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Punctuation in constructions with compound subordinating conjunctions

The subordinate part in the complex P a sentence can be attached to the main one using compound subordinating conjunctions, for example:because, instead of, in case, in spite of the fact that, before, because, before and etc.
The punctuation difficulty lies in the fact that such unions can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (in this case, the parts of the union are not separated by a comma) or divided (in this case, the comma is placed before the second part of the union, and the first is included in the main part of the complex sentence as a correlative word).

Compound subordinating union is dismembered and a comma is placed between parts of the union if at least one of the following conditions is met:

A) before the compound union there is a negation of "not" :

She loved Richardson
Not because to read
Not because Grandison
She preferred Lovlace ...
A. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin.

I want to call you my wife
Not in order to tell everyone about it
Not because you've been with me for a long time
According to all idle gossip and signs.
K. Simonov,

b) before the compound union there are amplifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs:

The sketch seemed insignificant to her, and she wrote it just to have an extra excuse to go to the artist.
A. Chekhov, Jumper.

And the heart is beating just to hair became longer and more beautiful.Y. Koval, Nedopesok.

In that village there was a Cossack, nicknamed Korzha, a worker, whom people called Peter Bezrodny; maybe because no one remembered his father or mother. N. Gogol, Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala.

That is, to tell the truth, I myself do not know why I returned; probably because remembered you...I. Turgenev, Rudin.

Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, maybe in order to to justify this timidity of his, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened...
A. Chekhov, Man in a case.

"This is, must be because I have lived too long in the world,” thought Mostovskoy. V. Grossman, Life and Fate.

in)the first part of the compound union is included in the series homogeneous members sentences or parallel constructions:

Romashov, on the other hand, blushed to real tears from his impotence and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, and because of he could not get a single word through the deafening sounds of the quadrille. A. Kuprin, Duel.

d) the author wants to emphasize that the first part of the compound union falls logical stress:

Men are quiet, timid and polite because of each for weight in tows on a stone ... M. Prishvin, World Cup.

I asked my father what "special evening" meant. Father explained to me that this evening is called so because he is not like everyone else. K. Paustovsky, Storyteller.

In that case, if compound union entirely included in the appendage , punctuation marks are placed as follows:

A) If the clause of the sentence follows the main -a comma is placed only before the union .

[Kalugin] trotted to the bastion, so as to on the order of the general to transfer some orders there.
L. Tolstoy, Sevastopol in May.

We began to run along the very edge of the shore, and everything turned out fine, despite the fact that here and there the ice broke and water came out. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad comrade.

B) If the subordinate part is inside the main - commas are placed before the union and after the whole subordinate clause .

He, despite the fact that was in an intoxicating fumes of beer and wine, felt that it was somewhat indecent in such a state and with such an action to be in the presence of an outside witness. N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.

All wagons because large bales of wool lay on them, they seemed very tall and plump . A. Chekhov, Steppe.

Artist, because of drank two glasses of porter, somehow suddenly got drunk and unnaturally perked up. A. Chekhov, Seizure.

C) If the subordinate part precedes the main -a comma is placed only after the entire subordinate clause .

Since eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of the prophet,
I read in the eyes of people
Pages of malice and vice. M. Lermontov, Prophet.

Instead of become a crowd against a crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one.
L. Tolstoy, War and Peace.

If The Contractor has not fulfilled its obligations within the time limits specified in this Agreement, the Customer has the right to terminate the Agreement.

Some patterns

Analysis of examples from fiction allows you to separate components subordinating conjunctions into four groups (depending on the features of punctuation) and identify the following patterns:

1. Compound subordinating conjunctionsdue to the fact that; instead of; in case/when; while; in order to; until; not only that; in case; despite the fact that; because of; before as; similar to; as; after; because; before; despite the fact that; so as to; since may be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but may also be divided – subject to the above conditions.
It should be noted, however, that unionsbecause, before, just in case more often dismembered, unionbefore more often it is not dismembered, but before the uniondespite the fact that the comma is also preserved in the event of its dismemberment (this is due to the fact that the union is formed with the participation of a verbal preposition).

2. Compound subordinating conjunctionsthanks to; in the name of; as to what; up to the point that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; compared to what; until; due to the fact that; then to / so; for what; because of; on the basis of the fact that; about the fact that; on the basis that; no matter what; under the guise of what; under the pretext that; under the pretext that; about what; because of; for the reason that; with all that; provided that / if; in order to; earlier than; with a view to are dismembered (i.e. a comma is placed between parts of the union).

