Second Kingdom of Jerusalem. Crusaders and their state

Part 2 is the main one. Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Jaffa surrendered to the Knights of the 1st Crusade without a fight. Yes, after the fire. Almost like Moscow in 1812.
Then the crusaders turn to the east and go to Jerusalem through bet Horon. (Today there is Highway 443 through Modi'in).
The walls of the holy city for the first time open before the gaze of the crusaders from the mountain, which they called the mountain of joy (Mont Joie). Near the sky Samuel - the tomb of the prophet Shmuel. There is a description of this solemn moment from Mount Joie in almost all chronicles.
There is only one small discrepancy - now the walls of the old city are not visible from the mountain, no matter how you look. But maybe the Crusaders had sharper eyesight (or a more vivid imagination).
Now the holy city lay literally at the feet of the knights and was only waiting to be captured.

But you remember, the crusaders considered themselves real Israelis, to whom the holy land was promised by the Almighty.
Therefore, their next actions are as logical as possible. A 3-day fast was announced, followed by a 7-day detour around the walls of the city.
The crusaders were sure that if it worked in Jericho, it would work even more so in Jerusalem. But a miracle happened - the walls remained standing as if nothing had happened, they did not even move.
I had to prepare for a real siege. Engineer troops go into the forest in search of trees suitable for siege weapons. And then it turns out that although there is a forest in Israel, there are no trees there!
I had to dismantle several Genoese ships, which arrived very opportunely in the port of Jaffa.

The first attack on 07/14/1099 was unsuccessful.
But the very next day, Friday, at exactly 9 o'clock in the morning, Gottfried from Bouillon broke through part of the northern wall, and in the afternoon Raymond from Sengil broke through from the south.
The damaged city was declared purely Christian and the entire non-Christian population was massacred.

The goal of the crusade was achieved, and the question arose - what to do next?
Some of the knights simply returned to Europe.
And the rest chose a king.

Although there was still a logical option that the Pope moved to Jerusalem and from here rules the Christian world. Or at least sends his representative - Legate.
But the pope was not at all going to leave the center of Europe for the center of the world, and therefore all options except for the choice of the king of the local spill disappeared.
Democratically elected to the post of King Gottfried of Bouillon. For being the first to breach the wall of Jerusalem and for being a less dominant and less ambitious leader.
So much less ambitious that he refused to accept kingship in a city where the king is only Mashiach-Jesus and called himself the protector of the holy grave (Advocatus).

But Gottfried was not destined to remain in power for long.
A year later he died, the success of capturing only the small port town of Haifa.

Of course, the large Akko was a tidbit, but Gottfried was already very ill and therefore was content with little.
After the death of the childless Lawyer of the Grave, his younger brother Baldwin, Earl of Edessa, succeeded to the kingdom.
At the coronation, Baldwin, not possessing such modesty as his brother, declared himself king (Rex) and became Baldwin 1st.

The first thing the newly-made king did was to tactfully get rid of his main competitors.
Tancred, who was already trying to declare himself lord of Tiberias and all of Galilee, Baldwin sent to Antioch instead of his uncle, who had successfully died.
And he sent Raymond to head the county of Tripoli.

Baldwin ruled the Kingdom of Jerusalem for 18 years and, in addition to the personal joys of life, was engaged in ensuring the safety of Christian pilgrims on the road to Jerusalem.
For this purpose, he captured vast territories in the center of the country, including the Golan and Transjordan, captured and rebuilt the coastal cities of the country: Arsuf, Caesarea, Akko, Tsidon and Beirut.
But Tzor in the north and Ashkelon in the south remained in the hands of the Muslims.
Ashkelon turned out to be the toughest nut to crack. And that is why a whole ring of fortresses grew up around him: Beit Guvrin, Yavne, Gaza...

Baldwin 1st was succeeded by his cousin Baldwin 2nd.
In total, five Baldwins ruled during the Kingdom of Jerusalem. None of them had a son-heir. But there were daughters!
The daughter of Baldwin 2nd and mother of Baldwin 3rd was Melisandre.

To keep the Catholic traditions of the old good Europe(It is not worth spinning lilies!) Her husband, Fulk of Anjou, was officially declared king. But in essence, the power-hungry Melisandre herself ruled the country "de facto". And after the death of her old husband as a result of a strange hunting accident, Melisandre ruled already "de jure" openly.
It was under her that it was completed overhaul and the rebuilding of the Church of the Sepulcher, which lasted exactly 50 years.
After the Crusaders, there were no more significant repairs there. So it is not surprising that today the church has a rather dilapidated appearance. Although the quality of construction of the 12th century is respected.

The only unpleasant event that overshadowed, although it did not directly affect the kingdom of Jerusalem, was the capture of Edessa by Muslim troops in 1144.
Edessa was in Turkey.
But Europe decided that it was very close to Jerusalem and urgently equipped the 2nd crusade.
The 2nd crusade ended in complete failure.
Only a few miraculously surviving crusaders were able to reach the coast of the Holy Land.
The physical and moral trauma from the defeat was so great that before the next campaign, Europe licked its wounds for more than 40 years.

The next person after Melisandre, who, in my opinion, deserves special mention was Baldwin the 4th - the leper king.
Apparently incurable terrible disease contributed to the unprecedented courage, courage and heroism of the king.
For his courage, Baldwin the 4th even found respect from his enemy. Salah Ad-Din said that apparently Allah does not want the kingdom of the crusaders to fall under this king!

