biological rhythms are periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena. In one form or another, they are inherent in all living organisms and are noted at all levels of organization: from intracellular processes to biospheric ones. Biological rhythms are hereditarily fixed and are the result of natural selection and adaptation of organisms. Rhythms are intraday, daily, seasonal, annual, perennial and centuries.

Examples of biological rhythms are: rhythm in cell division, DNA and RNA synthesis, hormone secretion, daily movement of leaves and petals towards the Sun, autumn leaf fall, seasonal lignification of wintering shoots, seasonal migrations of birds and mammals, etc.

Biological rhythms are divided into exogenous and endogenous. Exogenous (external) rhythms arise as a reaction to periodic changes in the environment (change of day and night, seasons, solar activity). Endogenous (internal) rhythms generated by the body itself. The processes of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, the work of enzymes, cell division, heartbeat, respiration, etc. have rhythm. External influences can shift the phases of these rhythms and change their amplitude.

Among endogenous, physiological and ecological rhythms are distinguished. Physiological rhythms(heartbeat, respiration, the work of the endocrine glands, etc.) support the continuous vital activity of organisms. Ecological rhythms(daily, annual, tidal, lunar, etc.) arose as an adaptation of living beings to periodic changes in the environment. Physiological rhythms vary significantly depending on the state of the body, while environmental rhythms are more stable and correspond to external rhythms.

Ecological rhythms are able to adapt to changes in cyclicity external conditions, but only within certain limits. Such adjustment is possible due to the fact that during each period there are certain time intervals (time of potential readiness) , when the body is ready to perceive a signal from the outside, for example bright light or darkness. If the signal is somewhat late or arrives prematurely, the phase of the rhythm shifts accordingly. AT experimental conditions under constant illumination and temperature, the same mechanism provides a regular phase shift during each period. Therefore, the rhythm period under these conditions usually does not correspond to the natural cycle and gradually diverges in phase from local time. The endogenous component of the rhythm gives the body the ability to navigate in time and prepare in advance for the upcoming changes in the environment. These are the so-called The biological clock organism. Many living organisms are characterized by circadian and circanian rhythms. Circadian (circadian) rhythms - recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 20 to 28 hours. Circanian (circa-annual) rhythms - recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 10 to 13 months. Circadian and circan rhythms are recorded under experimental conditions at constant temperature, illumination, etc.

The physical and psychological states of a person have a rhythmic character. Violation of the established rhythms of life can reduce performance, have an adverse effect on human health. The study of biorhythms is of great importance in the organization of work and leisure of a person, especially in extreme conditions (polar conditions, in space, with rapid movement to other time zones, etc.).

The mismatch in time between natural and anthropogenic phenomena often leads to the destruction natural systems. For example, when carrying out too frequent logging.

Biological rhythms or biorhythms are more or less regular changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes. The ability for such changes in vital activity is inherited and found in almost all living organisms. They can be observed in individual cells, tissues and organs, in whole organisms and in populations. Biological rhythms are a periodic repetition of changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes and phenomena in living organisms.

Biological rhythms are based on changes in the metabolism of biological systems due to the influence of external and internal factors. Factors that affect the rhythm of processes occurring in a living organism have been defined as "synchronizers" or "time sensors".

External factors include: change in illumination (photoperiodism); temperature changes (thermoperiodism); changes in the magnetic field; intensity cosmic radiation; ebbs and flows; seasonal and solar-lunar influences; social influences characteristic of a person. biological rhythm influence organism

To internal factors include neurohumoral processes that occur in a certain, hereditarily fixed pace and rhythm.

Biological rhythms are found at all levels of organization of living nature - from unicellular to the biosphere. This indicates that biorhythm is one of the most common properties of living systems. They are recognized essential mechanism regulation of body functions, providing homeostasis, dynamic balance and adaptation processes in biological systems. It has been established that biological rhythms, on the one hand, have an endogenous nature and genetic regulation, on the other hand, their implementation is closely related to the modifying factor external environment, the so-called time sensors. This connection in the basis of the unity of the organism with the environment largely determines the ecological patterns.

Biological rhythms are divided into three groups:

• 1) Rhythms high frequency with a period that does not exceed a half-hour interval. These are the rhythms of contraction of the heart muscles, respiration, brain biocurrents, biochemical reactions, intestinal peristalsis.
• 2) Rhythms of medium frequency with a period of half an hour to seven days. These include: changes in sleep and alertness, activity and rest, daily changes in metabolism, fluctuations in temperature, blood pressure, cell division frequency, fluctuations in blood composition.
• 3) Low-frequency rhythms with a period of a quarter of a month to one year: weekly, monthly and seasonal rhythms. The biological processes of this periodicity include endocrine changes, hibernation.