Moreover, if the subordinate part is joined by unions up to the point that; due to the fact that; on the basis that; on the basis that; no matter what , it is possible to set a comma not only between parts of the union, but also before

3. Compound subordinating conjunctionson the basis that; despite the fact what;depending on what; judging by the fact that (formed with the participation of verbal prepositions), as well as conjunctionscontrary to what; except that; besides that; Besides that are dismembered , while the comma is placed not only between parts of the union, but also before union (if it is not located at the beginning of the sentence).

4. Compound subordinating conjunctionsas if; between / meanwhile; because; as if like; so (in the meaning of the consequence);especially since; whereas not dismembered (i.e., a comma is not put between parts of the union).

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Thanks for the hard work!

Introductory words are words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and express the attitude to the reported or its characteristics. From a grammatical point of view, introductory words are represented by various verb forms (personal forms, infinitives, gerunds), nouns and pronouns (with and without prepositions), adverbs, nominal and verbal phraseological units.

Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas . However, it is necessary to draw the reader's attention to two difficulties associated with punctuation in introductory words.
The first difficulty lies in the fact that among the introductory words and combinations there are very few that are used only as introductory and, therefore, are always isolated (for example,firstly, I think, if I may say so ).

In most cases, the same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence (usually predicates or circumstances) or service words(unions, particles). The differences between them show up in context. Examples of punctuation for words and combinations that can be used or are always used in the function of introductory words are given in the corresponding articles of the reference book.

The second difficulty is that the punctuation of words that are introductory also depends on their environment. Basic rules and patterns not commented on in dictionary entries are listed below.

1. Meeting of two introductory words

When two introductory words (introductory combinations, sentences) meet, a comma is placed between them.

He, unfortunately, as you see, not bad-looking, that is, ruddy, smooth, tall ... I. Goncharov, Ordinary history.

As a matter of fact, honestly speaking , I want love, or what, or - what is it called there? V. Veresaev, Sisters.

And here, like a sin, as if on purpose, Uncle Misha arrives. A. Rybakov, Heavy sand.

Actually , strictly speaking, in this situation, you should simply wake up . A. and B. Strugatsky,A billion years before the end of the world.

This visit took the whole evening and completely destroyed the feeling of loneliness so beloved by him. Finally, maybe, and it's good that it destroyed ... V. Bykov, Poor people.

2. introductory word and separate turnover

The introductory word or combination can be at the beginning or at the end separate member sentences, as well as being inside it. Punctuation marks in these cases are put as follows:

A) If the introductory word is at the beginning separate turnover- commas are placed before the introductory word and after the entire isolated turnover. No comma after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).

Little by little, everyone joins their company who have completed rather important homework, such as: talking with their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that jumped up on their nose, learning about the health of horses and their children, howevershowing great gifts... N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt.

Vera Nikolaevna experienced before her master - in general, not at all like Ivan the Terrible - a thrill in love, maybe even the worship of a loyal. V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.

I, too, used to write down my thoughts on anything, especially on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.

... Concerning the gold that Cagliostro mined without any labor from all other metals, e.g. copper, turning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion. Y. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.

B) If the introductory word is inside a separate turnover, it separated by commas on both sides , while the signs at the beginning and at the end of a separate turnover are preserved.

Overwhelmed by these bitter thoughts, not quite, however, fair and inspired by Anikanov’s letter that excited him Travkin stepped out of the barn into the cold dawn. E. Kazakevich, Star.

This is my essay - or rather a lecture- has none certain form, no chronological structure, which I do not recognize ... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.

C) If the introductory word is at the end of a separate turnover, commas are placed before separate turnover and after him. No comma is placed before the introductory word .

And instead of a speck ahead, another road appeared, that is, not exactly a road, an earth scratch, groove rather. V. Astafiev, So I want to live.

For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kyiv for example.

Note 1.

If the turnover is enclosed in brackets, then the introductory word at its beginning or end is separated by a comma according to the general rule:

He was a Kazakh with an almost Russian surname and a Russian (seems to be initial) education . Y. Dombrovsky, Keeper of Antiquities.

Two are alive (as long as their bill is renewed)
the third (extra, probably) buried in paradise...B. Okudzhava, The black raven will look through the white cloud ...

At one time I even had a weakness (or courage maybe) to think in my mind how I would take it on, if yes, if only ... V. Nabokov, Dar.

Note 2.

Introductory words in front of turnovers that begin with the unions “how” and “to” are distinguished by commas according to the general rule:

The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in essence, as and all life.

He thought for a moment probably to pick the right words.

Note 3.

