The maximum thickness of the continental crust. People who get energy from the earth

Each of the elements has a certain energy field, which can be used to strengthen and maintain a healthy human aura.

Our planet, the soil that is always underfoot, is also no exception, so people who receive energy from the earth are increasingly found in the world of esotericism. It is the earth that has possessed since ancient times the power of fertility and the triumph of life, attracts literally and not only gives strength, but also absorbs negativity.

Energy Features

The energy of the Earth, as a rule, penetrates the human body through the three main chakras located in the lower part of the body. It is possible to receive flows from the chakra in the coccyx or through the soles of the feet, but for this it is necessary to walk more often on the grass or sand mound.

Upper energy centers, in turn, absorb the power of the Cosmos, and at the central nodal point, all flows converge and harmonize. When some kind of shift occurs and one of the energies begins to be lacking, the imbalance manifests itself not only at the spiritual level.

There is another version, according to which the energy of the earth enters the body through an ascending longitudinal energy flow. From above, the power of the sun enters the body. Then each of the energies diverges through the body thanks to small channels.

The energy system resembles the structure of the nervous system, so each human cell receives the right amount of earth power.

Among some bioenergetics it is considered that the terrestrial energy flow is divided into two types. The manifested energy is planetary, and the latent energy is Divine. In the first case, we are talking about the dominant force, with the help of which life exists on our planet. However, planetary energy can also be individual, related to different elements elements.

The manifest power of the earth is the energy that always surrounds our space in the form of low vibrations that are felt by man.

Mountains, trees and other elements of the earth with a dense structure can be considered energy flows of this type. Planetary energy enters the human body from food, water, fire, air, minerals, and plants. It is necessary for the healing and harmonization of the body. Due to these flows, the grounding of cosmic and solar energies is carried out, which in large quantities could harm a person if not for our planet.

As for the unmanifested energy, it also has several levels.

First, there is the Earth's aura — a stream that surrounds the planet, storing unique vibrations and passing through all life on earth, even through the thin shells of individuals.
Secondly, the Divine flow can also refer only to the element of earth and pass through physical shells, protecting the energy of a person.

There is an opinion that the very body of an individual is a combination of planetary energy belonging to different elements. But in any person there is also the Divine power of the earth, which helps to communicate with the Higher Self. It is this energy that distinguishes a person from other living beings. In turn, the merging of the planetary and Divine energies of the earth guarantees renewal physical body, transforming it through new cells. This energy harmony allows a person to survive in an abundance of material energy.

Part of the Divine flows from the earth is sent to human cells for self-healing. This energy helps blood circulation, brain function.

Divine energy emanating from the Earth gives mental development to the individual. She is driven by his philosophical reflections on death and life, his place in the world. If this earthly force is lacking, the existence of man resembles simple animal inertia, the rule of instincts. But, as a rule, this flow of earth easily penetrates the body through the channels of the brain (both bone, and spinal, and brain).

The points of entry and exit of this type of energy are located on the fingers of a person. In fact, our planet passes its own forces through the body of an individual, in order to then enter the Cosmos, where the largest energy exchange, necessary for the Universe, will be completed.

The earthly Divine energy most often encounters the difficulty of getting out of a person. Many people block this flow in themselves due to their anxiety, personal or social upheavals. Nervous tension creates a blockage at the point of departure of the currents of the earth into the Cosmos, from which the individual suffers from weakness, migraine, heartache and dizziness. You can remove such an energy plug by changing the situation, creating a calm atmosphere. It may also be necessary to attract the energy of the earth as an element (i.e. manifested energy).

There is also another type of earthly energy of divine origin. It comes from the past, from the Tree of the Sort of Personality. The power of the planet is involved here, as well as the energy due to which the Human race was conceived. When this type of energy is present in minimal amounts, the subject from childhood may lag behind in development and have physical disabilities.

The energy of the earth from the Tree of Family sometimes does not enter the human body due to contamination of the birth canal, which suffers from curses, the energy of sinful life, and large energy stagnations. This energy is necessary for the individual to spiritual development, the growth of mystical forces. It enters first through the channel to the brain, then washes the spine and diverges along nerve endings to all cells and parts of the body.

The strength of earthly energy from the Tree of the Family directly depends on the desire of the person himself, therefore, with the proper level of preparation, you can heal yourself with such a stream, while engaging the activity of the subconscious and consciousness.

There is also an opinion that this type of energy from the earth can help in the transition to the fourth dimension. These currents reveal the possibilities of new vibrations, promote telekinesis, levitation, etc.

Each of the types of the earthly Divine flow must be balanced in the human body by the energy of the Cosmos (also of the Divine type). But only the individual himself can manage these vibrations, passing them through his body and creating a specific program of energy action. The program means a specific will, which is addressed to the flow of Divine energy. In other words, the unmanifested energy of the earth can fulfill desires and not only. With its help, you can cleanse yourself of microbes and bacteria, from blood pollution, and relieve vasospasm.

Planetary energy is usually subject to higher vibrations of the Divine energy of the earth, because it is they who are guided by the thoughts of the individual and work with energy pollution, negative attitudes. Proponents of this concept often resort to working with the earthly energy of the Divine type due to special minerals in the form of eggs. With their help, you can open new channels in the body and remove unnecessary emotions, as well as restore tissue structures in the body.

It is worth noting that, from the point of view of some scientists, terrestrial energy is also divided into free and potential. The first type is available to humans when in contact with nature, and the second provides gravity and is not transmitted to living beings in order to avoid chaos. In the body of an individual, the energy of the earth circulates other types of energy and warns against energy hunger, and also controls metabolism. The energy of our planet is the basis for all human life force, it is it that blends perfectly with any organism.

Speaking about the varieties of earthly energy, one cannot ignore the negative side of the forces of our planet. Dark spirits are changing the energy of the earth's surface in many places. Because of this, the light aura of a person can suffer from a long stay in a geopathogenic territory. The so-called areas of vampirism take away energy, destroy both the ethereal and the physical shell. A lot of necrotic type energy is also collected in these points of the earth, destructive forces. Such earthly energy is useful only for black sorcerers and psychics.

