Recreational opportunities. FROM

Recreation and tourism can only be understood in the context of human evolution. They never existed on their own and always carried a certain socio-cultural content. The only exception is the daily recreational cycle, but this is a biological phenomenon. In the weekly cycle of recreation, social and socio-cultural patterns, characteristic of all times and peoples, begin to appear. The relationship of quarterly and annual recreational cycles with the processes of socio-cultural development of territories is attributive in nature and is equally inherent in all SCSs. Current state is no exception. It determines only specific forms of recreation, the choice of areas and some particular features of implementation.

Recreation is not only an orientation towards learning something new, but also a reaction to stress and fatigue. It is believed that the more stressful the living conditions of a person, the greater his need for recreation. Sluggish work, lack of fatigue does not generate much interest in recreation. This regularity allegedly leads to the fact that the most active recreants are often residents of large cities, as well as people with tense working conditions. In particular, this behavior is most typical for residents of millionaire cities and professionals engaged in intensive work, for example, systematically working with computer technology.

Despite its popularity, this statement has no real justification. The noted types of recreation are fully characteristic of all people, regardless of the intensity of their work. Computers like mass product began to spread only from the late 1960s and later. Indeed, they have a very tiring effect on a person, and people who systematically work with computer technology are potentially active recreants, which is also facilitated by the combination of high incomes with great fatigue. However, this does not lead to the intensification of recreation. Overloads are removed due to recovery within the same daily, weekly, quarterly and annual cycles - new cycles do not arise. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the introduction of any technical innovation is able to change such a fundamental phenomenon as recreation cycles.

From a spatial point of view, two standards of recreation are distinguished - passive and active. By "passive recreation" is meant rest within one's main residence, associated with minor movements in space; “active recreation” implies significant movements outside the main place of residence.

Based on the criterion of repeatability of recreational activities, five types of recreation are distinguished:

daily rest - cycle 24 hours;

weekly rest - a cycle of 7 days;

"quarterly" rest - a cycle of 65 - 90 days;

annual rest - a cycle of 365 days;

life rest - a cycle covering 10 - 15 years.

The reasons for recreation, depending on its type, are several different character. The daily and weekly cycles of recreation are undoubtedly generated by the biological characteristics of the process of human life. Reasons for daily recreation - in daily fatigue: certain time need to sleep and spend outside the workplace. The reasons for weekly recreation are about the same. 40 - 50 hours of working time per week - and by the end of it there is a desire to relax. All this is natural biological response to fatigue, and, as a result, two types of recreation are present in the most different cultures and found a place in everything, arbitrarily old times. Daily and weekly types of recreation, as a rule, do not find spatial expression: the movements between the “place of fatigue” and the “place of rest” are the most insignificant.

Imagine modern life without schools, hospitals, shops, catering establishments, museums, etc., it is simply impossible. All these types of enterprises are part of the service sector (service sector). The location of service enterprises coincides with the geography of the population. However, the level, quality, and completeness of the set of services provided differ not only by region, but also within each of them - between countryside and the city, even within the boundaries of a large city - between the central and outlying ("sleeping" and "industrial") areas. The location of service enterprises is also determined by the different frequency of demand for different types services. The volume of demand for services also plays a role. A theater cannot exist in a village or town. Perhaps the only service industry that has large regional differences is the recreational economy.

Quarterly recreation is a more complex phenomenon, but its cause is quite obviously connected with the accumulation of fatigue from a long stay in one place - the place of permanent residence. This is also a universal phenomenon, inherent in all people, although the forms of implementation of quarterly recreation can dramatically differ depending on the stage of evolution and the type of socio-cultural education. Spatially active quarterly recreation associated with movements over relatively remote distances is a function of a fairly high level of development of the territory. Accordingly, it occurs quite late. The social load of quarterly recreation is more significant than daily or weekly.

Spatially active annual and, especially, peak life types recreation - the product of an even higher level of development of space, manifesting itself only in strictly defined periods of socio-cultural evolution. Their specific expressions depend on the type of socio-cultural education and the stage of its evolution. Depending on a number of factors, the annual and life types of recreation can take on completely different forms and intensity. The annual recreation is not exclusively a product of the late 19th century and beyond. This type of recreation took place in very ancient times. Another thing is that over time it changes the form of implementation - from a spatially passive to an active one, associated with moving to increasingly remote distances from the main place of residence. Annual recreation is a complex phenomenon that is characteristic only for a certain part of the population and does not always depend on its immediate capabilities.

Thus, the reasons for recreation of different cycles are somewhat different. At the levels of quarterly and annual types of recreation, the involvement of the SCS in the affairs of the vacationer is manifested. A person works for his SCS in any condition, including during rest. Quarterly and annual cycles of recreation play an important role in this respect.

Recreation is not so much about moving to a pleasant but remote place as it is about finding variety. The desire for diversity is the most common and significant characteristic of recreation. Once a year it is necessary to achieve maximum diversity; once a quarter - a smaller, but also definitely pronounced variety. Diversity can be achieved without moving from the main place of residence. From a spatial point of view, this passive form recreation, but, nevertheless, it performs its functions and does not fundamentally differ from spatially active. For an annual holiday, it is absolutely not necessary to go somewhere - you just need to categorically change your lifestyle.