But just as the leper king was bold and successful on the battlefield, so he was unfortunate and stupid in political decisions.
So, for example, Baldwin the 4th violated the agreement with Salah Ad-Din on the non-capture of river crossings by either side and on the free hajj of Muslim pilgrims on the road to Mecca.
At the crossing over the Jordan, where the Bnot Yakov bridge is now, the Ateret fortress was built.

Naturally, immediately after the completion of construction, the fortress was destroyed by the army of Salah Ad-Din, and all its defenders died.

Baldwin 4th, the leper king, died a very old man at the age of 24.
After the death of the baby king Baldwin the 5th, power and the crown passed to the husband of Sibylia - Guy De Lusignan.
And although the days of the kingdom were already numbered, Guy De Lusignan did everything to bring this end even closer.

Another important person in accelerating the agony of the Kingdom of Jerusalem is René de Châtillon.
The No. 1 adventurer of all time, René de Châtillon arrived in the Middle East as a simple knight with the 2nd crusade, but became the ruler of Antioch.
Then he is captured by Nur Ad-Din and sits there for 17 years, waiting for someone to ransom him.
But since no one ransoms him, Salah Ad-Din releases him free of charge.
Three years later, in 1180, Rene de Châtillon became the ruler of Jordan and sent troops to Karak to conquer Mecca and Medina.
The troops disappear without a trace, but glorious knight plunders Salah Ad-Din's caravan and rapes his sister.
Favorite phrase of the hero: "I have no truce with the Saracens!"

When Salah ad-din laid siege to Tiberias, King Guy de Lusignan gathered all his troops in one place.
And on a hot July day in 1187, the entire crusader army found itself in a deadly encirclement on Mount Khitin (Hattin). Almost the entire army was destroyed and the true cross was irretrievably lost.
It was a death blow for the kingdom. There were not even enough forces left to defend the existing fortresses and castles.
In October of the same year, 1187, after a two-week siege, Jerusalem was surrendered.

The 1st Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted only 88 years and was destroyed. The Levant was cleared of the Franks, and most of the churches were destroyed or turned into mosques.
Including the El Aksa Mosque and the Dome over the rock, which were the residence of the Order of the Templars (Templars), again became Muslim.

A few words about terms.
During the Crusades, all Europeans were called Franks, regardless of the place of exodus. Initially, the word "franc" meant the inhabitants of Germany, and then the whole of Western Europe. (Therefore, for example, in Germany there is the city of Frankfurt.)
The Crusaders called themselves Franks, and the Muslims called them that too.
The Muslims were called "Saracens" by the crusaders. From the Latin word for "man from the east".
Only the nomads from the desert, the Bedouins, were called Arabs.
And the holy land of Israel itself was called the Levant. Which simply means "east".

[lat. regnum Hierosolymitanum], Christ. state-in, based Western Europe. knights in Palestine and the coastal strip of Syria after the 1st crusade. It consisted of the I. k. proper and vassal states - the Principality of Antioch, the counties of Tripoli and Edessa, which, although they recognized the suzerainty of I. k., actually retained independence. I. k. existed from 1099 to 1291. During the period of greatest power, I. k. controlled a strip of land 150 km wide from the sea to the Trans-Jordanian plateau and approx. 450 km in the meridional stretch from Eilat to Beirut.

The first ruler of I. k. was Gottfried of Bouillon, elected by the crusader knights. He refused to accept the title of king, and on July 22, 1099, he was proclaimed "protector of the Holy Sepulcher" (advocatus S. Sepulchri). After his death in 1100, the question arose about the legal status of the new state. education. Lat. Patriarch of Jerusalem Daibert, under the rule of which Jerusalem actually turned out to be, sought to create a theocratic state, but, not having received support from the clergy and barons, was forced to recognize a secular ruler - Baldwin I (1100-1118), brother of Gottfried of Bouillon. On Christmas Day 1100, Baldwin was crowned "the first Latin king of Jerusalem" (rex Latinorum Hierusalem primus). Under him, the borders of I. k. were significantly expanded, Arsuf, Beirut, Sidon and Caesarea were captured, and soon he achieved recognition of suzerainty over the vassal states - the Principality of Antioch, the counties of Tripoli and Edessa. Under Baldwin I, thanks to the participants in the rearguard crusade (1101), the number of Latin inhabitants increased in the Indian capital. Italians began to play an important role in the kingdom. city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa), which, in the event of the capture of ports, received quarters for trade there. After the death of Baldwin I, Count Baldwin II (1118-1131) of Edessa was chosen as ruler, whose policy strengthened the position of the Crusaders. But already under the successor of Baldwin II, Fulk of Anjou, who in 1131-1143. ruled I. k. together with his wife Melisende († 1161), Muslim. Syria began to unite under the leadership of the atabeg of Mosul, Imad ad-Din Zengi (1127-1147). In 1144 the Muslims took Edessa. The son of Imad ad-Din Zengi, Nur ad-Din (1146-1174), the ruler of Aleppo and Damascus, united all of Syria under his rule. In Europe, the 2nd Crusade (1147-1149) was organized, in which the French took part. box Louis VII and Germany imp. Conrad III. This campaign did not bring significant results.