Support from the ground and its lack

Streams from the earth's surface are constantly emitted, but not all the energy comes to a person. AT modern world a person rarely walks, especially with bare feet, he interacts little with nature. Hence the loss of ties with the ancestors, the loss of endurance and natural strength. But the support of the earth would be enough for the whole society. How more people communicate with the earth, the more power they receive from it.

If a person lacks the energy of the earth, he is in a depressed state. The joy of life and pleasure elude such an individual, he begins to have problems in the sexual sphere, in the field of finance. The lack of such natural strength interferes with the realization of dreams, the construction of plans. Stability and stability disappear, which means that a person turns into an irritable and insecure subject, a passive observer of his difficulties. The individual begins to perceive himself as a stranger in own life, he loses his self and the basic energy of life, plunging into a state of nervousness, fear, illusions.

The energy of the earth's surface goes to nourish all parts of the body, they develop and renew themselves at the molecular level. But most importantly, the energy of the earth can be used to develop such spiritual qualities as mercy, responsiveness, calmness, kindness, harmony, and even maternal instinct. The lack of earthly energy in the body leads to diseases of cardio-vascular system, emotional breakdowns, breaks in the biofield.

The power of the earth can be effectively used for general recharging of the body, healing procedures. The impact of this energy on a person can be seen, for example, in churches and cathedrals, where the ceiling in the form of a dome collects under itself all the power from the surface of the earth. Such energy is enhanced by the gilding and tinplate that line the domes. In addition, gravity helps to restore sexual desire. For this, it is useful to use self-massage with the palms, which distributes energy throughout the body and prevents the appearance of energy holes in the biofield.

So, the earth is a symbol of a wholesome life, rebirth and protection, care and restraint. It is due to its energy that one can turn to the ancient resources of a kind in order to regain lost health or restore material status.

How to feel the power of the earth

For absorption natural energy from the planet people resort to different methods. Some of the techniques are reminiscent of simple relaxation, others are sophisticated concentrating meditations, while others are a form of active leisure. Everyone can choose something to their taste.

Touch different elements earth element as often as possible

Contacts must be conscious, i.e. it is necessary to mentally formulate your desire to recharge with useful energy. Even stones can be used as a source of earthly power.

It is no less useful to cuddle with trees and grow plants on your site, periodically contemplating their development process.

Walk in nature

You can get out to a nearby park or drive to the nearest forest. The walk should be secluded and silent, you need to escape from the chaos of the city and everyday difficulties. Try to awaken the energy of contemplation in yourself, absorb the support of the earth.

Walk barefoot

It has already been indicated above that the main flow of terrestrial energy enters through a person's feet in direct contact with the surface. If touching the ground with your palms seems not enough, you can take off your shoes on unpaved sections of the road and walk.

It is also enough to stand on such land with eyes closed, relaxing and imagining how the energy channels in the body are filled. In summer, you can run barefoot on the grass and admire at the same time clear sky. Try to spread your legs shoulder-width apart and do not load your hands with unnecessary movements.

Visualize the flow of energy

Walking in a quiet corner of nature or being without shoes on clean soil, you can imagine how the energy flow rises from the depths of the earth and enters the body through the feet, penetrating the spine and rising to the top of the head.

Then the energy begins to move from top to bottom and again goes into the deep layers of the planet. The visualization of natural energy exchange can be completed by relaxing on the grass in a lying position with legs and arms spread out to the sides.

Meditate as a tree

Imagine yourself as part of the earth, which receives all the necessary minerals and vitamins from the soil. Feel how energy is being sucked out of the earth with the help of the root system of the tree, which your feet have turned into.

Your crown is a crown that goes high into the clouds. You can even lie down on the ground in summer and, being dressed in light clothing, almost physical level to feel the saturation of your own energy space with the forces of the planet, its care and stability. At the same time, it is important not to forget about proper breathing.

If you are meditating in a standing position, spread your legs, imagining how the stones pin you to the ground. Place your palms on your thighs with your fingers apart. With each exhalation, your energy will go into the depths of the planet and be purified there. Once refreshed, it fills your body as you inhale. Breathe deeply with your belly, let the air revitalize your body, and let the soft currents of the earth through your feet enter your lungs.

At the end of this practice, you can imagine yourself at that point on the planet where you feel most calm. Relax there and return to reality.

Take a mud bath

Surprisingly, the source of terrestrial energy is not only piles of sand or soil, but also other substances. Getting dirty in therapeutic mud or clay is not only medically beneficial, but also fun.

In addition, bathing of this type perfectly returns the lost power of the earth to the body. It is no coincidence that children crawl through mud or grass with great pleasure.

Arrange fasting days

The energy of the earth is stored in many natural products and liquids. Therefore, you can organize at least once a week the so-called day of live nutrition. Consume the gifts of the planet, using, for example, pure spring water and unprocessed vegetables or fruits. At the same time, it is desirable to thank the earth for all its generous gifts.

Meet the sunrise

With the onset of each day, you can immediately become barefoot on bare ground turning to face east. Next, you should thank both the sun and the planet, as well as yourself and life itself for the possibility of new achievements.

Merge with the earth

Stand in nature with your eyes closed, preferably barefoot. Imagine your feet in the form of large balls, partially submerged in the ground. Inhale deeply, imagining how the energy flows through these spheres into the body. Hold your breath so that the power of the earth disperses throughout the body. When you exhale, you give some of the energy back.

If you have enough physical training and no psychological clamps, you can stand up, spread your legs in line with your shoulders, bend your knees slightly and, closing your eyes, squat. Imagine at the same time that the energies of the legs merge with the currents of the earth.

Feel how the body slowly sinks into the deep layers of the earth.