Some sources indicate that introductory words rather, more exactly giving the statement a clarifying character are separated by commas, while the members of the sentence following them are not separated. Such punctuation is indeed possible:

But you boy rather I owe something to your name . L. Kassil, Get ready, Your Highness!

And in front of Tanya's door, rather, the floor below crowded the line of congratulators. S. Soloveichik, Team "Seven Winds".

I roll from side to side rather, from the stomach to the back and think ... About what? Yes, all about the same... V. Nekrasov, Look and Something.

Outside the window, Leonid knew, there is a withered branch of an old poplar, and attached to it, more precisely, a “glass” of radio wiring is screwed into it . V. Astafiev, Sad Detective.

However, in examples from fiction, a different arrangement of punctuation marks is often found:
clarifying members of a sentence introduced by words rather, more exactly are isolated, and these words themselves, standing at the beginning of a separate turnover, in accordance with general rule are not separated from it by a comma (but can sometimes be separated by a dash):

Unfortunately, doctors still have little ability to recognize hysterical, rather mental, the nature of a number of diseases .
I. Efremov, Razor's Edge.

A whole series of characters rather opinion carriers, seems to me possible to be embodied in the characters of the modern Soviet-human comedy . Y. Olesha, The Book of Farewell.

partisan leader, more precisely, the commander of the Kezhemsky association of partisans of the Trans-Urals, sat in front of the speaker's nose in a defiantly casual pose ... B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago.

... The she-wolf suddenly clearly heard in herself, more specifically inside the womb, live jolts. Ch. Aitmatov, Scaffold.

Analyze the past rather – bad things in the past, makes sense only if, on the basis of this analysis, it is possible to correct the present or prepare the future . V. Nekrasov, In the trenches of Stalingrad.

I want to write easy, not difficult. The difficult thing is when you write thinking that someone will read it. syntax branch, rather – rod of syntax, threatens you all the time. Yu.Olesha, Book of farewell.

3. Introductory word and union

Introductory words and combinations may or may not be separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating union depending on the context.
Comma after union put, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure.

I only learned that he had once been a coachman for an old childless lady, ran away with a trio of horses entrusted to him, disappeared whole year and, should be, being convinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned himself, but already lame ... I.Turgenev, Singers.

However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, a, vice versa said something encouraging. Y. Vizbor, Alternative to the summit Klyuch .

Before leaving, I took out a list from under the glass and, with extreme pressure, blacked out the word "Volobuy" with my rainbow pen. I decided on this because it was shaggy with paper villi and, means, it was already scratched before me with a claw ...
K. Vorobyov, Here comes the giant.

She suffered for a very long time after separation, but, as is known time heals all wounds.

If the withdrawal of the introductory word is impossible (i.e., the union is included in introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then the comma after the union not put(usually this happens with the union a).
“You don’t interfere with me at all,” he objected, “if you please, shoot, but by the way, as you please; your shot is yours; I am always at your service." A. Pushkin, Shot.

You, it seems, then loved the Portuguese,
Maybe, with the Malay you are gone. A. Vertinsky, Where are you now ...

The grass in our clearing, yellowed and smoky, nevertheless remained alive and soft, free from the game were busy on it, it's better to say, lost guys. V. Rasputin, French Lessons.

Whether gas appears randomly or not, whether it is associated with cyclones, which means whether it is possible to predict on this basis - the question needs to be clarified. A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.

The introductory word is usually not separated by a punctuation mark from the joining union at the beginning of the sentence.

And in fact , for these four years, while serving in the gymnasium, I feel how strength and youth come out of me every day, drop by drop. A. Chekhov, Three sisters.

“No, life is still wise, and one must obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. - And besides, life is Beautiful".
A. Kuprin, Lenochka.

And generally speaking , now, when he was a little distracted from the thought of the loss of the violin and began to consider what exactly was stolen from him from personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him ...
A. and G. Weiner, Visit to the Minotaur.

On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a plate of thick glass: "Director". V. Dudintsev, Not by Bread Alone.

In 1925, he seemed to still have some time left. Yes, besides, he has already done something worthwhile.
D. Granin, Bison.

Note.
When the intonation highlights the introductory word, it can be separated by a comma from the union:

But , to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good.
A. Pushkin, Captain's daughter.

4. Introductory word on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence

Introductory words and combinations standing on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence and related to the word or sentence following them are not separated from it by a comma:

There was a sharp knock the shutter must have broken . A. Chekhov, The Bride.
(Compare: There was a sharp knock. Must be, the shutter broke.)