During the reign of Baldwin III (1143 (since 1153 alone) - 1162) and Amory I (1162-1174), I. k. became close to byzantine empire and Fatimid Egypt, but the collapse of the latter led to the subordination of the united Syria and Egypt to Salah ad-Din, who proclaimed himself sultan. Cor. Baldwin IV the Leper (1174-1185), and then his nephew Baldwin V (1185-1186) could have opposed Salah ad-Din, but the policy of subsequent rulers (Guy Lusignan and others) led I. to collapse. In 1187, Salah ad-Din defeated the crusader army at Hattin and captured most kingdoms, including Jerusalem. Only the port of Tire remained in the hands of the crusaders, from where Conrad of Montferrat began a military campaign against the Muslims. During the 3rd Crusade (1189-1192), Western Europe took part in Krom. sovereigns (German imp. Frederick I Barbarossa, French cor. Louis VII, English cor. Richard I Lion Heart), some important strategic points were recaptured by Christians, in particular Acre. A new kingdom arose (the so-called Second I. k.). It kept former name, despite the fact that Jerusalem was lost (Acre, or Saint-Jean-d "Acre, now Akko, Israel, became the capital of the new state).

The first ruler of the new state Conrad of Montferrat 24 apr. 1192 was killed by the Assassins (see Neo-Ismailites). His successors, Kings Henry of Champagne (1192-1197), Amaury II Lusignan (brother of Guy Lusignan; 1197-1205), strove to protect the borders of I. k. Amory II managed to restore the coastal strip of I. k. from Jaffa to Beirut. Amory II was succeeded by Mary of Montferrat (1205-1212; until 1210 she ruled with regent Jean Ibelin). Her husband John of Brienne in 1210-1212 as king, and after the death of his wife as regent (1212-1225) with his daughter Isabella (Iolanthe) led a military campaign in Egypt. In 1219, he managed to take the port of Damietta (now Dumiyat, Egypt) and obtain consent from the Sultan of Egypt to exchange it for Jerusalem. The deal failed due to the resistance of the papal legate.

To get help from the West, John Brienne gave his daughter Isabella in marriage to the Germans. imp. Friedrich II of Hohenstaufen, who overthrew his father-in-law from the throne and became the head of I. k. Through negotiations with the Muslims. the rulers of the imp. Frederick II succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem. According to the agreement signed on 18 Feb. 1229 in Jaffa, truce with Egypt. Sultan al-Kamil was extended for 10 years, 5 months and 40 days; stipulated territorial concessions for the Franks: Sidon lordship (without Beaufort) within its former borders, lordship of Thoron, the region of Nazareth and Sephoria, the lands of Lydda and Ramla, the "pilgrimage road", Bethlehem and Jerusalem returned to Christians (in Jerusalem, sacred places for Muslims - the Al-Aqsa Mosque and mosque Kubbat es-Sahra (Dome of the Rock) - remained in their hands, none of the Christians were allowed to enter there). The emperor also promised the sultan help in the fight against his enemies, both Muslims and Christians. Frederick II entered Jerusalem on March 17, 1229, proclaiming himself the next day the ruler of I. k. The barons were dissatisfied with the policy of Frederick II in I. k. The "Lombard wars" that began between the emperor and the barons ended in 1243 with the victory of the baronial coalition. Having retained the formal rule of the Hohenstaufen, the barons tried to organize collegial rule under the leadership of John (Jean) Ibelin, then his son Balian. In 1244 Jerusalem was retaken by the Muslims.

From 1250 to 1254, the organizer of the 7th and 8th crusades, the French, ruled the state. box Saint Louis IX, but after his departure, anarchy, rivalry between the Genoese and the Venetians (“the war of St. Sava”) and feuds between pretenders to the throne (Hugo III and Charles of Anjou) intensified. The Mamluk sultan Baibars captured the cities and fortresses of I. k. In 1291, he fell last stronghold crusaders in the East - the fortress of Saint-Jean-d "Acre.

I. k. occupied only the south. part of the possessions of the crusaders - from Ascalon in the south to Beirut in the north. In addition to Jerusalem, he owned the cities of Nablus, Acre and Tire; they also formed part of the royal domain. The rest of the territory was divided into 4 baronies and other seigneuries. The principality of Galilee with its capital in Tiberias, the county of Jaffa and Ascalon, the lordship of Sidon, the lordship of Kerak were considered baronies. The rulers of these possessions had the right to have their own court, mint coins and have their own seal. The barons were vassals of the king. In addition to 4 baronies, there were 22 large seigneuries in I. k. - Arsuf, Hebron, Beirut, Ibelin, and others. Catholics had significant influence. hierarchs: for help and participation in the crusades Roman Catholic Church received extensive land holdings.

royalty in I. k. was essentially limited to the High Chamber (Haute Cour), which consisted of representatives of the highest nobility and chivalry. Special legal provisions (assises) of the High Chamber determined the order of feudal service, the rights of seigneurs, the duties of vassals, the principles of jurisdiction relating to the upper strata of I. k. Another court was established for commoners - the Chamber of Citizens (Cour des Bourgeois). Last the legal provisions of both chambers made up the legal code "Jerusalem assizes" (Assises de royaume de Jérusalem), which also included legal treatises written, in particular, by John (Jean) Ibelin.

