Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between separate parts sentence speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Perfectly mastering the ability to decline different parts of speech in cases is hallmark literate, educated person. Often school program, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what in question, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of the word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.

How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine correct usage not only the case form, but also the number, gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults not involved in writing, editorial, educational or scientific activity, remembers how many cases there are in Russian?

Disappointing results Total dictation conducted this year leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy of most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words people special problems do not experience.

And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).

But in modern educational science Nevertheless, it is customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Declension of words is used both for the singular and for plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".

The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Noun cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		boy(), ball()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball()	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(om), ball(om)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common nouns foreign nouns(Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
• Russians and Ukrainian surnames(Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

adjectives - independent part speech, denoting the signs and characteristics of the object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Cases of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Good	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Good
Accusative	Whom? What?	Good	On, for, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Non-inflected adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives if they are not presented in short form answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	good(s), red(s)	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good (s), red (s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

Some people find it difficult and somewhat confusing to have two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:

• brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
• in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.

All world languages ​​can be conditionally divided into inflectional and non-inflectional. This means that the words that are part of the languages ​​of the first group have endings, and lexical units belonging to the second group of languages ​​do not have them. The Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is explained by the fact that the words in the native language in the sentence and phrase are connected in meaning and grammatically, that is, with the help of endings.

The endings of nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the desired part of speech is used. In general, the category of a name in Russian has such grammatical feature, like a case. It is he who allows you to link lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, more large units expressions of thought.

The case is usually called one of morphological features nominal parts of speech. It is intended to ensure that it is grammatically correct to determine in what relationship the constituent phrases or

The category of the case of a noun is defined as a feature included in the group of morphologically inconstant ones. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in Russian. They are also included in, studied as part of the school curriculum.

• The nominative is a case in which the noun is in the singular form. For comparison: lilac(what?), child(who?). The noun in this I. p. is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. is direct.
• Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can substitute the auxiliary word "no" for verification. For example: (no one?) Misha.
• Dative. Auxiliary word - "lady". Indirect, its use is possible without a preposition and with it. Example: (give to whom?) Nikita.
• Accusative. Helps to correctly define his word "see". Indirect. Nouns in V. p. are objects in a sentence. According to the above signs, it cannot be confused with the nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
• Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word will be "satisfied." Indirect. It is used with . Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) result.
• Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. Auxiliary word "think". For example: (thinking about whom?) about my beloved; (think about what?) about defending a dissertation.

Russian case table with questions:

Case system

It turns out that the case system of our mother tongue represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And the rest will be discussed later.

• Vocative. He entered case system Old Church Slavonic. Now its form can be considered the word God. Today, similar forms in the language are formed when inflection is cut off. It turns out not quite “full-fledged” in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, dad, dad and similar forms.
• Local. It is easy to guess by prepositions in, on, at and on the question where?: (where?) at the shelf, (where?) on the wardrobe, (where?) in the nose.
• Dividing. It is a derivative of the parent. Defined in context. For example: drink tea, there will be no spark, piping hot.
• Countable. An indicator is a word denoting a number or quantity in context: two hours, two steps.
• Deferral. It is used with the preposition from. It matters the beginning of the movement. For example: from home etc.
• Depriving. It is easy to recognize it from the context. Always used with the particle not. For example: cannot have a child.
• Waiting. It looks like an accusation. It can only be defined in context. For example: wait for the weather from the sea.
• Transformative or inclusive. It is also recognizable in context. For example: I will take as a wife, suitable for a daughter etc.

How to determine

The definition of a grammatical category, for example, cases of nouns and their endings, students should be able to perform both orally and in writing.

First, consider the algorithm by which you can verbally determine the case:

1. In a sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
2. Ask a question about a noun.
3. at the noun.

For example: I hear my dad call. Call(whom?) dads(R. p.)

Now we will describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:

1. In a sentence, signs // indicate the boundaries of a phrase.
2. The main word in the phrase is denoted by X.
3. Draw an arrow from the main to the dependent word.
4. Write a question above the arrow.
5. Determine case.
6. Write a case over the noun.

Case endings

Indirect cases in Russian and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren as part of the general education program.

Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to write the ending correctly in nouns, however, there are also special cases, which require the ability to determine cases and correctly write endings in words.

