In different situations in life, we have to deal with different circumstances of life.
Child and social norms
Each year of childhood, adolescence and youth is not only a new step in mental development, the formation of personality, the formation mental functions and "maturing" of intellectual capabilities, but it is also a step social development, expansion and qualitative change in the socio-psychological capabilities of a person. Socio-psychological development is the process of assimilation by a person of what is available to him on this moment social experience; creative processing of the latter in personal experience, into internal social values and attitudes. The definition is cumbersome, but it reflects the essence of this process.
Being in a certain environment - a family, educational institution, companies of peers - child as if "swallows" those norms and values that dominate in this environment, and then gradually processes them, changing and adapting to their individual characteristics and life goals. But everything is very difficult. The processes of "absorption" and processing of social experience are separated in time. There are whole stages of life when child is guided mainly by learned, but not processed experience, that is, lives by someone else's mind. In other periods life goes a stormy process of processing, comprehension of experience: at this time the main thing is to live not like everyone else, to be different from others. A complex spiral of socio-psychological development should lead to the social maturity of the individual - a state of harmony between the typical and the individual in a person. But this does not happen quickly and not always.
In childhood and adolescence, the history of a person's relationship with norms is dramatic, full of dangers, which not everyone can overcome without help and support. At each stage, some fundamentally important tasks for adults working with children can be identified. The effectiveness of their solution often determines whether the development of the child will be natural and productive.
The stages of socio-psychological development are not rigidly tied to age. Although there is an undoubted connection between social maturity and the level of development of the intellect. In general, a high level of social responsibility and independence is possible, according to Kohlberg, one of the recognized authorities in the field developmental psychology and education, only upon reaching the highest stage of development of thinking (according to J. Piaget).
Adolescence, elevating the child to the highest stage of intellectual development available to him, is the richest and most dramatic from the point of view of socio-psychological development. But long before child enters into active interaction with the world of values and norms.
Preschooler.
The normativity and spontaneity of behavior and assessments are extremely bizarrely intertwined in preschool period. On the one hand, a preschooler is not sure of the sufficiency of his own experience and is very susceptible to learning norms and rules, therefore, in all situations controlled by the "adult world", child tends to be rigidly and uncritically normative. On the other hand, arbitrary control own actions in a small child is still very unstable, therefore, in the absence of constant external normative pressure, he is not able to independently maintain himself within the framework of "correct" behavior. Another age trait of a preschooler. Yes, child very sensitive to norms, enjoys copying external patterns of behavior, but in his desire to imitate he is uncritical and "omnivorous". With equal rapture, he reproduces both "good" and "bad" social samples.
How to unravel this knot? Parents and teachers have a great temptation to lead the social development of the child along the line of "cut down" imitation (reinforcing only socially positive samples). But it's a dead end road. Another, but more realistic perspective looks less attractive from a pedagogical point of view, as it is fraught with many conflicts and sharp corners, but it is precisely this that brings the child to a new personal level. This is the line of formation of social independence of behavior. The meaning of independence is the ability to notice situations when the actions of peers or adults diverge from your experience, and resist their authority, doing as you see fit. The first manifestations of independence are in the realization of the mistakes of other people. What the first sprouts of such social independence will turn into depends largely on the reaction of the adult. It's bad when you're small child indicates inconsistency or a clear fallacy of your actions. But what to do?
7-10 years - a blessed stage for educators of the socio-psychological development of the child, who received stable name"correct age". Teach others - heavy cross, but in general, it is a sin for elementary school teachers to complain. That's just the responsibility on them is colossal, and the consequences of an incorrect socio-psychological "policy" in relation to children can be observed for many, many years. "For a long time, - says H. Leites, - school life consists in listening to the teacher, doing what she says." The most important socio-psychological task of the "correct age" is the assimilation of typical experience. Often not critical. The main thing is to accumulate, learn how to fulfill, there is still a lot of time ahead in order to comprehend everything. You don't need to interfere with your child. No need to try to make him personally independent at 9 years old. He may not be able to handle it. It is only important not to exploit the normativity of the child, to respect his dignity and huge personal potential. But the time will come, and ... The "correct" age with various individual variations lasts up to 10-11 years.
Junior teenager.
By the age of 12 begins to gain strength social activity, the need to realize their moral worldview. I would compare this stage of age development with the historical period of the Crusades. Younger teenagers are distinguished by a special interest in generalized moral norms, abstract social ideas.
The principle clearly prevails over the specific case. Assessing a particular situation child tries to apply to her this or that moral law, drawn by him from books, heroic films, family conversations. But not from my life. Personal experience still has little value in the eyes of its bearer.
Combine all of the above with the child's need to be active in defending his views on life, his ability to perform strong deeds, which he did not differ even 2-3 years ago, and you will get an explosive, dramatic inner world, you will see the embryo of future emotional upheavals. You will also find sources of life scenarios such as Pavlik Morozov, fascist youth organizations, extremist religious organizations. You need to be very careful in words and actions when dealing with a younger teenager. Lies, duplicity of adults cause him strong negative feelings. It is difficult to regain the trust of a person for whom the whole world is black and white, if you have already set at least one foot on his black side.
Senior teenager.
13-15 years - the age of the all-conquering desire for individualization and the denial of typical social experience. But a teenager is not yet ready for complete personal autonomy, he is choked by a strong emotional protest, against the backdrop of powerful emotional experiences there is still no place for analysis, comprehension, search for one's own value orientations.
The half-hearted autonomization of the adolescent is expressed in the same bizarre way as the half-hearted normalization in the preschool period. A teenager is freed from the generalized, not working in life and uncritically learned social norms of the adult world, through an uncritical, complete immersion in norms reference group of peers. Now the main source from which he draws material for understanding the world of social relations is spontaneous personal experience, often obtained in risky, extreme forms. The adolescent is not free from typical experiences, child develops in antiphase to it. And he is not looking for freedom, he is not ready for it. He needs a path in life that he can walk freely with his long, disproportionate and clumsy arms, and that has clearly defined, understandable and unambiguous curbs. There is no return to non-critical normativity. Or rather, there is, but at the cost of abandoning individuality.
There is a way" eternal teenager", which is in an allegedly free flight, is the path to the formation of socio-psychological independence, conscious, personally formed and accepted normativity. According to Kohlberg, the path to socio-psychological maturity begins after 15 years. But the beginning and end of this path is difficult to tie Maturity is a level of development when a person is guided in actions and assessments by his own values and norms, but possessing universal breadth and universality. A mature person has enough high intelligence, diverse social experience, feeling dignity carried through all the storms and upheavals of childhood and adolescence.
PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF BOYS AND GIRLS OF OLDER PRESCHOOL AGE IN A ROLE PLAYING Plot
Podolskaya Olesya Alexandrovna 1 , Klokova Azhelika Valerievna 2
1 Yeletsky State University them. I.A. Bunina, Lecturer, Department of Preschool and Correctional Pedagogy
2 Yelets State University I.A. Bunina, student
annotation
The article discusses the features of the social behavior of children of senior preschool age in a role-playing game. Guidelines are given to preschool teachers on the formation of social behavior of boys and girls of senior preschool age in a role-playing game.
PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF BOYS AND GIRLS OF PRESCHOOL AGE IN THE ROLE-PLAYING GAME
Podolskay Olesya Aleksandrovna 1 , Klokova Angelica Valeryevna 2
1 Yelets State Ivan Bunin University, lecturer, department of preschool pedagogy and correctional
2 Yelets State Ivan Bunin University, student
Abstract
In the article features of social behavior of children of preschool age in the role-playing game to be considered. Methodic recommendations for the teachers of pre-school educational institution on the formation of the social behavior of boys and girls preschool age in the role-playing game are provided.
Bibliographic link to the article:
Podolskaya O.A., Klokova A.V. Features of the social behavior of boys and girls of senior preschool age in a role-playing game // Psychology, sociology and pedagogy. 2014. No. 5 [Electronic resource]..02.2019).
Preschool education is the first stage of the educational system in Russia. In the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) of preschool education, the choice by modern Russian pedagogy of the path of humanization of upbringing and education, the struggle for the return of a true understanding of masculinity and femininity to educational and educational activities is especially relevant today.
The goal is to form in a child a future man, husband, father, future woman, wife, mother - one of the main things in education. For a long time, especially in the Soviet period, genderless education was cultivated in Russian pedagogy.
In the studies of T.V. Bendas, O.A. Voronina, S.V. Glebova, N.S. Grigorieva, A.A. Denisova, A.V. Dresvyagin, V.D. Eremeeva, I.S. Kletsina, Ya.L. Kolominsky, I.S. Kon, L.G. Lunyakova, L.V. Popova, N.L. Pushkareva, T.P. Khrizman, L.V. Shtyleva and others emphasize that in the formation of personality it is necessary to take into account the specifics of gender, cognitive activity, emotional sphere and types of social behavior of boys and girls.
Boys should be courageous, courageous, decisive, responsible, emotionally stable, chivalrous to women.
Girls, in turn, should be caring, gentle, modest, tolerant, able to peacefully resolve the conflict. During the period of intensive physical growth and development of mental processes, children should be clearly aware of their gender.
I.S. Kohn believes that the universal factor of sexual socialization is the society of peers, both of one's own and of the opposite sex.
Preschool age plays an important role in the socialization of children. Social behavior involves the child's deep assimilation of patterns of correct adequate behavior, norms, values that allow him to be a full-fledged member of society.
According to N.D. Nikandrova, S.N. Gavrova and others, socialization is the influence of life as a result of which the individual learns the rules adopted in this society, norms, values, models of behavior.
HELL. Glafirov, considers it important integral part socialization role of men and women. The child observes the behavior of a man and a woman, which helps him learn direct social roles. The society in which children develop, where they acquire knowledge, skills and abilities, give them an attitude to a certain social role.
The role-playing game at preschool age is one of the types of children's activities. It is in it that children learn the rules of behavior, taking into account the gender factor. Senior preschoolers choose the role-playing game that helps them determine their gender orientation.
Impulsive activity, when the child is not aware of his gender, gradually changes to mediated, conscious activity. Boys and girls understand and accept social roles associated with behavior adapted to a given situation. Children in role-playing games can evaluate good and bad deeds, understand the moral standards of good and evil.
The social behavior of older preschoolers is distinguished by the possibility of developing the ability to know oneself in unity with the world, in dialogue with it, the ability of self-determination, self-actualization. All this is represented by the skills of cultural behavior, specific knowledge (individual experience of knowing the world around), role-playing behavior, his social competence. The social roles of children are subject to rules that change depending on the situation. Consequently, the social behavior of boys and girls of older preschool age should be proactive, flexible, adapted to the necessary situation, independently and independently. When one component changes, the entire component changes.
The process of social behavior of children of senior preschool age includes social self-awareness: species (a child is a person), generic (a child is a family member), sexual (a child is a carrier of sexual essence).
Thus, the development of social behavior of older preschoolers includes several components:
Motivational (manifestations of kindness, care, help, attention, mercy);
Cognitive (knowledge of another person - an adult, a peer - and the ability to understand his interests and needs, notice a change in mood, emotional state and etc.);
Behavioral (associated with the choice of communication methods and patterns of behavior suitable for the situation).
The term "gender" is first encountered in R. Stoller's studies.
According to N.I. Abubakirova, "gender" - sociocultural background differences between men and women.
A.A. Chekalina considers "gender" as a socio-psychological gender of a person, which includes the characteristics and characteristics of an individual's personality in society, manifested in communication and interaction.
By the senior preschool age, the child is aware of his gender, shows interest and styles of behavior to various games and partners in them.
The gender behavior of preschoolers is cognitive (the child refers to a certain gender); emotionality (shows gender-role preferences, expresses his interests, represents value orientations, reacts to evaluation, shows emotions associated with the formation of masculinity and femininity traits); behavioral aspect - how the child learns a model of behavior typical for the sex.
Teachers and parents should understand their child, helping to reveal his gender opportunities. During your stay in preschool children are subjected exclusively to female attention. Educators do not identify the gender image of the child with a certain social role. We need a gender-oriented approach to children in situations where this is appropriate.
In this regard, an important task is to improve the skills of preschool educators to implement a differentiated approach to boys and girls, both when communicating with them, and when organizing and managing various activities.
At preschool age, gender affiliation is especially intensively formed in play activities. Children of older preschool age are intrinsically motivated to acquire values, interests, and behaviors appropriate to their gender. As a result, preschoolers may develop very rigid and stereotyped ideas about "what boys do" and "what girls do".
At the same time, children pay great attention to the features of behavior that correspond to their gender and do not show interest in behavior that is inappropriate for their gender.
Consequently, the upbringing of older preschoolers, taking into account their gender differences will be largely determined by the individual characteristics of each child, will depend on those patterns of behavior of women and men that he constantly encounters in the family. Therefore, in the process of leading the plot-role-playing game of children, the teacher must create situations aimed at the manifestation in boys and girls of those personality traits that will allow them to be successful in modern society.