Use yoga practice

Sit in nature in a shady quiet corner, cross-legged and placing your hands on your knees. Connect your index fingers with your thumbs and stretch your arms, touching the soil with the rest of your fingers. Breathe slowly and deeply, feeling that the energy of the earth with each breath penetrates the body through the fingertips.

Relax as much as possible and discard unnecessary thoughts.

Get earthly energy with solar

Retire early in the morning in a quiet place. Rub your hands together. Then imagine that you have one more hands and rub your real palms with them already mentally so that energy channels open there.

Try to stroke the walls of these channels, expand, increase their sensitivity to the actions of the second pair of hands. Then you need to visualize a luminous sphere, which you will knead with imaginary hands. The ball increases to the diameters of the energy channels and begins to move along them, thereby cleaning.

Similarly, you visualize the channels on the soles of the feet, massaging them with your mental palms and clearing them with a ball of light. Next, stand at sunrise, focus on the channels in your hands. Feel how your palms become weightless, they are ready to receive energy.

Then concentrate on the feet, do the same. Now the energy of the sun begins to flow through the hands, and the currents of the earth penetrate through the channels of the feet. The energy is soft and warm, the limbs pulsate and heat up from it.

You feel clean, energized, cheerful. Fatigue leaves the body.

Feed on the currents of the Earth and Space at the same time

This exercise helps to fill up with energy before physical or mental activity. Take a seated posture with a straight spine, press your feet to the floor, and point your palms up. Cover your eyelids. Visualize heavy currents of earth force rushing into the body through the feet. Energy enters the spine, from there it goes to the arms and head.

Simultaneously space wave of lightness and light descends on you from the top of your head to the spine, leaving in the feet. The energies meet at the bottom of the spine and intertwine. They fill the whole body with strength. If you plan to engage in spiritual activities, imagine how the energy comes out of the head or hands (in the case of writing).

For physical work it is necessary to visualize the exit of flows through the legs and arms.

People who receive energy from the earth, as a result of such exercises, become harmonious personalities.

It must be remembered that the forces of the planet at the physical level develop a person, strengthening his immunity, muscular system. But the most important thing is that the earthly energy flow helps to work on your consciousness, soul and heart. Due to regular merging with the power of the planet, one can achieve longevity, establish contact with the ancestors and discover paranormal abilities in oneself.

Page 1

The thickness of the earth's crust here does not exceed 5 - 7 km, there is no granite layer in its composition, and the thickness of the sedimentary layer is insignificant, which sharply reduces the prospects for the oil and gas bearing of these territories.

The thickness of the earth's crust as a whole decreases if the geotherm moves closer to the temperature axis, which is ensured by high thermal conductivity associated with the circulation of water masses from the free surface down to the lower crust, as, for example, in the case of the Pannonian Basin.

At present, the thickness of the earth's crust is, on average, taken to be equal to ⅓ of the diameter of the earth.

feature continental crust is the presence of mountain roots - a sharp increase in the thickness of the earth's crust under large mountain systems. Under the Himalayas, the thickness of the crust, apparently, reaches 70 - 80 km.

The conditions were approximately the same in the subsequent, Catharhean, period of the Earth's development, which lasted probably 0 5 billion years (4 0 - 3 5 billion years ago), when the thickness of the earth's crust gradually increased and, probably, its differentiation into more powerful and stable and less powerful and moving sections.

Country of mountains and lowlands Far East has a conditional border: in the west and north it coincides with the valleys of the Olek-ma, Aldan, Yudoma and Okhota rivers, in the east it includes the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, in the south it runs along state border. The thickness of the earth's crust reaches 30 - 45 km and mirrors the main large orographic units.

The southern flank of the Greater Caucasus (in the north and northeast of the region) is a fan-shaped folded asymmetric structure, composed mainly of Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits, and is characterized by significant seismicity. The thickness of the earth's crust is 45 - 80 km. Both anomalous regions identified by us are located here. According to magnetotelluric sounding data [Sholpo, 1978], a layer of increased conductivity is located under the Greater Caucasus in a narrow strip along the main ridge and the southern slope, but in the east it expands and captures areas of Dagestan, where limestone deposits are developed. This layer has a thickness of about 5 - 10 km and is located at a depth of 20 - 25 km under the axial zone of the meganticlinorium. Along the strike, this layer gradually subsides to 60–75 km at the periclines. The Lesser Caucasus (in the southwest of the region), with morphologically distinct volcanic apparatuses, is divided into three large megablocks. The western flank of the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by the development of Mesozoic volcanogenic-sedimentary formations and intrusions. It is distinguished by gentle folding.

Structural-tectonic scheme of the ultra-deep part of the Tunguska rift system (compiled by Yu.T. Afanasiev, Yu.S. Kuvykin using the Oil and Gas Map of the USSR.

The identified massifs are characterized by the continental type of sections of the earth's crust; in rift systems, its thickness is significantly reduced. Other calculations [Kogan, 1975] estimate the thickness of the earth's crust up to 25 - 20 km in the central parts of the Tunguska and Vilyui depressions, up to 25 - 30 km in the Sayano-Yenisei depression and up to 30 - 35 km - in the meridional system of rifts separating the Anabar and Olenek -sky arrays.

The South Caspian depression has an oceanic-type section of the earth's crust. The granite layer is absent within the deep-water parts of the South Caspian, and the thickness of the earth's crust does not exceed 50 km. The following major geostructural elements have been identified within the SRS: on the sea, this is the Apsheron-Pribalkhan uplift zone. The Baku archipelago, the Turkmen structural terrace and the deep-water zone of the South Caspian, and on land - the Kura depression, which is divided into the Nizhnekurinsky and Srednekurinsky depressions by the zone of the Talysh-Vandam maximum. The Apsheron-Pribalkhan uplift zone crosses the South Caspian in the sublatitudinal direction.

