How are minerals used in economic activity person, you will learn from this article.
The use of minerals in people's lives
What is under the surface of our planet is called the subsoil. But the bowels of the Earth are a real pantry natural resources and part earth's crust. The earth's crust is the outer thin layer, which contains a large number of minerals - oil, ores for obtaining metals, gas, coal. The bark is made up of rocks. Most of them formed millions of years ago. Rocks are made up of minerals.
The use of natural resources by man for his own purposes occurs constantly, by turning them into the most necessary various things that heat, provide security, feed and transport. AT modern world they are needed everywhere. All the electricity that is generated at the stations works thanks to oil, coal, fuel oil, gas and radioactive substances. The bulk of transport and machinery runs on energy derived from fossil fuels.
The use of minerals by man in industry
Rocks form the basis of the construction industry. Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy are also completely dependent on mineral raw materials, as well as chemical industry, in which the proportion of rocks is 75%. Most of alloys and metals are used as structural in mechanical engineering (alloy, ferrous, non-ferrous) and in electronics. Ornamental stones (ruby, jasper) have found their application in jewelry. A mineral such as diamond has hardness and strength, and due to these qualities it is used for cutting hard materials. A diamond is suitable for cutting. For the production of phosphate fertilizers, such a mountain mineral as apatite is needed. AT optical instruments transparent barite crystals are used.
The use of minerals in everyday life
In everyday life, minerals are also indispensable. Paraffin (derived from petroleum) is a component of lipstick that no woman can do without. Nail polish, corrective pencils for lips and eyes, eye shadow - all this contains a piece of natural substance in its composition. Housewives cannot imagine life without such a product - plastic. After all, cases are made from it for household appliances, and plastic bags are highly durable, withstanding even the heaviest purchases. Even clothes contain synthetic material. Petroleum products are used to make plastic utensils, furniture, cubes, children's dolls and tumblers.
Human use of fossils in medicine
From mineral raw materials in the process of complex chemical transformations get aspirin effective remedy from pain, salicylic acids, which are part of antibacterial and anti-tuberculosis drugs. They learned to isolate aniline from nitrobenzene, which helps fight against harmful microorganisms. Also, prostheses (made of medical plastics) are made from the derived material of minerals. Medicines containing oil derivatives help with allergies.
We hope that from this article you have learned how the properties of the most important minerals are used by humans.
Instruction
Minerals are rocks, minerals used in the field of material production, in national economy. Currently, about 250 types of minerals are known. They are divided into:
fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, peat, oil shale);
- ore (ores of ferrous, non-ferrous metals);
- non-metallic (, clay, limestone, various salts);
- stone-colored raw materials (jasper, agate, onyx, chalcedony, jade);
- (diamond, emerald, sapphire, ruby);
- hydromineral (underground and mineral water);
- mining and chemical raw materials (apatites, barites, borates)
Minerals, at the will of man, turn into the most necessary things that provide security, heat, transport, feed. They are needed in the modern world everywhere. Almost all of it is produced at stations running on coal, gas, fuel oil, radioactive substances. Most of the transport is powered by fossil fuels.
The basis of the construction industry is rocks. Ferrous and metallurgy also fully works on mineral raw materials, as well as industry, where its share reaches 75%. Most metals are used as structural (ferrous, alloying, non-ferrous), in mechanical engineering, and in electronics. Ornamental stones, such as jasper, ruby, are used in jewelry. Diamond, due to its hardness and strength, is used for cutting hard materials, and when cut it is a diamond. mountain mineral apatite is needed for the production of phosphate fertilizers. Transparent barite crystals are used in optical instruments.
The mineral reserves of the bowels of the earth are not unlimited. And although the process of education and accumulation natural resources never stops, the rate of this recovery is completely incommensurable with the rate of use earth resources.
Sources:
- Minerals
Minerals are natural mineral formations of inorganic and organic origin used in the field of material production. Currently, more than 200 types of mineral resources are mined.
Mineral classification
There are several classifications of mineral resources. By physical properties emit solid mineral formations (various ores, coal, granite, salts), liquid (oil, water) and gaseous (gases, methane, helium).
By origin minerals are divided into sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous.