To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase by the director, changes have been made to the document. -
To avoid misunderstanding of the phrase, the director made changes to the document.

turnover does not separate if it is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning. (As a rule, in such cases, the turnover cannot be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning of the phrase.) For example:

... Kazbich imagined that Azamat with father's consent stole his horse...M. Lermontov, Hero of our time.(meaning from Lermontov: Kazbich imagined that Azamat's father agreed to the theft.)
Wed change in meaning when separating turnover:
... Kazbich imagined that Azamat, with the consent of his father, had stolen his horse...
(=Kazbich imagined that Azamat had stolen the horse.)

Wed also: The sons of the wind divided the people against their will . I. Efremov, On the Edge of the Ecumene.

With her head held high she walks through life equal to a man because freedom is impossible without full responsibility for one's own destiny. I. Efremov, Razor's Edge.

Evening came in Kolya's room according to the laws of nature because the light hasn't been on for a long time.
L. Petrushevskaya, Kozel Vanya.

In other cases, one can speak of facultative segregation of turnover(depending on the degree of its prevalence, proximity to the main part of the sentence, word order in the sentence, the author's intention and other factors). At the same time, there are a number of factors that affect the punctuation marks.

Turnovers are usually separated, which:

A) located between the subject and the predicate:

It is enough to press a finger on the eyeball, and all real items – unlike hallucinations.- bifurcate.

Left wall, against the right, reflected the concept of early death. I. Efremov, The hour of the bull.

And mother, against all misfortunes, gathered me, although before that no one from our village in the district had studied. V. Rasputin, French lessons.

Our fires burned all night, and ship, in case of alarm was ready to sail. V. Jan, Phoenician ship.

Dining table, depending on circumstances, turned into a written, then into a bed, when one of the friends who came from the front stayed to spend the night. V. Kaverin, Open book.

b) are not at the beginning and not at the end of the sentence:

Exactly at three o'clock in accordance with labor law , doctor of sciences Amvrosy Ambruazovich Vybegallo brought the keys. A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday.

...I re-examined the situation in Prague, which should become - on a par with Vienna and the Alpine redoubt- the center of a decisive battle against Bolshevism. Y. Semenov, Seventeen Moments of Spring.

At first, what only along with praise for my art I didn't hear enough!
V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion.

...children due to infancy, did not determine any positions, which, however, did not in the least prevent them from becoming completely lazy ... I. Turgenev, Raspberry water.

By the way, Bim had no idea at all due to lack of experience that no one ever counts the time on such dead half-roosters.G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear.

However, other variants of punctuation are also possible, due to the author's intention.
For example R:

And yet, choosing the right moment, Khizhnyak in violation of all the rules went overtaking with right side and caught up with the "Willis" ...(V. Bogomolov, Moment of Truth)- non-selection of a turnover located between the subject and the predicate;

In the next morning thanks to to numerous aliens in a quarter of an hour the skeleton of the new dugout was completed (V. Obruchev, Sannikov Land)- non-selection of a turnover that is not at the beginning and not at the end of the sentence.

In controversial cases final decision about punctuation marks is accepted by the author of the text.

Some patterns

Turnovers with the following prepositions may or may not be separated depending on the above conditions: thanks to, in view of, depending on, in violation of, in order to avoid, in execution, in contrast to, up to, in contrast to, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, in accordance with, minus, for insufficiency, in the absence of, in the absence of, in spite of, on the basis of, contrary to, on an equal footing with, along with, on the occasion, under the guise of, like, under the pretext, after the expiration, as far as, according to the standards, by right, due to under the conditions, subject to, subject to, against (in the meaning " contrary") , above(in the meaning "except for") according to, accordingly .

Usually isolated (with the exception of those cases when the turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning) turns with verbal prepositions including, excluding, proceeding from, starting with, regardless of, in spite of, depending on, judging by, as soon as you are proficient enough to read in English. It is like learning spelling: obviously, only native speakers need these crutches, as foreigners are typically already learning language in WRITTEN form.

It could be mildly useful if someone happened to translate them into English . Still, for advanced level only.

No, language learners do not know Russian punctuation and make a lot of mistakes because of this.

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Total found: 51

	Question #296806

Good afternoon. Tell me, please, what part of speech is the word "however", when the whole phrase consists of only this one word (in the meaning of surprise, amazement). Thank you.