Thus, on the basis of the studies studied, revealing the essence and content of the social behavior of boys and girls of senior preschool age, we have developed guidelines for preschool teachers on the formation of gender socialization of children of senior preschool age in a role-playing game.
Teachers need to conduct a conversation with older preschoolers in order to identify their ideas about the role of employment of men and women in the family, to determine knowledge about the differences between boys and girls, the culture of their behavior. The results of the conversation should become the basis for developing a plan for further actions of educators with children of senior preschool age and parents, tactics for selecting a set of necessary role-playing games, taking into account gender characteristics.
Teachers should monitor independently organized role-playing games of older preschoolers in order to identify each child participating in the game, his social role.
To compile a detailed social portrait of each child, it is necessary to conduct a survey with parents. Questionnaire questions should be detailed, understandable and readable. Therefore, all this should serve as the starting point for a set of activities that develops in the child the self-awareness of his social role, taking into account gender. When choosing role-playing games with a gender factor, it is necessary to develop in older preschoolers the consciousness that he belongs to a certain gender, he has precisely those behavioral traits that make up his social portrait.
Educators should not impose games on children in which male and female roles are not clearly defined. When choosing these games, it must be remembered that boys prefer military games, construction games and games related to obtaining certain labor skills. Girls diligently copy relationships in families and they are interested in playing feelings and emotions, and not actions, like boys.
The work on the formation of the social behavior of boys and girls of senior preschool age in the role-playing game should continue for a long time, since the gender aspect, according to N.I. Abubakirova, A.D. Glafirova and others, is digested quite hard.
Educators are recommended to carry out a set of activities for pedagogical education of parents related to gender-role orientation. Thus, only Team work preschool teachers and parents can give effective result and to help boys and girls of older preschool age firmly grasp their social role.
Abstract: Social norms and deviant behavior
Plan
Introduction ................................................ ............................... 2
Defining social norms............................................... 3
The concept and types of deviant behavior ............................... 5
Causes of social deviations .............................................. 10
Conclusion................................................. ........................... fourteen
Literature
1. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - M.: Academic project, 2000.
2. Frolov S.S. Sociology: Textbook. – M.: Gardariki, 2000.
3.Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology. Lecture course. - M.: Center, 1997.
Introduction.
In any social society, there are always social norms adopted in this society, that is, the rules (written and not written) by which this society lives. Deviation or non-observance of these norms is a social deviation or deviation. Deviant behavior, it seems to me, is one of the most important problems of any social society. It has always been, is and will be present in human society. And no matter how much we want to get rid of it, there will always be people called deviants, that is, those who cannot or do not want to live according to the rules and norms adopted in the society in which they live.
However, different social societies differ from each other in the degree of social deviation, I mean that in different social societies there may be different amount individuals falling under the definition of "deviant". also in different societies there may be a different degree of deviance itself, that is, the average level of deviation from the social norms of one society may differ from another.
In this work, I set myself the goal of:
1. Define deviant behavior and deal with the various forms of its manifestation.
2. Explain the reasons for the occurrence of deviations from social norms in some members of a social society.
Definition of social norms.
In order to define what is - deviant behavior, first you need to define the concept of "social norms".
Social norms are prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal samples (templates) that determine what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. They differ in scale.
The first type is norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth get-togethers, groups of friends, families, work teams, sports teams). These are called "group habits".
For example, the American sociologist E. Mayo, who conducted the famous Hawthorne experiments in 1927 - 1932, discovered the norms that senior comrades applied to newcomers accepted into the production team:
do not keep with "their" officially,
Don't tell superiors anything that might harm group members,
do not communicate with superiors more often than with "your own",
Do not make more products than your comrades.
The second type is the norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. They're called " general rules". ... These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners. Every social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette. There is secular etiquette, there are manners of behavior of young people. There are national traditions and customs.
All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed.
· For violation of some norms, a mild punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look.
· For violation of other norms severe sanctions - imprisonment, even the death penalty.
A certain degree of disobedience to norms exists in any society and in any group. Violation of palace etiquette, the ritual of a diplomatic conversation or marriage causes embarrassment, puts a person in a difficult position. But it does not entail harsh punishments.
In other situations, sanctions are more tangible. Using a cheat sheet in an exam threatens with a decrease in grade, and the loss of a library book - a fivefold fine. … Social norms perform very important functions in society. They are:
regulate the general course of socialization,
integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society,
control deviant behavior
serve as models, standards of behavior.
How can this be achieved with the help of norms? First, norms are also the duties of one person in relation to another or other persons. By forbidding newcomers to communicate with superiors more often than with their comrades, the small group imposes certain obligations on its members and puts them in certain relationships with superiors and comrades. Therefore, norms form a network of social relations in a group, society.
Secondly, norms are also expectations: from the observant this norm people around expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those walking towards them on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collisions and confusion occur. Even more clearly, the effect of norms is manifested in business. In principle, it is impossible if the partners do not comply with written and unwritten norms, rules, and laws. Therefore, norms form a system social interaction, which includes motives, goals, direction of the subjects of the action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.
Norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:
as standards of conduct (duties, rules) or
as expectations of behavior (the reaction of other people).
From all this it follows that if an individual observes all the norms prescribed by society, then his behavior is not deviant, but if he does not comply with any rules, then the behavior of this individual will be deviant. But usually in society there are no people who would observe absolutely all the norms. Until when is some non-compliance with social norms not out of the ordinary behavior? To do this, it is necessary to turn to the very concept of "deviation".
The concept and types of deviant behavior.
Unfortunately, there is no such happy society in which all its members would behave in accordance with general regulatory requirements. The term "social deviance" refers to the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them. Social deviations can take the most different forms. Youth criminals, hermits, ascetics, hardened sinners, saints, geniuses, innovative artists, murderers - all these are people who deviate from generally accepted norms, or, as they are also called, deviants.
In simple societies with few members and simple norm structures, deviant behavior is easily identified and controlled. In societies with a complex structure of often conflicting social norms, the problem of deviations from generally accepted behavior grows to a very significant extent. The difficulty of determining the existence of any social deviance can be illustrated by the following example: if the majority of adolescents in a social group are prone to criminal behavior, and many adults in this group often break the law, who should we record deviant behavior - criminals or non-criminals? In connection with the many difficulties that arise in the analysis of this problem, it should be analyzed in more detail.
Cultural and mental deviations. One individual may have deviations in social behavior, another in personal organization, and a third in the social sphere and in personal organization. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, i.e. deviations of a given social community from the norms of culture. Psychologists are interested in mental deviations from the norms in the personality organization: psychosis, neuroses, paranoid states, etc. If these two types of deviations are combined, then the deviation from cultural norms is committed by a mentally abnormal person.