Based on the scope of use, there are combustible resources (natural gas, coal, peat, oil), ore (rock ores) and non-metallic (sand, clay, limestone, sulfur, potassium salts). Precious and ornamental stones are a separate group.
Mining
Modern exploration of mineral resources is based not only on the use latest technology and sensitive instruments, but also on scientific forecasts. scientific forecast based on knowledge of relationships geological structure with the conditions for the formation of minerals.
There are several ways to extract mineral resources. At open method rocks are mined in. This is a cost-effective, but not environmentally friendly method, as abandoned quarries can lead to education. By open method, fossils located on the surface of the earth or lying shallow in the bowels. Usually it is limestone, sand, chalk, peat, iron and copper ores, some types of coal.
Solid minerals located at great depths are mined using underground mines. Most often, this is how coal is obtained. The mine method is considered the most unsafe for the life of workers.
Liquid and gaseous minerals (oil, The groundwater, natural gas) is extracted using boreholes, sometimes with the help of mines. A number of fields use a combination of mining methods. The choice of method is determined mainly by geological conditions mineral occurrences and economic calculations.
New ways of extracting mineral resources are constantly being developed. But we must not forget that minerals are exhaustible, so it is necessary to spend them more economically and reasonably.
To do this, it is necessary to strive to reduce the loss of resources during their extraction, to achieve a more complete extraction of all useful properties, give more attention search for new, more promising deposits.
Related article
Found in Siberia great amount minerals, deposits of which were formed as a result of various geological processes. The diversity of mineral resources is explained vast territory and complex history formation of this part of the earth's crust.
Hard and brown coal
Coal in most cases occurs in places of deflections tectonic plates. On the territory of Siberia, two huge coal basins were found: Lena and Tunguska. The reserves of hard coal in the first are 2600 billion tons, and in the second, according to scientists, somewhat less - about 1750 billion tons.
In total, about 80% of Russia's coal reserves are located in Siberia. On the this moment developed minority of all coal deposits, since mining is not possible in some basins due to harsh natural conditions Siberia.
non-metallic minerals
As a rule, the minerals of Siberia include such as oil and natural gas. Oil fields in Siberia began to be developed recently. So, in the last few decades, Markovskoye oil fields have been found. Gas production is carried out in the Taas-Tumusskoye field.
Western Siberia, in particular Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamal-Nenets autonomous regions, produce more than 90% of all natural gas produced in Russia and about 75% of crude oil.
In addition to oil and gas, rock salt can be attributed to non-metallic minerals in Siberia. Basically, salt deposits are at the bottom ancient seas. For example, salt is mined in Yakutia, near such rivers as the Lena and Vilyuya.
Diamonds
The first diamonds in Siberia were found in late XIX century. These minerals in places with high volcanic activity. At first, diamantaires were not interested in them, due to their small size. But in the 30s of the XX century, the Soviet geologist Alexander Burov discovered a fragment of a large stone, which made it possible to draw a conclusion about the diamond content of Siberia.
Large diamond deposits in Siberia have been discovered quite recently. AT last years diamond mining began in Yakutia, in the basins of the Vilyui and Olenyok rivers.
Iron ores
On the territory of Siberia there are huge deposits iron ores. The deposits of these minerals are among the most ancient. AT this region you can find ores of metals such as tin, platinum, nickel, mercury.
Gold
The gold reserves of Siberia have been known for several centuries. And gold mining has been going on for a very long time. Largest reserves metal are located in Allah-Yun, Yan, Aldan, Bodaibo districts.
When people begin to wonder how much is made of, they are struck by the vastness of the range of applications of this oily substance. It would seem that he poured gasoline into a car tank, bought engine oil - this is the scope of its use. But many everyday things: lipstick, nylons, and even an aspirin are made from petroleum.
Instruction
Oil is just organic matter, which is a host of molecules, changing the structure of which, you can get an object with completely different characteristics. Like from graphite under the action high temperatures and pressure make diamonds, so the raw material for fuel is also the basis for the production of cosmetics, household items, clothing and even food. Chewing gum has not been made from natural resins for a long time - this can only be found in pharmacies. Its main component is petroleum polymers. In vain do people who use chewing gum and throw it away on the street believe that any food will gradually dissolve. Chewing gum is not an ordinary food and can lie on the ground for years in the form of a dense lump.