Evolution is spatially active recreational activities

Recreation is not only a phenomenon of the recent past: people have always rested. Another thing is that with the evolution of mankind and depending on the characteristics of socio-cultural conditions, specific manifestations of recreational activities change. Description of the evolution of recreation is a very complicated matter. It is not completely distinguishable from other activities and is never present on its own. It is no coincidence that the history of tourism development is most often reduced to the history of the development of professional tourism companies. We have compiled such a description, linking recreation and its evolution with the processes of territorial development.

The following characteristics and parameters were taken into account:

1. Temporary rhythms of people's movements in space. These are the weekly, quarterly, annual and life cycles of movements described above.
2. Levels of development of space. The following types of space development are distinguished.

"Unknown space" - a space that lies outside the living space of people of a certain socio-cultural community. People may have certain information about the existence given space but never go there. Ideas about it are extremely abstract. This is largely a passed stage of the development of the Earth. It is characteristic of the very early historical stages of cultural contacts.

“Place” is a privatized space well developed by a person or a group of people. The place can be both the space of permanent residence, and the most famous places of one's SCS, with which a short-term or correspondence acquaintance has been made. For example, the city of Moscow and, in particular, some of its districts are a place for Russian people in general, regardless of their specific residence. A place is a space filled with the meaning and values of a person of a certain socio-cultural community.

“Own space” is a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural community of people. This is, in fact, homeland in the understanding of this term in the theory of socio-cultural systems. The main characteristic is connected precisely with the attachment to a certain socio-cultural standard. The development of one's space can be of a very different nature.

"Pioneer space" - a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural entity, but located on initial stage development. In the presence of a pioneer space, a strategically important task is its early development, which can take place in the most various forms, up to the generation environmental crises. Pioneer space is very attractive for travel and sports tourism.

“Periphery” is a space assigned to a certain socio-cultural standard, which is characterized by poor development. This can be judged by contrast with the most developed in terms of development of the territories of this socio-cultural formations. Periphery is a historical concept. It arises at a certain stage of development and disappears upon reaching a certain level of development. The development of the periphery is also largely carried out through mass tourism.

“Alien space” is a space assigned to a different socio-cultural formation. The degree of its development can be completely different, but it is important that it is controlled by a different socio-cultural standard. With the development of mankind, the delimitation of one's own and other people's space acquires a linear character. Ideally, this is a socio-culturally based state border associated with natural objects. For example, the Russian-Chinese border, which runs along the Amur, where periodic conflicts take place, but in general, problems of separation of Russia and China do not arise and there is nothing like the western border.

The meaning of spatially active recreation is largely reduced to the privatization of SCS space. Acquaintance with it leads to the fact that it ceases to be an abstract or pioneer space and becomes a “place” or “its own space”. That is why in different periods of time tourism and, especially, mass tourism receive such powerful support from the state. It's not about the rest of people - it's about the development of territories. For a real vacation, there is no need to travel thousands of kilometers - this is too tiring and expensive for both the state and the population. But in the process of developing space, tourism and travel are stimulated as mass phenomenon- manifestation of a strictly defined stage in the development of the territory of socio-cultural education.

3. Types of recreational activities and movement of people in space: excursions, tourism, mass tourism, travel and sports tourism, migration for the purpose of developing territories (see Glossary of terms and concepts).

The results of the analysis of the evolution of recreational activities and its connection with the processes of development of territories are shown in Table 1 (see file image-1), which clearly shows that, as the development of the territory increases, the types of recreational activities also change. Spatially active recreation is largely the result of a certain level of development of the territory and the path of its further development.

For initial stage socio-cultural development of territories (lack of statehood, a large number of unknown territories, undeveloped social organization of society) is characterized by the following:

poor visibility of such types of recreational activities as excursions and tourism. They flow within the framework of “place” and “their own space”, but there is no clear distinction between them;

complete indistinguishability of travel, pioneer tourism and migrations with the aim of developing new territories. In real, First level development is most often associated with a nomadic lifestyle; the latter sets its own standard for spatially active recreation.

For a developed level of socio-cultural development of the territory (statehood appears, which often takes the form of empires associated with control large spaces; there are no unknown, but many vacant territories that do not have a clear socio-cultural affiliation, which become the subject of the struggle of various socio-cultural formations; the socio-cultural structure of the organization of space in the form of buffer zones, enclaves, etc. is being actively formed), the following is typical:

there is a clear distinction between such types of spatially active recreational activities as excursions, tourism, travel and sports tourism;

tourism is becoming widespread and is an important factor in the development of territories. It proceeds within the framework of the quarterly and annual cycles of recreation, is realized within the framework of “its own space” and the periphery;

travel becomes very active. They acquire an organized character and can become the direction of an unprecedented mass tourism;

migrations for the purpose of pioneer development of territories have a life cycle and extend to pioneer space;

foreign tourism associated with going beyond the limits of its SCS can become very active. It is also largely associated with the study of space within other socio-cultural formations.

For a high degree of development of the territory (certainty of internal political boundaries, the absence of vacant internal territories, the presence of a formed complex structure socio-cultural organization of space) is characterized by the following:

there is still a clear division various kinds spatially active tourism (excursions, tourism, sports tourism);

there is a division of the space of socio-cultural development. A clear division into “own” and “foreign” space appears;

the concept of periphery loses its meaning. A relatively evenly developed space of its own SCS appears, without sharp gradients in the level of development;

migrations focused on the development of territories are preserved only within the limits of “their own space”.

