Illusions- a distorted perception of real-life objects (they are distinguished by psychological dullness, falling out of the semantic context of situations).

Classification:

I. Illusions associated with impaired mental activity are most often divided into affective or affectogenic, verbal and paraidolic.

· affective(affectogenic) illusions arise under the influence strong feeling, such an affect as strong fear, excessive nervous tension. In such a tense state, a person mistakenly perceives a transparent curtain as a swaying skeleton, a coat on a hanger seems like a terrible tramp, a tie on the back of a chair - a crawling snake, threats are heard in the noise of the fan, etc.

· Verbal illusions are expressed in an erroneous perception of the meaning of words, speeches of others, when instead of a conversation neutral for the patient, he hears (which usually also happens against a background of strong fear) threats, curses, accusations allegedly related to him.

· paraidol illusions- perceptual disturbances, when really existing images are perceived altered, usually in a bizarre-fantastic form. For example, the pattern on the wallpaper is perceived as a giant toad, the shadow of the floor lamp - as the head of some terrible lizard, the patterns on the carpet - as a beautiful landscape never seen before, the outlines of the clouds - as a picturesque group of people.

I. Physical, physiological and mental.

A) physical illusions are due to the peculiarities of the environment in which the perceived object is located. For example, a mountain range is perceived as colored in different colors in the rays of the setting sun, as we see it on R. Roerich's paintings. An object in a transparent vessel half-filled with liquid seems to be broken at the boundary between liquid and air.

B) Physiological illusions arise in connection with the conditions of functioning of the receptors. Cold water after being in the cold is perceived as warm, a light load after a long physical tension- heavy.

B) Mental illusions, more often they are called affective in connection with the emotional state of fear, anxiety, expectation. Anxious and suspicious man walking in late time hears the steps of the pursuer behind him various faces or figures.

· Pareidolic illusions are mental, they are a kind of visual with a changing content of erroneous images. They often occur in the initial period of psychotic states, in particular alcoholic delirium. Patients in the drawings of wallpaper, carpets see changing faces, moving figures of people, even pictures of a battle.

Other illusions are often not a symptom mental illness, are often found in mentally healthy individuals in the above conditions.

II. Based on their differentiation analyzers:

visual,

auditory,

tactile,

olfactory,

taste.

The most common are visual and auditory. For a short time, they can also occur in healthy people who are in a state of anxiety, intense expectation, and strong excitement1. However, most likely they signal an incipient psychosis, an illness,

Illusions are not an absolute sign of mental illness, since they are also found in healthy people. However, unlike the latter, mentally ill patients have multiple illusory disorders and are included in the general psychopathological symptoms of a particular disease. They are hardly detected during a conversation with the patient, as they are often pushed aside by more severe disorders - hallucinations. Usually a practically healthy person is critical of the appearance of his illusions, correctly comprehends and corrects them in time. The mentally ill person takes what seems to be real, without analyzing with sufficient criticism the pathological disorder that has developed in him. At healthy person illusory experiences, as a rule, are single, transient, in the patient they are more diverse and stable.

Perceptual disturbances, especially hallucinations and illusions. are among the most important, classic signs mental disorders Moreover, most of them are an indicator of a gross and severe violation of mental activity - psychosis. Hyperesthesia, hypesthesia, anesthesia are signs of non-psychotic deviations, and the most pronounced and persistent senestopathies are indicators, according to at least, subpsychotic disorders.

; in practical life- facilitating self-deception ("indulge in illusions") instead of sober look to the facts. "Disillusionment" (the destruction of illusions) is often associated with a greater or lesser sense of displeasure. From the point of view of psychology or psychopathology, an illusion is an idea, which, however, corresponds to a certain one (unlike a hallucination), but the involuntary intervention of a mental and spiritual factor transforms an objective given in the direction of a desired given; memory, as in a hallucination, it adds to the sensations. Illusion's own breeding ground is, in particular, expectation and hope. K. Lange tries to explain the origin of art by human need. in illusion (i.e., the need to "indulge in aesthetic illusion"). Art is, according to Lange, to deliver to oneself and others, based on illusion, and any other, except for the purpose of pleasure, is excluded (K. Lange, Das Wesen der Kunst, 1911).

Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary . 2010 .

ILLUSION

ILLUSION (lat. illusio - deception) - a distorted or representation of reality. The illusion arises: 1) with unusual external conditions perception of objects, and the perceiving subject is functioning normally (eg “optical illusion”); 2) in unusual (pathological, affective, narcotic) conditions physiological mechanisms subject; under the influence of pain, intoxicating substances or affects (especially fear, expectation, hope) forms a distorted idea of ​​the objects of reality or perceives them in an inadequate way; in this case illusion must be distinguished from hallucination, which occurs in the absence of external objects.

In everyday terms, “illusion” is used as hopes and dreams (as unrealistic), comforting and facilitating self-deception or flight creative fantasy(which always means visual perception, since the basis of the very term “illusion” is Lat. lux (lucis) - light). From a philosophical point of view, the desire for an illusory perception of reality is an integral feature of human consciousness, seeking in it respite from the "harsh reality", hope or pleasure. Thus, the fear of death gives rise to the idea of afterlife, boring routine awakens dreams of a miracle or “ beautiful life”, a flight of creative imagination creates works of art that give pleasure. The German K. Lange explained the origin of art precisely by the need for illusions (Lange K. Das\\fesen der Kunst, 1911).

In the 2nd floor. 20th century thanks to the works of O. Huxley (“The Gates of Knowledge”) and C. Castaneda (“The Teachings of Don Juan: The Way of Knowledge of the Yaqui Indians”, etc.), a peculiar illusory perception of reality arose under the influence of the reception narcotic substances. Illusions are one of the ways to look into the recesses of the human unconscious, since they are nourished by hidden desires and unfulfilled hopes. Human illusions are not just distorted perceptions: as a rule, memory and involuntary consciousness are superimposed on them.

O. V. Suvorov

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

See what "ILLUSION" is in other dictionaries:

illusion- (illusion of perception) inadequate reflection of the perceived object and its properties; distortion of the perception of particular features of certain objects or images. Sometimes this is the name given to the configurations of stimuli themselves that cause such a perception. ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Illusion- Illusion ♦ Illusion Not the same as an error. An illusion is a representation that is held captive by its own point of view. The illusion is not able to shake even the realization of its falsity: I know perfectly well that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but this is not at all ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

- (lat. illusio, from illudere, to play). 1) self-deception, a game of imagination. 2) the fruits of daydreaming. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ILLUSION lat. illusio, from illudere, to play. a) Deception of feelings (see ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

See dream, hope, deceit, ghost dispel illusion... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. illusion phantom, dream, hope, deceit, ghost; smoke, chimera, deceit, mistake... Synonym dictionary

ILLUSION, a discrepancy between the perception of an object and objective reality. Illusions also include such a phenomenon as hallucinations. Illusions can be caused by a disturbance in the activity of any of the five senses. The most common are... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- [il] illusions, wives. (lat. illusio mockery, deceit) (book). Distorted perception of reality, based on the deception of the senses, the adoption of the apparent, the imaginary for the real. Optical illusion. || trans. Existing only in the imagination, ... ... Dictionary Ushakov

illusion- and, well. illusion f. , lat. illusio mockery, deceit. 1. False, erroneous idea based on the deception of the senses. ALS 1. A living image of His Majesty, nourished by so many illusions. AC 8 285. There must be many whirlwinds of matter outside of us... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

ILLUSION, and, wives. 1. Deception of the senses, something apparent; painful condition - erroneous perception of objects, phenomena (special). Optical and. Auditory illusions. Affective illusions (under the influence of affect). 2. trans. Something impossible, a dream. Surrender… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

We have all seen optical illusions in games and puzzles. But few of us thought about the principles of creating these illusions. When we see a piece of paper with an intricate design that, upon closer examination, reveals a hidden picture or illusion, we momentarily wonder: what is it? Magic or reality? Of course, this is reality. But it is also the magic of the calculations made between the eyes and the brain.