There is no need to be afraid that paraffin and other components of lipstick are derivatives of oil, because it was they who replaced the harmful components that were once present in this women's accessory. Eye shadow, corrective pencils for eyes and lips, nail polish - all these cosmetics contain a piece of natural substance. And housewives cannot imagine their lives without another product - plastic, because it is used to make cases of household appliances, and plastic bags help carry heavy purchases from the store.
A complex chain of chemical transformations makes it possible to obtain even aspirin, an unsurpassed remedy for headaches and other types of pain, as well as a number of salicylic acids that are part of anti-tuberculosis and antibacterial drugs. In the fight against microorganisms, aniline, isolated from nitrobenzene, helped to take a step forward. It is possible to treat diseases not only from the inside, but also from the outside - for this, doctors use prostheses made of medical plastic.
Women studying clothing labels have noticed that many items contain polyester, and some are 100% made from this synthetic material. Outwardly, it looks like viscose and is therefore well suited for sewing dresses and blouses, as well as jacket linings. Clothing made of polyester does not wrinkle and is durable, like nylon tights. Petroleum products are in abundance in the kitchen in the form of plastic dishes and furniture, in the nursery - as baby dolls, tumblers, cubes and other toys. You can’t talk about their harmfulness or allergenicity, because absolutely all the food that lies on store shelves is packed with polyethylene, and some medications with the inclusion of oil derivatives, they successfully help get rid of allergies.
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Gravel is one of the most inexpensive and popular building materials. It is mined in open pits and has many undeniable advantages. In order not to confuse gravel with rubble, you need to know what is the difference between these stones.
Instruction
Gravel is rock fragments. Mostly these are granites, sandstones, limestones and diabases. Gravel is mined by an open pit method in sand and gravel deposits. These stones different sizes and are inexpensive and in demand building material. They are used as an aggregate in the preparation of concrete, in road construction, for paving paths and platforms in private households. After the extraction of the sand and gravel mixture, the sand is screened and the stones are sorted according to the most popular fractions. In the construction of buildings and roads, this is the size of 20/40 mm.
How is gravel different from crushed stone? These two types of stones are often confused. However, there is a difference between them, and a significant one. Both of these products are inorganic bulk material. But gravel is formed as a result of natural fractures of stone rocks, and crushed stone is a product of their artificial crushing. The gravel is predominantly round, and the shape of the rubble is most often pointed.
All about gravel. These stones are the most different color: blue-gray, dark gray, brown, black, yellowish and pinkish. Many of them are bizarrely combined and tend to change color depending on the degree of humidity or light. For this reason, gravel is a favorite of landscape designers who use it to decorate gardens and backyards, improve flower beds, walking paths. The shape of stones of any size is solid, they never have cracks.
In nature, there are three main fractions: small (1-3 mm), medium (3-7 mm) and large (7-12 mm). These stones contain many impurities - particles of clay, sand, dust and dirt. Depending on the deposit, there are different types gravel: lake, mountain, sea, river, glacial, etc. Cleaner stones - sea and river. Their surface is smooth, so they are widely used in laying and backfilling roads.
In the construction of houses and structures, rock gravel is preferred, as it has a rougher surface and, therefore, provides better adhesion in concrete mixtures. Small fractions of stones are one of the components in the production of certain types of roofing materials. Gravel has the first
There are many natural deposits of substances important to humans. These are resources that are exhaustible and should be conserved. Without their development and production, many aspects of people's lives would be extremely difficult.
Minerals and their properties are the object and subject of study of mining geology. The results obtained by her are used in the future for the processing and production of many things.
Minerals and their properties
What are generally called minerals? These are such rocks or mineral structures that are of great economic importance and are widely used in industry.
Their diversity is great, so the properties for each species are specific. There are several main options for the accumulation of the considered substances in nature:
- placers;
- layers;
- veins;
- rods;
- nests.
If we talk about the general distribution of fossils, then we can distinguish:
- provinces;
- districts;
- pools;
- Place of Birth.
Minerals and their properties depend on specific type raw materials. This is what determines the scope of their use by humans, as well as the method of extraction and processing.
Types of minerals
There is more than one classification of the considered raw materials. So, if the signs are based on state of aggregation, then such varieties are distinguished.