The nobility in I. k. lived mainly in Jerusalem and other large cities, owned both land and bezant (in the form of income from trade, proceeds from market taxes, etc.) fiefs. Italian the cities provided communication between I. to. with the West. Europe, but since the purpose of their trade was foreign markets, there were no prerequisites for economic and political consolidation in the I. to. Ties between the individual states of the crusaders and the lords were very weak. At the same time, I. k. had close contacts with Cilician Armenia and the Byzantine Empire, the “eastern” features of the social and political organization to-rykh it inherited. On the social structures I. to. influenced and pre-existing Muslims. institutions. Already after the 1st Crusade and the capture of Jerusalem, most of the knights returned to the West. Europe. Due to the subsequent emigration from the West, the population of the West increased. possessions in the East, which over time received common name"Outremer" (Overseas). In general, I. k. was a state, where a small layer of Western knights ruled an Arab. and sir. population.

The Roman Catholic Church sought to control ecclesiastical possessions in the East (on the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, see the article Latin Patriarchates). At least once a year, papal legates visited the Holy Land, and the popes often interfered in the elections of the Latins. Jerusalem Patriarch. Local Christ. the population was subordinated to lat. church hierarchy. The majority of Orthodox bishops moved to Byzantium, where a branch of the Jerusalem patriarchs remained in exile. At the same time, in the sources of the XII-XIII centuries. several are mentioned. orthodox bishops who lived in I. k. They ordained priests and sent worship services for the local Eastern Christ. population, but did not possess adm. power. Catholic prelates did not interfere in inner life Palestinian Arab Christians, who, paying the established fees lat. bishops, continued to conduct worship according to Byzantine. rite and commemorate the Orthodox Liturgy. patriarchs in exile.

The army of I. k. was not numerous and consisted mainly of "Latins". The lack of troops was largely compensated by the creation spiritual knightly orders. The Orders of the Templars and Hospitallers (see Order of Malta) were created at the beginning. 12th century They reported directly to the Pope of Rome, were mostly independent and did not carry military service, although in fact they participated in all the main battles. Franks, born and raised in lat. In the East, they considered the Holy Land to be their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. Some of them knew Greek, Arabic. and others east. languages, married east. women.

Thanks to Muslim-Christ. contacts in I. k., the life and customs of the crusaders underwent significant orientalization: they began to decorate their houses with carpets, add spices to food, visit baths, and so on. The art of I. k. was a kind of mixture of Western, Byzantine. and Muslims. styles. The Crusaders built the fortresses of Krak de Moab (now El-Karak, Jordan), Montfort, Beaufort, and others. architectural structures Crusaders were purposefully destroyed: religious buildings in Jerusalem were destroyed after 1187, most of the castles were torn down after they were taken by Muslims. Illuminated manuscripts of historical and liturgical works come from the art workshops of Saint-Jean-d'Acre, of which the most famous is the illuminated Psalter of Kor. Melisende (Melisende Psalter - Lond. Brit. Lib. Egerton, 1139). many literary and historical works of great interest to researchers have been written (in particular, the "Chronicle" by William of Tire).

Source: Fulcherii Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana / Hrsg. H. Hagenmeyer. HDlb., 1913; Willelmi Tyrensis archiepiscopi Chronicon / Ed. R. B. C. Huygens. Turnhout, 1986. 2 vol.; La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184-1197) / Éd. M. R. Morgan. P., 1982; Regesta regni Hierosolymitani, 1097-1291 / Ed. R. Rohricht. Oeniponti, 1893-1904. N.Y., 1960r. 2vol.; Le cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem / Publ. par G. Bresc-Bautier. P., 1984; Papsturkunden für Kirchen in Heiligen Lande / Hrsg. v. R. Hiestand. Gott., 1985; Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099-1185 / Ed. J. Wilkinson. L., 1988; Die Kanzlei der lateinischen Konige von Jerusalem. Hannover, 1996. 2 vol.

Lit.: Dodu G. Histoire des institutions monarchiques dans le Royaume latin de Jérusalem. P., 1894; Grousset R. Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem. P., 1934-1936, 19912. 3 vol.; Richard J. Le Royaume latin de Jerusalem. P., 1953 (Russian translation: Richard J. Latin-Jerusalem Kingdom. St. Petersburg, 2002); Prawer J. Histoire du Royaume latin de Jerusalem. P., 1969-1970, 20072. 2 vol.; idem. Crusader Institutions. Oxf.; N.Y., 1980; Runciman S. A History of the Crusades. Camb., 1975. 3 vol.; Mayer H. E. Bistümer, Kloster und Stifte im Königreich Jerusalem. Stuttg., 1977; Fences M.A. Crusaders in the East. M., 1980; Hamilton B. The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. L., 1980; Outremer: Stud. in history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to J. Prawer / Ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, R. C. Smail. Jerusalem, 1982; Hoch M. Jerusalem, Damascus und der Zweite Kreuzug: Konstitutionelle Krise und äussere Sicherheit des Kruezfahrerkönigreiches Jerusalem, A. D. 1126-1154. Fr./M., 1993; Pringle R. The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus. Camb., 1993-2007. 3vol.; Mayer H. E. Kings and lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Aldershot; Brookfield 1994; Luchitskaya S. I. "Jerusalem assizes" - a monument of medieval law // From the history of socio-political and cultural life ancient world and the Middle Ages. M., 1985. S. 79-95; she is. Source study features of the "Jerusalem assizes" in medieval studies of the 19th-20th centuries. // SV. 1988. Issue. 51. S. 51-68; she is. How they died Jerusalem kings// In his circle: An individual and a group in the West and East of Europe before the beginning of the New Age / Ed.: M. A. Boytsov, A. G. Exle. M., 2003. S. 191-229.