Endings in cases of the Russian language:

1 cl.	Name	Endings in singular	Plural endings
	Nominative	-and I	-s, -and
	Genitive	-s, -and	-, -her
	Dative	-e, -i	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-u, -u	-s, -and, -her
	Instrumental	-oh, she	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
2 declension	Nominative	-o, -e (cf.)	-a, -i, -s, -i
	Genitive	-and I	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
	Dative	-u,-u	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-o, -e (cf.)	-a, -i, -s, -i
	Instrumental	-om, -em	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
3 declension	Nominative	-	-and
	Genitive	-and	-her
	Dative	-and	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-	-and
	Instrumental	-Yu	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-and	-ah, -ah

Useful video

Summing up

With case change in mind, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. The case is formally expressed through the endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflection, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed in order for words to be combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.

From the history.

After the adoption of Christianity in Russia, there was a need to teach people to read and write. To do this, it was necessary to normalize or systematize the language. Grammar did not yet exist at that time.

AT early XIV centuries, from various Greek grammatical treatises, an essay "On the eight parts of the word" (that is, "speech") was compiled in Serbia. In accordance with the Greek system, five cases are defined for the Slavic language. Their names, as well as the word "case" (or "fall") itself, were formed by tracing (translating the word in parts) of the corresponding Greek terms.

Word " case"(Greek ptosis) denoted a change in ending, due to which the word becomes in a certain relationship to other words. In the essay "On the Eight Parts of the Word" these relations are presented as follows.

Right case(laternominative) calques from the Greek orte and gives the correct or original form of the word. Philologist late XVI centuries, Maxim the Greek called this case direct. All other cases are indirect in relation to it (or oblique, Greek plagiai), since they decline, that is, deviate from it. Modern term declension appeared in the 16th century, representing a tracing paper from the Latin declinatio.

Second case - native (Greek genike), one of the functions of which is the designation of the genus, origin, assignment of an object to a class of similar ones (a work of art).

Dative (Greek dotike) is named after one of its functions associated with the verb to give, to give.

Guilty case(Greek aitiatike) - derived from the word "guilt" (Greek aitia), which in ancient times had the meaning "reason", and is considered as a case of designating the cause of an action (to catch a butterfly).

Fifth case - vocative (Greek kletike), which was used when addressing. In modern Russian, traces of it remain in the form of forms: father, elder, friend, and its functions are performed by nominative. True, now a new vocative case is being formed (Vas, Sing, Light).

But Greek system did not meet the needs of the study Slavic languages because it didn't have Instrumental and Prepositional cases.

AT early XVI century, the embassy translator Dmitry Gerasimov translated a treatise on Latin grammar of the 4th century Donat, popular in Europe. This is where the term first appears. nominative fall , with the explanation "right in Greek", which was a tracing paper from the Latin Nominativus. The rest of the cases have former names, since Latin terms were tracing papers from ancient Greek.

The main difference of the Latin system, however, was that it contained Ablativus. Dmitry Gerasimov named it Negative Fall and provided an example "from this teacher". The given meaning, now called the deposition, does not exhaust the functions of this case: it corresponds to our Instrumental case with another meaning.

Soon, in the Grammar of Lawrence Zizania (1596), a designation of similar Slavic forms appears - Instrumental case (The word "fall" by that time had fallen out of use). The function of the highlighted case was to indicate the actor, the producer of the action. Forms Prepositional he highlights under the rubric Dative case.
The grammar of Melety Smotrytsky, published in 1619, introduced the seventh case - Descriptive, the name of the case was derived from such cases of its use as "to say about someone, about something."
M. V. Lomonosov in " Russian Grammar"replaces Descriptive to Prepositional, drawing attention to the fact that the forms of this case are used exclusively with prepositions. It was the first grammar that dealt with the Russian language, all the previous ones considered Church Slavonic. But Lomonosov did not rule out vocative case, to which by that time was already of little use. It was eliminated in later grammar works. http://answer.mail.ru/question/13431713

Additionally

To how to distinguish
Genitive
from Vinitelnog about.

Instruction

1 Determine whether the analyzed noun is animate or inanimate. Animated noun in the genitive and accusative case answers the key question "whom?". An inanimate noun answers in the genitive case to the question "what?", and in the accusative - to the question "what?", coinciding with question word to the nominative case.

2 Check the noun for compatibility with certain words. In the genitive case, the noun is combined with the word "no". For example, "No what?" - "Chair" or "There is no one?" - "Student". It is customary to check the accusative case by compatibility with verbs in the first person, singular and present tense: “I see”, “I know”, “I love”. For example, "See what?" - "Chair" or "I see who?" - "Student". In this example, you can see that the accusative and genitive for animate masculine nouns, the second declension coincides.