Big explanatory dictionary

BUT. I. union. Use for joining sentences or individual members of a sentence with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency with the previous one or limitation of the previous one (similar in meaning to the union "but"). Star, oh energetic and upbeat. Goodbye ahead of time, oh did not explain the reasons. She likes to sing at home, but she is shy at a party. Oh. I know you too well to trust you completely. We didn't expect to meet, oh. saw each other years later. Although I appreciate you, oh. I don't overestimate. * Although it is sad to live, my friends, However, it is still possible to live(Pushkin). II. introductory sl. Nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless. I think it'll be all right, but be, oh, careful.The students love me, but, oh, they don't listen. Preparing for the performance all day; the meeting never took place. I fully share your indignation, but you, oh, are getting too excited. III. int. (with exclamation intonation). Use to express surprise, bewilderment, indignation, etc. He was recently elected to the academics. - O.! I will definitely become a great singer. - O.!

	Question #295676

Hello, please tell me whether it is necessary to isolate the expression indicated by numbers: "A sharp cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river and (1) after a few moments (2) it was repeated further"

Answer help desk Russian language

There is no reason to use commas.

	Question No. 295208

Hello. Is it necessary to put a comma in the sentence: "These pills begin to act after 12 hours." On one of the sites they write that you need to put a comma after the word "pills".

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

A comma is not required.

	Question No. 294158

When should one use "through" and when "after"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In the meaning of "after some time" prepositions through and later are equivalent. It is difficult to give an example when a construction with a preposition later cannot be replaced by a construction with a preposition through.

	Question #293990

GOOD AFTERNOON. IS A COMMA NEEDED: BUT, AFTER TIME,......

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

You don't need to put commas.

	Question #293396

Good afternoon. Please tell me if the punctuation marks are correctly placed in the phrase "it received its current name - Mercedes Cup - a year later - in 1979."? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

It is better: its current name - Mercedes Cup - it received a year later, in 1979.

	Question #292436

Good afternoon! Please tell me if the phrase "years later" stands out in the letter in the following sentence: "In worst case, years later, covering the earth with an eternal glacier.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

There is no need for a comma before the words "after years".

	Question No. 292090

Please let me know if a comma is needed in place of the gap. Almost ten years later () at the session held in 1966.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The comma is needed.

	Question #291998

Hello, please clarify the spelling of the word "post * nuclear" - with "b" after the prefix or together. There are two diametrically opposed options on your site (see below). § 70. The letter b is written only before e, u, i in the following cases: 1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, inter-tiered. http://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/130-mtz POST... First part compound words. [from lat. post - after, after] (serves to form adj. and noun). Book. Introduces the meaning: existing, occurring after what is indicated in the second part of the word. Post-adaptation, post-volcanic, post-impressionism, post-modernism, post-industrial, post-embryonic, post-nuclear. http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=x&word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82- Post-nuclear spelling dictionary http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82*%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&all=x Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

See dictionary commit: post-nuclear and fast. The discrepancy between the explanatory dictionary and spelling guides concerns only which morpheme is the part fast-. In the explanatory dictionary, it is defined as part of compound words, but it can also be qualified as a prefix. In spelling, it is considered to be a prefix (see, for example, in the reference books of D. E. Rosenthal). On this basis fast is written according to the rule together and requires after itself separating mark before the next part starting with e, yo, yu, i.

	Question #290928

Good afternoon! It raised doubts about the spelling of the union "like that" before the colon on your site in section VII. Commas with circumstantial turns, § 153, p. 1: Note 1. Commas are not distinguished by gerunds with explanatory words, which are whole expressions, such as: folded arms, headlong, sleeveless, with bated breath, etc. (http ://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/151-zap-19-32)

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" 1956, which you quote, an explanatory compound unionsomehowwritten with a hyphen. But the norm has changed. AT« Complete Academic Reference» 2006, this union was fixed in separate spelling, whatmade it possible to distinguish orthographicallyfrom indefinite pronoun(adverbs)somehow.

	Question #290583

Hello, our teacher gave us the task to compare modern norms use of the form r.p. pl. including the words "gram", "kilogram" and the norms of use in the 2000s, and sent us to your portal to figure it out. I found how to use these words correctly today, but I would like to ask you how it was in the 2000s.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

thanks for interest Ask! But it is curious to trace the history of forms gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms starting not from the 2000s, but at least over the past half century. It is still widely believed that the gram, kilogram in genitive case pl. the numbers are wrong. Meanwhile, dictionaries indicated their admissibility back in the 1950s.

In the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress ", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1959) carried out the following division: grams - predominantly in writing, gram - predominantly in oral speech after numbers. The same with kilograms: kilograms - in writing, kilogram - in oral (here we do not talk about numerals).