Let's try to consider the optical illusion in more detail. FROM scientific point vision, an optical illusion can be defined as images perceived by the eyes that differ from the actual physical structure of the images, that is, images perceived by the eyes differ from objective reality.

This illusion is also known as a visual illusion. When we look at an object, the retina scans the image and sends nerve impulses into the brain. The brain interprets the image, after which the actual perception appears. Sometimes the perception conveyed by the brain does not match physical structure source that stimulates the image.

In such cases, we see an image that is not there, or an image that is part of the picture but not the whole picture. We may also see one or both images in this illusion.

it Interesting Facts, which provide the basis for understanding the calculations and functioning of the brain, as well as understanding why our visual brain sometimes can't catch physical world existing around.

There are three main types optical illusions: literal, physiological and cognitive optical illusions

1. Literal illusions

These are the simplest optical illusions and are characterized by a difference in the image (i.e. the perception of the image) and the actual physical objects that make up the image. As a result, we see something completely different from what is shown in the picture.

2. Physiological illusions

These illusions are the result of over-stimulation of the eye or brain by some stimulus, such as motion, color, brightness, tilt angle, etc. These illusions are usually afterimages created as a result of stimulation of the eye by a certain movement or brightness, and even stimulation of incredible long patterns in images that are constantly changing.

3. Cognitive illusions

Such illusions are very common and interesting. They are specially designed for children. Cognitive illusions are based on interaction with different levels perception. In dealing with such illusions, the brain associates the objects in the image with its understanding or knowledge. A cognitive illusion is the result of the interaction of the brain with accumulated understanding or knowledge about the world. Cognitive illusions can be further divided into three subtypes.

A) double illusions

These illusions are based on the perception of objects or images with different manifestations of images. The image perceived by the brain is constantly changing or "switching" between the possible illusions of images in the picture.

B) Distorted illusions

These illusions are based on change physical aspects such as: size, curves, length. Such images do not remain constant, but evoke a feeling of changes in the size of objects: length, shape.

C) paradoxical illusions

As their name suggests, these illusions contradict what they see. They are created by fictional or paradoxical objects in real life or in three dimensions, while looking convincing enough in two dimensions.

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from lat. Illusio - deception) - 1) superficial representation, pure fantasy; in practical life - facilitating self-deception instead of a sober look at the facts. Own nutrient medium illusion is an affect, especially expectation, fear, hope; 2) distorted perception of reality; something apparent; 3) unfulfilled hope, dream.

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ILLUSION

from lat. illusio, ludere ~ play; illudere - to deceive) - an erroneous, inadequate perception, as a result of which the real and genuine are replaced by what is fiction (fiction), visibility, imitation, an approximate copy, a schematic model or description of individual external properties actually existing objects, ignoring others that are essentially significant in the conditional context of quality observation. As a result, it is not the real object itself that is perceived, but its distorted or deformed image in the process of perception. K already existing facility a phantom part is added (I. of assimilation) or real fragments are excluded (contrasting I.); psychological attitude subject extrapolates previous experience to the material of the present and future. I. is associated with the effect of reality produced by its demonstration; it is based on the psychological and ideological recognition of phenomena previously familiar to the viewer.

The semiological significance of I. lies in the elimination (erasing) of the sign, its body, manifestation and the establishment of a direct relationship between the signifier and the referent group of signifieds with the help of a specific code of reliability and likelihood, which, in turn, has its basis in a number of conventions adopted in one or another community, in the rules of communication and stereotypes of perception. The variety and multiplicity of I. are due to the many iconic and eidetic strategies, the overlap and intersection of which makes direct, non-metaphorical use difficult. sign systems, violates hierarchical relationships within discourses, between languages ​​and metalanguages.

In the form of phantom projections, illusory contents can structure the everyday experience of an individual, revealing and emphasizing personally significant details and fragments. outside world, making accents on them and linking them into the context of an integral life world, at the same time masking or ignoring the repressed, repressed, irrational or conceptually unclear aspects of reality.