The emergence of large mountain structures as a result of the manifestation of endogenous factors stimulates the activity of surface, exogenous, agents aimed at the destruction of mountains. At the same time, smoothing, leveling of the relief by the action of exogenous factors leads to a reduction in the thickness of the earth's crust, a decrease in its load on the deeper shells of the Earth and is often accompanied by an ascent, uplifting of the crust. Thus, the melting of a powerful glacier and the destruction of mountains in the north of Europe, according to scientists, is the cause of the uplifting of Scandinavia.

The thickness of the earth's crust in different parts of the globe does not remain constant. The crust reaches its greatest thickness on the continents, and especially under mountain structures (here the thickness of the granite shell reaches 30-40 km); It is assumed that under the oceans the thickness of the earth's crust, devoid of a granite shell, does not exceed 6 - 8 km.

"We do not know exactly when terrestrial magnetism, however, this could have happened shortly after the formation of the mantle and the outer core. To turn on the geodynamo, an external seed field is required, and not necessarily a powerful one. This role, for example, could be assumed by the magnetic field of the Sun, or the field of currents generated in the core due to the thermoelectric effect. Ultimately, not too important, there were enough sources of magnetism. In the presence of such a field and the circular motion of the currents of the conducting fluid, the launch of an intraplanetary dynamo becomes simply inevitable.

David Stevenson, professor at the California Psychological Institute - the largest specialist in planetary magnetism

Earth is a huge generator of inexhaustible electrical energy

Back in the 16th century, the English physician and physicist William Gilbert suggested that the globe is a giant magnet, and the famous French scientist Andre Marie Ampère (1775-1836), after whom the physical quantity, which determines the strength of the electric current, proved that our Planet is a huge dynamo that generates an electric current. At the same time, the Earth's magnetic field is a derivative of this current, which flows around the Earth from west to east, and for this reason the Earth's magnetic field is directed from south to north. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, after a significant number of practical experiments, the famous scientist and experimenter Nikola Tesla, the assumptions of W. Gilbert and A. Ampère were confirmed. We will talk about some of N. Tesla's experiments and their practical results later, directly in this article.

Interesting data on huge, in their magnitude, electric currents flowing in the depths of ocean waters, he reported from his work "Go around the hollows" (magazine "Inventor and Rationalizer" No. 11. 1980), candidate technical sciences, author of scientific papers in the fields of mechanical engineering, acoustics, metal physics, radio equipment technology, author of more than 40 inventions - Alftan Erminingelt Alekseevich. A natural question arises: "What is this natural dynamo and is it possible to use the inexhaustible energy of this electric current generator in the interests of man?" The purpose of this article is to find answers to this and other questions related to this topic.

Section 1 What is the root cause of the electric current inside the Earth? What are the potentials of electric and magnetic fields above the Earth's surface, due to the flow of electric current inside our Planet?

The internal structure of the Earth, its bowels and the earth's crust was formed over billions of years. Under the influence of its own gravitational field, its bowels heated up, and this led to the differentiation of the internal structure of the bowels of the Earth and its shell - the earth's crust in terms of aggregate state, chemical composition and physical properties, as a result of which the bowels of the Earth and its near-Earth space acquired the following structure:

The core of the Earth, located in the center of the inner earth sphere;
- Mantle;
- Earth's crust;
- Hydrosphere;
- Atmosphere;
- Magnetosphere

The Earth's crust, mantle, and the interior of the Earth's core are made up of solid matter. The outer part of the Earth's core consists mainly of a molten mass of iron, with the addition of nickel, silicon and a small amount of other elements. The main type of the earth's crust is continental and oceanic; in the transition zone from the mainland to the ocean, an intermediate crust is developed.

The core of the Earth is the central, deepest geosphere of the Planet. The average core radius is about 3.5 thousand kilometers. The core itself consists of an outer and an inner part (sub-kernel). The temperature in the center of the core reaches about 5000 degrees Celsius, the density is about 12.5 tons/m2, and the pressure is up to 361 GPa. AT last years new, additional information about the core of the Earth appeared. As was established by scientists Paul Richards (Limonte-Doherty Earth Observatory) and Xiaodong Song (University of Illinois), the molten iron core of the Planet, when it rotates around the Earth's axis, outruns the rotation of the rest of the globe by 0.25-0.5 degrees per year. The diameter of the solid, inner part of the nucleus (subnucleus) was determined. It is 2.414 thousand kilometers (magazine "Discoveries and Hypotheses", November. 2005. Kyiv).

At present, the following main hypothesis is being put forward, which explains the occurrence of an electric current inside the molten outer shell of the Earth's core. The essence of this hypothesis is as follows: The rotation of the Earth around its axis leads to the emergence of turbulence in the outer, molten shell of the core, which, in turn, leads to the emergence of an electric current flowing inside the molten iron. I think that as a hypothesis, we can make the following assumption. Since the outer, molten part of the shell of the Earth's core is in constant motion both relative to its sub-core and relative to the outer part of the Earth's Mantle, and this process takes place over a very long period of time, electrolysis of the molten outer part of the Earth's core has occurred. As a result of the electrolysis process, a directed movement of free electrons arose, in huge amount located in the molten mass of iron, as a result of which a huge electric current was formed in the closed circuit of the outer core, apparently its value can be estimated at no less than hundreds of millions of amperes and more. In turn, magnetic field lines formed around the electric current lines of force, shifted relative to the electric current lines of force by 90 degrees. Having passed through the huge thickness of the Earth, the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields has decreased significantly. And if we talk specifically about the strength of the Earth's magnetic field lines, then at its magnetic poles, the strength of the Earth's magnetic field is 0.63 gauss.

In addition to the above hypotheses, I hope it would be appropriate to cite the results of research by French scientists, as described in the article "The Core of the Earth" by the author Leonid Popov. The full text of the article is posted on the Internet, and I will give only a small part of the specified text.

"A group of researchers from the universities of Joseph, Fourier and Lyon argue that the inner core of the Earth is constantly crystallizing in the west and melting in the east. The entire mass of the inner core is slowly shifting from the west side to the east at a speed of 1.5 cm per year. The age of the inner solid body of the core is estimated at 2-4 billion years, while the earth is 4.5 billion years old.