People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, radical political behavior is defined as an outlet for emotional hostility, i.e. as a mental disorder; prostitution - as a consequence of emotional deprivation of childhood, when the child had few opportunities for the integration of personality, his own "I". Sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are also associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental deviations.
Naturally, personal disorganization is far from the only cause of deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms adopted in society, and vice versa, individuals who are mentally quite normal commit very serious deviations. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.
Individual and group deviations. The most ordinary boy from a stable family, surrounded by decent people, can reject the norms accepted in his environment and show clear signs of criminal behavior (become a delinquent). In this case, we are faced with an individual deviation from the norms within the same subculture. Such a person is usually regarded as an individual deviant. At the same time, in every society there are many deviant subcultures, the norms of which are condemned by the generally accepted, dominant morality of society. For example, teenagers from difficult families spend most of their time in basements. The "basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes. AT this case there is not an individual, but a group deviation from the norms dominant culture, as teenagers live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture. The subculture in this case contains patterns of behavior brought by individual deviants. In the example under consideration, every teenager who returns to the generally accepted way of life in society will be an individual deviant from the point of view of this “basement” subculture, and it can apply its measures of social control towards him. Another example of a group of social deviation can be considered a group of bureaucrats who no longer see the real environment behind the papers and live in the illusory world of paragraphs, circulars and orders. A subculture has also been created here, getting into which each employee must obey the current bureaucratic cultural norms.
So, we can distinguish between two ideal types of deviations:
1.individual deviations, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;
2. group deviation, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.
In the real life deviant personalities cannot be strictly divided into the two indicated types. Most often, these two types of deviations intersect.
Primary and secondary deviation. The concept of primary and secondary deviations was first formulated and developed in detail by H. Becker (129). It helps to see the process of becoming the personality of a complete deviant.
Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Each member of society commits many small violations throughout his life, and in most cases, those around him do not consider such people to be deviants.
Deviants remain primary as long as their actions fit within the framework of a socially accepted role.
Secondary a deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in a group, which is socially defined as deviant. The person is identified as a deviant. Sometimes, in the case of even a single deviant act (rape, homosexuality, drug use, etc.) or an erroneous or false accusation, the individual is labeled a deviant. This labeling process could be a turning point in life path individual. Indeed, an individual who has committed a primary deviation from generally accepted norms continues to live the same life, occupy the same place in the system of statuses and roles, and continue to interact with members of the group. But as soon as he receives the label of a deviant, there is a tendency to immediately cut off many social ties with the group and even to isolate himself from it. Such a person can be removed from his favorite work, profession, rejected by respectable people, and even earn the name of a "criminal" person; it can become dependent on deviant (eg, alcoholics) or criminal (eg, a criminal group) associations that begin to use the fact of individual deviation, separating this individual from society and instilling in him the moral standards of their subculture. Thus, a secondary deviation can turn a person's whole life upside down. Are being created favorable conditions to repeat the act of deviant behavior. After the repetition of the offense, isolation is further intensified, stricter measures of social control begin to be applied, and the person may go into a state characterized by permanent deviant behavior.
It should be noted that some deviations can be positive, and some negative. Moreover, in different social groups, the concepts of what are positive and what are negative deviations are different. For example, in a criminal group, a recidivist thief is an authoritative person, for the rest of society he is a criminal, and vice versa, a law enforcement officer who protects society from criminal elements causes criminals negative attitude. Thus, deviations can be divided into culturally approved and culturally condemned. Culturally approved, these are deviations that are supported by society as a whole. This includes people who stand out from the crowd with genius, some positive personal qualities, famous actors, athletes, etc. Such personalities are ideals for most members of society. Conversely, individuals whose behavior causes disapproval in society are culturally condemned deviants. These include criminals, alcoholics, drug addicts, homosexuals. It often happens when several of these deviations are combined in one person.
Causes of social deviations.
What are the causes of deviant behavior? First of all, culturally condemned behavior.
The process of socialization (the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values necessary for his successful functioning in a given society) reaches a certain degree of completeness when the individual reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition by the individual of an integral social status (a status that determines the position of a person in society). However, in the process of socialization failures and failures are possible. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - these are various forms of negative behavior of individuals, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law.
The answer to the question: why do deviants appear, they try to give sociological or cultural theories of social deviations. In accordance with them, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they go through in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the personality. When the processes of socialization are successful, the individual first adapts to the cultural norms surrounding him, then perceives them in such a way that the approved norms and values of the society or group become his emotional need, and the prohibitions of culture become part of his consciousness. He perceives the norms of the culture in such a way that he automatically acts in the expected manner of behavior most of the time. Individual errors are rare, and everyone around knows that they are not his usual behavior.
One of the most important factors in teaching moral values and behavioral norms is the family. When a child is socialized in a happy, strong and healthy family, he usually develops as a self-confident and in his environment, well-mannered person who perceives the norms of the surrounding culture as fair and self-evident. The child is oriented in a certain way to his future. If a family life is somewhat unsatisfactory, then children often develop with gaps in education, in the assimilation of norms and with deviant behavior. Numerous studies youth crime showed that about 85% of young people with deviant behavior were brought up in dysfunctional families. American researchers in the field of social psychology have identified five main factors that determine family life as dysfunctional: super-severe paternal discipline (rudeness, extravagance, misunderstanding); insufficient maternal supervision (indifference, carelessness); insufficient paternal affection; insufficient maternal affection (coldness, hostility); lack of cohesion in the family (scandals, hostility, mutual hostility). All these factors have a significant impact on the process of socialization of the child in the family and, ultimately, on the education of a person with deviant behavior.
However, there are also numerous cases of manifestation of deviant behavior in perfectly prosperous families. The fact is that the family is far from the only (albeit the most important) institution in society that participates in the socialization of the individual. The norms accepted from childhood can be revised or discarded in the course of interaction with the surrounding reality, in particular with the social environment.
Deviant behavior of individual individuals can also be the result of such a phenomenon as anomie (a state of lack of norms). This happens in a constantly changing society, where there is no single and unchanging system of norms. In such a situation, it can be difficult for a person to choose a line of normative behavior, which subsequently gives rise to deviant behavior of the individual.
When moral norms forbid doing some actions that many individuals want to do, another phenomenon of deviant behavior arises - norms of justification. These are cultural patterns by which people justify the fulfillment of any forbidden desires and actions without an open challenge to existing moral norms.
