We all want to live and communicate with good people, and we try to keep the bad ones away from us. What does it mean " good man»? What moral personality types exist? Each subsequent generation is looking for its own answers to these questions, building its own system of values in which they develop.
The basics this approach the classification of moral personality types proposed by Belyaev and Zelenkov is easy. Like any other typology, it has its advantages and disadvantages. Them classification of moral personality types consists of five piits. But these are, most likely, guidelines and coordinates of moral life. There are very few pure and pronounced personality types. Each of us carries a part of the Composite, the Hero and the Consumer, the Aristocrat and so on. Now let's talk about the characteristics of personality types.
1. Consumer. This type of personality is now widespread, even a child can understand his logic. The moral in his view is as follows - an establishment in society that allows a person to achieve happiness. A person who belongs to this moral type of personality hopes to find in morality a means of obtaining life values. That is why this type is conditionally called "Consumer". One who belongs to this type believes that the benefit is the main and main motive his behaviour.
2. Conformist. People who have an elevated mindset believe that conformity is a vice, an ally of evil and agreement with the injustice of the world. If they are left without the support of the public, then they will simply go astray, since they cannot independently maintain moral guidelines. A typical example This basic type of personality can be served by a young man who is received into the city from a distant hinterland and, left unattended, set off on adventures. One who depends on the judgment and approval of others will be very easily influenced. main goal this moral type of personality is a sense of generalization with the outside world. Be it a nation, a simple circle of acquaintances, a native village. The social group will be a source of moral ideas and norms for this type of personality.
3. Aristocratic. The name of this type can say everything for itself. Aristocratism has always been considered a virtue that was inherited. And since you belong to this estate from birth, then its honor cannot be dropped. Distinctive feature moral aristocracy- this feeling dignity which cannot be taken away. Such a person is responsible for his actions not to society, but to himself.
4. Heroic. A hero is someone who always fights against circumstances. Just like the aristocrat, the hero will always stand out on general background social environment. But he will actively resist him. He does not want to put up with the world as it is. And this is not, because his personal interests were hurt. The "consumer" can also become a fighter for justice, but only if he himself is offended and wants to extract some benefit from this battle for himself. The "hero" will resist everything that does not fit his criterion of ideality.
5. And the last basic personality type is "Religious". In this case, the basis of the worldview is the feeling that I walk under God and confess morality in his face. For a person who belongs to this type, God does not necessarily dictate specific commandments, because commandments are such norms that a person can invent. God maintains the moral world order and keeps its secret. Home moral value this type of personality is the meaning of being. All ideals, norms and principles are all secondary. The “religious” type of personality can be characterized as follows - he professes morality, where the leading value is the meaning of being, and the motive is a feeling of higher unity with the world and people and love for a person.
Basic moral personality types
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Samara State Aerospace University
named after Academician S.P. Queen
faculty of distance learning
Department of Philosophy
Test
”Basic moral types of personality”
Performed
Safina E.O.,
group 9735
Checked by Konovalova G.V.
Samara 2010
Introduction
Moral personality types
Consumer personality type
Conformist personality type
Aristocratic personality type
Heroic personality type
Religious personality type
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Ethics is the philosophical science of morality. Morality, morality - a set of norms that regulate interpersonal relationships. moral character a person is a set of personal qualities of a person that allow him to perform actions of a certain type (behave in a certain way). Based on these actions, we draw a conclusion about the social significance and value of a person.
Moral standards meet any needs of society. They are developed by society spontaneously on the basis of cultural traditions and customs and, in fact, are a limitation of human arbitrariness in the interests of the person himself. A person is moral, cultured, if he has realized the need to act in accordance with the requirements of morality, that is, the moral norms and values inherent in a particular historical moment have become his personal conviction.
Moral requirements are formulated in the form of norms of the same type of behavior in typical circumstances. They are acquired mainly in the process of education through repeated repetition and in the process of interpersonal communication by the “trial and error” method.