Such powerful processes of solidification and melting obviously cannot but affect the convective flows in the outer core. This means that they affect both the planetary dynamo and the earth's magnetic field and the behavior of the mantle and the movement of the continents.

Isn't this the key to the discrepancy between the rotation speeds of the core and the rest of the planet and the way to explain the accelerating shift magnetic poles?" (Internet, the topic of the article is "The core of the Earth is constantly digesting itself." Author Leonid Popov. August 9, 2010)

According to the equations of James Maxwell (1831-1879), electric current lines of force are formed around the magnetic field lines, coinciding in their direction with the direction of current movement inside the outer molten core of the Planet. Consequently, both inside the "body" of the Earth and around the near-Earth surface, there must be electric field lines, and the farther the electric (as well as the magnetic field) field is from the Earth's core, the lower the intensity of its lines of force. So actually it should be, and there is real confirmation of this assumption.

Let's open the "Handbook of Physics" by the author A.S. Enokovich (Moscow. Prosveshchenie Publishing House, 1990) and refer to the data given in Table 335 "Physical Parameters of the Earth". Reading:
- Electric field strength
directly at the surface of the Earth - 130 volts / m;
- At a height of 0.5 km on the surface of the Earth - 50 volts / m;
- At a height of 3 km above the Earth's surface - 30 volts / m;
- At a height of 12 km above the Earth's surface - 2.5 volts / m;

Here the magnitude of the electric charge of the Earth is given - 57-10 to the fourth power of the pendant.

Recall that the unit of the amount of electricity in 1 coulomb is equal to the amount of electricity passing through the cross section at a current strength of 1 ampere in a time of 1 second.

Practically in all sources carrying information about the magnetic and electric fields of the Earth, it is noted that they are of a pulsating nature.

Section 2. Reasons for the occurrence of pulsations of the magnetic and electric force fields of the Planet.

It is known that the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field is not constant and increases with latitude. The maximum intensity of the force lines of the Earth's magnetic field is observed at its poles, the minimum - at the equator of the Planet. It does not remain constant during the day at all latitudes of the Earth. Daily pulsations of the magnetic field are caused by a number of reasons: Cyclic changes in solar activity; orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun; daily rotation of the earth around own axis; the influence on the molten mass of the outer core of the Earth of the forces of gravity (gravitational forces) of other planets of the solar system. It is quite clear that the pulsations of the intensity of the magnetic field lines of force, in turn, cause pulsations of the electric field of the Planet. Our Earth, during orbital rotation around the Sun, in an almost circular orbit, either approaches the other planets of the solar system that orbit the Sun in their orbits, then moves away from them to maximum distances. Let us consider specifically how the minimum and maximum distances between the Earth and other planets of the solar system change as they move along their orbits around the Sun:

The minimum distance between the Earth and Mercury is 82x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 217x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and Venus is 38x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 261x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between Earth and Mars is 56x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 400x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and Jupiter is 588x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 967x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and Saturn is 1199x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 1650x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and Uranus is 2568x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 3153x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and Neptune is 4309x10 to the 9th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 4682x10 to the 9th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and the Moon is 3.56x10 to the 8th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 4.07x10 to the 8th degree m;
- The minimum distance between the Earth and the Sun is 1.47x10 to the 11th power of m;
-The maximum distance between them is 1.5x10 to the 11th degree m;

Using known formula Newton and substituting into it data on the maximum and minimum distances between the planets of the solar system and the Earth, data on the minimum and maximum distances between the Earth and the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, as well as reference data on the masses of the planets of the solar system, the Moon and the Sun and data on the magnitude gravitational constant, we determine the minimum and maximum values gravitational forces (gravitational forces) acting on our Planet, and consequently, on its molten core, during the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun and during the orbital motion of the Moon around the Earth:

The magnitude of the gravitational force between Mercury and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 1.77x10 to the 15th power of kg;
- Appropriate maximum distance between them - 2.5x10 to the 14th degree kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between Venus and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 1.35x10 to the 17th degree of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them -2.86x10 to the 15th degree kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between Mars and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 8.5x10 to the 15th power of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 1.66x10 to the 14th degree of kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between Jupiter and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 2.23x10 to the 17th power of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 8.25x10 to the 16th degree of kg; - The magnitude of the gravitational force between Saturn and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 1.6x10 to the 16th power of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 8.48x10 to the 15th degree of kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between Uranus and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 5.31x10 to the 14th degree of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 3.56x10 to the 16th degree of kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between Neptune and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 2.27x10 to the 14th degree of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 1.92x10 to the 14th degree of kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between the Moon and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 2.31x10 to the 19th degree of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 1.77x10 to the 19th degree of kg;
- The magnitude of the gravitational force between the Sun and the Earth, corresponding to the minimum distance between them - 3.69x10 to the 21st degree of kg;
- Corresponding to the maximum distance between them - 3.44x10 to the 21st degree kg;

One can see what huge magnitudes of gravitational forces act on the outer, molten core of the Earth. One can only imagine how these perturbing forces, acting simultaneously from different sides on this molten mass of iron, force it either to shrink or to increase its cross section and, as a result, cause pulsations in the strengths of both the electric and magnetic fields of the Planet. These pulsations are periodic in nature, their frequency spectrum lies in the infrasonic and very low frequency ranges.

Also, the process of formation of pulsations of the strengths of electric and magnetic fields is affected, though to a lesser extent, diurnal rotation Earth around its own axis. Indeed, the gravitational forces of the planets, the Moon, the Sun, which are in this particular period of the day from the side frontal surface Earth, have a slightly more perturbing effect on the molten mass of the planet's core than in the same period of daily time on the back (rear) side of the core mass. At the same time, the part of the core directed towards the Sun (Moon, planet) is extended towards the object of the perturbing influence, and the back (reverse) side of the molten mass of iron, at the same time, is compressed towards the central solid sub-core of the Earth, reducing its cross section.