Such a division survived until the early 2000s, although over these half a century dictionaries then indicated the option gram, kilogram as acceptable, it was not indicated. For example, in the 10th edition of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1970) - only grams and kilograms, and the 9th edition of S. I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (under the editorship of N. Yu. Shvedova), which came out two years later, repeats the 1959 recommendation: grams -predominantly in writinggram -mainly in oral speech after numerals;kilograms -in writing,kilogram -in oral. Academic "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) also indicated that in oral speech forms grams, kilograms uncommon.

In the 21st edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1989), options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms already given as equals. It would seem that the forms gram and kilogram eventually became the norm. However, the 2nd edition of the dictionary by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya " grammatical correctness Russian speech" (M., 2001) states that the division into oral and written speech in last decade XX century and at the turn of the century it was also noted: “Household units of weight gram, kilogram in oral speech, they are used in the vast majority with zero inflection. In written speech, under the influence of editorial proofreading, only forms are currently used grams and kilograms».

Modern dictionaries of the Russian language already, as a rule, do not give individual recommendations for the use of these words in speech and writing. There are publications where forms with zero ending and ending - ov are recorded as equal in rights - for example, "The Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Media Workers" by M. A. Studiner (M., 2016). But still, most dictionaries give a more detailed recommendation, distinguishing between the use of these forms in combination with a numeral (in countable form) and without such a combination. Combined with numeral options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms recognized as equal, but outside of such a combination (which occurs, however, much less often), only grams, kilograms. Such a recommendation ˜ - in the "Russian spelling dictionary» RAS, ed. V. V. Lopatina, O. E. Ivanova (4th ed. M., 2012), “ Orthoepic Dictionary Russian language, ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), "The Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. V. V. Morkovkina (Moscow, 2016). It seems to be the most reasonable.

So now it's true: five grams and five grams, six kilograms and six kilos, but (out of combination with the numeral): counting grams and kilograms(not grams and kilograms).

	Question No. 290392

Are the commas placed correctly? A year later, shortly before the organization was founded, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct punctuation: A year later, shortly before the organization was formed, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.

	Question #290365

Employees of Soyuz LLC, as part of their job assignment, compiled a reference book “Medical institutions of the city”. This handbook was published in large numbers and distributed throughout the mountains. Novosibirsk. Some time later, representatives of Soyuz LLC found in the places where their directory was distributed, another directory published by Moment LLC. The content of the new directory was identical to the content of the directory "Medical institutions of the city". Soyuz LLC filed a lawsuit to oblige Moment LLC to stop violating the exclusive right to the work - the City Medical Institutions Directory, to withdraw all distributed copies of the City Medicine directory from civil circulation. LLC "Moment" did not agree with the claim, motivating its objections by the fact that the plaintiff's reference book is not the result of creative activity and, accordingly, cannot be recognized as an object of intellectual property; both directories contain publicly available information about the names medical institutions, types of medical care, phone numbers and addresses. What legally significant circumstances must be established for correct resolution affairs? Resolve the dispute on the merits.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

"Reference service of the Russian language" does not give legal advice. You've come to the wrong address.

	Question No. 289223

Hello. Can you please tell me if a comma is needed in the following sentence: "After several centuries, the connection in the sentence became the subject of syntax"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Comma after centuries not required.

	Question #286065

Is it correct to put the word "after" in the sentence: After that, a company began in the city to collect clothes for the army and the militia. Or is it more appropriate to put the word "Then in the city ..." Thanks for the answer!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correctly. Word after used in the meaning "after some time, then."

Word check:

Looking for an answer

Total found: 67

	Question #297655

Good afternoon. Tell me, what is the correct seed or seed? And accordingly: in flaxseed or flaxseed. Thank you. I hope for an answer.

Big explanatory dictionary

CE SWORD,-and; pl. genus. -check, dates -chkam; well. Razg. One sunflower or pumpkin seed. Break the seed. Full, empty s.

SE MECHKO,-a; pl. genus. -check, dates -chkam; cf. 1. Decrease to Se me (1 digit). 2. An oblong or flat seed in the fruit of a plants. C. apple. Watermelon, pumpkin seeds. 3. only pl.: all swords, check. Sunflower or pumpkin seeds as a treat. Click, gnaw, husk seeds. Raw, roasted seeds. Black seeds(sunflower). White seeds(pumpkin). Spitting seeds; the floor is covered in seeds(the husk of these seeds). These are seeds for us. (colloquial; about what does not require effort; empty ki, nonsense). < Se sword, oh, oh. (2-3 digits). C-s and stone fruits. C fruit trees. S-th halva(from sunflower seeds).