Moral personality types
In the culturology of the 20th century, attempts were made more than once to build not so much classifications as typologies. As O. Spengler singled out the archetypes of various cultures (Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1993), and K. Jung - psychological types (Jung K. Psychological types. M., 1992), the same method can be applied to the study of moral processes. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that it seeks to take into account all the diversity of the moral, without setting a one-dimensional criterion in the analysis. The proposed types of morality and the corresponding types of moral personality do not coincide with the historical sequence; in every era there are representatives of all types at once. They have no direct connection with the social environment, although large social groups often share a single moral stereotype. I would like to distinguish between moral types of personality not according to external moral criteria (historical periods, social origin, connection with ideology), but according to its own essential features. The logic of morality itself leads to the fact that types turn out to be such, and not otherwise. Although their distinction is not strict in the scientific sense. In describing each moral type of personality, we will try to show:
1) the general meaning of his moral views,
2) the dominant moral value,
3) the presence of specific signs of morality, their unique combination,
4) life fate of people of this type.
Consumer personality type
"Consumer" type. ...It is widespread, its logic is understandable even to a child. Morality in his view is an establishment in society that allows an individual to achieve happiness. It is useful and very pleasant. As in the primitive scheme of upbringing: behave yourself - you will get candy. The disinterestedness of the moral motive is still too much for such thinking. complex idea. A person of this type hopes to find in morality a means of obtaining one or another vital “candy”. That is why it is called conditionally “consumer type”. Such a person believes that the benefit is the main, and most importantly, the only motive for behavior. This means that moral deeds are one of the varieties of useful ones. They should lead to the goal, to success, to the acquisition of all benefits and, ultimately, to happiness. The pursuit of happiness is main value for this type of moral personality.
The desired happiness is understood by the “consumer” as an achievement: money, fame, power, family well-being, etc. And all these are social values. Yes, the consumer type wants to acquire as much as possible for himself, but only in society and thanks to its assistance can these dreams come true. That is why such a person can be socially useful, pleasant in communication, an excellent family man. In addition, since all this still needs to be achieved, this type is active, active. This means that both bright ideas and progressive transformations can come from it. For an active person, it is not motives that come to the fore in morality, but actions. Complex moral motivation, as indicated above, is not needed here. His decisiveness is based on the conviction that he is right.
What source of moral rules does such a person trust? First of all, to yourself. The application of general considerations depends on the situation in which I find myself. And this is the second source of morality. And since situations are infinitely diverse, the rules of morality are not eternal, but rather relative. In practice, such relativism can lead to complete immorality. When all norms of decency are forgotten, the situation and personal gain allow me to trample on the rights of others with ease.
Of course, for people with a different type of moral organization, the consumer model may appear to be both “petty-bourgeois”, “businesslike”, and “predatory”. In response to these accusations, the "consumer" can present his own moral merits. Although the ideals are not so lofty, but they are embodied in life; although we are not very disinterested, our life is well-established and we do not fall into asocial extremes; although we are somewhat selfish, we care about the needs of a person and do not torment him with impossible demands. Behind these value orientations, one can see the image of an active person, an entrepreneur by occupation, a bourgeois by social class, a pragmatist by style of thought, a lover of life by his attitude. It can be found at all times. The main moral value of people of the consumer type is happiness, the motive is benefit, the orientations are individualism, relativism, sociality and activity.
Conformist personality type
Conformism (from late Latin conformis - “similar”, “consistent”) - passive, uncritical acceptance of the dominant order, norms, values, traditions, laws, etc. Manifested in a change in behavior and attitudes in accordance with a change in the position of the majority or the the majority. Allocate external conformity, internal conformity. Nonconformity can be seen as conformity to the norms and values of a minority.
In everyday use, the words "conformism", "conformal" most often have a negative connotation, focusing on the negative role of conformity. Due to the resulting false dilemma, nonconformism is often attributed to the absence of negative qualities inherent in conformity, and the positive qualities that are absent from conformity.
"Conformist" type. ...The main value of the conformist type is a sense of community with the social environment. Whether it is a native village, a nation, a class, or just a circle of acquaintances, it is the social group that is the source of moral norms and ideas for such a person. If high demands on behavior are rooted in the environment, a person grows up well-mannered. Maybe even too harsh.
Not only is the person here socially oriented, but her aspirations are collectivist in nature, and not individualistic, as in the “consumer”. Personal happiness is preferred to universal consent, adaptation to the prevailing values is considered the best way moral perfection, and the main motive of behavior is to be like everyone else. And therefore, since subsequent generations act like the previous ones, powerful traditions are formed that give stability to mores.