- Mineral solid. Examples: marble, salt, granite, metallic ores, non-metallic.
- Liquid - underground mineral waters and oil.
- Gas - natural gas, helium.
If the division into types is based on the use of minerals, then the classification takes the following form.
- combustible. Examples: oil, combustible coal, methane and others.
- Ore or igneous. Examples: all metal-containing ores, as well as asbestos and graphite.
- Nonmetallic. Examples: all raw materials that do not contain metals (clay, sand, chalk, gravel and others), as well as various salts.
- Gemstones. Examples: precious and semi-precious, as well as (diamonds, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, jasper, chalcedony, opal, carnelian and others).
According to the diversity presented, it is obvious that minerals and their properties are the whole world, which is being studied by a huge number of geologists and miners.
Main deposits
Various minerals are distributed over the planet quite evenly according to geological features. After all, a significant part of them is formed due to platform movements and tectonic eruptions. There are several main continents that are richest in almost all types of raw materials. It:
- North and South America.
- Eurasia.
- Africa.
All countries that are located in the designated territories widely use minerals and their properties. In the same areas where there is no raw material, there are export deliveries.
In general, it is difficult to determine overall plan deposits of mineral resources. After all, it all depends on the specific type of raw material. Some of the most expensive are precious (containing precious metals) minerals. Gold, for example, is found everywhere except in Europe (of the continents listed above plus Australia). It is valued very highly, and its extraction is one of the most common occurrences in mining.
Eurasia is the richest in combustible resources. Mining minerals (talc, barite, kaolin, limestones, quartzites, apatites, salts) are distributed almost everywhere in in large numbers.
Mining
Various methods are used to extract minerals and prepare them for use.
- Open path. The necessary raw materials are extracted directly from the quarries. Over time, this leads to the formation of extensive ravines, therefore, it is not sparing for nature.
- The mine method is more correct, but expensive.
- Fountain method of pumping oil.
- pumping method.
- Geotechnological methods of ore processing.
The development of mineral deposits is an important and required process, but with very disastrous consequences. After all, resources are finite. Therefore, in recent years, special emphasis has been placed not on large volumes of extraction of mineral resources, but on their more correct and rational use man.
Ore (igneous) rocks
This group includes the most important and largest minerals in terms of production. An ore is such a formation of a mineral nature that contains a large amount of one or another desired metal (another component).
Places of extraction and processing of such raw materials are called mines. classify igneous rocks can be divided into four groups:
- colored;
- noble;
- non-metallic components.
Let us give examples of some ore mineral resources.
- Iron.
- Nickel.
- Argentite.
- Cassiterite.
- Beryl.
- Bornite.
- Chalcopyrite.
- Uraninite.
- Asbestos.
- Graphite and others.
Gold is an ore mineral
There are among the ore and special minerals. Gold, for example. Its production has been relevant since ancient times, because it has always been highly valued by people. Today, gold is mined and laundered in almost every country in whose territory there are at least small deposits of it.
In nature, gold occurs in the form of native particles. The largest ingot was found in Australia weighing almost 70 kg layer. Often, due to the weathering of deposits and their erosion, placers are formed in the form of sand grains from this precious metal.
It is extracted from such mixtures by washing and sifting. In general, these are not too common and voluminous minerals in terms of content. That is why gold is called a precious and noble metal.
The centers for the extraction of this ore mineral are:
- Russia.
- Canada.
- South Africa.
- Australia.
fossil fuels
This group includes such mineral resources as:
- brown coal;
- oil;
- gas (methane, helium);
- coal.
The use of minerals of this kind is a fuel and raw material for obtaining various chemical compounds and substances.
Coal is such a fossil that lies at a relatively shallow depth in wide layers. Its quantity is limited in one particular deposit. Therefore, having exhausted one pool, people move to another. In general, coal contains up to 97% carbon in pure form. It was formed historically, as a result of the death and compaction of plant organic remains. These processes lasted millions of years, so now there are a huge amount of coal reserves all over the planet.
Oil is also called liquid gold, which emphasizes how important mineral resource she is. After all, this is the main source of high-quality combustible fuel, as well as its various components - the basis, raw material for chemical syntheses. The leaders in oil production are such countries as:
- Russia.
- Algeria;
- Mexico.
- Indonesia.
- Venezuela.