The basis of various rhythms is a periodic wave process. To characterize the biorhythm, the following indicators are important: period, level (mesor), amplitude, phase, frequency, etc.

Knowing your own biological rhythm allows you to clearly coordinate the functioning of the body, which will help you achieve everyday tasks. The biological rhythm of each person is individual, first of all, it is he who sets our effectiveness in our work, since the biological rhythm is closely related to working capacity. Determining the state of a person by the type of rhythm: "lark", "owl" or "dove" imposes a restriction on the rhythmic work performed during the day. Therefore, it is so important to synchronize vital activity during the day with the type of rhythm, since asynchronization leads to a detrimental state of the person as a whole. On the one hand, the biological rhythm of a person gives certain advantages in interaction with the external environment: in advance making demands on the restructuring of internal life processes in accordance with the expected variability of the environment, on the other hand, in case of violation inner harmony processes leads to the loss of a specific phase of working capacity during the day, which subsequently causes internal desynchronization with the periods of the day. It is known that in humans, when interacting with various functional systems of the organism with the environment, as a result, a harmonic coordination of various rhythmic biological processes is revealed, which ensures the normal functioning of the organism, characteristic of a healthy person. In addition, the human body obeys the rhythms laid down by nature itself, and these rhythms affect all processes occurring in the body, then taking into account these rhythms and respectful attitude to them is the basis of human health.

Thus, it is important to know your emotional, physical and intellectual rhythm. Each of these rhythms reaches its highest phase at half its length. Then it drops sharply down, reaches the starting point ( critical point), and goes into a phase of decline, where it reaches lowest point. Then it rises again, where a new rhythm begins. The influence of biorhythms occurs constantly, they permeate us, give strength or completely deprive us of energy. All three biorhythms are connected with each other and with other factors (state of health, age, Environment, stress, etc.). The relationship of the body, feelings and spirit leads to the fact that the impact of each of them cannot be interpreted unambiguously, from this point of view, each person is again individual.

Biorhythms - the cyclical nature of processes in a living organism. The main external rhythms that affect human biocycles are natural (Sun, Moon ...) and social ( work week…) The leading internal chronometers of the human body are located: in the head (pineal gland, hypothalamus) and in the heart. Biorhythms can change, synchronizing with external rhythms - cycles of illumination (change of day and night, light).

A person from the day of birth is in three biological rhythms - physical, emotional and intellectual:

23 day rhythm- this is a physical rhythm, it determines the health, strength and endurance of a person;
28 day rhythm is an emotional rhythm, it affects the state nervous system, mood, love, optimism, etc.;
33 day rhythm is an intellectual rhythm. It determines the creative abilities of the individual. Auspicious days of the 33-day rhythmic cycle are characterized by creative activity, luck and success accompany a person. AT bad days there is a creative slump.

Each of the three long-term rhythmic cycles begins at birth. Its further development can be depicted as a sinusoid (graph). The higher the curve rises, the higher the ability corresponding to this mark. The lower it falls, the lower the corresponding energy. Periodic days are considered critical when the curve is at the intersection of the scale. This is an unfavorable time.

Thus, calculation of biorhythms quite uncomplicated. Starting from the exact date of your birth, count how many days you have lived. To do this, multiply 365 days a year by the number of years lived, and the number leap years multiply by 366 days. The leaps are: 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980,1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2012, 2012, 2012 , 2016.

Calculate the total number of days lived. Now you know how many days you have been living in this world. Divide this number by the number of days of the biorhythm you want to calculate: 23, 28, 33. The remainder will show you where you are currently on the curve. For example, if the remainder is 12, then the 12th day of the biorhythm that you consider is coming. This is the first half of the cycle, usually it is favorable. If the cycle is at chart zero, then it's a bad day. In addition, the days when the lines of biorhythms cross the horizontal line in the center of the graph are the so-called critical days, when your abilities are completely unpredictable. A person on such days feels a breakdown and lack of energy.

Each biorhythm has 3 periods: high energy period, low energy period and biorhythm critical days. Let's take a closer look:

23 day rhythm

High energy (0-11 days): good physical health, resistance to stress, disease and high vitality, strong sexual desire, the danger of overestimating one's strength.
Low energy (12-23 days): increased fatigue, at this time it is recommended to rest more and conserve energy.
Critical days (11, 12, 23 days): reduced resistance to disease, tendency to erroneous actions.