Thus, deviant behavior plays a dual role in society: on the one hand, it poses a threat to the stability of society, on the other hand, it maintains this stability.
For example, if there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or a social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior. There is a disorganization of culture and the destruction of the social order.
On the other hand, deviant behavior is one of the ways in which a culture can adapt to social change. There is no modern society that long time would remain static. Even communities completely isolated from world civilizations must from time to time change their patterns of behavior due to change environment. But new cultural norms are rarely created through discussion and further acceptance by all members of social groups. New social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of individuals, in the clash of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from old, habitual norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative patterns. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior containing new viable norms increasingly penetrates people's minds. As the members of social groups adopt behavior that contains new norms, it ceases to be deviant.
Conclusion.
So, we have determined that deviant (deviant) behavior is the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them. Deviant behavior is a consequence of an unsuccessful process of personality socialization: as a result of a violation of the processes of identification and individualization of a person, such an individual easily falls into a state of " social disorganization when cultural norms, values and social relationships missing, weakening or contradicting each other. This condition is called anomie and is the main cause of deviant behavior.
Given that deviant behavior can take a variety of forms (both negative and positive), it is necessary to study this phenomenon, showing a differentiated approach.
Deviant behavior often serves as the basis, the beginning of the existence of generally accepted cultural norms. Without it, it would be difficult to adapt culture to changing social needs. At the same time, the question of the extent to which deviant behavior should be widespread and what types of it are useful, and most importantly, tolerant for society, is still practically not resolved. If we consider any areas of human activity: politics, management, ethics, then it is impossible to answer this question quite definitely (for example, which norms are better: the republican cultural norms that we have perceived or the old monarchical, modern norms of etiquette or the norms of etiquette of our fathers and grandfathers?). It is difficult to give a satisfactory answer to these questions. However, not all forms of deviant behavior require such a detailed analysis. Criminal behavior, sexual deviations, alcoholism and drug addiction cannot lead to the emergence of new cultural patterns useful for society. It should be recognized that the vast majority of social deviations play a destructive role in the development of society. And only a few deviations can be considered useful. One of the tasks of sociologists is to recognize and select useful cultural patterns in the deviant behavior of individuals and groups.
Then moral standards. In contrast to law, morality mainly bears an evaluative load (good - bad, fair - unfair). Compliance with moral rules is ensured by the authority of the collective consciousness, their violation meets public condemnation.
There are also aesthetic standards. They reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly not only in artistic creativity, but also in people's behavior, in production and in everyday life. They are manifested, for example, in judgments that a person “lived his life beautifully”, that such and such “behaves ugly”. Negative assessments in this case are combined with moral censure.
Political norms govern political activity, the relationship between personality and power, between social groups, states. They are reflected in the laws, international treaties, political principles, moral norms.
Finally, religious norms. In terms of content, many of them act as moral norms, coincide with legal norms, and reinforce traditions and customs. Observance of religious norms is supported by the moral consciousness of believers and religious belief in the inevitability of punishment for sins - deviation from these norms.
There are other types of norms, for example, rules of etiquette, etc. Social norms differ from biological, medical, technical norms that establish rules for handling natural (natural) and artificial (technical) objects. For example, a rule prohibiting standing under a crane boom is aimed at the safety of a person in his relationship with a technical device. BUT medical rule, requiring compliance with the dose of drugs prescribed by the doctor, protects human health from dangerous consequences, establishes the procedure for handling chemicals.
As for social norms, they all regulate relations in society itself: between people, groups of people, organizations created by them. The impact of social norms on the behavior of an individual involves, firstly, knowledge of the social norm and its awareness, secondly, the motive (the desire to follow this norm) and, thirdly, the action itself (real behavior).
SOCIAL CONTROL
Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism of regulation of relations between the individual and society, which is called social control. In the first lessons of the course, we talked about what society is complex system, which includes many various elements. The purposeful influence of this system on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability is provided by social control. How does the mechanism of social control work?
Any activity includes a variety of actions, and each person performs many of them, entering into active interaction with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state, other individuals). All these actions, individual actions, behavior of a person are under the control of the people around him, groups, society. As long as these actions do not violate public order, existing social norms, this control is invisible, as if it does not exist. However, it is worth violating established customs, rules, deviating from patterns of behavior that are accepted in society, and social control manifests itself. One person ran across the street in front of a moving vehicle, the second smoked in the cinema, the third committed theft, the fourth was late for work ... In all these cases, other people may react: comments and other manifestations of discontent from others, appropriate actions of the administration, police, court . This reaction of others is due to the violation of relevant social norms, rules, traditions. The people who reacted to these situations reflected the attitudes of the public consciousness (or public opinion) that maintains order, protected by norms. That is why a reaction of condemnation of these actions followed on their part. The expression of dissatisfaction, the announcement of a reprimand, the imposition of a fine, the punishment imposed by the court - all these are sanctions; along with social norms, they are the most important element of the mechanism of social control. Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement, or disapproval and punishment, aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, sanctions are either positive, which are aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at stopping undesirable behavior. In both cases, they are classified as formal if they are applied in accordance with certain rules (for example, awarding an order or punishment by a court sentence), or informal if they appear in an emotionally colored reaction of the immediate environment (friends, relatives, neighbors). , colleagues).
Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual also evaluates society, the state, and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups, state institutions, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks through own experience, habits, previously learned social norms. And the attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual for a person; it can be positive or sharply negative. Recall what was said at the beginning of the course: a person constantly evaluates himself, while self-esteem can change depending on the maturity of the individual and the social conditions in which he acts. A person correlates his actions with social patterns of behavior approved by him in the performance of those social roles with which he identifies himself.
Thus, along with the highest control on the part of society, group, state, other people, internal control, or self-control, which is based on norms, customs, role expectations, assimilated by the individual, is of paramount importance.
In the process of self-control big role conscience plays, that is, the feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair, the subjective consciousness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards. In a person who, in a state of excitement, by mistake or succumbing to the temptation of a bad deed, conscience causes a feeling of guilt, moral feelings, a desire to correct a mistake or atone for guilt.
The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of a person who independently regulates his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for the self-realization of the individual, its successful interaction with other people.
So, essential elements mechanisms of social control are social norms, public opinion, sanctions, individual consciousness, self-control. Interacting, they ensure the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and the functioning of the social system as a whole.
DEVIANT (DEVIANT) BEHAVIOR
People's behavior does not always correspond to social norms. On the contrary, in many cases there is a non-compliance, violation. Behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person, is called deviant.