A “conformist” type of moral personality can equally develop among the nobility, and among the peasantry, and in any other environment. In terms of consciousness, this person is passive, because all the norms were worked out a long time ago. But with internal passivity, the criterion of morality here is actions. Behavior is prescribed by custom, the line between moral and habitual can almost be erased. Decent behavior becomes synonymous with good, and moral dissimilarity is expelled. If the "consumer" type naively believes that all people are the same, then the "conformist" type wants everyone to be the same - similar to him. Hence - intolerance towards other moral systems, but sufficient indulgence towards the violator within one's own environment. If only he breaks the rules, but does not reject the norms themselves. The sinner can repent and be accepted “into the bosom” again.
So, the basic moral value of the conformist type is collective happiness. Such a social orientation presupposes a love for traditions, adaptation to them, a desire to act “like everyone else”, an orientation towards deeds, combined with an unshakable faith in the foundations of morality.
Aristocratic personality type
"Aristocratic" type. The name speaks for itself. Aristocracy was originally considered to be a hereditary virtue. And since from birth you belong to a class that is higher than others, then its honor cannot be dropped. The nobility can become impoverished, fall into disgrace, be overthrown by the revolution, but the feeling of one's own “speciality”, which does not depend on the changeability of earthly fate, remains.
Self-respect, which cannot be taken away, is the hallmark of moral aristocracy. It is known to have been found in the Venetian gondolier or robber no less than in the powdered courtier or knight. Such "aristocrats" can also be people of the artistic world. Belonging to art, they always feel elevated above mere mortals. They can be scientists or philosophers, highlanders and even beggars. In these circles, everyone should be a personality, and bright enough. Such a person is responsible for his actions not to public opinion, but only to himself.
The morality of special social groups is opposed to the ordinary mores of their era. And the moral personality of the aristocratic type opposes any social conventions and rules if they are not in agreement with her conscience. Such an individual is inevitably asocial. No, he will not necessarily be a robber or even just a troublemaker.
But his morality will be strange, different. His morality. Naturally, at its core, such an orientation is individualistic. Of all the specific features of morality, the aristocratic type embodies (and sticks out) everything that is connected with the autonomy of the moral personality, the self-legislation of the will, and freedom of choice.
Freedom is the basic moral value of this type. Therefore, the lack of happiness or the usual social position cannot break a person with an aristocratic spirit. It would be possible to be yourself. Freedom in relation to external conditions makes the "aristocrat" somewhat indifferent to the mores of the environment. If the social environment seems to this type not moral enough, he does not seek to overcome its inertia, but leaves it to itself until it encroaches on his personal freedom. This is a behaviorally passive type. He adores his inner moral world and acts according to his convictions, not interested in practical consequences ...
The inner voice of conscience is a reliable source of moral rules. But we should not forget that it can be misleading. "Aristocrat" is full of spiritual experiences and aspirations, but their source seems to him irrational. So morality becomes akin to art, for it, too, one must be a particularly gifted, creative person.
So, the main moral value of the aristocratic type is the freedom to be oneself, for this he is individually focused on the inner world, motives of behavior, purity of ideals, follows spiritual traditions. Therefore, with a general antisocial orientation, he is passive in relation to the social environment, tolerant, and sometimes even indifferent.
Heroic personality type
In the philosophical and ethical sense, a hero is a person who performs an act of self-sacrifice for the common good. In philosophy, this concept was comprehended by Hegel, where the hero is interpreted as the embodiment of the national spirit.
"Heroic" type. A hero, by definition, always struggles with circumstances. It can be historical events, people, ideas. The fact is that in the eyes of the hero they are not moral enough and he wants to transform these circumstances. Like the “aristocrat”, the “hero” stands out against the background of the social environment. But he does not resist him passively, but actively and aggressively. He does not want to be reconciled to the world as it is. And not because his personal interests are hurt. The “consumer” can also be an excellent fighter for justice if he himself is offended and hopes to receive some benefit from this justice for himself. "Hero" opposes everything that could not bear comparison with the ideal, with the idea of absolute goodness. And since almost nothing in the world is perfect, then, having started the fight against some particular injustice, one then has to fight the whole world. But the "hero" is not embarrassed.