Study, work, fast pace of life, stressful situations, loads - all this causes overwork and leads to a decrease in health. The expenditure of forces and their restoration are interconnected and constantly alternating processes. The term recreation refers to the restoration of the spiritual, physical strength of a person and the development of the individual. From Latin into Russian, recreation is translated as restoration, rest.

Recreation and its resources

So, recreation is a procedure and organization of rest for recuperation. It has a wide range of activities, both individual and collective: sanatorium, tourism, sightseeing, physical activities, etc. It is carried out in free time, in specially designated places outside the home.

Recreational resources are natural, climatic, health-improving, cognitive objects, cultural and historical sights, cities or settlements that are used to provide recreational services. Recreational resources have several directions, such as natural, resort, tourist, sports, etc.

As you can see, there are many forms of recreation, today we will consider a small part of them.

Recreation can be divided into passive and active.

Passive recreation is a visit to parks, squares, theaters or museums and involves recreation near the place of residence. This type does not require special financial costs or special planning.

Active recreation is rest at a great distance from home and living in a new place (hotel, camping, tent, etc.).

Natural recreation areas and resources

Part of the space of the natural environment surrounding us, which is reserved for the collective recreation of people, is called a natural recreational area. This includes medical, health and resort places, land plots of the water or forest fund, areas of nature protection and historical purposes, as well as other recreational complexes that ensure the work of recreational activities and comfortable conditions for vacationers.

Natural recreational resources are natural health-improving, medical, resort factors and resources used for the purpose of recovery and recovery. vitality person. These can be minerals of organic or mineral origin that have a healing effect (therapeutic mud, mineral waters, etc.), special climatic and landscape conditions of a natural area (beaches, forests, mountains, parks, etc.).

Recreational tourism

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in free time for rest and restoration of vital and spiritual forces. In many countries of the world this type of tourism is very popular. The assessment of tourist recreation is based on tourist recreational resources. These include the relief of the region, water bodies, vegetation, climate, natural healing resources, etc.

Tourism and recreation contribute to the elimination of adverse factors that affect a person in everyday life. The participants of such a hike can have a rest and improve their health due to sufficient muscle activity, which ensures the work of the main functional systems human: respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, etc. In addition, the change of scenery itself has a positive effect on the body.

motor recreation

Motor recreation is any active activity with the use of physical activities and complexes of sports exercises (outdoor games, sports activities, physical exercises), in other words, active recreation. With development technical progress, most of us lead a sedentary lifestyle, move little, do not observe the daily routine, etc. From this, diseases appear, health worsens, constant fatigue, insomnia, and nervousness appear. Therefore, motor recreation, it is also called physical recreation, should be a part of life. modern people. Recently, our society has begun to devote great attention this idea.

recreational period

There are 5 most repeated recreational periods (cycles):

Daily - repeats every 24 hours. Rest lasting from 4 to 6 hours, near the place of residence, with active or passive activities. With the development of transport, it became possible to travel over longer distances.
Weekly rest, or weekend, - frequency of 7 days. Stay (on average from 6 to 8 hours) in areas close to home, such as parks, squares, etc.
Quarterly - repeatability from 65 to 90 days. Visits, lasting about 8 hours, in one day, not very remote recreational places (excursions, trips to relatives, friends, etc.).
Annual rest - a cycle lasting 1 year. Visiting places far from home. With the development of modern transportation, moving has an unlimited distance. Average duration rest from 10 to 14 days.
Life span is 10 to 15 years. This is usually associated with some grand event, such as a honeymoon trip. The distance does not matter. Duration of rest is from 10 to 30 days.

From all of the above, we can conclude that each subsequent period has an increasing distance.

Recreation and rest are of great importance for a tired, exhausted person. Having restored their strength, people increase their efficiency, and they are less susceptible to diseases.

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Introduction

In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using any territory for recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourist resources that the territory possesses.

Recreational resources - natural cultural and historical complexes and their elements that contribute to the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health, which, with the modern and promising structure of recreational needs and technical and economic possibilities, are used for direct and indirect consumption and production of resort and tourist services.

The most important characteristics of recreational resources:

- the volume of reserves (debit of mineral waters; area of recreational territories; excursion potential (in hours) of tourist centers) necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial and recreational complexes, the level of development, optimization of loads;

- the area of distribution of resources (the size of aquifers, beaches; forest cover, watering of the territory; the boundaries of a stable snow cover), which makes it possible to determine potential recreational lands, to establish sanitary protection districts;

- the period of possible operation (the duration of the favorable climatic period, bathing season, the occurrence of a stable snow cover), which determines the seasonality of tourism, the rhythm of tourist flows;

- territorial immobility of most types of resources, causing the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to places of their concentration;

- relatively low capital intensity and low cost of operating costs, which allows you to quickly create infrastructure and obtain social and economic effects, as well as independently use certain types of resources;

– the possibility of repeated use in compliance with the norms environmental management and carrying out the necessary measures for reclamation and improvement.

The assessment of recreational resources should be carried out taking into account a set of indicators and a clear indication of the object of assessment (type of resources, objects, territories) and its subject (type of tourism, cycle of recreational activities, category of vacationers).

Chapter 1

1.1. Recreation as a sociocultural phenomenon of modernity

recreation(translated from Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreation - restoration) - these are: 1) holidays, vacations, change at school (obsolete); 2) a room for rest in educational institutions; 3) rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process.