Section 3 Can the electric field of the Earth be used for practical purposes?

Before we get an answer to this question, let's try to conduct a mental virtual experiment, the essence of which is as follows. We will place it at an altitude of 0.5 km. from the surface of the Earth (mentally, of course) a metal electrode, the role of which will be played by a flat metal plate with an area of 1x1 m2. Let's orient this plate relative to the lines of force of the Earth's electric field in such a way that they penetrate its surface, that is, the surface of this plate should be set perpendicular to the lines of force of the electric field directed from west to east. The second, exactly the same electrode, we will place in the same way directly at the surface of the Earth. Let's measure the electric potential difference between these electrodes. According to the data given above from the Handbook of Physics, this measured electric potential should be 130v-50v=80 volts.

Let's continue the thought experiment, slightly changing the initial conditions. We will install a metal electrode, which was located directly at the surface of the Earth, on its surface and carefully ground it. Let us lower the second metal electrode into the shaft to a depth of 0.5 km and, as in the previous case, orient it relative to the lines of force of the Earth's electric field. Let's again measure the value electrical potential between these electrodes. We should see a significant difference in the magnitudes of the measured potentials of the Earth's electric field. And the deeper, inside the Earth, we will lower the second electrode, the higher will be the values of the measured potential differences of the electric field of the Planet. And if we could measure the difference in electric potentials between the outer liquid core of the Earth and its surface, then, apparently, these potential differences, both in voltage and in power, should be enough to meet the electricity needs of the entire population of our Planet.

But everything we talked about, unfortunately, is still being considered in the field of virtual, thought experiments. And now let's turn to the results of practical experiments that were carried out at the beginning of the 20th century by Nikola Tesla and published in his works.

In his laboratory in Colorado Springs (USA), built in the Wardenclyffe area, N. Tesla organized experiments that made it possible to transmit information through the thickness of the Earth to its opposite side. As a basis for the successful implementation of the planned experiment, N. Tesla suggested using the electrical potential of the Planet, since he had made sure a little earlier that the Earth was electrically charged.

To carry out the planned experiments, according to his proposals, tower-antennas were built, up to 60 meters high, with a copper hemisphere on their tops. These copper hemispheres played the role of the same metal electrode, which we spoke about above. The foundations of the constructed towers went underground to a depth of 40 meters, where the buried surface of the earth played the role of a second electrode. The result of the experiments N. Tesla described in his published article "Wireless transmission of electrical energy" (March 5, 1904). He wrote: "It is possible not only to send telegraph messages without wires, but also to convey weak modulations of the human voice across the entire globe and, moreover, to transmit energy in unlimited quantities over any distance and without loss"

And further, in the same article: "In the middle of June, while preparing for another work, I set up one of my step-down transformers with the aim of determining in an innovative way, experimentally, the electric potential of the globe and studying its periodic and random fluctuations. This formed part a plan carefully formed in advance. A highly sensitive, automatically actuated device controlling the recording device was connected to the secondary circuit, while the primary was connected to the surface of the Earth ... It turned out that the Earth, in the literal sense of the word, lives by electrical vibrations. "

Convincing proof that the Earth is indeed a huge natural generator of inexhaustible electrical energy and this energy is of a pulsating harmonious nature. In some of the few articles on the topic under consideration, it is suggested that earthquakes, explosions in mines and on oil-producing offshore platforms, all these are the results of the manifestation of terrestrial electricity.

On our planet, a significant number of hollow natural formations, going deep into the Earth, there is also a significant number of deep mines where you can spend practical research to determine the possibilities of using electrical energy generated by the natural generator of our Planet. One can only hope that such studies will someday be carried out.

Section 4. What happens to the Earth's electric field when a linear lightning discharges onto its surface?

The results of experiments carried out by N. Tesla convincingly prove that our Planet is a natural generator of inexhaustible electrical energy. Moreover, the maximum potential of this energy is contained within the molten metal shell of the outer core of the Planet and decreases as it approaches its surface and beyond the surface of the Earth. The results of experiments carried out by N.Tesla also convincingly prove that the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth are of a periodic pulsating nature, and the spectrum of pulsation frequencies lies in the range of infrasonic and very low frequencies. And this means the following - by acting on the pulsating electric field of the Earth with the help of an external source of harmonic oscillations, close or equal in frequency to the natural pulsations of the Earth's electric field, one can achieve the phenomenon of their resonance. N. Tesla wrote: "When reducing electric waves to an insignificant amount and achieving necessary conditions resonance, the circuit (discussed above) will work like a huge pendulum, storing indefinitely the energy of the original exciting pulses, and the consequences of exposing the Earth and its conducting atmosphere to uniform harmonic oscillations of radiation, which, as tests in real conditions show, can develop up to to such an extent that they will surpass those achieved by natural manifestations of static electricity "(Article" Wireless transmission of electrical energy "March 6, 1904).

And what is the resonance of vibrations? "Resonance is a sharp increase in the amplitude of steady-state forced oscillations as the frequency of an external harmonic effect approaches the frequency of one of the natural oscillations of the system" (Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. "Soviet encyclopedia". Moscow. 1983)

Nikola Tesla, in his experiments, used both natural and artificial linear lightning discharges, which he and his assistants experimentally created in his laboratory, as a source of external influence to achieve resonance conditions inside the Earth.
What is linear lightning and how can it be used as external source harmonic oscillations capable of creating a resonance of oscillations within the Earth?