28 day rhythm

High energy (0-14 days): intense emotional and spiritual life, favorable time for friendship and love, increase creativity and interest in the new, a tendency to increased emotionality.
Low energy (14-28 days): self-doubt, passivity, underestimation of one's capabilities.
Critical days (14, 28 days): a tendency to mental conflicts, a decrease in resistance to disease.

33 day rhythm

High energy (0-16 days): ability to think clearly and logically, ability to concentrate, good memory, creative activity.
Low Energy (Days 17-33): Decreased interest in new ideas, slow reaction times, creative decline.
Critical days (16, 17, 33 days): inability to concentrate, inattention and absent-mindedness, prone to erroneous actions (higher probability of accidents).

HUMAN BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

Daily rhythms according to the "biological clock"

EARLY MORNING

4-5 hours (in real, geographic time, as for acupuncture points) - the body is preparing for awakening.

By 5 o'clock in the morning, melatonin production begins to decrease, body temperature rises.

Shortly before waking up, at about 5:00 am according to geographic, real local time, the body begins to prepare for the upcoming wakefulness: the production of "activity hormones" - cortisol, adrenaline - is increasing. In the blood, the content of hemoglobin and sugar increases, the pulse quickens, blood pressure (BP) rises, breathing deepens. Body temperature begins to rise, the frequency of REM sleep phases increases, and the tone of the sympathetic nervous system increases. All these phenomena are enhanced by light, heat and noise.

By 7-8 o'clock, the "owls" have a peak in the release of cortisol (the main hormone of the adrenal glands) into the blood. In "larks" - earlier, at 4-5 hours, in other chronotypes - about 5-6 hours.

From 7 to 9 in the morning - rise, physical education, breakfast.

9 hours - high performance, quick score short-term memory works well.

In the morning - assimilation new information, with a fresh mind.

Two or three hours after waking up - take care of the heart.

9-10 am - time to make plans, "wiggle your brains." "The morning is wiser than the evening"

9-11 h - immunity increases.

Effective drugs that increase the body's resistance to disease.

Up to 11 hours - the body is in excellent shape.

12 - reduce physical activity.

The activity of the brain is reduced. Blood rushes to the digestive organs. Gradually, blood pressure, pulse and muscle tone, respectively, but the body temperature rises further.

13 ± 1 hour - lunch break

13-15 - noon and afternoon rest (lunch, "quiet time", siesta)

After 14 hours - minimal pain sensitivity, the most effective and long-lasting effect of painkillers.

15 - long-term memory works. Time - to remember and remember well the right thing.

After 16 - the rise of working capacity.

15-18 hours - it's time to go in for sports. I thirst, at this time, plentifully and often quench with clean boiled water, hot or warm - in winter (for the prevention of colds, gastrointestinal diseases and kidney disease). In the summer you can also cold mineral water.

16-19 - high level intellectual activity. Housework

19 ± 1 hour - dinner.

Carbohydrate food (natural - honey, etc.) contributes to the production of a special hormone - serotonin, which favors a good night's sleep. The brain is active.

After 19 hours - good reaction

After 20 hours mental condition stabilized, improved memory. After 9 p.m., the number of white blood cells almost doubles (immunity increases), body temperature drops, and cell renewal continues.

From 20 to 21 - light physical education is good for health, walking in the fresh air

After 21:00 - the body prepares for a night's rest, the body temperature drops.

22:00 is time for sleep. Immunity is strengthened to protect the body during the night's rest.

In the first half of the night, when slow-wave sleep prevails, maximum amount somatotropic hormone that stimulates the processes of cell reproduction and growth. No wonder they say that in a dream we grow. There is a regeneration and cleansing of body tissues.

2 hours - those who do not sleep at this time may be depressed.

3-4 hours is the deepest sleep. Minimum body temperature and cortisol levels, maximum melatonin in the blood.

Biological rhythms in life

Air travel from east to west is easier than from west to east. For adaptation to the body (young, healthy) it takes about a day for each time zone, but not less than three to four days. The rate of capturing the biorhythms of the human body by the external rhythm strongly depends on the difference in their phases. On average, it takes one and a half weeks for sufficient adaptation and acclimatization in new conditions. It does not depend on the position of the hands on the clock face, but on the sun above your head. The local, local features of the geomagnetic and other fields and radiations, which differ from the usual ones, also noticeably influence.

The daily chronotype of a person: morning (larks), daytime (pigeons) and evening (owls). The night activity of "owls" affects their health - myocardial infarctions occur more often in them than in "larks", their cardiovascular system "burns out" faster.