The study of recreation as a phenomenon is carried out by specialists from various branches of knowledge - geographers, biologists, psychologists, ecologists, physicians, sociologists, economists. In this regard, it should be noted great difficulty in determining the range of concepts related to recreational activities. Recreation as such is one of the main objects of research in such sciences as recreational geography, recreationology, recreational nature management and others.

In our country, with their research in these areas scientific knowledge scientists of RMAT (Russian international academy tourism), Sochi University of Resort Business and Tourism, Baltic International Institute of Tourism, Moscow and St. Petersburg public universities, Smolensky humanitarian university, Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences and others. Among some of the most prominent specialists, we note the activities of I.V. Zorina, V.A. Kvartalnova, V.S. Preobrazhensky, T.V. and many others.

In domestic and foreign sources, there is still no consensus on the definition of the concept of "recreation". Within the framework of this paragraph, an attempt is made to review the basic concepts related to recreational activities and find out what recreation is. To do this, it is necessary to analyze and compare all the main points of view and views of specialists on recreation as a unique socio-cultural and economic phenomenon.

The definition of the basic concepts associated with the phenomenon of recreation is in the highest degree difficult. This is due to a number of reasons.

First, there is no single international terminological standard on this topic. Significantly different official understanding (and, accordingly, interpretation) of concepts and terms related to recreation and leisure dominates in different countries.

Secondly, in our country there is no single legislative framework that would accurately define the range of basic concepts related to recreation and the leisure industry. Under these conditions, there is a complete pluralism of opinions. There will always be a specialist who will prove the incorrectness of the given strict definition and will say that "everything is not so, but vice versa."

Thirdly, for various reasons, such concepts as recreation, tourism, rest, excursion, free and recreational time, leisure and others in real conditions often not so easy to distinguish. Therefore, we will not focus on extremely accurate and complex definitions(Yes, this is not necessary) - we will describe only the basic concepts that are most often found in modern domestic and foreign literature, their content and correlation only in the most general form, without going into details and details.

Let's start our study with the concept of "recreation". In the scientific literature, the term recreation appeared in the United States in the late 90s of the 19th century with the introduction of a standardized working day, a second day off, and summer holidays. Recreation, respectively, is restoration, improvement and the space where these activities are carried out. As mentioned above, recreation in Latin means restoration, rest. It was this point of view that prevailed in Russian (mainly Soviet) literature. AT contemporary literature published in recent years, there is a transition to a new vision of recreation.

In particular, V.A. Kvartalnov in one of his recent works(Encyclopedia of Tourism, 2000) gives the following definitions this concept. Recreation is:

- expanded reproduction of the physical, intellectual and emotional forces of a person;

- any game, entertainment, etc. used to restore physical and mental strength;

- the fastest growing segment of the leisure industry, associated with the participation of the population in outdoor activities, falling mainly on the weekend;

- restructuring of the organism and human populations, providing the possibility vigorous activity at various conditions, nature and changes environment;

- civilized recreation provided by various types of disease prevention in stationary conditions, excursion and tourist activities, as well as in the process of physical exercise.

Recreation and tourism intersect: recreation includes all activities that are not associated with a change of residence; tourism is education, business tourism, medical recreation, shopping tours, political tourism. Consequently, the zone of their intersection is all types of tourism, which are aimed at restoration, recovery, relaxation, country rest, pilgrimage, ecotourism.

According to the above point of view, three successive phases of recreation are distinguished:

- "image" - reflects the nature and structure of recreational needs and the selectivity of time, places and forms of recreation formed by them;

- "situation" - characterizes the system of recreational activities;

- "footprint" - determines the effectiveness of recreation, including emotional aspects- memories.

1.2. Essence, concepts and main functions of recreation

Recreation now refers to such a selective type of activity, which is becoming necessary condition normal human life, a means of compensating voltage, a means of restoring operability and a condition for continuing the production itself.

Its main task is the restoration and development of the physical and mental strength of each member of society, the comprehensive development of its spiritual world. At the same time, the highest need, which must be satisfied in the first place, is the development of the spiritual world of a person, his creative abilities.

The recreational needs of society are the needs for simple and expanded reproduction of its social, labor and sociocultural potential.

Recreational activity of vacationers is an activity aimed at the realization of recreational needs, the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his intellectual improvement and is characterized by the intrinsic value of not only the results, but also the process itself.

Tourist activity of recreation organizers is an activity aimed at creating optimal conditions for recreation of the population, a system for providing services, ways to create, ensure, operate and develop recreational systems.

Recreational activity - element recreational activities of vacationers.

Recreational time is the part of social time used for recreational activities.

Recreational space - part of the social space used for recreational activities; is formed as a result of the activities of vacationers and organizers of recreation.

Recreational system (PC) is a social demo-ecological system (i.e., a system in the center of which a person, a population) is located, consisting of interconnected subsystems: groups of vacationers, natural and cultural complexes, technical systems, service personnel, a governing body and having functional integrity ; the target function of the system is to satisfy recreational needs.

Recreation as a process of expanded reproduction of the physical, mental and intellectual forces of a person is one of the fundamentals tourism.

The recreational system is a combination of social, demographic, biomedical, economic and other characteristics of a region or territory. Although in science there is still no generally accepted classification public functions of recreation, they could be divided into three main groups:

Biomedical function consists in sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation. Recovery through tourism is one of the ways to solve the problem of removing industrial and non-productive mental fatigue of a person.

