
• eat_te
• hang up;

for verbs in the form conditional mood male:

• would read
• would say
• would have heard

in short form passive participles past tense masculine:

• deprived_ - deprived;
• naked_ - naked;
• awakened_ - awakened-a.

1. Ending is a morpheme that usually stands at the end of a word and which indicates the connection of this word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.

The ending is often called the inflected part of the word.

Wed: book - books - book.

This means that changing the ending does not change lexical meaning words.

Endings do not participate in word formation. It's always formative morphemes. They are used in the formation of forms of the same word.

2. Endings express grammatical meanings:

gender, number, case- in nouns ( book- ending - A indicates feminine, singular, nominative), adjectives ( big Book- ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), participles ( written book- ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some pronouns ( my book- ending - I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some numerals ( one book- ending - A indicates feminine, singular, nominative);

case- some pronouns ( no one- ending - Wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- ending - And indicates the genitive case);

faces and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( Think- ending - Yu indicates 1 person, singular);

gender and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- ending - A indicates feminine, singular).

3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.

No knife, cut with a knife.

But the end may be zero. The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, for example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative.

Zero terminations are found in the following forms:

nouns in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declensions) and feminine (3 declensions);

Table□ , daughter□ .

part of the nouns in the form of the genitive case, plural;

No forces□ , no cases□ , no soldiers□ .

for short adjectives in the singular, masculine;

Vesel□ , happy□ .

verbs in the past tense, singular, masculine;

Read□ , sang□ .

for possessive adjectives with the suffix -iy.

fox□ , wolf□ .

Note!

1) Final sounds (and letters) in the form of the genitive case, plural, 1 declension and 2 declension are not endings - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□ . This is part of the base, and the ending here is zero. For verification, you can compare the data of the form with the forms of the nominative case, singular.

Yes, noun army[arm’ij b] has the ending -i (sound [b]), and [j] is included in the stem [arm’ij]. In order to prove this, you can decline the word: in army[j] Yu, army[j] to her etc. In all these forms, [j] is preserved. This means that [ j ] is part of the stem, because the ending is the variable part of the word. Only in the form of the genitive case is this sound graphically expressed using the letter й ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.

In forms like foothills, saucer we are seeing a similar phenomenon. Only here there is also fluency of vowels ( i, e).

Wed: foothills[pr'i e dgor'j b] - foothills[pr'i e dgor'ij]; saucers[bl'utts b] - saucer[bl'udts].

2) In the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine, qualitative and relative adjectives-y is the ending (this is the inflected part of the word, cf.: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) -th is a suffix. It persists when tilted. Only in other forms the suffix is ​​presented in a truncated form - [j], and in writing it is not graphically expressed. The presence of this suffix is ​​signaled by the separating b.

Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, fox - fox[j] his.

4. The ending is usually at the end of a word.

Exceptions are:

endings before postfixes -sya (y reflexive verbs, participles), -te (in plural imperative mood), something, something, something(for indefinite pronouns);

Studying, studying, let's go, those, someone, someone, someone.

endings in compound numbers, where endings follow each root.

In three hundred, there is no five ten.

Note!

Indeclinable and non-conjugated words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and, as if, not), immutable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), invariable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!

The spelling of the endings is determined by the part-of-speech attribution of the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.

5. The basis is a part of a word without an ending. The basis is the carrier of the lexical meaning of the given word.

6. With declension and conjugation, the stem can change - decrease or increase.

For example: leaf □ and leaf [ j ]- I- in the plural, the stem increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are typical, as a rule, for the verb: in most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not coincide.

Wed: zhd-a - be and zhd - at- the basis in the present tense has been reduced (the suffix is ​​lost - A); chit-a - be- chit-aj - ut- V this case the basis in the present tense, on the contrary, increased due to the sound [ j ], which is part of the suffix of the present tense and the imperative mood (cf .: chit-ai).

Note!

1) In feminine nouns with final (final letters) -iya ( army, sandal, revolution etc.) and the neuter gender with the final -ie ( being, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and refers to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns.

Wed: army - I, army - and, army - her; be-e, be-I, be-eat.