To increase productivity, labor efficiency, it is recommended to take into account the chronotype, individually for each employee, when drawing up a schedule, work schedule for personnel at enterprises, and especially for dispatchers and operators.

Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and ergonomic requirements, work and rest regimes is a necessary condition for the operation of a modern enterprise.

Efficiency sharply decreases from thirty degrees of heat, Celsius, halving at an ambient temperature of + 33-34 ° C.

Shift work schedule (for example, with night shift per day) - no more than once a month, taking into account the time required for adaptation (1-2 weeks).

Accidents at work and traffic accidents on the road more often occur at certain hours:
- from 22 hours to 4 hours - a person has the lowest response rate.
- between 13 and 15 hours - first, general pre-lunch rush, after - "afternoon depression".

For the prevention of "afternoon depression", rest after lunch, lasting 10-20 minutes, or "midday nap", but not more than 1.5 hours, can be effective, otherwise there will be a reverse effect.

The working capacity of a person is higher from 10 to 12 and from 17 to 19 hours.

Sport

“Specially conducted research and practice sports training show that the most favorable period for intense training is from 9 am to 6 pm and that it is undesirable to carry out loads that are large in volume and intensity early in the morning and late in the evening ”(N.A. Agadzhanyan et al., 1989).

Human biorhythms: Sleep

Try to go to bed and always get up at the same time. Otherwise - desynchronosis. The first 4-5 hours of normal, natural sleep (deep, without breaks) are mandatory, this is a vital daily minimum for the human body.

For insomnia and for quick falling asleep (normal - within 5-15 minutes):
1) lie down more comfortably, close your eyes, do not think about anything (decrease the bioelectrical activity of the brain);
2) focus your attention on the diaphragm (its movement during breathing) and on the inner ankles (ankles) of the legs.

In a sound sleeper, the main source of sensory information about environment- ears become ("light sleep"), therefore, in order not to wake up from noise - you need to ensure silence (including using anti-noise soft "ear plugs" made of hypoallergenic polymer with good SNR (noise reduction), at a level of 30 dB and more), considering hypersensitivity hearing at night closed eyes and during sleep (10-14 decibels better than daytime days). Loud, sharp, frightening sounds - can wake the sleeper for a long time and cause insomnia.

It is difficult to fall asleep on an empty stomach, therefore, dinner is around 18-20 hours or 2-3 hours before bedtime. Do not overeat at night. The usual duration of restful sleep is 7-9 hours. Not only its duration is important, but also its quality (the continuity and depth of the first three, mandatory cycles, 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 hours)

Poor, restless sleep, nightmares, with a repetitive obsessive plot - may be a consequence cardiovascular disease(bradycardia - a rare pulse, arrhythmias), symptoms of snoring and respiratory arrest disease (sleep apnea), lack of oxygen in the room. The aeroion composition of the air in apartments, without ventilation or the use of an air ionizer, also needs to be improved.

Before waking up, a dream-movie is seen (its reproduction is a release of the ballast of nervous tension, unrealized ideas, unpleasant visual pictures that have accumulated over the past days, after processing and ordering the information received in the short-term and long-term memory of the brain, adaptation to difficult life situations). The more intense the eye movements during REM sleep, the better the dream is reproduced. At the moment of falling asleep, a series of slides or pictures appears in the mind.

Laboratory studies have shown the need for REM sleep - for the survival of the body. A mouse deprived of this phase of dreams for 40 days died. In humans, when blocking REM sleep with alcohol, there is a predisposition to hallucinations.

Dreams, in the phase of "REM sleep" (after slow-wave sleep and before waking up, to rise or to "turn on the other side"), appear, according to an individual biorhythm - every 90-100 minutes. (in the morning - the cycles are reduced to the first tens of minutes, see the graph in the picture), in accordance with the intraday cyclicity of the change (increase) in the overall body temperature and the redistribution of blood in the body (from its periphery, from the extremities to the center of the body, inside), the growth of blood pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate.

Short-term memory is involved in remembering dreams, therefore, up to 90% of the content of a dream is forgotten within the next half hour, after waking up, unless, in the process of remembering, emotional experience, ordering and comprehension, its plot is not recorded in the long-term memory of the brain.

Human biorhythms: remembering sleep

According to enthusiastic researchers practicing at high levels, lucid dreaming (OS) is cooler than many modern computer games.

Many people see dreams, but not all of them try to remember and remember them at the moment of waking up (especially during short awakenings between the first cycles, before returning back to slow sleep).