The idea plays a leading role in the moral consciousness of the heroic type of personality. This is generally a man of ideas. Unlike all previous ones, where theories were involved, as it were, retroactively to justify an intuitively taken life position. Here, rational argumentation is the leading motive of behavior. And these motives are of paramount importance. Of course, the “hero” is a man of action, but the moral meaning for him is not so much the events as their explanation. And the enemy of morality will be anyone who does the same thing as the “hero” himself, but for other reasons. Tolerance is not a heroic virtue.
What kind of ideas enchant the moral consciousness of the “hero”? The first is the search for justice. Justice is the basic moral value of this type of moral personality. Happiness and the meaning of life are comprehended in the struggle for it, and the freedom of the individual consists in placing oneself (voluntarily!) at the service of this Idea. No matter how each particular person understands what justice consists in, it is clear that this concept refers not so much to the inner world of the individual, but to social relationships. Therefore, personalities of the heroic type are socially oriented people. The thought of serving society is found here necessarily. But, unlike the “conformist”, the “hero” is interested in non-current, but promising tasks. He strives for a society that should be in accordance with the ideal of justice.
The “hero” feels the difference between what is and should be very keenly, because people of this type have an extremely developed sense of duty. And if we understand that tense obligation is an essential feature of morality, then it is clear that this type embodies the specifics of morality with the greatest force. This is the “most moral” type. (Sometimes even hypermoral, when a person forgets that in addition to moral values there are other, not at all immoral values). To a man of duty, everything else seems insufficient.
The idea of a “hero” is always sublime and noble. But there are many specific theories of justice, and woe if one turns out to be primitive, not taking into account the complexity and versatility of the world. Then the “hero” will turn out to be a moral fanatic and in fact will destroy the foundations of morality that he was going to support.
However, the personal nobility of people of this type is not in doubt. If they are wrong, they are sincerely wrong.
The heroic type of personality is found not only among social reformers, otherwise there would be few such people. As they say, "in life there is always a place for a feat." The simplest actions of an ordinary person can be carried out on the basis of complex motives and high values.
So, the heroic type of moral personality considers justice as the main value, takes an active and socially interested life position, pays attention to rational motives of behavior and their ideological support, and in general has a highly moral orientation.
Religious personality type
"Religious" type. ...The main moral value of the "religious" type of moral personality is the meaning of life. All norms, principles, ideals are secondary. This is particular in comparison with the feeling of one's non-randomness in the world, in being in general. The feeling of the harmony of God's creation, where each blade of grass has its own purpose, passes here into the doctrine of the destiny of man. Teachings can be very different: Christian and Buddhist, orthodox or personally invented. All of them find the source of morality outside of man and society. It turns out to be rooted in patterns more fundamental than earthly ones. Whether they are called God, the law of karma, the law of the Cosmos, or otherwise, is of no essential importance. Going beyond the limits of only the human in thought and feeling, personalities of this type go beyond the limits of only the moral. Ordinary morality goes without saying here, but "morality for the people" is considered limited and generally imperfect. If the "hero" considers the world imperfect, he seeks to transform it. The "believer" considers the world irremediable and strives to go beyond its limits. With detachment from the earthly rules of life, people of a religious type irritate everyone else, since their actions have no apparent reason. The motive of behavior is a strong moral feeling, akin to love. No wonder love is offered by Christianity as a universal way of relating to the world. This is a rare and complex motif. Needless to say, the rational justification of actions does not play a special role here. Arguments are selected in the light of a common line, which may look like dogma from the outside. However, its vitality and viability speak against the dogmatism of the supreme ideal. It is as if the earthly personality receives concrete advice from the supreme ideal every time. The "believer" will say that moral decisions are given by revelation or illumination. Like the “aristocrat”, he hears an inner voice, the voice of conscience. But he knows the source of that voice.
Naturally, those who are able to see the “likeness of God” in the very last human being have a truly unlimited tolerance for human weaknesses both in the field of thought and in the field of actions. This is not the contemptuous tolerance of an "aristocrat" and certainly not indifference. This is an understanding of the relativity of all human truth, and therefore of the relativity of error; understanding that evil deeds come mainly from weakness, and evil thoughts from stupidity” and not from natural evil. For the "believer" there are no enemies, there are no "lower" ones, there are no "alien" ones. He has a heightened sense of the moral equality of all people and the unity of the human race. And this is one of the most essential signs of a moral outlook on the world.