S. I. Luchitskaya

jerusalem kingdom complete, jerusalem kingdom bena

Flag Coat of arms Capital Jerusalem (1099-1187)
Tyre (1187-1191)
Acre (1191-1229)
Jerusalem (1229-1244)
Acre (1244-1291) Languages) Latin, Old French and Italian (spread also Arabic and Greek) Form of government patrimonial monarchy Constitution The so-called "Jerusalem assizes" Story - 1099 First crusade - 1145 Second crusade - 1187 Siege of Jerusalem - 1189 Third crusade - 1291 Fall of Acre

Jerusalem kingdom(Old French Roiaume de Jherusalem, Latin Regnum Hierosolimitanum) is a Christian state that arose in the Levant in 1099 after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in 1291 with the fall of Acre.

  • 1 Foundation and early history
  • 2 Kingdom life
  • 3 Mid-twelfth century
  • 4 Disaster and recovery
  • 5 Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
  • 6 See also
  • 7 Literature
  • 8 Links

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a thorny one; instead, he assumed the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died in next year, his brother and heir Baldwin I was not so pious and immediately took the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his dominion over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and a Latin patriarch also appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Around 1080, a hospital for pilgrims was founded in Jerusalem by the Order of St. John (Hospitallers). Another monastic order- Templars - settled in a temple converted from the al-Aqsa mosque.

Baldwin died in 1118 and left no heirs. He was succeeded by his cousin Baldwin de Burke, Count of Edessa. Baldwin II was also a capable ruler, and although he was captured by the Seljuks several times during his reign, the borders of the state expanded, and in 1124 Tire was taken.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. They also often looked more like Syrians than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and others oriental languages married Greek or Armenian women.

As Fulcherius of Chartres wrote: “We Westerners have become Easterners; he who was a Roman or a Frank has here become a Galilean or an inhabitant of Palestine; he who lived in Reims or Chartres sees himself as a city dweller from Tyre or Antioch.”

The device was largely based on the feudal order of the then Western Europe, but with many important differences. The kingdom was located in a small area, there were few lands suitable for agriculture. Since ancient times in this region, the entire economy has been concentrated in cities, in contrast to medieval Europe. The feudal lords, while owning lands, nevertheless preferred to live in Jerusalem and other cities.

As in Europe, the barons had vassals, while being vassals of the king. Agriculture based on Muslim feudal system- iqta (set of allotments), this order has not been changed. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and Eastern Christians) were persecuted in some cities and were not allowed to live in Jerusalem, in rural areas they lived as before. "Rais", the head of the community, was a kind of vassal of the baron who owned the land, and since the barons lived in cities, the communities had a high degree independence. They supplied the troops of the kingdom with food, but did not carry out military service, unlike Europe; similarly, the Italians did not bear any duties, despite living in port cities. As a result, the army of the kingdom was not numerous and consisted of Franks - residents of cities.

The predominance in the area of ​​cities and the presence of Italian merchants led to the development of an economy that was more commercial than agricultural. Palestine has always been a crossroads trade routes; trade has now spread to Europe. European goods - for example, textiles from Northern Europe - appeared in the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods went to Europe. The Italian city-states received huge profits, which influenced their heyday in the following centuries.

Since the noble lords lived more in Jerusalem than in the provinces, they had much greater influence on the king than it was in Europe. The noble barons made up the High Council, one of the earliest forms of parliament in Western Europe. The council consisted of bishops and influential barons, was responsible for the election of the king, the provision of money to the king, and the convocation of troops.

The lack of troops was largely compensated for by the creation of spiritual and knightly orders. The Knights Templar and Hospitaller orders were created in the early years of the kingdom and often replaced barons in the provinces. Their leaders were based in Jerusalem, living in huge castles and often buying lands that the barons could not defend. The orders were directly under papal administration, not royal; they were largely independent and were not required to carry out military service, however, in fact, they participated in all the main battles.

Important sources of information on the life of the kingdom are the works of William of Tire and the Muslim writer Usama ibn Munkiz.

Mid 12th century

Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1135

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled with her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development, whose symbol is the Melisende Psalter, commissioned by the queen between 1135 and 1143. Fulk, the famous general, faced a new dangerous enemy- Atabeg of Mosul Zangi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zangi during his reign, Guillaume of Tire censured him for his poor frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zangi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in 1146. Queen Melisande, who became regent for her son Baldwin III, appointed a new constable, Manasse Yerzh, who led the army after Fulk's death. 1147 Participants of the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Having met in Tripoli, the leaders of the crusaders, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, decided to attack the Emir of Damascus, friendly to the kingdom, as the most vulnerable enemy, despite the agreement between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This was in complete contradiction to the advice of Melisande and Manasseh, who considered the main enemy to be Aleppo, the victory over which made it possible to return Edessa. The crusade ended in 1148 in complete failure. Melisande ruled the country as regent until Baldwin III overthrew her government in 1153, but the very next year Baldwin appointed her as regent and chief adviser. Baldwin III took Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian stronghold on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, the general situation of the crusader states worsened, as Nur ad-Din captured Damascus and united Muslim Syria under his authority.

Baldwin III died in 1162, a year after his mother, and was succeeded by his brother, Amaury. His reign was accompanied by a confrontation with Nur ad-Din and insidious attempts to prevent the capture of Egypt by Saladin. Although with the support Byzantine emperor, Manuel Komnenos, Amory failed the military campaign against Egypt. Amori and Nur-ad-Din died in 1174.