Socio-cultural function is the leading function of recreation. Cultural or spiritual needs are the needs of knowledge in the very broad sense, knowledge of the surrounding world and one's place in it, knowledge of the meaning and purpose of one's existence. Tourism opens up great opportunities for people to communicate with natural, cultural, historical and social values not only of their country, but of the whole world.

economic function- simple and extended reproduction of labor power. Recreation saves socially necessary time. Thanks to recreation, the ability of workers to work increases, the duration of the period of full-fledged working capacity increases, which leads to an increase in the working time fund due to a decrease in morbidity and an increase in vitality.

Recreation also performs other economic functions: the accelerated development of the economic structure of a certain part of the country's territory; expansion of the sphere of application of labor, that is, an increase in employment of the population through recreational services and in industries related to recreation indirectly; a significant impact on the structure of the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population throughout the country in favor of recreational areas; increasing the efficiency of foreign tourism as a source of foreign exchange.

Based on these characteristics, when solving the problems of nature management for the purposes of resort and recreational development, the primary task is to assess the recreational potential of the area, defined as the interaction of bioclimatic, territorial, natural and hydro-mineral resources of the study area. The assessment of the recreational potential of the territory is based on a consistent analysis of the characteristics of all its elements. These characteristics are grouped into three main blocks:

– biomedical;

– psycho-aesthetic;

- functional and economic.

Each block includes indicators such as activity, heavy metal pollution, the number of days with precipitation, energy supply, etc. Recreational potential can be different, there are three levels:

1. Sufficient potential (favorable climatic and natural conditions, the presence of historical and cultural monuments).

2. Moderate potential (less favorable climatic conditions).

3. Low potential (areas with fairly high pollution levels).

Recreation as a field of activity has all the necessary features of self-sufficiency and autonomy and is one of the leading ones in human life. The significance of recreation is determined not only by the choice of forms of recreation, but also by the range of recreational services offered. The recreational industry offers ample opportunities for the provision of services:

– educational, sports, health tourism, including sanatorium treatment;

– hotel service and stay;

– catering;

- Leisure culture.

AT developed countries Recreation as a sector of the economy has become one of the most important profitable industries. AT individual states this profit is up to 70% national budget. In this regard, very capacious recreational programs are being developed, conditions are being created to improve the quality of recreation for citizens. As for Russia, where there is a fairly high resource potential, its use is still ineffective, although attempts to develop this industry have been constantly made.

Considerable attention paid by recreational science to recreational activities is due to the fact that the object of recreationology is a person, and the subject of research is leisure activities, which are an integral part of the physical, social and spiritual life of a person.

Recreational needs are defined as a need for the restoration and development of physical and spiritual forces realized by a person, a group of people, society. Needs can be realized only through activity: physical, mental, intellectual; because of this, they act as an incentive to activity.

The concept of " recreational activity" means the activities of a person and groups of the population, the concepts of "recreational activities" and "cycles of activities" are associated with it. Recreational activity has both common to all types of human activity, and its own specific features. Like many other types, recreational activity is also one of the mandatory areas for the development and knowledge of the world around and by a person. Recreational activity acts as a sphere of contact, interchange of universal and national, urban and rural cultures (Yu. Vedenin).

For recreational activities, orderliness and at the same time periodicity are typical. They are due to both natural rhythms and cycles (daily, seasonal, cosmic) and cyclicality (alternation of work and life) of the social and household activities of vacationers and society (in particular, recreation organizers). Cycles- one of the most characteristic forms of organization of recreational activities of vacationers (cycles of recreational activities) and organizers of recreation (cycles of recreational services). Cycles of recreational activities are formed on the basis of the typification of recreational activities (I. Zorin, A. Zorin, 1999).

Elementary recreational activity (ERZ) is an internally holistic, homogeneous element of recreational activity that is inseparable into technological components. ERZ is the basis for the formation of recreation programs. Sociologists number about 100,000 ERZs, and their number doubles every 10 years. It is obvious that the operation of such a base requires the use of ERZ typification and their reduction into larger groups - types of recreational activities (TRD). For this, such ERP properties as alternativeness and interchangeability are used. The condition for combining several ERZ into one TRD is the possibility of replacing one ERZ with another without visible damage to the purposes of recreation. For example, in the non-mushroom period, tourists can be offered to compensate for this lack by picking berries, herbs, nuts, etc.

In essence, TRDs are a kind of "letters" from which the tour operator can make up "words" - cycles of recreational activities, and then from cycles and offers - a recreation program. When designing cycles of recreational activities important properties TRD are interconditionality and mutual contra-indication. It is they that make it possible to reduce TRD into new combinations - cycles of recreational activities.

The recreational activity cycle (CRC) is an interconnected and interdependent combination of TRD that arises on the basis of the leading TRD. The CRD is like plot outline future tourism program, allows, on the basis of behavioral opportunities and patterns, to implement specific recreational purposes, motivation and claims of tourists through the choice of combinations of TRD as standards for recreational activities.

In the absence of TRD, each person independently unconsciously constructs the TRD, based on their own ideas about the usefulness and attractiveness of recreational activities, habits, fashion, prices, money income and other factors. Most often, thus, on their own organized activity cannot satisfy two fundamental requirements of efficiency: recreational utility and individual appeal. The developed procedure for the formation of the CRD allows you to do this work for the tourist and recommend him the best combinations. CRDs act as a structural composition of recreational activities with internal integrity and conservatism, they are the subject of organization and construction in recreational systems and tourist centers. Thus, the CRD constitute a systemic structure that adequately reflects the properties and relationships of both the subject and the object of recreation. With their help, you can take into account recreational needs and formulate requirements for the conditions for their implementation, determine the technology of service.