If there is very little time for rest, you can sleep from 10-11 pm to 3-4 am (“mandatory program” - the first three night cycles in a row, unwaking, that is, the duration of sleep will be 4-5 hours). In this case, the following are restored, sequentially: the brain, body and physical strength, the emotional sphere.

The duration of night sleep necessary for the human body also depends on the season. In winter - it should be at least half an hour longer than in summer time of the year.

Natural sleeping pills are fatigue and/or certain moments in 90-minute cycles of the individual biorhythm of the body, when the body temperature drops.

Sufficient night sleep contributes to weight loss (with excess weight - its normalization). In this case, dinner no later than four hours before bedtime. Night food - excluded, you can only - drink clean water, in a small amount (for washing the esophagus, eliminating dehydration and for falling asleep as soon as possible). The effect will be more noticeable - with high physical activity, during daylight hours.

From frequent lack of sleep - the body wears out faster and ages. During the slow-wave stage of normal, deep sleep, the brain scans the digestive, respiratory system and the heart (as having the most clear rhythm), and with fast-wave - the cardiovascular and lymphatic, reproductive and nervous systems, as well as the liver, kidneys, muscles and tendons (i.e. organs that do not have obvious short-term rhythm). After collecting and processing this information, a sequentially planned and coordinated restoration of the viscera (visceral sphere - stomach, intestines, etc.) of the body is carried out. In this process, mainly the most powerful "computing processors" are involved, for example, in the visual and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In the case when you really want to sleep, but, systematically, there is no such possibility - there may be physical changes in the internal organs and significantly increases the risk of developing pathologies (stomach ulcers, etc.)

A sleepy and very tired person who is sleepy while driving a car also risks his health and is dangerous to others, just like a driver who is in a state of intoxication.

Scientists, and not only British ones, have found that it is possible to slow down the aging of the brain if you stabilize your biorhythms - by simply observing the sleep pattern, this natural circadian (that is, cyclically repeating every day, every 24 hours) rhythm.

biological rhythms

All life on our planet bears the imprint of the rhythmic pattern of events characteristic of our Earth. A person also lives in a complex system of biorhythms, from short ones - at the molecular level - with a period of several seconds, to global ones, associated with annual changes in solar activity. Biological rhythm is one of the most important tools for studying the time factor in the activity of living systems and their temporal organization.

Biological rhythms or biorhythms are more or less regular changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes. The ability for such changes in vital activity is inherited and found in almost all living organisms. They can be observed in individual cells, tissues and organs, in whole organisms and in populations. [

We single out the following important achievements chronobiology:

1. Biological rhythms are found at all levels of organization of wildlife - from unicellular to the biosphere. This indicates that biorhythm is one of the most common properties of living systems.

2. Biological rhythms are recognized as the most important mechanism for regulating body functions, providing homeostasis, dynamic balance and adaptation processes in biological systems.

3. It has been established that biological rhythms, on the one hand, have an endogenous nature and genetic regulation, on the other hand, their implementation is closely related to the modifying factor of the external environment, the so-called time sensors. This connection in the basis of the unity of the organism with the environment largely determines the ecological patterns.

4. Provisions on the temporal organization of living systems, including man, one of the basic principles of biological organization, are formulated. The development of these provisions is very important for the analysis of the pathological states of living systems.

5. Biological rhythms of the sensitivity of organisms to the action of chemical factors (among them medicines) and physical nature. This became the basis for the development of chronopharmacology, i.e. ways of using drugs, taking into account the dependence of their action on the phases of the biological rhythms of the functioning of the body and on the state of its temporal organization, which changes with the development of the disease.

6. Patterns of biological rhythms are taken into account in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Biorhythms are divided into physiological and ecological. Physiological rhythms, as a rule, have periods from fractions of a second to several minutes. These are, for example, the rhythms of pressure, heartbeat and blood pressure. There are data on the influence, for example, of the Earth's magnetic field on the period and amplitude of the human encephalogram.

Ecological rhythms coincide in duration with any natural rhythm of the environment. These include daily, seasonal (annual), tidal and lunar rhythms. Thanks to ecological rhythms, the body is oriented in time and prepares in advance for the expected conditions of existence. So, some flowers open shortly before dawn, as if knowing that the sun will soon rise. Many animals hibernate or migrate before the onset of cold weather. Thus, ecological rhythms serve the body as a biological clock.