Disaster and Recovery

Saladin, from a 12th-century Arabic codex.

Amory I was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. FROM early years he learned that he was ill with leprosy, but this did not stop him from proving that he was an active and strong ruler and a good military leader. He was able to temporarily move the external threat away from the kingdom, but his illness and early death brought new civil strife and strife into the already paralyzed life of the kingdom.

Baldwin IV died in the spring of 1185, the title of king passed to his nephew, the infant Baldwin V. Count Raymond of Tripoli became regent. Baldwin V was weak child and died in the summer of 1186. The royal power passed to Sibylla, sister of Baldwin IV and mother of Baldwin V.

Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

Main entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

The subsequent fall of Jerusalem in 1187 essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. The capture of the city shocked Europe and led to the Third Crusade which began in 1189. It was led by Richard I the Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died en route). The crusader army twice approached Jerusalem, but did not dare to attack the city.

In 1192, Richard the Lionheart acted as an intermediary in the negotiations, as a result of which the Margrave Conrad of Montferrat became king of Jerusalem, and Cyprus was granted to Guy de Lusignan. In the same year, Conrad fell at the hands of an assassin in Tire.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella was married to his relative Henry II of Champagne.

When Frederick II Staufen became king of Jerusalem in 1229, he managed to temporarily return Jerusalem to the Christians, taking advantage of the contradictions between the Muslim rulers.

The capture of Jerusalem in 1244 by the Khorezmians (the remnants of the Turkmen troops of Jalal ad-Din Mankburna), called by the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, as-Salih Ayyub, marked the end of Christian rule over this ancient city.

see also

  • List of kings of Jerusalem
  • crusaders
  • Kingdom of Heaven (film)

Literature

  • Brown, R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders: A Guide to the Castles of Israel. - Modiin: Evgeny Ozerov Publishing House, 2010. - 180 p., ill., ISBN 978-965-91407-1-8
  • Brown R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders - 2: A Historical Guide to the Battlegrounds of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. - Tel Aviv: Artel, 2013. - 167 p., ill.

Links

  • History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem on the site "Internet project "History of the Order of the Temple"

jerusalem kingdom bena, jerusalem kingdom vikings, jerusalem kingdom complete, jerusalem kingdom series

Kingdom of Jerusalem Information About

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom that emerged in the Levant in 1099 after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in 1291 with the fall of Acre.

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a thorny one; instead, he assumed the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died the following year, his brother and heir, Baldwin I, was not so pious and immediately assumed the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his suzerainty over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and a Latin patriarch also appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Baldwin died in 1118 and left no heirs, his cousin Baldwin de Burk, Count of Edessa, became his successor. Baldwin II was also a capable ruler, and although he was captured by the Seljuks several times during his reign, the borders of the state expanded, and in 1124 Tire was taken.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land to be their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. Also, they often looked like Syrians rather than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and other oriental languages, married Greek or Armenian women.

As Fulcherius of Chartres wrote: “We Westerners have become Easterners; he who was a Roman or a Frank has here become a Galilean or an inhabitant of Palestine; one who lived in Reims or Chartres sees himself as a city dweller from Tyre or Antioch".

The device was largely based on the feudal order of the then Western Europe, but with many important differences. The kingdom was located in a small area, there were few lands suitable for agriculture. Since ancient times, in this region, the entire economy was concentrated in cities, in contrast to medieval Europe. The feudal lords, while owning lands, nevertheless preferred to live in Jerusalem and other cities.

As in Europe, the barons had vassals, while being vassals of the king. Agriculture was based on the Muslim version of the feudal system - iqta (allotment system), this order was not changed. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and Eastern Christians) were persecuted in some cities and were not allowed to live in Jerusalem, in rural areas they lived as before. "Rais", the leader of the community, was a kind of vassal of the baron who owned the land, and since the barons lived in cities, the communities had a high degree of autonomy. They supplied the troops of the kingdom with food, but did not carry out military service, unlike Europe; similarly, the Italians did not bear any duties, despite living in port cities. As a result, the army of the kingdom was not numerous and consisted of the Franks - the inhabitants of the cities.

The dominance in the area of ​​cities and the presence of Italian merchants led to the development of an economy that was more commercial than agricultural. Palestine has always been a crossroads of trade routes; trade has now spread to Europe. European goods, such as textiles from Northern Europe, appeared in the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods were transported back to Europe. The Italian city-states received huge profits, which influenced their heyday in the following centuries.

Since the noble lords lived more in Jerusalem than in the provinces, they had a much greater influence on the king than they did in Europe. The noble barons made up the High Council, one of the earliest forms of parliament in Western Europe. The council consisted of bishops and influential barons, was responsible for the election of the king, the provision of money to the king, the mobilization of armies.

The lack of troops was largely compensated by the creation of spiritual and knightly orders. The Knights Templar and Hospitaller orders were created in the early years of the kingdom and often replaced barons in the provinces. Their leaders were based in Jerusalem, living in huge castles and often buying lands that the barons could not defend. The orders were directly under papal administration, not royal; they were largely independent and were not required to carry out military service, however, in fact, they participated in all the main battles.

Important sources of information on the life of the kingdom are the works of William of Tire and the Muslim writer Usama ibn Munkiz.