Attachment to I., as shown by 3. Freud, is due to the search for pleasure and the double movement of denial: a person knows that the depicted actions, characters, circumstances do not have to him direct relation that this is just an appearance, a game of the imagination, but certain part mental energy is enthusiastically involved in this game, identifies the subject with the depicted characters, experiences and reactions corresponding to the fictional situation. As a result of multilateral psychological interaction of the individual psyche and illusory material, the repressed unconscious arrays are integrated with the dissociated conflicting parts of the soul, a channel is opened from the undifferentiated unconscious into the sphere of consciousness, and a cathartic effect is provoked. The individual unconscious meets with a similar or opposite collective unconscious. In continuous fluctuation between symbols and the imaginary, a vast field of virtual exchange of metaphorical flows, semantic associations, archetypal and mythological plots is created. This is a space where conflicting and mutually exclusive desires rush, where fantasy unfolds the sphere of the inaccessible before subjectivity. From there, the "real" I returns to the familiar everyday world, already more clearly and sharply perceiving the boundaries of its identity, the boundaries of the really real, recently attacked by unbridled and irresponsible fantasy, incredible adventures and shaking the foundations of the world, which turned out to be just a voluntary self-deception, a skillful delusion.

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Came from Latin the word "illusion" is translated as deception or delusion. This remains the most accurate description this term. The bright colorful world of illusion is not always fiction, but it is always a deceptive feeling that pulls you out of reality and interferes with life. ordinary life. There are many reasons for the emergence of illusions, as well as its types.

What is an illusion?

Such a phenomenon can be created by a skilled magician or mother nature herself, but it happens that a person introduces himself into a deception. An illusion is when a real object or a phenomenon is perceived in a distorted form and is understood ambiguously. It is believed that the illusion is a satellite of any kind, but this is not entirely true, a healthy person is also able to feel the illusion on himself. How can you see an illusion?

1. Due to optical illusion.
2. Being in an unusual state for a person ( drug intoxication, with pathology or standing affect).

In everyday terms, illusion means hopes and dreams. The unreal world that illusion creates is a world of self-deception, and serves as a means that makes life easier for a person or is completely a flight of his imagination. human consciousness always seeks to protect himself from shocks and strive for illusion, induces dreams of a miracle, creates images of a “beautiful life” or ideal people.

How are illusions different from hallucinations?

Life situations can create conditions in which people will experience perceptual disorders. Illusions and hallucinations can cause such disorders; even a healthy person is not protected from them. How to distinguish one from the other:

1. Due to the illusion, one can see real things from a completely different angle or with a great distortion of reality. The usual mistakes with which a person can see something, for example, in the dusk, take one thing and objects for others, take a bright leaf from a tree for mushroom hat may occur in otherwise healthy people. Such errors should be distinguished from a painful perception of reality.
2. Hallucinations appear where there is nothing. Haunting images may arise against a background of psychosis. In healthy people, they occur if they are in a state where their consciousness is changed.

Illusions of perception

Human perception is imperfect, and sometimes you can see an image, hear a sound, feel a taste that is not what it really is. Normal phenomenon that against the background of distorted perception, the brain will build images that do not correspond to reality. A person is able to create the appearance of something that is not in reality or, on the contrary, not to notice the evidence. The illusion of perception in psychology is the observation of phenomena, even if a person understands that this is on the verge of being possible. So you can see a mirage, the distortion of an object in water, and much more.

What are illusions?

For each sense organ there is at least one illusion, there are a lot of them. The types of illusions that a person can experience have their own division:

• optical - this is an erroneous visual perception;
• sound - hearing failure;
• physiological - peripheral or central links sense organs did not work correctly;
• awareness - a sense of presence, is also referred to as a form of hallucination;
• physical - associated with natural phenomena;
• affective - may appear with a sharp change in mood;
• organic - erroneous perception of colors, sizes and shapes;
• pareidological - the creation of pictures with the help of thought.