- Libya.
Which is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, it is also an important industrial fuel. It belongs to the cheapest raw material, therefore it is used on a particularly large scale. The leading countries in terms of production are Russia and Saudi Arabia.
Non-metallic or non-metallic species
This group includes such minerals and rocks as:
- clay;
- sand;
- pebbles;
- gravel;
- crushed stone;
- talc;
- kaolin;
- barite;
- graphite;
- diamonds;
- quartz;
- apatite;
- phosphorite and others.
All varieties can be combined into several groups according to the area of \u200b\u200buse.
- Mining and chemical minerals.
- Metallurgical raw materials.
- Technical crystals.
- Construction Materials.
Gemstones are often included in this group as well. The areas of use of minerals of non-metallic nature are multifaceted and extensive. it Agriculture(fertilizers), construction (materials), glass making, jewelry, machinery, general chemical production, paint production and so on.
Knowledge of the world
Topic: Minerals and their importance in human life.
Lesson Objectives: organizing the activities of students in the perception, comprehension and memorization of knowledge about the types of minerals and their role in human life.
Tasks:
assimilation students of knowledge about the terminology that characterizes minerals, about the possibilities of using minerals.
awareness students of the value of the studied material about minerals.
Create conditions for:
Promote development cognitive activity students and coherent speech; ability to work with questions various sources information and with Internet search engines; ability to structure information; the ability to make comparisons, generalizations, conclusions, establish cause-and-effect relationships and draw conclusions; ability to work and interact in a group of classmates.
To create conditions for the formation of a value attitude to nature.
During the classes
- Organizing time. Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Water, earth and air -
its three foundations.
Whatever trouble comes,
They aim -
Everything will be reborn.
- Check of knowledge.
Individual work by cards.
(To be done during homework checks.)
Card content:
1. Write down the names of the rocks found in our area.
2. List possible ways use of granite and sandstone.
3. Give examples of the use of sand and clay that you have encountered in your life.
Learning new material
1. Drawing up a study plan:
- What questions do you think we will have to answer in the course of studying this topic?
(During the discussion, a cluster is formed.)
2. Work in search engines Yandex and Google, with the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov:
Group 1 - What are called minerals?
Group 2 - What are deposits?
Group 3 - What is called a mine, a quarry?
3. In the textbook on pages 62-64, read the material about minerals. When reading, make notes: "V" - already knew; "+" - new; "-" - thought differently; "?" - I do not understand, there are questions. Briefly enter information from the text in the table.
Insert table
"V"
put a "v" (yes) in the margin if what you are reading matches what you know or thought you knew
4. Compiling a cluster.
Terms
Minerals Mine Construction
Deposit Quarry Engineering
Ore
Fizminutka.
Sit comfortably and close your eyes ... Take three deep breaths and exhale and find a point inside yourself inner peace- a place in the soul, where it is quiet and calm.
Imagine a beautiful sunny summer day. You are in the middle of a wonderful forest, sitting in the grass. Touch it with your hands and feel its pleasant coolness. Now you lie down and stretch out on the grass. Breathe in one deep, deep breath. Let your body will become as soft and relaxed as y rag doll. (The teacher himself takes one obviously very deep breath in and out so that the children can follow his example..) You are lying in the grass completely serene, listening to the beautiful singing of birds. ( Pause 30 seconds.) You feel your forehead relax, then your mouth, how your neck muscles relax, your arms and hands become softer and more relaxed, your feet relax and become soft. ( Pause 15 seconds.)
Now thank this forest for relaxing you so wonderfully... Stretch a little, straighten up, move your fingers and toes. Exhale vigorously and open your eyes.
5. The material is independently studied by the student with the help of a reference card and discussed in groups. If questions arise, the teacher advises and provides assistance.
Card for the first group of students:
Information source type
Card for the second group of students:
Information source type
Card for the third group of students:
Information source type
Consolidation of the studied
Work in pairs.
- Put the sign "+" or "-" depending on the correctness of the assumption.
Reflection.
1. The lesson was - useful, informative ...
2. At the lesson I felt….
3. I am satisfied (not satisfied) with my work in the lesson ...
Homework.
1. Working with textbook materials.
2. Using additional literature and Internet materials to prepare a report about one of the minerals (optional)