So, the religious type of personality professes morality, where the leading value is the meaning of life, the motive is love for a person and a feeling of higher unity with people and the world. This is an extra-social, but active person, whose worldview goes beyond the purely moral and is guided by the experience of values of the highest order.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we should once again recall the features underlying the description of the basic moral types of personality. These are the highest moral values: the meaning of life, freedom, happiness, justice. These are the possible sources of the moral law: society, God, or the individual himself. It is the significance of motives or deeds, ideas or feelings, simple norms or high ideals. This is a commitment to duty or habit, individualism or collectivism, social or non-social orientation. This is an active or passive life position, intolerant or tolerant, pragmatic or specifically moral. Combinations of these signs reflect the diverse ... structure of morality itself.
Bibliography
Zelenkova I.L., Belyaeva E.V. Ethics: Textbook. - Mn.: ed. V.M. Skakun, 1995. - 320 p.
Korobkova S.N. Business communication: ethics, psychology, philosophy. 2004. - 162 p.
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Introduction
Moral personality types
Consumer personality type
Conformist personality type
Aristocratic personality type
Heroic personality type
Religious personality type
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Ethics is philosophical science about morality. Morality, morality - a set of norms
m, regulating interpersonal relationships. The moral character of a person is a set of personal qualities of a person that allow him to perform actions. certain type(behave in a certain way). Based on these actions, we draw a conclusion about the social significance and value of a person.
Moral standards meet any needs of society. They are produced by society spontaneously on the basis of cultural traditions and customs and, in fact, are a limitation of human arbitrariness in the interests of the same person. A person is moral, cultured, if he has realized the need to act in accordance with the requirements of morality, that is, the moral norms and values inherent in a particular historical moment have become his personal conviction.
Moral requirements are formulated in the form of norms of the same type of behavior in typical circumstances. They are acquired mainly in the process of education through repeated repetition and in the process interpersonal communication"trial and error" method.
Moral personality types
In the culturology of the 20th century, attempts were made more than once to build not so much classifications as typologies. How O. Spengler singled out archetypes different cultures(Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1993), and K. Jung - psychological types(Jung K. Psychological types. M., 1992), the same method can be applied to the study of moral processes. Advantage similar approach lies in the fact that he seeks to take into account all the diversity of the moral, without setting a one-dimensional criterion in the analysis. The proposed types of morality and the corresponding types of moral personality do not coincide with historical sequence, in every era there are representatives of all types at once. They are not directly related to social environment, although large social groups often share a single moral stereotype. I would like to distinguish between moral types of personality not according to external moral criteria ( historical periods, social origin, connection with ideology), but according to its own essential features. The logic of morality itself leads to the fact that types turn out to be such, and not otherwise. Although their distinction is not strict in scientific sense. In describing each moral type of personality, we will try to show:
1) the general meaning of it moral views,
2) dominant moral value,
3) presence specific features morality, their unique combination,
4) life destiny people of this type.
Consumer personality type
"Consumer" type. .It is widespread, its logic is understandable even to a child. Morality in his view is an establishment in society that allows an individual to achieve happiness. It is useful and very pleasant. As in the primitive scheme of upbringing: behave yourself - you will get candy. The disinterestedness of the moral motive is still an unbearably complex idea for such thinking. A person of this type hopes to find in morality a means of obtaining one or another vital “candy”. That is why it is called conditionally “consumer type”. Such a person believes that the benefit is the main, and most importantly, the only motive for behavior. So and moral deeds- one of the varieties of useful. They should lead to the goal, to success, to the acquisition of all benefits and, ultimately, to happiness. The pursuit of happiness is the main value for this type of moral personality.
The desired happiness is understood by the “consumer” as an achievement: money, fame, power, family well-being, etc. And all these are social values. Yes, the consumer type wants to acquire as much as possible for himself, but only in society and thanks to its assistance can these dreams come true. That is why such a person can be socially useful, pleasant in communication, wonderful family man. In addition, since all this still needs to be achieved, this type is active, active. This means that both bright ideas and progressive transformations can come from it. For an active person, it is not motives that come to the fore in morality, but actions. Complex moral motivation, as indicated above, is not needed here. His decisiveness is based on the conviction that he is right.