Pareidolic illusions

Illusory perceptions of real objects are called pareidological illusion. Such illusions can arise when a person considers a pattern of wallpaper, fabric, spots or cracks, clouds. You can see not only faces or objects, but also fantastic images. This happens as a result of the effect of a dual image, when the illusion of the emergence of depth or recognition images is created specifically for provocation. This view can be observed in several people at once when considering some well-known object, such as cultural property.

affective illusions

Being in a certain emotional state souls, and at the same time, being in an unfamiliar place, a person is able to see almost unbelievable. A striking example- night visit to the cemetery. Being under the influence of fear and in anticipation of something unkind, any person is able to see an affective illusion. Or with the fear of spiders, and the presence of a new, unfamiliar place, a person will be afraid of their appearance from everywhere. Many people are able to see different kinds of illusions. An affective illusion can appear even in a healthy person.

physical illusions

Some pilots in their stories emphasize that if you fly over the sea, when the stars are reflected in it, then there is a feeling of an inverted flight. The main feature of physical illusions is their dependence on mental state. Illusions physiological or physical are short-term phenomena, they are episodic. If a person is able to critically assess the situation, to understand that this is an illusion, then this indicates him.

How are physiological illusions created? A striking example is a violation of the eye, when it is very difficult to determine the distance from a person to an object “by eye”. Real indicators and a false perception of distance give rise to this type of illusion. Almost all people encounter this type of illusion, and knowing that it is an illusion, it is easy to correct it. A similar type of illusion is a feature of the structure of the eye and lighting effects.

cognitive illusions

Such phenomena arise due to the fact that a person begins to make assumptions about the world, which leads to analysis, sometimes unconscious. Cognitive illusions are erroneous thinking, it develops as a result of mental behavior. Such an illusion of a person is an example of fast thinking, if a person had initially analyzed his thoughts, then it would not have arisen. Cognitive distortions are actively studied by psychotherapy because they carry consequences of a personal and social nature.

Illusions - psychology

All people are prone to experiencing, accepting difficult decisions looking for answers to questions. People have illusions to remove uncertainty in some issues. What is an illusion in psychology? This is the formation of one's own image of vision and its substitution, instead of the present and real. Illusions can help a person relieve anxiety and tension. Even if in illusions the image is negatively colored, the person will be warned of what he should be afraid of.

Such thinking is initially erroneous and may have nothing to do with reality. Psychologists do not attribute such illusions to human diseases, but they recommend stopping living in an illusory world. To live in illusions all the time is, to say the least, stupid. If a person lives and constantly harbors illusions about other people, then he needs to turn to a psychologist.

Reasons for illusions

When a person watches how a spoon is bent when immersed in a glass of water, this is not a mental disorder. This is an illusion that can occur in any healthy person. Illusions often occur in a person with a stormy, visit creative people. From tension or fatigue, people can see and hear things wrong. But if the illusion is already faithful friend and visits with enviable frequency, then this is rather a disease of the psyche.

It also matters what specific illusion comes to a person. The sound of dripping water from a closed tap is not a reason to run to the doctor, much more serious if voices are heard periodically. The causes of many illusions are not known to this day, scientific explanation they do not have. To live in a world of illusions is to carry out the construction of one's life as if the existence of a person takes place in another world. It doesn't matter if the illusory world is better or worse, the main thing is that it is different.

How to stop living in illusions?

Human behavior in certain situations and his decisions always lead to certain consequences. A person who has chosen for himself the path of living with illusions begins to use the rules of the fictional world in the real one. He chooses for himself that model of behavior that could be effective in his illusory world, but not in reality. to harbor illusions in mild form, even sometimes useful, but living in them is dangerous, so you need to know how to get rid of illusions.

1. It is worth making an attempt to bend the world of illusion under oneself. With him, you need to start a war in your subconscious and burn out all those ideas that are far from reality. People who continue to live in a fantasy world are the future demonstrators. They are ready to pour out their wrath on all who are at hand. They complain about life random people, fellow travelers, in .
2. A person should understand that reality is what it is, it will not be different. All failures are caused not by the fact that a person is bad, but by the fact that he acts incorrectly, looking back at his illusions. The person needs to grow up. To become an adult is not to give up your goals and stop wanting to see your life better, it means to accept the truth, to know the world, to learn to understand it correctly.