	Question #296806

Good afternoon. Tell me, please, what part of speech is the word "however", when the whole phrase consists of only this one word (in the meaning of surprise, amazement). Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Big explanatory dictionary

BUT. I. union. Use for joining sentences or individual members of a sentence with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency with the previous one or limitation of the previous one (similar in meaning to the union "but"). Star, oh energetic and upbeat. Goodbye ahead of time, oh did not explain the reasons. She likes to sing at home, but she is shy at a party. Oh. I know you too well to trust you completely. We didn't expect to meet, oh. saw each other years later. Although I appreciate you, oh. I don't overestimate. * Although it is sad to live, my friends, However, it is still possible to live(Pushkin). II. introductory sl. Nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless. I think it'll be all right, but be, oh, careful.The students love me, but, oh, they don't listen. Preparing for the performance all day; the meeting never took place. I fully share your indignation, but you, oh, are getting too excited. III. int. (with exclamation intonation). Use to express surprise, bewilderment, indignation, etc. He was recently elected to the academics. - O.! I will definitely become a great singer. - O.!

	Question #295676

Hello, please tell me whether it is necessary to isolate the expression indicated by numbers: "A sharp cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river and (1) after a few moments (2) it was repeated further"

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

There is no reason to use commas.

	Question No. 295208

Hello. Is it necessary to put a comma in the sentence: "These pills begin to act after 12 hours." On one of the sites they write that you need to put a comma after the word "pills".

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

A comma is not required.

	Question No. 294158

When should one use "through" and when "after"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In the meaning of "after some time" prepositions through and later are equivalent. It is difficult to give an example when a construction with a preposition later cannot be replaced by a construction with a preposition through.

	Question #293990

GOOD AFTERNOON. IS A COMMA NEEDED: BUT, AFTER TIME,......

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

You don't need to put commas.

	Question #293396

Good afternoon. Please tell me if the punctuation marks are correctly placed in the phrase "it received its current name - Mercedes Cup - a year later - in 1979."? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

It is better: its current name - Mercedes Cup - it received a year later, in 1979.

	Question #292436

Good afternoon! Please tell me whether the phrase "years later" stands out in the letter in the following sentence: "In the worst case, years later, covering the earth with an eternal glacier."

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

There is no need for a comma before the words "after years".

	Question No. 292090

Please let me know if a comma is needed in place of the gap. Almost ten years later () at the session held in 1966.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The comma is needed.

	Question #291998

Hello, please clarify the spelling of the word "post * nuclear" - with "b" after the prefix or together. There are two diametrically opposed options on your site (see below). § 70. The letter ъ is written only before e, u, i in the following cases: 1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, inter-tier. http://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/130-mtz POST... The first part of compound words. [from lat. post - after, after] (serves to form adj. and noun). Book. Introduces the meaning: existing, occurring after what is indicated in the second part of the word. Post-adaptation, post-volcanic, post-impressionism, post-modernism, post-industrial, post-embryonic, post-nuclear. http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=x&word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82- Post-nuclear spelling dictionary http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82*%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&all=x Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

See dictionary commit: post-nuclear and fast. The discrepancy between the explanatory dictionary and spelling guides concerns only which morpheme is the part fast-. In the explanatory dictionary, it is defined as part of compound words, but it can also be qualified as a prefix. In spelling, it is considered to be a prefix (see, for example, in the reference books of D. E. Rosenthal). On this basis fast is written according to the rule together and requires a separating sign after itself before the next part, starting with e, yo, yu, i.

	Question #290928

Good afternoon! The spelling of the union "like that" before the colon on your site in section VII raised doubts. Commas with circumstantial turns, § 153, p. 1: Note 1. Commas are not distinguished by gerunds with explanatory words, which are whole expressions, such as: folded arms, headlong, sleeveless, with bated breath, etc. (http ://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/151-zap-19-32)

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" 1956, which you quote, an explanatory compound unionsomehowwritten with a hyphen. But the norm has changed. AT« Complete Academic Reference» 2006, this union was recorded in a separate spelling, whichmade it possible to distinguish orthographicallyfrom an indefinite pronoun (adverb)somehow.

	Question #290583

Hello, our teacher gave us the task to compare modern norms for the use of the form of s.p. pl. including the words "gram", "kilogram" and the norms of use in the 2000s, and sent us to your portal to figure it out. I found how to use these words correctly today, but I would like to ask you how it was in the 2000s.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Thanks for the interesting question! But it is curious to trace the history of forms gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms starting not from the 2000s, but at least over the past half century. It is still widely believed that the gram, kilogram in the genitive case pl. the numbers are wrong. Meanwhile, dictionaries indicated their admissibility back in the 1950s.