Rhythm is generic property living systems. The processes of growth and development of the organism have a rhythmic character. Rhythmic changes may be subject to various indicators structures biological objects: molecular orientation, tertiary molecular structure, type of crystallization, form of growth, concentration of ions, etc. The dependence of the daily periodicity inherent in plants on the phase of their development has been established. In the bark of young shoots of an apple tree, a daily rhythm of the content of the biologically active substance phloridzin was revealed, the characteristics of which changed according to the phases of flowering, intensive growth of shoots, etc. One of the most interesting manifestations biological measurement of time - the daily frequency of opening and closing of flowers and plants. Each plant "falls asleep" and "wakes up" in strictly certain time days. Early in the morning (at 4 o'clock) chicory and wild rose open their flowers, at 5 o'clock - poppy, at 6 o'clock - dandelion, field carnation, at 7 o'clock - bluebell, garden potatoes, at 8 o'clock marigolds and bindweed, at 9-10 o'clock - marigolds, coltsfoot. There are also flowers that open their corollas at night. At 20 o'clock fragrant tobacco flowers open, and at 21 o'clock - adonis and night violets. Also, at a strictly defined time, the flowers close: at noon - thistle field, at 13-14 o'clock - potatoes, at 14-15 o'clock - dandelion, at 15-16 o'clock - poppy, at 16-17 o'clock - marigolds, at 17 -18 o'clock coltsfoot, at 18-19 o'clock - buttercup, at 19-20 o'clock - wild rose. The opening and closing of flowers also depends on many conditions, for example, on geographical location location or times of sunrise and sunset.

There are rhythmic changes in the body's sensitivity to damaging environmental factors. In animal experiments, it was found that sensitivity to chemical and radiation injury fluctuates very noticeably during the day: at the same dose, the mortality of mice, depending on the time of day, varied from 0 to 10%

The most important external factor influencing the rhythms of the organism is photoperiodicity. In higher animals, it is assumed that there are two ways of photoperiodic regulation of biological rhythms: through the organs of vision and further through the rhythm motor activity body and by extrasensory perception of light. There are several concepts of endogenous regulation of biological rhythms: genetic regulation, regulation involving cell membranes. Most scientists are inclined to the opinion of polygenic control over rhythms. It is known that not only the nucleus, but also the cytoplasm of the cell takes part in the regulation of biological rhythms.

The central place among the rhythmic processes is occupied by the circadian rhythm, which has highest value for the body. The concept of circadian (circadian) rhythm was introduced in 1959 by Halberg. The circadian rhythm is a modification of the daily rhythm with a period of 24 hours, proceeds under constant conditions and belongs to free-flowing rhythms. These are rhythms with a period not imposed by external conditions. They are congenital, endogenous, i.e. due to the properties of the organism itself. The period of circadian rhythms lasts 23-28 hours in plants and 23-25 ​​hours in animals. Since organisms are usually in an environment with cyclical changes in its conditions, the rhythms of organisms are drawn out by these changes and become diurnal.

Circadian rhythms are found in all representatives of the animal kingdom and at all levels of organization - from cellular pressure to interpersonal relationships. Numerous experiments on animals have established the presence of circadian rhythms of motor activity, body and skin temperature, pulse and respiration rates, blood pressure and diuresis. The content of various substances in tissues and organs, for example, glucose, sodium and potassium in the blood, plasma and serum in the blood, growth hormones, etc., turned out to be subject to diurnal fluctuations. In essence, all endocrine and hematological indicators, indicators of nervous, muscular , cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. In this rhythm, the content and activity of dozens of substances in various tissues and organs of the body, in blood, urine, sweat, saliva, intensity metabolic processes, energy and plastic supply of cells, tissues and organs. The sensitivity of the body to various factors environment and tolerance of functional loads. In total, about 500 functions and processes with circadian rhythms have been identified in humans so far.

The biorhythms of the body - daily, monthly, annual - have practically remained unchanged since primitive times and cannot keep up with the rhythms of modern life. Each person during the day clearly traces the peaks and declines of the most important life systems. The most important biorhythms can be recorded in chronograms. The main indicators in them are body temperature, pulse, respiratory rate at rest and other indicators that can only be determined with the help of specialists. Knowing the normal individual chronogram allows you to identify the dangers of the disease, organize your activities in accordance with the capabilities of the body, and avoid disruptions in its work.

The most strenuous work must be done during those hours when the main systems of the body function with maximum intensity. If a person is a "dove", then the peak of working capacity falls on three o'clock in the afternoon. If "lark" - then time most active body falls at noon. "Owls" are recommended to perform the most intense work at 5-6 pm.