Sociologists give another definition: deviant behavior is a form of disorganization of the behavior of an individual in a group or category of persons in society, which reveals a discrepancy between established expectations, moral and legal requirements of society. Negative deviations from social norms at the level of the individual are manifested primarily in crimes and other offenses, in immoral acts. At the level of small social groups, these deviations are manifested in deformations, violations of the normal relationships between people (strife, scandals, etc.). In the activities of state and public organizations such deviations are manifested in bureaucracy, red tape, corruption and other painful phenomena.
Manifestations of deviant behavior are as diverse as social norms. The consequences of these deviations are no less varied. Them common feature- harm, damage caused to society, a social group, other people, as well as a person who allows negative deviations.
Social deviations are especially dangerous as mass phenomenon.
Crimes and other offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction, religious fanaticism, racial intolerance, terrorism - these and other similar negative processes in the development of society bring incalculable damage to humanity. Their danger can be considered on the example of drug addiction.
What are the causes of deviant behavior? Researchers have various points view on this issue. Let's consider them.
At the end of the XIX century. a biological explanation of deviations was put forward: the presence in some people of an innate predisposition to violations of social norms, which is associated with the physical characteristics of the individual, criminal temperament, etc. These theories were subsequently subjected to convincing criticism.
Other scholars have searched psychological explanations deviations. They came to the conclusion that the value-normative representations of the individual play an important role: understanding the world around, attitude to social norms, and most importantly - general focus the interests of the individual. The researchers came to the conclusion that the basis of behavior that violates established norms is a different system of values and rules than that enshrined in law. For example, a psychological study of such motives for illegal actions as cruelty, greed and deceit showed that criminals have these qualities most pronounced and justified: “It is always better to show your strength”, “Give your own, so that others are afraid!”, “Believe from life whatever you can!"
Scientists have come to the conclusion that these deformations of the personality are the result of its incorrect development. For example, cruelty may be the result of a cold, indifferent attitude towards the child on the part of parents, and often the cruelty of adults. Research has shown that low self-esteem in adolescence is compensated in the future by deviant behavior, with the help of which it is possible to attract attention to oneself, to achieve approval from those who will evaluate the violation of norms as a sign of a strong personality.
The sociological explanation of deviant behavior, the causes of which famous sociologist E. Durkheim saw depending on crisis phenomena occurring in society. During crises, radical social change, in conditions of disorganization social life(unexpected economic ups and downs, decline in business activity, inflation) a person's life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms break down, people become disoriented, and this contributes to the emergence of deviant behavior.
Some scholars have associated deviant behavior with the conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of a group (subculture) that denies generally accepted norms. In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of an individual's predominant communication with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its own subculture, its own norms that oppose the norms recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects the assimilation by a person (especially young people) of the norms of antisocial behavior.
There are other explanations for deviant behavior. (Think about these points of view and try to explain for yourself the reasons for deviations from social norms.)
In relation to persons who allow a negative deviation from the norms, society applies social sanctions, i.e. punishments for unapproved, undesirable actions. Weak forms of deviant behavior (oversight, deceit, rudeness, negligence, etc.) are corrected by other people - participants in the interaction (remark, suggestion, humor, censure, etc.). More significant forms of social deviations (offences, etc.), depending on their consequences, entail condemnation and punishment, coming not only from the public, but also from state bodies.
CRIME
Crime is the most dangerous manifestation of deviant behavior, causing the greatest damage to society. The word "crime" is derived from the word "crime", which in Russian has always meant "an act contrary to the law, lawlessness, atrocity,". A crime is a socially dangerous act that encroaches on the right to order and is provided for by the Criminal Code.
The totality of crimes committed in a given society and in a given period of time is denoted by the concept of "crime". Crime is not just the sum of crimes, but a mass phenomenon that has the laws of its existence and development, causes, conditions that contribute to it. This phenomenon is social, since it is rooted in the depths of social relations, reflects the characteristics of social life, and acts as an extreme expression of the contradictions and shortcomings in the development of society. It causes grave consequences for society and its members like none of the other negative phenomena of social development.
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicates the following types of crimes: against the person, in the economic sphere, against public safety and public order, against state power, against military service, against peace and security. Crime is not only a social, but also a legal phenomenon, since only what is enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is criminal. Crime includes actions that encroach on a person, on property, rights and freedoms of citizens, on social relations. These actions cause the object of encroachment real and very significant harm.
The peculiarity of crime: the presence of a certain contingent of persons - criminals, for some of whom criminal activity has become professional.
Organized crime is the biggest threat. AT broad sense word she means any group of persons organized on permanent basis to extract funds illegally.
Organized crime is characterized by a particular danger to the individual, society, and the state.
The danger to the individual lies in the suppression of his rights and freedoms by acts of violence and other means. This is manifested in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to receive protection from criminals (racketeering); forcing women and teenagers into prostitution; extending influence and control over, for example, trade unions; an increase in the cost of goods and services; the possibility of complete suppression of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens through physical, moral and material terror.
The danger to society lies in the interception of the rights of ownership and disposal of the material values of the entire society by organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the areas of trade, extraction and distribution of strategically soon raw materials, precious metals, production and circulation of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, infiltrate the realm of legitimate business, and bankrupt one's competitors through price controls; planting the ideology of the underworld, its romanticization, the cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates the conditions for "social infection" with criminal customs and traditions.
The danger of organized crime for the state is manifested in the creation at the regional level of parallel illegal power structures. illegal armed formations; preparation, financing and organization of direct anti-constitutional actions in the form of inciting national hatred, organizing riots, plots to seize power; encouraging such state crimes as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and the state apparatus of corruption of political figures and state officials;
seeking to weaken the federal government. to facilitate the control of organized crime over entire regions.
AT modern conditions the fight against crime is of great importance. This is a socially regulating activity, which is carried out in order to ensure that citizens do not commit acts prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It includes, firstly, political and economic measures. social, socio-psychological, managerial, cultural nature, allowing to eliminate the conditions conducive to crime; secondly, the development of the legal consciousness of citizens; thirdly, special preventive activities aimed at identifying and eliminating the immediate causes of crime; fourthly, the application of criminal law in relation to persons who have committed crimes.
Growing crime has become a real threat to Russia's national security. Solving this problem is one of the most important national tasks.
PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS
1 Knowledge of legal and moral norms, traditions and other rules is necessary not so much for passing exams as for the daily life of a person seeking to integrate into modern society.
2. Since the people around you expect you to behave in accordance with generally accepted social norms, try to behave in accordance with them. This will be one of the prerequisites for comfortable well-being in society.