What source of moral rules does such a person trust? First of all, to yourself. The application of general considerations depends on the situation in which I find myself. And this is the second source of morality. And since situations are infinitely diverse, the rules of morality are not eternal, but rather relative. In practice, such relativism can lead to complete immorality. When all norms of decency are forgotten, the situation and personal gain allow me to trample on the rights of others with ease.
Of course, for people with a different type of moral organization, the consumer model may appear to be both “petty-bourgeois”, “businesslike”, and “predatory”. In response to these accusations, the "consumer" can present his own moral merits. Although the ideals are not so lofty, but they are embodied in life; although we are not very disinterested, our life is well-established and we do not fall into asocial extremes; although we are somewhat selfish, we care about the needs of a person and do not torment him with impossible demands. Behind these value orientations the image is viewed active person, an entrepreneur by occupation, a bourgeois by social class, a pragmatist by style of thought, a lover of life by his attitude. It can be found at all times. The main moral value of people of the consumer type is happiness, the motive is benefit, the orientations are individualism, relativism, sociality and activity.
Conformist personality type
Conformism (from late Latin conformis - “similar”, “consistent”) - passive, uncritical acceptance of the dominant order, norms, values, traditions, laws, etc. Manifested in a change in behavior and attitudes in accordance with a change in the position of the majority or the the majority. Allocate external conformity, internal conformity. Nonconformity can be seen as conformity to the norms and values of a minority.
Initially, heroes in folklore and literary works characterized by any one main feature, one quality. In fairy tales, Baba Yaga has always been evil, good fellow- brave. Koshchei the Immortal is greedy, a fair maiden is wise and faithful. Epic hero Ilya Muromets was powerful and unshakable. Sadko is broad-minded and generous. At fairytale heroes not yet individual characters, personal experiences.
AT ancient epic developed a type epic hero endowed with an integral character. For example, the hero Achilles in Homer's Iliad is a fearless warrior, this is his main characteristic which governs all his actions. The character of the defender of Troy Hector is determined by humanity, so he faltered in the battle with Achilles, was afraid of him. epic characters are also found in the literature of later times: let us recall the hero N.V. Gogol - Taras Bulba.
In works ancient Russian literature the characters of the characters were not described in detail, although they were also solid and consistent. So, in the story about Peter and Fevronia, it was important for the author to show the courage of Peter and the wisdom of Fevronia; Epiphanius the Wise - piety and feat of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Hagiographic literature was called upon to instruct people, to give examples of righteous behavior, describing the lives of the saints.
In the literature of the Renaissance, heroes of a new type appear. They are no longer determined by any one trait or quality, but by their fate and position in the world. So, Hamlet in the tragedy of the same name by W. Shakespeare is a type tragic hero- a person who is in hopeless situation. The hero of M. de Cervantes, Don Quixote, due to his madness and absurd behavior, is considered comic hero, although gradually, as we read the novel, we begin to recognize the seriousness and even tragedy of the image behind this comedy. Hamlet and Don Quixote heroes of lofty ideals, they strive for truth and goodness and represent the type high hero. The image of Don Quixote became the basis of the image of a high hero in comedy. In Russian literature, an example of a hero of this kind is, for example, Chatsky in A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit".
Drama as a kind of literature is divided into genres: tragedy, comedy and drama. If the first two genres are characterized primarily by tragic and comic heroes, then in the drama in the center of the conflict - dramatic hero. Such is the image of the unfortunate girl Larisa Ogudalova in the play "Dowry" by A.N. Ostrovsky. The images of Karandyshev and Larisa's mother have dramatic features. And the drunkard Robinson in the play, in contrast lofty images Don Quixote and Chatsky, presents type of reduced comic hero.
The image of the merchant Kalashnikov in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ..." carries epic, heroic and tragic features, the type of this hero cannot be unequivocally determined. However, the merchant Kalashnikov accurately represents a heroic personality - a man who opposes injustice and defends his honor, his faith, and his people. This is due to the fact that in the literature of the last two centuries literary styles, genres, as well as the characters of the characters have become more complex, thereby reflecting the fact that people's views on life have become fuller and more diverse.