1.3. The political essence of recreation

Human activity has two polar forms. One of them is associated with the costs of productive forces (the sphere of production activity, production of goods, working time), the other - with their restoration and development (the sphere of everyday life, consumption of goods, non-working time). The dialectical unity of these two polar forms of life activity lies in the fact that without the restoration and development of forces (recreation) there can be no costs. This interaction is historical. In other words, changes in the production sphere objectively lead to the need for changes in the household sphere. Interaction, of course, has a feedback.

The sphere of everyday life covers the entire existence of people outside of their production and socio-political activities; material and cultural environment, in which the needs for food, clothing, housing, recreation, entertainment, health maintenance, etc. are met. The global function of the sphere of life - recreation - has the ultimate goal of restoring and developing the productive forces of individuals.

Recreation is characterized by the time within which the restoration of human strength (physical, intellectual and emotional) takes place, and by activities consciously or instinctively aimed at restoration. Strictly speaking, the value of this time depends on the performance social labor, and the value of working time depends on the "productivity" of recreational activities, on the efficiency of using non-working time, that is, on how fully the global function of the sphere of everyday life is realized. However, the sphere of everyday life, due to the structural complexity and the many factors that determine it, does not always and does not fully fulfill the recreational function; as a result, not all non-working time covering this area can be considered recreational. The share of recreational time in non-working time at the moment is no more than half. According to the function in the process of reproduction of human living forces, recreation can be divided into simple (compensation) and extended (development of forces).

AT real life There are four types of recreation:

– during the working day (I), inclusive, i.e. included in working hours;

– at the end of the working day (II), daily;

– at the end of the week (III), weekly;

- at the end of the working year (IV), vacation pay.

The functions of these four forms of reproduction of human living forces are different:

I - compensatory, II - compensatory - expanded, III - expanded-compensatory, IV - expanded.

The interconnection of the four forms of recreation is obvious: they constitute a single whole - the life cycle of recreational activities, the implementation of which requires arrays of recreational time corresponding to each form (minutes, hours, days, weeks) and a specially organized environment.

The growth of the productivity of social labor, on the one hand, makes it possible to increase non-working time, on the other hand, it requires its increase, because within the framework of this time, the restoration and multiplication of human productive forces take place.

Since there is a socially necessary working time, there is also a socially necessary time for the restoration of expended forces, i.e., recreational time. By socially necessary recreational time, we mean the time necessary for the simple reproduction of human forces expended on the manufacture of a product under social conditions. normal conditions production, i.e., with an average level of technology, average intensity of labor and skill of workers in enterprises that produce the main products of this type, as well as the time required for expanded reproduction, ensuring a further increase in labor productivity.

Obviously, at each stage of the development of society, recreational time, one way or another, must reach a socially necessary value. Otherwise, progress in the development of the productive forces of society cannot be ensured. Mankind would never have been able to reach the current level of development if the share of recreational time had not increased, within which the productive forces of man are multiplied - the main driving force progress.

Since the costs of forces and their restoration are in a dialectical unity, a change in the nature of the costs should lead to a change in the nature of the restoration.

The scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the power supply of a person not only in the sphere of production, but also in everyday life, which has dramatically changed the nature of costs, i.e., reduced physical activity. One hundred years ago, 94-99% of all mechanical work was carried out due to the muscular efforts of a person, now 99% of mechanical labor is carried out with the help of machines and only 1% - due to the physical efforts of a person. The energy balance, which in the past was balanced mainly by labor costs during working hours, now requires vigorous physical activity during recreational hours. If this requirement is not met, a person is threatened with pathological changes, leading to the need for medical intervention.

Simultaneously with a sharp drop in the share of physical activity, the share of intellectual and emotional activities sharply increases. Increasing specialization, pipeline, mass production with the division of production operations into small elements lead to monotony, causing fairly rapid psychological fatigue, which is much more difficult to remove than fatigue caused by physical effort.

Throughout the biological evolution, a person has developed as a physically highly active organism, and therefore he could not help but “learn” to quickly and effectively replenish the expended energy: relatively short-term rest (less than 30% of the time of the day) and a small amount of food (0.75% of his own energy). weight - daily diet) completely restore the physical strength of a person. Nervous tension is not relieved as quickly as physical tension, and has a large cumulative capacity.

The intellectualization of labor and the increase in psycho-emotional stress during working hours dictate their own requirements for recreation, which should provide emotional and psycho-physical “reliability”, “stability” of a person in the labor process. The latter is most effectively achieved by not disconnecting from environment, but its change, not isolation from sources of information, but a change in the nature of information, not an emotional and intellectual "hibernation", but a change in impressions. The mechanisms of this lie in the features of the human central nervous system. Despite the sharp change in the nature of the expenditure of forces, the nature of their recovery has not practically changed: rest is still absolute majority population is associated with physical rest and abundant nutrition, i.e., needs are realized that are directly opposite to the actual recreational needs of modern man. In addition, nervous tension, unlike physical tension, accompanies a person not only in the sphere of production, but also in everyday life, where it is often higher than production. Man has always strove for the economical expenditure of his physical energy, which cannot be said of his expenditure of nervous forces. The irrational expenditure of nerve resources is unjustified mental stress, emotional "storms" over trifles, a long experience of past events, the transfer of official concerns to the family, and vice versa, the inability to get rid of family and household affairs during work. Violations peace of mind people are determined, in particular, by the imperfection of service industries (transport delays, fuzzy work of shops, workshops, etc.), communication based on hostility, suspicion, when the word hurts. Dozens of other reasons for the "unproductive" expenditure of nervous forces can be named.