Much has been said about the influence of the 11-year cycle of solar activity on the Earth's biosphere. But not everyone is aware of the close relationship that exists between the phase of the solar cycle and the anthropometric data of young people. Kyiv researchers conducted statistical analysis indicators of body weight and height of young men who came to the recruiting stations. It turns out that acceleration is highly susceptible solar cycle: the upward trend is modulated by waves synchronous with the period of "polarity reversal" of the magnetic field of the Sun (and this is a double 11-year cycle, i.e. 22 years). By the way, in the activity of the Sun more long periods spanning several centuries.

Of great practical importance is also the study of other multi-day (about monthly, annual, etc.) rhythms, the time indicator for which is such periodic changes in nature as the change of seasons, lunar cycles and etc.

AT last years The theory of "three rhythms" has gained wide popularity, which is based on the theory of the complete independence of these many-day rhythms as from external factors, and from age-related changes the organism itself. The trigger mechanism for these exceptional rhythms is only the moment of birth (according to other versions, the moment of conception) of a person. A man was born, and rhythms arose with a period of 23, 28 and 33 days, which determine the level of his physical, emotional and intellectual activity. The graphic representation of these rhythms is a sinusoid. One-day periods in which the phases switch ("zero" points on the graph) and which are supposedly characterized by a decrease in the corresponding level of activity, are called critical days. If the same "zero" point is crossed simultaneously by two or three sinusoids, then such "double" or "triple" critical days are especially dangerous.

Multiple studies conducted to test this hypothesis, however, did not confirm the existence of these super-unique biorhythms. Superunique because no similar rhythms have been found in animals; no known biorhythms fit into an ideal sinusoid; periods of biorhythms are not constant and depend both on external conditions and on age-related changes; in nature, no phenomena have been found that would be synchronizers for all people and at the same time be "personally" dependent on the birthday of each person.

Special studies of fluctuations in the functional state of people have shown that they are in no way connected with the date of birth. Similar studies of athletes conducted in our country, in the USA and other countries did not confirm the relationship between the level of working capacity and sports results with the rhythms proposed in the hypothesis. The absence of any connection between various accidents at work, accidents and other traffic accidents with the critical days of the people responsible for these events is shown. Methods also tested statistical processing data that allegedly testified to the presence of three rhythms, and the fallacy of these methods was established. Thus, the hypothesis of "three biorhythms" does not find confirmation. However, its appearance and development have positive value, as they drew attention to an urgent problem - the study of multi-day biorhythms, reflecting the influence of cosmic factors (the Sun, the Moon, other planets) on living organisms and playing an important role in human life and activity.

Biological rhythms of body functions

According to the most common hypothesis, a living organism is an independent oscillatory system, which is characterized by a whole set of internally connected rhythms. They allow the body to successfully adapt to cyclic changes in the environment. Scientists believe that in the centuries-old struggle for existence, only those organisms survived that could not only catch changes in natural conditions, but also adjust the rhythmic apparatus to the beat of external fluctuations, which meant the best adaptation to the environment. For example, in autumn, many birds fly south, and some animals hibernate.

Winter hibernation helps animals survive the unfavorable period. They accurately determine the time for hibernation.

Scientists have convincingly proved the existence of an internal, natural conditionality of the main biological rhythms in the human body. So, in identical twins, these rhythms are similar. Such a case is known: two brothers were separated shortly after birth and were brought up in different families, not knowing each other. However, both showed a penchant for the same occupations, had the same tastes and chose the same specialty. But the most striking thing was that the twin brothers grew up and developed according to the same genetic program, lived according to the same biological clock. Similar examples enough can be cited. However, in the science of the nature of biological rhythms, there is also opposite point vision.

"A system permeated through and through with rhythms" - so figuratively called a person one of the founders of the national school of researchers of biological rhythms B. S. Alyakrinsky. The main conductor of this system is circadian rhythm. In this rhythm, all body functions change: at present, science has reliable information about the daily periodicity of more than 400 functions and processes. In a complex ensemble of circadian rhythms, scientists consider the rhythm of body temperature to be one of the main factors: at night, its indicators are the lowest, in the morning the temperature rises and reaches a maximum by 18 hours. This rhythm throughout years evolution made it possible to adjust the activity of the human body to periodic temperature fluctuations in the environment.

Unknown and previously unrecognized chronobiology, although asserting its own ancient origin from Hippocrates himself, was accepted as an equal among other sciences in the spring of 1960 in American city Cold Spring Harbor at the International Symposium, dedicated to research rhythms in living systems. Currently learned societies chronobiologists exist in all developed countries peace. Their activities are coordinated by European and international societies, the latter publishing a special journal and gathering scientists to its congresses every two years.