Table of contents
Introduction
Moral personality types
Consumer personality type
Conformist personality type
Heroic personality type
Religious personality type
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Ethics is the philosophical science of morality. Morality, morality - a set of norms that regulate interpersonal relationships. The moral character of a person is a set of personal qualities of a person that allows him to perform actions of a certain type (behave in a certain way). Based on these actions, we draw a conclusion about the social significance and value of a person.
Moral standards meet any needs of society. They are developed by society spontaneously on the basis of cultural traditions and customs and, in fact, are a limitation of human arbitrariness in the interests of the person himself. A person is moral, cultured, if he has realized the need to act in accordance with the requirements of morality, that is, the moral norms and values inherent in a particular historical moment have become his personal conviction.
Moral requirements are formulated in the form of norms of the same type of behavior in typical circumstances. They are acquired mainly in the process of education through repeated repetition and in the process of interpersonal communication by the “trial and error” method.
Moral personality types
In the culturology of the 20th century, attempts were made more than once to build not so much classifications as typologies. As O. Spengler singled out the archetypes of various cultures (Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1993), and K. Jung - psychological types (Jung K. Psychological types. M., 1992), the same method can be applied to the study of moral processes. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that it seeks to take into account all the diversity of the moral, without setting a one-dimensional criterion in the analysis. The proposed types of morality and the corresponding types of moral personality do not coincide with the historical sequence; in every era there are representatives of all types at once. They have no direct connection with the social environment, although large social groups often share a single moral stereotype. I would like to distinguish between moral types of personality not according to external moral criteria (historical periods, social origin, connection with ideology), but according to its own essential features. The logic of morality itself leads to the fact that types turn out to be such, and not otherwise. Although their distinction is not strict in the scientific sense. In describing each moral type of personality, we will try to show:
- general sense of his moral views,
dominant moral value
the presence of specific signs of morality, their unique combination,
life fate of people of this type.
Conformist personality type
Conformism (from late Latin conformis - “similar”, “consistent”) - passive, uncritical acceptance of the dominant order, norms, values, traditions, laws, etc. Manifested in a change in behavior and attitudes in accordance with a change in the position of the majority or the the majority. Allocate external conformity, internal conformity. Nonconformity can be seen as conformity to the norms and values of a minority.
In everyday use, the words "conformism", "conformal" most often have a negative connotation, focusing on the negative role of conformity. Due to the resulting false dilemma, nonconformism is often attributed to the absence of negative qualities inherent in conformity, and positive traits, which are absent from conformism.
"Conformist" type. ...The main value of the conformist type is a sense of community with the social environment. Whether it is a native village, a nation, a class, or just a circle of acquaintances, it is the social group that is the source for such a person. moral standards and presentations. If high demands on behavior are rooted in the environment, a person grows up well-mannered. Maybe even too harsh.
Not only is the person here socially oriented, but her aspirations are collectivist in nature, and not individualistic, as in the “consumer”. Personal happiness is preferred to universal consent, adaptation to the prevailing values is considered the best way of moral improvement, and the main motive of behavior is to be like everyone else. And therefore, since subsequent generations act like the previous ones, powerful traditions are formed that give stability to mores.
A “conformist” type of moral personality can equally develop among the nobility, and among the peasantry, and in any other environment. In terms of consciousness, this person is passive, because all the norms were worked out a long time ago. But with internal passivity, the criterion of morality here is actions. Behavior is prescribed by custom, the line between moral and habitual can almost be erased. Decent behavior becomes synonymous with good, and moral dissimilarity is expelled. If the “consumer” type naively believes that all people are the same, then the “conformist” type wants everyone to be the same - similar to him. Hence - intolerance towards other moral systems, but sufficient indulgence towards the violator within one's own environment. If only he breaks the rules, but does not reject the norms themselves. The sinner can repent and be accepted “into the bosom” again.
So, the basic moral value of the conformist type is collective happiness. Such a social orientation presupposes a love for traditions, adaptation to them, a desire to act “like everyone else”, an orientation towards deeds, combined with an unshakable faith in the foundations of morality.