Mid 12th century

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled with her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development was achieved, the symbol of which is the Melisende psalter, commissioned by the queen between 1135 and 1143. Fulk, the famous commander, faced a new dangerous enemy - the atabeg of Mosul Zengi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zengi during his reign, he was criticized by Guillaume of Tire for his poor organization of frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zengi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in 1146. Queen Melisande, who became regent for her son Baldwin III, appointed a new Manasse D'Ierzh, who led the army after Fulk's death. In 1147, participants in the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Having met in Tripoli, the leaders of the Crusaders, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, decided to attack the Emir of Damascus, friendly to the kingdom, as the most vulnerable enemy, despite the agreement between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This was in complete contradiction to the advice of Melisande and Manasseh, who considered the main enemy to be Aleppo, the victory over which made it possible to return Edessa. The crusade ended in 1148 in complete failure. Melisande ruled the country as regent until Baldwin III overthrew her government in 1153, but the very next year Baldwin appointed her as regent and chief adviser. Baldwin III took Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian outpost on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, the general situation of the crusader states worsened as Nur ad-Din captured Damascus and united Muslim Syria under his rule.

Baldwin III died in 1162, a year after his mother, and was succeeded by his brother, Amaury. His reign was accompanied by a confrontation with Nur ad-Din and insidious attempts to prevent the capture of Egypt by Saladin. Although supported by the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Komnenos, Amaury failed military operation against Egypt. Amori and Nur-ad-Din died in 1174.

Disaster and Recovery

Amalric was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. From an early age, he learned that he had leprosy. Baldwin, however, proved to be an efficient and energetic king and military commander.

Baldwin IV died in the spring of 1185, and Baldwin V became king.

Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

The subsequent fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. The capture of the city shocked Europe, leading to the Third Crusade, which was launched in 1189, led by Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died en route).

In 1192 Richard the Lionheart mediated a further agreement by which Margrave Conrad of Montferrat became King of Jerusalem and Guy de Lusignan was given Cyprus. In the same year, Conrad fell at the hands of an assassin in Tire.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella marries his relative Henry II of Champagne.

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the state created by the participants of the 1st crusade after they captured Jerusalem in 1099. It consisted of I.K. itself and vassal states: Tripoli and Edessa and the principality of Antioch. The first ruler is Gottfried of Bouillon. The main military forces - the orders of St. John and the Templars - could not withstand the onslaught of Muslims, which intensified with mid-twelfth in. In 1187, the Egyptian sultan Salazh-addin captured Jerusalem. In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders fell - the city of Acre.

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

the state created by the participants of the 1st Crusade after their capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Territorially took shape at the beginning of the 12th century. after the new conquests of the Crusaders in the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition to Jerusalem proper, the Kingdom of Jerusalem included the counties of Tripoli and Edessa and the Principality of Antioch. The first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was Gottfried of Bouillon. The Crusaders erected many castles and fortresses on the territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, cities and trade were significantly developed. The favorable geographical position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem contributed to the development of relations with Western European states, Byzantium and Muslim East. In 1137 Byzantium was subjected to the Principality of Antioch, in 1144 the Seljuk Turks captured Edessa. The unstable position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was aggravated by internal strife of the main military forces - the orders of St. John and the Templars, the rivalry of Italian merchants and others. In 1187, the Egyptian sultan Salah ad-Din occupied Jerusalem and most of the kingdom. At the end of the 13th century almost all the cities were captured by the Egyptian Mamluks. In 1291, Acre fell - the last stronghold of the crusaders.

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KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

state, main European feudal lords as a result of the 1st crusade in 1099 in Palestine and Syria and existed until the end. 12th c. It consisted of Israel proper (Palestine) and 3 vassal states that actually retained their independence: the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the County of Tripoli. Main The bulk of the working people in I. k. were serfs (Villans) from the subjugated population. The size of their duties often depended on the arbitrariness of the lords. Slavery also existed in I. k. On the territory I. to. there were large feuds. possessions, vassal to the king; they were subdivided into smaller fiefs, inheritances. the owners of which were obliged to the military. service to the suzerain and enjoyed great political power on their estates. independence. Often, along with the land (or instead of it), the knights in the feud complained different kinds income from trade (collection of duties). Korolev. power was limited by the High Chamber - military-political. council of queens. vassals. In the 60s. 12th c. attempts were made to strengthen the queens. power through direct subjugation of all the fiefs to the crown, but these attempts were unsuccessful. Influence power in I. to. was the highest Catholic. the clergy, who owned vast estates, selected, in particular, from the Muslims. and local Christians. churches. Cities did not have self-government; the exception was the privileged settlements of Italian merchants in port cities (Acre, Tire, important centers Levantine trade. Uprisings of the brutally exploited local population, especially peasants and artisans, in a feudal environment. fragmentation and few chivalry, rivalry and conflicts between the feudal lords-crusaders, wars of states-in the crusaders with each other, with Muslims. state-you and with Byzantium, finally, the fluidity of the knightly population, the lack of regular support from the West. Europe - all this led to the fragility and fragility of I. to. Its main. the force was made up of the military-monastic orders of the Templars and St. John, to-rye, being at enmity with each other, could not effectively repulse the onslaught of Muslims, which had intensified from the middle. 12th c. In 1144 a battle took place, as a result of which Edessa was captured by the Seljuks. In 1187, Sultan Salah ad-Din defeated the crusader army at Hattin, near Lake Tiberias, after which he captured Jerusalem and the b. h. kingdom. The remains of the possessions of the crusaders were conquered by Egypt. mamluks in con. 13th century, the capital of this so-called. 2nd I. k. - the city of Acre - fell in 1291. Lit .: Zaborov M. A., Crusades, M., 1956; Richard J., Le royaume latin de J?rusalem, P., 1953. M. A. Zaborov. Moscow. -***-***-***- Kingdom of Jerusalem in the XI - XIII centuries.