Let's open the "Handbook of Physics", table 240. Physical parameters of lightning:
- duration (average) of a flash of a lightning discharge, C - 0.2 sec.
(Note: Lightning is perceived by the eye as a single flash, in reality it is an intermittent discharge, consisting of separate discharges-pulses, the number of which is 2-3, but can reach up to 50).
- diameter (average) of the lightning channel, cm - 16.
- lightning current strength (typical value), A - 2x10 to the 4th degree.
- average length lightning (between the cloud and the Earth), km - 2 - 3.
- potential difference in the event of lightning, V - up to 4x10 to the 9th degree.
- number lightning discharges above the Earth in 1 second - about 100.
Thus, lightning is an electrical impulse of great power and short duration. Specialists working in the field of pulse technology can confirm the following fact - the shorter the pulse duration (the shorter the pulse), the richer the frequency spectrum of harmonic electrical oscillations that form this pulse. Consequently, lightning, which is a short-term impulse of electrical energy, includes a number of harmonic electrical oscillations that lie in a wide frequency range, including infra-low and very low frequencies. In this case, the maximum pulse power is distributed precisely in the region of precisely these frequencies. And this fact means that the harmonic oscillations that occur when a linear lightning discharges onto the Earth's surface can provide a resonance when interacting with its own periodic oscillations (pulsations) of the Earth's electric field. In the article "Controlled Lightning" dated March 8, 1904, N. Tesla wrote: "The discovery of terrestrial standing waves shows that despite its huge size (meaning the size of the Earth), the whole planet can be subjected to resonant vibrations like a small tuning fork electrical vibrations, given in accordance with its physical characteristics and size, pass through it unhindered. "It is known that in their experiments, in order to achieve the phenomenon of resonance, N. Tesla and his assistants created artificial linear lightning (spark discharges) a little over 3 meters long with a very short duration) and electric potential - more than fifty million volts.

And here a very interesting question arises: "Isn't the Tunguska meteorite a consequence of the resonant effect of natural linear lightning on the Earth's electric field?" The issue of the influence of artificial linear lightning created in N. Tesla's laboratory on the appearance of the Tunguska meteorite is not considered here, since during the time associated with the events of the Tunguska meteorite, N. Tesla's laboratory was no longer working.

Here is how witnesses of this phenomenon describe the events associated with the so-called Tunguska meteorite. On June 17 (30), 1908, at about 7 o'clock in the morning, a huge fireball swept over the territory of the Yenisei River basin. Its flight ended with a huge explosion that occurred at an altitude of 7 to 10 km from the Earth's surface. The power of the explosion, as experts later determined, approximately corresponded to the power of an explosion of a hydrogen bomb from 10 to 40 megatons of TNT equivalent.

Let us pay special attention to the fact that this event took place in summer period time, that is, during the formation of frequent summer thunderstorms, accompanied by lightning discharges. And we know that it was the discharges of linear lightning on the Earth's surface that could cause resonant phenomena inside the globe, which, in turn, could contribute to the formation of ball lightning of enormous electric power. As a confirmation of the version expressed, and not only by me, let's turn to the "Encyclopedic Dictionary": "Ball lightning is a luminous spheroid with a diameter of 10 cm or more, usually formed after a linear lightning strike and consisting, apparently, of non-equilibrium plasma." But that's not all. Let us turn to N. Tesla's article "Conversation with the Planet" dated February 9, 1901. Here is an excerpt from this article: "I have already demonstrated through decisive tests the practical feasibility of transmitting a signal using my system from one point to another point on the globe, no matter how far apart, and soon I will convert non-believers to my faith. I have everything reason to congratulate myself on the fact that during these experiments, many of which were extremely subtle and risky, neither I nor my assistants received any injuries.During the work with these powerful electrical vibrations, the most unusual phenomena. Due to some interference of oscillations, real fireballs, and if anyone was in their path or near, he would be instantly destroyed."

As we can see, it is still too early to rule out the possibility of the participation of ball lightning in the above-described events associated with the Tunguska meteorite. Frequent summer thunderstorms occurring at this time of the year, linear lightning strikes could cause ball lightning, and it could occur far outside the Yenisei River basin and then, "traveling" at great speed along the lines of force of the Earth's electric field, end up in that area where the above events took place.

Conclusion
Natural energetic resources The planets are inexorably shrinking. There are active searches alternative sources energy, allowing to come to replace the disappearing ones. It seems that the time has come to engage in deep research, both theoretically and practically, in determining the possibility of using the electrical potential of a natural generator of electrical energy in the interests of Man. And if it is confirmed that such a possibility exists, and, at the same time, the earth generator, as a result of using its energy, will not be harmed, then it is quite possible that the electric field of the Planets will serve people as one of the alternative energy sources.

Kleschevich V.A. September-November 2011 (Kharkov)

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The thickness of the earth's crust here does not exceed 5–7 km, it does not contain a granite layer, and the thickness of the sedimentary layer is insignificant, which sharply reduces the prospects for the oil and gas bearing of these territories.

At present, the thickness of the earth's crust is, on average, taken to be equal to ⅓ of the diameter of the earth.

A feature of the continental crust is the presence of mountain roots - a sharp increase in the thickness of the earth's crust under large mountain systems.

Under the Himalayas, the thickness of the crust, apparently, reaches 70 - 80 km.

The conditions were approximately the same in the subsequent, Catharchean, period of the Earth's development, which probably lasted 0.5 billion years.

years (4 0 - 3 5 billion years ago), when the thickness of the earth's crust gradually increased and, probably, its differentiation into more powerful and stable and less powerful and mobile sections took place.

The country of mountains and lowlands of the Far East has a conditional border: in the west and north it coincides with the valleys of the Olek-ma, Aldan, Yudoma and Okhota rivers, in the east it includes the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, in the south it runs along the state border.

The thickness of the earth's crust reaches 30-45 km and mirrors the main large orographic units.

Both anomalous regions identified by us are located here. According to magnetotelluric sounding data [Sholpo, 1978], a layer of increased conductivity is located under the Greater Caucasus in a narrow strip along the main ridge and the southern slope, but in the east it expands and captures areas of Dagestan, where limestone deposits are developed. This layer is about 5-10 km thick and is located at a depth of 20-25 km under the axial zone of the meganticlinorium.

Along the strike, this layer gradually subsides to 60–75 km at the periclines. The Lesser Caucasus (in the southwest of the region), with morphologically distinct volcanic apparatuses, is divided into three large megablocks.