3 Replace an animated masculine noun of the II declension with any word of the I declension. For example, "No one?" - "Students" or "I see whom?" - "Student". In the I declension, it is easy to determine the ending -ы for the genitive and -у for the accusative case.

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From correct definition which, by the way, depends on the spelling correctness of the written.

Case category

The case of nouns is grammatical category, which indicates the relation of this part of speech to other words in the sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms- prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Issues of cases of nouns
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Sometime in Old Russian there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of development. language culture. echoes vocative remained in the open. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. On the present stage development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

Apart from grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. may be integral part predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject wood(Name p., predicate Birch - nominal part composite nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with various parts speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of any action: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used when comparative degree adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, then this case applies in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that in front of us direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

The noun in instrumental will be the following values:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

Much larger group masculine nouns: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in soft sign(zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word because it is main member sentences, therefore, is in the nominative case. Determine the declination: zero ending and masculine indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain - feminine, ends with b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you need to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension must be known. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

	solid type	soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

	masculine		Neuter gender
	solid type		solid type	soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

	1 declination		2 declension		3 declension
	solid type	soft type	masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		pans
Genitive		saucepans
Dative	Pictures	pots
Accusative		pans
Instrumental	paintings	pans	barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pots	About barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish lexical meanings plural nouns are used different endings: sheet, but leaves (of a tree) and sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word way.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrup
Dative	stirrup		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another one special group nouns are immutable. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are usually foreign words, as common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.

Great and rich, so many subtleties in it that it seems impossible to remember everything. In fact, there is nothing complicated. Just for each question you need to be able to find correct solution . Let's take a look at how many cases there are in Russian, what questions they answer, and the easiest way to remember them.

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Definition

What is a fall? To begin with, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the concept itself. . Case is a form that indicates relationship between words. With its help, the proposal can be agreed and formed. For example:

1. We, joy, accept, he, the team.
2. We gladly accepted him into the team.

In the first variant, there is simply a set of words that are in no way related to each other. In the second paragraph, thanks to the shape change, we get a complete sentence with a formed thought.

How many cases are there in Russian? The common number is six. That is how much is offered for study by schoolchildren. However, linguists argue that the present number 15. Apparently, in order to simplify the system, it was decided to remove some of them from the curriculum.

Main types

All nouns are comparable to questions and auxiliary expressions. Their interaction with each other is very convenient: if you forget one thing, another can come to the rescue.

Some cases questions match, and to distinguish between them, you can turn to declensions for help.

What are the main cases in Russian.

Nominative

Used to name objects, has the following identifying features:

• questions who? - mother. What? - frame;
• auxiliary expression "is";
• occurs with endings in the singular: I skl: -a, -ya. II: -oh, -e. III:ÿ;
• plural: -s, -i, -a, -i.

1. Marina has always loved to read books. Is there anyone? - Marina (1 class).
2. The leaves fluttered in the wind. Is there anything? - Leaves (1 cl.).

Genitive

Defines an ownership. To facilitate the memorization of the genitive case in Russian, there are a number of ways:

• you can compare it with the expression "no" who? - father. What? Palace;
• used with prepositions: at, around, before, with, from, near, without, from, after, about, for;
• ending in singular: I skl: -s, -i. II: -a, -z. III: -i;
• in the plural: -ov, -ev, -ey.

1. After my mother left, we were a little upset. No one? - Moms (1st class).
2. There were no horses in the stable. There is nothing? - Horses (plural).

Dative

It has a hint in the name itself, to pass something to someone. Its features:

• defines the last action point;
• "give" to whom? - a boy. What? - a glass;
• prepositions: by, to;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -y, -y. III: -i;
• in the plural: -am, -yam.

1. Grandma didn't like our game. Give to whom? - Grandmother (1st class).
2. Running across the field was a lot of fun. Give what? - Field (2 cl.).

Accusative

Names the action object:

• "I see" who? - girlfriend. What? - hand;
• prepositions of the accusative case: through, on, in, for, about;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -y, -y. II: -o, -e;
• in the plural: -, -s, -and, -a, -ya, -her.

1. It was especially nice to hear from the little sister. I see who? - Sister (1st class).
2. A dog was running across the bridge. See what? – Bridge (3rd declension.).