Willingly or unwittingly, but modern man is in a state of considerable nervous tension during the entire period of wakefulness. It's unavoidable. And it is pointless to try to bring the expenditure of nervous forces to the current level of expenditure of physical ones, but at the same time, reducing irrational expenditures to the possible minimum has great social and economic meaning. To do this, it is necessary to carry out, first of all, targeted measures in the sphere of everyday life, which, according to experts, is the largest source of irrational nervous tension and, rather, the area of application of human forces than their restoration. It is this circumstance that leads many sociologists to the idea that in the structure of non-working time, the time of “immutable occupations” should be reduced and, due to this, free time, i.e., pure time for rest and human development, should increase.

However, a sharp reduction in the time for immutable classes cannot occur. The reasons for this are as follows.

The time spent on the road to the place of work and back cannot noticeably decrease, moreover, in some cases it will increase, as the process of specialization in social production will expand and deepen, and this will inevitably lead to further territorial differentiation. The pace of improvement in the organization of urban transport, the growth of urban speeds Vehicle they will hardly be able to keep up with the pace of territorial specialization (G. Goltz, 1983).

Time spent cleaning and maintaining homes is likely to increase rather than decrease. The reason is the increase usable area per person; The “world of things” of a person is expanding and requires increasing time spent on “managing” it. The time spent on shopping cannot be significantly reduced; moreover, the freedom to choose goods (no queues, a wide range) does not shorten the time of the “trading action”, but increases it. It is absurd to set the task of reducing the time spent on personal hygiene, raising children and caring for them, sleeping, eating. Thus, the time of immutable occupations in the short term is not a reserve for a noticeable, qualitatively tangible increase in recreational time. Obviously, along with unproductive or inefficient spending of working time, there are also unproductive or inefficient spending of recreational time.

Therefore, the main stake should be placed on increasing the share of recreational time, increasing or revealing the recreational function of any activity. In other words, it is advisable to set a goal: to turn the entire array of non-working time into recreational time.

Recreation now refers to such a selective type of activity, which is becoming a necessary condition for normal human life, a means of compensating for stress, a means of restoring working capacity and a condition for the continuation of production itself.

Its main task is the restoration and development of the physical and mental strength of each member of society, the comprehensive development of his spiritual world. At the same time, the highest need, which must be satisfied in the first place, is the development of the spiritual world of a person, his creative abilities.

The recreational needs of society are the needs for simple and expanded reproduction of its social, labor and sociocultural potential.

Recreational activity is the simplest element of recreational activity of vacationers.

Recreational time is the part of social time used for recreational activities.

Recreational space - part of the social space used for recreational activities; is formed as a result of the activities of vacationers and organizers of recreation.

Recreation as a process of expanded reproduction of the physical, mental and intellectual forces of a person is one of the most important foundations of tourism.

The recreational system is a combination of social, demographic, biomedical, economic and other characteristics of a region or territory. Although in science there is still no generally accepted classification of social functions of recreation, they could be divided into three main groups:

Socio-cultural function is the leading function of recreation. Cultural, or spiritual, needs are the needs of knowledge in the broadest sense, knowledge of the surrounding world and one's place in it, knowledge of the meaning and purpose of one's existence. Tourism opens up great opportunities for people to communicate with natural, cultural, historical and social values not only of their country, but of the whole world.

– biomedical;

– psycho-aesthetic;

- functional and economic.

Each block includes indicators such as activity, heavy metal pollution, the number of days with precipitation, energy supply, etc. Recreational potential can be different, there are three levels:

1. Sufficient potential (favorable climatic and natural conditions, the presence of historical and cultural monuments).

2. Moderate potential (less favorable climatic conditions).

3. Low potential (areas with fairly high pollution levels).

– educational, sports, health tourism, including sanatorium treatment;

– hotel service and stay;

– catering;

- Leisure culture.

In developed countries, recreation as a sector of the economy has become one of the most important profitable industries. In some states, this profit is up to 70% of the national budget. In this regard, very capacious recreational programs are being developed, conditions are being created to improve the quality of recreation for citizens. As for Russia, where there is a fairly high resource potential, its use is still ineffective, although attempts to develop this industry have been constantly made.

The concept of " recreational activity" means the activities of a person and groups of the population, the concepts of "recreational activities" and "cycles of activities" are associated with it. Recreational activity has both common to all types of human activity and its own specific features. Like many other types, recreational activity is also one of the mandatory areas for the development and knowledge of the world around and by a person. Recreational activity acts as a sphere of contact, interchange of universal and national, urban and rural cultures (Yu. Vedenin).

In essence, TRDs are a kind of "letters" from which the tour operator can make up "words" - cycles of recreational activities, and then from cycles and offers - a recreation program. When constructing cycles of recreational activities, important properties of TRD are interdependence and mutual contraindication. It is they that make it possible to reduce TRD into new combinations - cycles of recreational activities.