In the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1959) carried out the following division: grams - predominantly in writing gram - mainly in oral speech after numerals. The same with kilograms: kilograms - in writing, kilogram - in oral (here we do not talk about numerals).

Such a division survived until the early 2000s, although over these half a century dictionaries then indicated the option gram, kilogram as acceptable, it was not indicated. For example, in the 10th edition of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1970) - only grams and kilograms, and the 9th edition of S. I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (under the editorship of N. Yu. Shvedova), which came out two years later, repeats the 1959 recommendation: grams -predominantly in writinggram -mainly in oral speech after numerals;kilograms -in writing,kilogram -in oral. Academic "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) also indicated that in oral speech forms grams, kilograms uncommon.

In the 21st edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1989), options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms already given as equals. It would seem that the forms gram and kilogram eventually became the norm. However, the 2nd edition of the dictionary by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya “Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech” (M., 2001) states that the division into oral and written speech in the last decade of the 20th century and at the turn of the century, it was also noted: “Household units of measurement of weight gram, kilogram in oral speech, they are used in the vast majority with zero inflection. In written speech, under the influence of editorial proofreading, only forms are currently used grams and kilograms».

Modern dictionaries of the Russian language, as a rule, no longer give separate recommendations for the use of these words in oral and written speech. There are publications where forms with zero ending and with ending - ov are recorded as equal in rights - for example, "The Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Media Workers" by M. A. Studiner (M., 2016). But still, most dictionaries give a more detailed recommendation, distinguishing between the use of these forms in combination with a numeral (in countable form) and without such a combination. Combined with numeral options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms recognized as equal, but outside of such a combination (which occurs, however, much less often), only grams, kilograms. Such a recommendation ˜ - in the Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ed. V. V. Lopatina, O. E. Ivanova (4th ed. M., 2012), “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), "The Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. V. V. Morkovkina (Moscow, 2016). It seems to be the most reasonable.

So now it's true: five grams and five grams, six kilograms and six kilos, but (out of combination with the numeral): counting grams and kilograms(not grams and kilograms).

	Question No. 290392

Are the commas placed correctly? A year later, shortly before the organization was founded, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct punctuation: A year later, shortly before the organization was formed, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.

	Question #290365

Employees of Soyuz LLC, as part of their job assignment, compiled a reference book “Medical institutions of the city”. This handbook was published in large numbers and distributed throughout the mountains. Novosibirsk. Some time later, representatives of Soyuz LLC found in the places where their directory was distributed, another directory published by Moment LLC. The content of the new directory was identical to the content of the directory "Medical institutions of the city". Soyuz LLC filed a lawsuit to oblige Moment LLC to stop violating the exclusive right to the work - the City Medical Institutions Directory, to withdraw all distributed copies of the City Medicine directory from civil circulation. Moment LLC did not agree with the claim, motivating its objections by the fact that the plaintiff's reference book is not the result of creative activity and, accordingly, cannot be recognized as an object of intellectual property; both directories contain publicly available information about the names of medical institutions, types of medical care provided, telephone numbers and addresses. What legally significant circumstances must be established for the correct resolution of the case? Resolve the dispute on the merits.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

"Russian Language Reference Service" does not provide legal advice. You've come to the wrong address.

	Question No. 289223

Hello. Can you please tell me if a comma is needed in the following sentence: "After several centuries, the connection in the sentence became the subject of syntax"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Comma after centuries not required.

After a while, learn what to drive in the past. See LEARNING SCIENCE ... IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

Adverb, number of synonyms: 23 and there (18) in the future (27) at another time (3) ... Synonym dictionary

Time and Family Conway ... Wikipedia

LATER, an excuse with wine. After something has passed, after something, after (some time) has passed. An hour later we moved on. A year later, events unfolded. “After the summer, they don’t go to the forest for raspberries.” (last) Dictionary Ushakov ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A concept that allows you to establish when an event occurred in relation to other events, i.e. determine how many seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years or centuries one of them happened earlier or later than the other. Measurement… … Geographic Encyclopedia

After the summer, yes to the forest for raspberries (inosk.) When the time has passed. Wed All on horseback and in pursuit; Too late: no trace! After the summer, they never go through the raspberries in the forest. M. N. Zagoskin. Ballad (Askold's grave). Wed Adieu, paniers, vendanges… … Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Adventure Time with Finn Jake ... Wikipedia

Studio album by Dima Bilan Release date ... Wikipedia

Studio album by Dima Bilan Release date June 21 ... Wikipedia

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