Instrumental

The belonging of a part of speech to this case is determined as follows:

• "admire" who? - wife. How? - chain mail;
• used with prepositions: over, before, under, with, for;
• endings in the singular: I declension: -oy, -oy, -ey, -ey. II: -om, -em. III: -e: -yu;
• in the plural: -ami, -ami.

1. Before which stop did you ask to stop? Love what? – Stop (1st line).
2. Lena and I have been friends since the fifth grade. I love who? - Lena (1 cl.).

Prepositional

Always used with prepositions, and also has the following properties:

• most often used prepositions - on, with, about, in, about;
• "I dream" about whom? - about a fox. About what? – about the assessment;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -e, -i. III: -i.
• plural: -ah, -ya.

1. My dream of having a puppy has finally come true. Thinking about who? - Puppy (1 declension.).
2. A birch grove grew at the court. Think about what? - Yard (1 declension.).

To memorize all the names, children can be asked to learn a short sentence:

• Irina
• gave birth
• girl
• Velela
• drag
• diaper.

Table - cases.

Additional varieties of case forms

1. Vocative. It could include appeals to someone created by "circumcision". Example: mom, dad, Tan, etc.
2. Local. Prepositions: at, at, on. Answers the questions: where, on what? Example: on the bedside table, at the school yard.
3. Dividing. Genitive derivative In russian language. Example: add speed, set the heat.
4. Countable. Used with numbers. Example: four balls, two cabinets.
5. Deferral. Indicates starting point of movement. Example: from the garden, from the house.
6. Depriving. To negate verbs. Example: Can't go, not ready to say goodbye.
7. Quantitative-determinative. It has similar traits to the parent. Example: a cup of tea.
8. Waiting. Example: wait for a friend.
9. Transformative (inclusive). Example: go to the sailors, go to the stewardesses.

Noun declension

Every noun can be inflected. There are 1, 2 and 3 declensions, as well as words related to this part of speech, may be divergent. These include the words "way", "ten", and nouns ending in "me".

Declension of nouns, table.

case	I declension		II declension		III declension
	Female genus	Husband. genus	Husband. genus	Wed genus	Female genus
Nominative	Road a	pap a Coast I	Watermelon	Zhit about Mor e	Salt
Genitive	Road and	pap s Coast and	Watermelon a Korn I	Zhit a Mor I	Sol and Gran and
Dative	Road e	pap e Coast e	Watermelon at Korn Yu	Zhit at Mor Yu	Sol and Gran and
Accusative	Road at	pap at Coast Yu	Watermelon	Zhit about Mor e	Salt
Instrumental	Road oh An her	pap oh Coast her	Watermelon ohm Korn eat	Zhit ohm Mor eat	Salt Yu edge Yu
Prepositional	Oh dear e About An e	Oh dad e Oh Coast e	About watermelon e Oh corn e	Oh life e Oh mor e	Oh sol and Oh gran and

Attention! Only the nominative case is considered direct, the rest are indirect.

Cases and questions

Case and auxiliary word			Prepositions	Endings by numbers
				Unit h.
						III fold.
Nominative	Who? (father). What? (telephone)	My father always read a lot. The phone rang several times a day.	Without pretexts	-and I	-, -o, -e	—	-s, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Whom? (parents). What? (inspiration)	There were no parents in the kitchen. I had to draw without inspiration.	Around, at, before, with, from, near, for, from, without, about, after	-s, -and	-and I	-and	-ov, -, ev, -ey
Dative	To whom? (to a kitten). What? (ceiling)	Masha poured milk for the kitten. Garlands were attached to the ceiling.	By, to	-e, -i	-u, -u	-and	-am, -yam
Accusative	Whom? (friend). What? (house)	We invited a friend along. Moving to new house did not rejoice.	Through, for, in, on, about	-u, -u	-o, -e	—	-, -i, -s, -a, -i
Instrumental (admire)	By whom? (artist). How? (creation)	She always dreamed of becoming an artist. Katya has been admiring her creation for the fifth hour already.	Under, behind, before, with, over	-oh / oh, -ee / her	-om, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
Prepositional	About whom? (about Masha) About what? (about travel)	We didn't even think about Masha. Mom has been thinking about this trip for a long time.	Oh, in, oh, at, on	-e, -i	-e, -i	-and	-ah, -i

How to learn cases easily

How to easily and simply determine the case of a noun and an adjective

Conclusion

For faster and easier memorization, you just need to choose more convenient option — visual materials. For example, for visual perception easier to work with tables and charts. So cases and questions will not cause you any problems.