2) In masculine nouns with the final -й ( proletarian, sanatorium, region etc.) this consonant also belongs to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns, cf .: edge, edge[j]- i, kra[j] -yu, kra[j]- eat. In indirect cases, [j] is not graphically indicated special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels. i, e, u after another vowel (see paragraph 1.5).

Thus, these nouns in the nominative case, singular, like others ( table□ , horse□ and similar), have a zero ending:

edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .

7. Since there are several postfixes in Russian, that is, suffixes that can be located after endings, then the basis some forms of words can be torn.

How Wow-to - ending - Wow, basis as.. then ; uch it sya - ending - it, basis uch..sya .

It is necessary to distinguish between the basis of a particular form of a word and the basis of a word (in word formation).

The basis of a particular form of a word is represented by a part of the word without an ending.

Recording - be, wrote down - A, write down - at.

The stem of a word is determined by the initial form of the word. It includes the root, prefixes and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the word-formative stem.

For example, in order to identify the stem of a word in verb form wrote down - A, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and discard the ending (in other concepts - a formative suffix) of an indefinite form - be: record- .

Note!

1) The derivational basis of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, the verb: a) the stems of the present tense and the infinitive often do not coincide, b) it is enough big number formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -i - in the imperative mood).

2) Verbal reflexive postfix -sya (learn be xia, we be xia) is not formative, therefore it must be included in the stem of the word.

3) As noted, in some cases the forms of nouns in the singular and plural differ not only in endings, but also in formative suffixes. In this case, the basis of the word (for word formation) is also determined by the initial form - singular, nominative case, cf .: son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) - son-.

4) As noted, participles and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts speech and special forms verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the participle suffixes ( -om / -em / -im; -usch / -yushch / -ashch / -box, -nn / -n / -enn / -en / -t, -sh / -sh) are classified as part of the derivational basis of the word.

I do not know how to explain to the child, because I have not had such problems. Neither by himself, nor with a child.

But companies of 15 people with the top technical are easy to explain.

If the temperature is zero outside, this does not mean that it is not there at all. And if you "have no temperature", then it is far from zero.

It seems to me that no ending and zero ending in the school context are complete synonyms and there is no reason to fight against one by virtue of the other. vice versa. If Petya has no apples, then he has zero of them, right? If a word has no ending, then it (at the ending) has zero sounds, no? Or do children at school in the age of computers not know what "zero" is?

To be honest, I don't really like the nose idea. There is a nose. And it is by no means "zero". Just not visible. This is completely different. At one time (from the fifth grade, because I didn’t study at school in the third and fourth), because of such inconsistencies and omissions, I often thought that they were just deliberately fooling my head.))) I’m basically not talking about the Russian language, but also with Russians have had misunderstandings. But I dare not insist.

Ellen, answer here
//----------------------

The question is who needs it and why. Can you explain what the author of this idea was guided by?

I'm sorry, but I didn't ask about schoolchildren. You did not understand. (Or "they didn't get it").

They (students) quickly understand what you will not understand in any way.

I can't grasp Why do we need such a system of definitions . And students understand why is it needed ? Do not make me laugh. They (just like me, by the way, you slander me in vain) understand What they are told - but For what neither they nor I nor you understand it. If you name this goal (argued), then I will immediately understand. Yes, something does not work either for you or for your predecessors. Just do not repeat that "they understand better." Name at least what exactly they "understand".

If you don't understand again. Zhi and SHI write with I not at all because they "understand" better. But because it is so right, it is covered by tradition and historical phonetics. So argue, if not difficult, the idea "the word table has zero inflection, but the coat does not have it" is correct, and not just voluntaristically set.

But what are the people who invent USE questions, I do not understand. (I'm talking about the question about the grammatical connection in the phrase "his appearance".)

What's with the USE? But if this is a question, then they were guided only by considerations like "they understand better this way."

But the question is actually something else. And how is it correct (more logical, clearer - your choice) to consider that indeclinable names / pronouns do not have inflections at all - and, as a result, get confused in all the wordings, this concept is used ("his coat" is just one of the examples) or make the wording universal - and removing many inconsistencies in the entire system of definitions.

That's where the dog rummaged. And you tell me - about kindergarten and "understand better". And how do they "understand worse", let me ask? If there is "better", then it must be "worse", no?