3 Once in another country, get acquainted with the laws, customs, etiquette, other norms that exist there and take them into account if you want to avoid a negative attitude from the people among whom you are.
4 Since the norms emerging in small informal groups sometimes contradict those existing in society, everyone who is part of such groups should make their own choice and subsequently be responsible for it.
5 Bargaining with one's conscience, i.e., self-justification of actions that go against one's own convictions, weakens self-control and, repeated, can open the way to deviant behavior that is detrimental to the individual and society.
Document
From the work of the Russian sociologist O. S. Osipova “Deviant behavior: good or evil?”.
The form of society's response to one or another type of deviation should depend on which (by the degree of generality) social norms are violated: universal, racial, class, group, etc. The following dependencies can be distinguished:
The higher the level (in terms of the degree of generality) of social norms and values is violated, the more decisive the actions of the state should be. The highest value - natural rights person.
The lower the level of social norms violated, the more emphasis should be placed on informal measures of social control (social reward or censure, persuasion, etc.).
The more complex the social structure of society, the more diverse the forms of social control should be.
The lower the level of social norms violated by a person, the more tolerant should be the reaction to his actions.
The more democratic the society, the more emphasis should be placed not on external social, but on internal personal self-control.
Questions and tasks for the document
1. Bring own examples universal, racial, class, group norms.
2. To what level of generality can the norms be attributed: “do not steal”, “before the New Year we go to the bathhouse together”, “separate education for blacks and whites”, “solidarity of workers of all countries”?
3. What does higher or lower standards mean? Why really high level do the authors place natural human rights?
4. Why is the most resolute action of the state necessary in case of violation of higher level norms?
5. How is social control manifested in case of violation of a lower level of social norms? Why?
6. How to explain that a more democratic society involves a shift in emphasis from external social control to internal self-control?
SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS
1. Give examples of each type of social norm.
2. What is social control?
3. What is the meaning of self-control?
4. What are the causes of deviant behavior?
5. What is the social danger of crime?
6. What are the consequences of drug addiction for the individual, family, society?
TASKS
1. How do you feel about the statement of the English historian G. T. Buckle (1821-1862): “Society is preparing a crime,
the criminal commits it”? Explain it with some example taken from newspapers.
Natalya Petrovna
Conversation "Rules of conduct and social norms of society"
Target conversations: form the concept of social norms and rules of behavior in society.
Tasks:
Reveal the content of the concept social norms;
Summarize Features rules of conduct in society;
Conduct a survey to identify the level of assimilation of the studied material.
Rules of conduct in the theater, to the cinema
When going to the theater, cinema or concert, remember that not only you, but also others want to relax and enjoy. Therefore, do not interfere with others to have a good time. This is the main exit commandment"to the people".
Ceremonial clothes: to come to the theater in jeans and a T-shirt is a sign of bad taste.
Come to the theatre, cinema and concerts in advance in order to have time to catch your breath, put your outerwear in the wardrobe, put yourself in order and find seats. If your seats are in the middle of the hall, go towards them facing those who are sitting. If you come with a girl, you go first, paving the way and apologizing to disgruntled neighbors. By the way, well-mannered person, if he is disturbed, he will never show his irritation and will not wait until he is asked for permission to pass, but will get up in advance himself, noticing those walking along the narrow passage. When getting up and sitting down, try to avoid noise. Lower the seat of the chair silently (you should do it for your girl). Standing up, hold the seat with your hand so that it does not hit the back of the chair. Do not occupy both armrests, because your neighbor may also want to lean on his elbows. Keep your things on your lap, and don't throw them on the floor under the seat. Do not lean on the back of the next chair and do not rest your feet on it. Do not take other people's places; it is unpleasant to look at those who are expelled with disgrace from other people's places.
If you are late for any reason, enter the hall quietly and sit on vacancies if there are none, stand near the door. You can only take your seats during the intermission.
Some people have a habit of reciting the content before starting a movie or play. This cannot be done. Your companion will soon have the opportunity to find out for himself.
During the performance, you should only listen and watch. Even if the play or film is uninteresting, courtesy obliges you to sit silently until the end of the play. If this is unbearable, the hall can be left during the break.
When the program begins, you need to stop all conversations. During the performance, it is forbidden to do anything that interferes surrounding: whispering with a neighbor, giggling, fidgeting in a chair, rustling with candy wrappers, chewing, commenting aloud on what is happening on the stage or screen, singing along to the performer or beating the beat with your foot, sitting with your beloved head to head, talking on a cell phone. Cell phones must be switched off during the performance. If you have a cough or runny nose, think before you go out. You need to take care not only about your health, but also about the peace of others. You go another time.
How to leave. Some break out of their seats and rush to the wardrobe without waiting for the end of the play. This is highly impolite. Wait until the curtain falls and all the artists leave the stage, only then get up.
Last note. You don't have rights leave the girl to her fate in the middle of the night city (many performances end quite late). You are obliged to accompany her, if not to the door, then at least to the entrance of her house. Although if you have already reached the entrance, then you can bring it to the apartment.
Rules of conduct on the street
There are a lot of people on the street, and therefore you must observe the basic mass communication rules to avoid stress and conflict.
So we have right-hand traffic , therefore, walking along the street, do not rush against general flow. Oncoming bypass with right side . Even if you are in a hurry, do not fly knocking everyone down, do not push your way with your elbows, but ask for permission pass the: "Excuse me, let me pass".
In a crowded crowd, do not turn into a turtle, otherwise you can wait for someone to give you a boost. Don't suddenly stop in the middle of the sidewalk, even if you have a brilliant idea. Walk in rhythm with everyone.
Bags are usually carried in right hand , trying not to hit passers-by on their legs and not to soil their coats. Carry the umbrella upright. Hold an open umbrella over your head so that water does not flow onto passers-by, and the knitting needles do not get into their eyes. If you are under an umbrella with a girl, then you are holding the umbrella.
The rule says: the man accompanying the lady always walks on the left side. This custom dates back to the Middle Ages, when every man had a saber or sword hanging on his left side. So that the weapon does not hit the legs of the companion when walking, the man tried to walk to the left of the lady. This rule in our time, only the military in uniform does not obey. In order to give a military greeting to the oncoming military and not touch their lady with the elbow, it is more convenient for them to go on right.
Any heavy burden his companion a real man is obliged to take in his hands, but not a handbag - the girl carries it herself. A man with a handbag in his hands looks ridiculous and ridiculous.
In a small crowd, young people can walk in an embrace if they manage to walk beautifully and not interfere general movement. It is indecent to laugh, kiss and be drunk on the street.