Aristocratic personality type
"Aristocratic" type. The name speaks for itself. Aristocracy was originally considered to be a hereditary virtue. And since from birth you belong to a class that is higher than others, then its honor cannot be dropped. The nobility can become impoverished, fall into disgrace, be overthrown by the revolution, but the feeling of one's own “speciality”, which does not depend on the changeability of earthly fate, remains.
Self-respect, which cannot be taken away, is the hallmark of moral aristocracy. It is known to have been found in the Venetian gondolier or robber no less than in the powdered courtier or knight. Such "aristocrats" can also be people of the artistic world. Belonging to art, they always feel elevated above mere mortals. They can be scientists or philosophers, highlanders and even beggars. In these circles, everyone should be a personality, and bright enough. Such a person is responsible for his actions not before public opinion but only in front of itself.
The morality of special social groups is opposed to the ordinary mores of their era. And the moral personality of the aristocratic type opposes any social conventions and rules if they are not in agreement with her conscience. Such an individual is inevitably asocial. No, he will not necessarily be a robber or even just a troublemaker.
But his morality will be strange, different. His morality. Naturally, at its core, such an orientation is individualistic. Of all the specific features of morality, the aristocratic type embodies (and sticks out) everything that is connected with the autonomy of the moral personality, the self-legislation of the will, and freedom of choice.
Freedom is the basic moral value of this type. Therefore, the lack of happiness or the usual social position cannot break a person with an aristocratic spirit. It would be possible to be yourself. Freedom in relation to external conditions makes the "aristocrat" somewhat indifferent to the mores of the environment. If the social environment seems to this type not moral enough, he does not seek to overcome its inertia, but leaves it to itself until it encroaches on his personal freedom. This is a behaviorally passive type. He adores his inner moral world and acts according to his convictions, not interested in practical consequences ...
The inner voice of conscience is a reliable source of moral rules. But we should not forget that it can be misleading. "Aristocrat" is full of spiritual experiences and aspirations, but their source seems to him irrational. So morality becomes akin to art, for it, too, one must be a particularly gifted, creative person.
So, the main moral value of the aristocratic type is the freedom to be oneself, for this he is individually focused on the inner world, motives of behavior, purity of ideals, follows spiritual traditions. Therefore, with a general antisocial orientation, he is passive in relation to public environment, tolerant, and sometimes indifferent.
Heroic personality type
In the philosophical and ethical sense, a hero is a person who performs an act of self-sacrifice for the common good. In philosophy, this concept was comprehended by Hegel, where the hero is interpreted as the embodiment of the national spirit.
"Heroic" type. A hero, by definition, always struggles with circumstances. It can be historical events, people, ideas. The fact is that in the eyes of the hero they are not moral enough and he wants to transform these circumstances. Like the “aristocrat”, the “hero” stands out against the background of the social environment. But he does not resist him passively, but actively and aggressively. He does not want to be reconciled to the world as it is. And not because his personal interests are hurt. The “consumer” can also be an excellent fighter for justice if he himself is offended and hopes to receive some benefit from this justice for himself. "Hero" opposes everything that could not bear comparison with the ideal, with the idea of absolute goodness. And since almost nothing in the world is perfect, then, having started the fight against some particular injustice, one then has to fight the whole world. But the "hero" is not embarrassed.
The idea plays a leading role in the moral consciousness of the heroic type of personality. This is generally a man of ideas. Unlike all previous ones, where theories were involved, as it were, retroactively to substantiate the intuitively occupied life position. Here, rational argumentation is the leading motive of behavior. And these motives are of paramount importance. Of course, the “hero” is a man of action, but the moral meaning for him is not so much the events as their explanation. And the enemy of morality will be anyone who does the same thing as the “hero” himself, but for other reasons. Tolerance is not a heroic virtue.
What kind of ideas enchant the moral consciousness of the “hero”? First of all, it is a search for justice. Justice is the basic moral value of this type of moral personality. Happiness and the meaning of life are comprehended in the struggle for it, and the freedom of the individual consists in placing oneself (voluntarily!) at the service of this Idea. However much one person understands what justice consists in, it is clear that this concept refers not so much to inner world personality, how much to public
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