The recreational activity cycle (CRC) is an interconnected and interdependent combination of TRD that arises on the basis of the leading TRD. The TRD is like a plot outline of a future tourism program that allows, on the basis of behavioral opportunities and patterns, to realize specific recreational goals, motivations and claims of tourists through the choice of TRD combinations as standards for recreational activities.

In the absence of TRD, each person independently unconsciously constructs the TRD, based on their own ideas about the usefulness and attractiveness of recreational activities, habits, fashion, prices, money income and other factors. More often than not, therefore, self-organized activities cannot satisfy two fundamental requirements of efficiency: recreational utility and individual appeal. The developed procedure for the formation of the CRD allows you to do this work for the tourist and recommend him the best combinations. CRDs act as a structural composition of recreational activities with internal integrity and conservatism, they are the subject of organization and construction in recreational systems and tourist centers. Thus, the CRD constitute a systemic structure that adequately reflects the properties and relationships of both the subject and the object of recreation. With their help, you can take into account recreational needs and formulate requirements for the conditions for their implementation, determine the technology of service.

The purpose and objectives of the discipline

Topic 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE DISCIPLINE

1.1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline

1.2. Types of recreation

1.3. The concept of a recreational complex

1.4. Types of recreational complexes

1.5. Properties of recreational complexes

1.6. Methods for studying recreational complexes

recreation(lat. recreatio - recovery, Polish recreacja- entertainment, recreation) - complex recreational activities carried out in order to restore the normal state of health and performance of a healthy, but tired person.

An independent component of recreation is tourism(from French tourisme - walk, trip). This is a type of mobile active recreation associated with traveling along a certain route with purpose lasting more than 24 hours. (if less than 24 hours, then excursion). Tourism can be recreational (treatment or recovery), educational, sports, business, religious, ethnic, ecological, rural green, etc.

Complex(from lat. complexus - connection) - a set of objects and phenomena that make up one whole.

Recreational complex – complete system, consisting of interconnected subsystems, providing recreation.

The purpose of the discipline– recreational complexes of the world

Tasks of the discipline are in study:

Basic concepts of recreation;

Formation and functioning of recreational complexes;

Recreational resources, potential and capacity;

Principles and criteria for recreational zoning;

Comprehensive characteristics of recreational macro-districts and individual countries.

Subject of study- the formation of recreational complexes, taking into account all the components.

Object of study- recreational complexes of macroregions and individual countries of the world.

Recreation (rest) is formed from needs:

· primary- physiological (for example, sleep);

· secondary- psychophysiological (rest, prevention, etc.);

· tertiary- spiritual and intellectual (free time).

There are the following types of recreation:

one). depending from repeatability:

- daily(cycle 24 hours) - time for rest 8 hours for sleep;

- weekly(cycle 7 days) - rest 6-8 hours (for example, a walk in the park). Daily and weekly recreation is associated with physiological features organism. The reason for the need for daily recreation is daily fatigue, and weekly - fatigue during the working week. That is, this is a natural biological reaction to fatigue, and as a result, these two types of recreation are present everywhere and have always existed. Movements between the place of fatigue and the place of recreation are negligible;

- quarterly(cycle 65 - 90 days) - the time allotted for rest is approximately 8 hours (one-day visits to places attractive for recreation not very remote from the main place of residence) or varies regular time pastime (for example, a holiday). Quarterly recreation is associated with the accumulation of fatigue from a long stay in one place. social significance quarterly recreation is more significant than daily and weekly;

- annual(cycle 365 days) - time for rest 10 - 14 days, usually with a stay in places remote from the main place of residence (annual vacation). The difference between the annual cycle and the quarterly cycle is in its time duration. Annual recreation is a phenomenon that is typical only for a certain part of the population and does not always depend on immediate opportunities. Traveling long distances is a certain state of mind caused by the awareness of the accessibility of even the most distant objects. The annual recreational cycle can be a profession (geologist). Spatial-active annual recreation is generated by an even higher level of space development, as it is usually associated with moving to distances that are more distant from the main place of residence;

- life rest(cycle 10 - 15 years) - time to rest for about 10 - 30 days (long visits to places remote from the main place of residence, often timed to coincide with unique life events, for example: marriage. Unlike other types of recreation, not everyone has it.

2). recreation from a spatial point of view:

- passive- rest at the place of the main residence

- active- movement outside their main residence.

3). recreation by function :

- medical- use of medicinal natural factors associated with treatment - balneotherapy, mud therapy, climate therapy, combined forms.

- wellness I am involved in wellness. The most popular recreational bathing and beach recreation, 70 - 80% of tourists prefer summer seaside recreation: swimming, water skiing, walking along the promenade, sunbathing. Health-improving recreation tends to areas with a favorable climate.

- sports- associated with active species tourism; Health-improving recreation includes walking, fishing and walking, purely commercial (fishing, hunting tourism), route tourism, water tourism, underwater sports tourism, archaeological underwater tourism, mountain skiing, mountaineering;

- cognitive- involves getting new information, associated with the development of horizons, involves obtaining new information about the sightseeing objects of the region or country. There are natural-cognitive recreation and cultural-cognitive;

Implementation forms different types of recreation are very variable, depending on the level of the individual and the whole society, time, type of culture and other factors and conditions. Each type of recreation has its own intensity and significance.

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