If you meet your friend on the street, do not stop in the middle of the sidewalk to exchange a few words with him - step aside. If you are waiting for someone on the street, then it is better to walk back and forth, and not stand in one place.
If a girl, walking with you, met another friend of a guy, then she is not obliged to introduce you to each other. You should walk forward at a slow pace or stand at a distance while she talks to the person she meets. At the same time, modern etiquette forbids a guy to leave a girl alone in such a situation. You must introduce your companion and only after that start conversation.
If you need to turn to passers-by to find the way, do not forget to use words: "Thank you", "please" and "sorry". If, on the contrary, they turn to you for help, answer clearly and briefly. If you don't know, then tell: "Unfortunately, I do not know" rather than confusing the person with lengthy explanations. It is absolutely unacceptable to pass by, ignoring the question or spitting something unintelligible through your teeth.
Eating outside is unacceptable, even if you are as hungry as a wolf. Better go to a cafe or bar. In the heat of the summer, you can eat ice cream - this must be done quickly and gracefully, without letting it melt.
It's no secret to anyone that you must strictly observe Traffic Laws. Always stick to right side of the road, and if there is no sidewalk, then go towards the traffic.
Do not cross the carriageway of the street obliquely, do not cross the street in the wrong place. Do not walk with friends in a line on the sidewalk, you will close the entire passage, and passers-by will be forced to bypass you. Where you can only go one at a time, let the elders go ahead.
Do not speak loudly and do not laugh out loud; do not scatter gum and candy wrappers around - there are garbage containers for this.
Do not point your finger at people or objects. It is absolutely unacceptable to show curiosity towards people with external defects. Help such people, as well as the elderly, if the situation requires it. However, do not impose your services if people do not need your help or refuse. If you notice a person (even strangers) some errors in clothes, then quietly tell him about it - the person will be grateful to you. If a person drops a handkerchief, it should not be touched. We must approach its owner, quietly to tell: "You Dropped" and show with your eyes.
When entering the store, first let the exiting ones through, and then go in yourself.
It must be remembered that a man or a guy with a cigarette in his mouth, accompanying a woman, compromises this woman one hundred percent.
How to behave in public transport
You can not hang on the steps or run after a moving vehicle, and even more so jump up and jump on the go - this is life threatening. If the bus is full, it's better to wait for the next one.
When boarding and disembarking, let children and the elderly go forward, give them a seat. It is necessary to give up seating to the sick, pregnant women, parents with children and the elderly. This is rule no one has canceled yet. Bypass the tram in front, the bus and trolleybus in the back.
To pass in a crowded bus or trolleybus, you should not "work with your elbows", push, climb ahead, just ask to step aside, skip ahead.
AT public transport, it is unacceptable to eat anything, gnaw seeds, pick your teeth, smoke, shake snow or raindrops from your clothes, throw garbage on the floor, look at passengers, unfold a newspaper half a wagon, look into a neighbor’s book, lead conversations about personal life and official affairs, eavesdrop on other people's conversations.
If you are transporting piercing and cutting items, then carefully pack them, otherwise you may injure or tear the stockings or clothes of passengers.
Rules of conduct when traveling abroad
AT recent times Russian people are increasingly going abroad, and there are sharp moments here.
First, remember, another country - other mores. The customs of another country must be treated delicately. Abroad you represent our country, and by your actions and behavior will judge the people as a whole.
When going abroad, learn about the climate, customs and sights of the country you are going to visit, so as not to get into trouble. Do not be too lazy to learn a few English words and phrases - they may come in handy there.
It is necessary to arrive at the airport in advance in order to have time to complete the necessary formalities. Do not take customs clearance as personal insult: such is the order everywhere.
On the plane, think not only about your peace, but also about the peace of those around you. Do not make screams of surprise or fear during takeoff and landing. Don't tell the neighbors scary stories about accidents and catastrophes in the sky. Do not take other people's places, you have your own. Do not flaunt your courage and fasten your seat belt, these are regulations.
On the train regulations etiquette remains in effect. When entering the compartment, say hello to your companions. It is not necessary to introduce yourself, only if there is a desire to continue acquaintance.
Don't abuse right to the bottom shelf, which is formally assigned to you by a ticket. After all, a person from the top shelf will not be able to spend the entire trip there. Give him the opportunity to periodically go down and sit next to you. Remember that the luggage box is also shared.
A well-mannered young man will always give up a better place to a sick or elderly person.
You need to eat on the train so as not to disturb the neighbors. Do not eat foods with strong aroma: garlic, onion, herring and the like. When eating, do not bite off a whole tomato so that splashes fly in all directions, do not tear a piece of meat with your teeth, do not break the wings of a chicken, do not champ, in general behave with dignity.
Quiet, pleasant conversation help pass the time on the road. However, do not overwhelm your fellow travelers with your excessive sociability: do not tell them the whole story of your life, do not devote to your personal problems, do not ask incorrect questions: who and why is going, where he works, how much he earns, etc. It’s also not worth it to be gloomy silent - it has a depressing effect on others. The best way stop talking with an annoying neighbor - delve into a book or magazine.
Don't make noise on the train conversations don't play cards before deep night(There is no need to say that in no case do not play cards with strangers, otherwise you risk being skinned like a sticky, do not sing, do not pace the car, do not slam the doors and do not occupy the toilet for a long time.
Rules of conduct in a team
to the polite cultured person tact is inherent. Tact is a sense of proportion. Being tactful means being able to feel the mood of another person, take into account the peculiarities of his character, take into account the properties of his nature and, depending on the individuality of each, find one form or another. communication with him.
In a team - at school, college, etc. - be polite. Rudeness is unacceptable anywhere.
Attention to friends, classmates should not be intrusive. Do not get into the soul of people, do not burden them with your problems. Avoid familiarity in relation to others, do not allow it in relation to yourself.
Never wash the bones of others, do not discuss their manner of dressing, figure and complexion, do not judge who looked at whom, otherwise there will be no grief you will manage: already on the third person, your words will take on a completely different meaning. Gossip is a dirty business, try not to stoop to it yourself, and try not to let it touch you.
If you like to joke, make sure that your jokes do not hurt the vanity of others, try not to hurt with an inappropriate joke. Remember important rule: in 99% out of 100, your jokes about the appearance of people, their names or some habits of success will not bring you success and they are unlikely to add friends.
The real mistakes of people should be pointed out calmly, without insults.
If there is any misunderstanding, if you feel that you have been treated not fair Try to calmly deal with the situation. Irritation is a bad helper, you need to control yourself. A guy who has lost control of himself and becomes personal is in an even more depressing position.