For a long time already, a person has not experienced such sharp fluctuations in the environment: clothing and housing provided him with an artificial temperature environment, but body temperature varies, as it did many centuries ago. And these fluctuations are of no less importance for the body, because temperature determines the rate of biochemical reactions, which are material basis all manifestations of human life. During the day, the temperature is higher - the activity of biochemical reactions increases and the metabolism in the body occurs more intensively; consequently, the level of wakefulness is higher. By evening, the body temperature drops, and it is easier for a person to fall asleep.

The rhythm of body temperature is repeated by indicators of many body systems: this is primarily the pulse, blood pressure, respiration, etc.

Nature has reached perfection in the synchronization of rhythms. So, by the time a person wakes up in the blood, they accumulate biologically active substances, adrenaline, hormones of the adrenal cortex, etc. All this prepares a person for daytime active wakefulness: blood pressure, pulse rate increase, muscle strength, performance and endurance increase.

An example of the expediency of the existence of a daily rhythm is demonstrated by the kidneys. In the main structural formation of the kidneys (glomeruli), blood is filtered, resulting in the formation of "primary urine". However, it contains many more substances necessary for the body, therefore, in another part of the kidneys (tubules), these substances enter the bloodstream. Proteins, phosphorus, amino acids and other compounds are absorbed in the tubular section closest to the glomeruli (the so-called proximal one). In the far (or distal) part of the tubules, water is absorbed, and thereby the volume of urine decreases. As a result of chronobiological studies, it was found that the proximal tubules of the kidneys are most active in the morning and afternoon hours, so at this time the excretion of protein, phosphorus and other substances is minimal. The distal part of the tubules functions most intensively at night and early morning hours: Water is reabsorbed and urine volume decreases at night. At the same time, a greater excretion of phosphates facilitates the release of the body from unnecessary acids.

In the implementation of rhythmic fluctuations in body functions, a special role belongs to endocrine system. Light, falling on the retina, through the optic nerves transmits excitation to one of the most important parts of the brain - the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the highest vegetative center, which carries out complex coordination of the functions of internal organs and systems into the integral activity of the body. It is associated with the pituitary gland - the main regulator of the endocrine glands. So, the hypothalamus - pituitary gland - endocrine glands - "working" organs. As a result of the work of this chain, the hormonal background changes, and with it the activity physiological systems. Steroid hormones have direct influence and on the state nerve cells, changing the level of their excitability, therefore, in parallel with fluctuations in the hormonal level, the mood of a person changes. This determines the high level of body functions during the day and low - at night.

During one of the heart transplants done to a person, the pacemaker remained functioning in the heart - that part of the heart muscle that sets the rhythm for the whole heart. Its daily rhythm was somewhat different from the daily rhythm of the recipient, i.e., the patient who received a new heart. And here in English magazine"Nature" Kraft, Alexander, Foster, Leachman and Linscombe described this amazing case. The patient's circadian heart rate, or pulse rate, was 135 minutes out of phase with the circadian temperature rhythm. Here it should be repeated that the highest pulse rate practically coincides with the maximum body temperature. It is no coincidence that if there is no thermometer, the doctor counts the pulse or the number of breaths to determine the temperature: when it rises by 1 ° C, the heart rate increases by about 10-15 beats per minute, and the pulse rate correlates with the respiratory rate as 1: 4.

Scientists from the Research Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences came to the conclusion that not only the heart pulsates in the human body, but also ... the intestines when it performs its evacuation function, that is, it is cleansed. A sign of the disease should be considered not only a rare (1-2 times a week) stool, but also a violation of the daily rhythm. Paying attention to this deviation from the norm, it is possible to prevent the development of serious ailments that occur due to constipation. It is known that the rhythm of metabolism is preserved in the so-called tissue culture, i.e., when tissues are grown "in a test tube."

Researchers believe that for a person the predominant value is social factors: the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness, the mode of work and rest, the work of public institutions, transport, etc. They agreed to call them "social time sensors" in contrast to "natural time sensors" (light, ambient temperature, ionic composition of air, electric and the Earth's magnetic fields, etc.).

The social nature of man and the artificial environment created by him contribute to the fact that in a normal state he does not feel expressed seasonal fluctuations functional state. Nevertheless, they exist and are clearly manifested - especially in diseases. Accounting for these fluctuations in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases forms the basis of practical chronobiology.

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