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom that emerged in the Levant in 1099 after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in 1291 with the fall of Acre.

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a thorny one; instead, he assumed the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died the following year, his brother and heir, Baldwin I, was not so pious and immediately assumed the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his suzerainty over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - the Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and also a Latin patriarch appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Baldwin died in 1118 and left no heirs, his cousin Baldwin de Burk, Count of Edessa, became his successor. Baldwin II was also a capable ruler, and although he was captured by the Seljuks several times during his reign, the borders of the state expanded, and in 1124 Tire was taken.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land to be their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. Also, they often looked like Syrians rather than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and other oriental languages, married Greek or Armenian women.

As Fulcherius of Chartres wrote: “We Westerners have become Easterners; he who was a Roman or a Frank has here become a Galilean or an inhabitant of Palestine; one who lived in Reims or Chartres sees himself as a city dweller from Tyre or Antioch".

The device was largely based on the feudal order of the then Western Europe, but with many important differences. The kingdom was located in a small area, there were few lands suitable for agriculture. Since ancient times, in this region, the entire economy was concentrated in cities, in contrast to medieval Europe. The feudal lords, while owning lands, nevertheless preferred to live in Jerusalem and other cities.

As in Europe, the barons had vassals, while being vassals of the king. Agriculture was based on the Muslim version of the feudal system - iqta (the system of allotments), this order was not changed. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and Eastern Christians) were persecuted in some cities and were not allowed to live in Jerusalem, in rural areas they lived as before. "Rais", the leader of the community, was a kind of vassal of the baron who owned the land, and since the barons lived in cities, the communities had a high degree of autonomy. They supplied the troops of the kingdom with food, but did not carry out military service, unlike Europe; similarly, the Italians did not bear any duties, despite living in port cities. As a result, the army of the kingdom was not numerous and consisted of the Franks - the inhabitants of the cities.

The dominance in the area of ​​cities and the presence of Italian merchants led to the development of an economy that was more commercial than agricultural. Palestine has always been a crossroads of trade routes; trade has now spread to Europe. European goods, such as textiles from Northern Europe, appeared in the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods were transported back to Europe. The Italian city-states received huge profits, which influenced their heyday in the following centuries.

Since the noble lords lived more in Jerusalem than in the provinces, they had a much greater influence on the king than they did in Europe. The noble barons made up the High Council, one of the earliest forms of parliament in Western Europe. The council consisted of bishops and influential barons, was responsible for the election of the king, the provision of money to the king, the mobilization of armies.

The lack of troops was largely compensated by the creation of spiritual and knightly orders. The Knights Templar and Hospitaller orders were created in the early years of the kingdom and often replaced barons in the provinces. Their leaders were based in Jerusalem, living in huge castles and often buying lands that the barons could not defend. The orders were directly under papal administration, not royal; they were largely independent and were not required to carry out military service, however, in fact, they participated in all the main battles.

Important sources of information on the life of the kingdom are the works of William of Tire and the Muslim writer Usama ibn Munkiz.

Mid 12th century

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled with her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development was achieved, the symbol of which is the Melisende psalter, commissioned by the queen between 1135 and 1143. Fulk, the famous commander, faced a new dangerous enemy - the atabeg of Mosul Zengi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zengi during his reign, he was criticized by Guillaume of Tire for his poor organization of frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zengi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in 1146. Queen Melisande, who became regent for her son Baldwin III, appointed a new Manasse D'Ierzh, who led the army after Fulk's death. In 1147, participants in the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Having met in Tripoli, the leaders of the Crusaders, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, decided to attack the Emir of Damascus, friendly to the kingdom, as the most vulnerable enemy, despite the agreement between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This was in complete contradiction to the advice of Melisande and Manasseh, who considered the main enemy to be Aleppo, the victory over which made it possible to return Edessa. The crusade ended in 1148 in complete failure. Melisande ruled the country as regent until Baldwin III overthrew her government in 1153, but the very next year Baldwin appointed her regent and chief adviser. Baldwin III took Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian outpost on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, the general situation of the crusader states worsened as Nur ad-Din captured Damascus and united Muslim Syria under his rule.

Baldwin III died in 1162, a year after his mother, and was succeeded by his brother, Amaury. His reign was accompanied by a confrontation with Nur ad-Din and insidious attempts to prevent the capture of Egypt by Saladin. Although supported by the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Komnenos, Amori failed in the military operation against Egypt. Amori and Nur-ad-Din died in 1174.

Disaster and Recovery

Amalric was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. From an early age, he learned that he had leprosy. Baldwin, however, proved to be an efficient and energetic king and military commander.

Baldwin IV died in the spring of 1185, and Baldwin V became king.

Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

The subsequent fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. The capture of the city shocked Europe, leading to the Third Crusade, which was launched in 1189, led by Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died en route).

In 1192 Richard the Lionheart mediated a further agreement by which Margrave Conrad of Montferrat became King of Jerusalem and Guy de Lusignan was granted Cyprus. In the same year, Conrad fell at the hands of an assassin in Tire.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella marries his relative Henry II of Champagne.

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