The western flank of the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by the development of Mesozoic volcanogenic-sedimentary formations and intrusions. It is distinguished by gentle folding.

The identified massifs are characterized by the continental type of sections of the earth's crust; in rift systems, its thickness is significantly reduced.

Other calculations [Kogan, 1975] estimate the thickness of the earth's crust up to 25–20 km in the central parts of the Tunguska and Vilyui depressions, up to 25–30 km in the Sayano-Yenisei depression, and up to 30–35 km in the meridional rift system separating the Anabar and Olenek -sky arrays.

The following major geostructural elements have been identified within the SRS: at sea, this is the Apsheron-Pribalkhan uplift zone. The Baku archipelago, the Turkmen structural terrace and the deep-water zone of the South Caspian, and on land - the Kura depression, which is divided into the Nizhnekurinsky and Srednekurinsky depressions by the zone of the Talysh-Vandam maximum. The Apsheron-Pribalkhan uplift zone crosses the South Caspian in the sublatitudinal direction.

Thus, the melting of a powerful glacier and the destruction of mountains in the north of Europe, according to scientists, is the cause of the uplifting of Scandinavia.

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The structure and composition of the earth's crust. On the continents at a depth of more than 35-70 km, the propagation velocity of seismic waves increases abruptly from 6.5-7 to 8 km/s

On the continents at a depth of more than 35-70 km, the propagation velocity seismic waves increases abruptly from 6.5-7 to 8 km/s. The reasons for the increase in wave speed are not fully understood. It is believed that at this depth there is a change in both the elemental and mineral composition of matter.

The depth at which an abrupt change in the speed of seismic waves occurs is called Mohorović borders(named after the Serbian scientist who discovered it). It is sometimes abbreviated as the "Moho boundary" or M. It is generally accepted that the Moho boundary is the lower boundary of the earth's crust (and upper bound robes). The earth's crust has the greatest thickness under the mountain ranges (up to 70 km), the smallest - at the bottom of the oceans (5-15 km).

Within the earth's crust, the propagation velocity of seismic waves is also not the same.

Highlighted Konrad border separating the upper part of the earth's crust, similar in composition to granitoids (granite layer), from the lower, heavier basalt layer.

Granite and basalt layers of geophysicists are not identical in composition to granites and basalts. They are only similar to these rocks in terms of the speed of propagation of seismic waves. Some scientists believe that the earth's crust has more complex structure. So, in the earth's crust of Kazakhstan, four main layers are distinguished:

1. Sedimentary, or volcanic-sedimentary, with a thickness of 0 to 12 km (in the Caspian region).

Granite layer with a thickness of 8-18 km.

3. Diorite layer 5-20 km thick (not visible everywhere).

4. Basalt layer with a thickness of 10-15 km or more.

The Moho border lies in Kazakhstan at a depth of 36-60 km.

Granite-sedimentary, diorite-metamorphic, and basalt layers are also distinguished in Southern Transbaikalia.

The prevalence of chemical elements in the earth's crust. In the 80s of the 19th century, the problem of determining the average composition of the earth's crust began to be systematically dealt with by F.W. chemical laboratory American Geological Committee in Washington.

In 1889 he determined the average content of 10 chemical elements.

He believed that samples rocks give an idea of upper shell Land 10 miles (16 km) thick. In the earth's crust, Clark also included the entire hydrosphere (the World Ocean) and the atmosphere. However, the mass of the hydrosphere is only a few percent, and the atmosphere is hundredths of a percent of the mass of the solid earth's crust, so Clark's figures mainly reflected the composition of the latter.

The following numbers were received:

Oxygen - 46.28

Silicon - 28.02

Aluminum - 8.14

Iron - 5.58

Calcium - 3.27

Magnesium - 2.77

Potassium - 2.47

Sodium - 2.43

Titanium - 0.33

Phosphorus - 0.10 ...

Continuing research, Clark steadily increased the accuracy of determinations, the number of analyzes, and the number of elements. If his first report in 1889 contained only 10 elements, then in the last one, published in 1924 (together with G. Washington), there were already data on 50 elements. Paying tribute to the works of Clark, who devoted more than 40 years to determining the average composition of the earth's crust, A.E. Fersman in 1923 proposed the term "clarke" to denote the average content of a chemical element in the earth's crust, any part of it, the Earth as a whole, as well as in the planets and other space objects.

Modern methods - radiometry, neutron activation, atomic absorption and other analyzes make it possible to determine the content of chemical elements in rocks and minerals with great accuracy and sensitivity.

Compared with the beginning of the 20th century, the amount of data has increased many times over.

The clarks of the most common igneous acidic rocks that make up the granitic layer of the earth's crust have been established quite accurately; there is a lot of data on the clarks of basic rocks (basalts, etc.), sedimentary rocks (clays, shales, limestones, etc.).

The question of the average composition of the earth's crust is more difficult, since it is still not known exactly what is the ratio between various groups rocks, especially under the oceans. A.P. Vinogradov, assuming that the earth's crust is ⅔ composed of acidic rocks and ⅓ of basic, calculated it average composition. A.A. Beus, based on the ratio of the thickness of the granite and basalt layers (1: 2), established others, clarks.

Ideas about the composition of the basalt layer are very hypothetical.

According to A.A.Beus, its average composition (in%) is close to that of diorite:

O - 46.0 Ca - 5.1

Si - 26.2 Na - 2.4

Al - 8.1 K - 1.5

Fe - 6.7 Ti - 0.7

Mg - 3.0 H - 0.1

Mn - 0.1 P - 0.1

Evidence suggests that almost half of the solid crust of the earth is made up of a single element, oxygen.

Thus, the earth's crust is an "oxygen sphere", an oxygen substance. Silicon is in second place (Clark 29.5), aluminum is in third (8.05). In total, these elements account for 84.55%. If you add iron (4.65), calcium (2.96), potassium (2.50), sodium (2.50), magnesium (1.87), titanium (0.45) to them, you get 99, 48%, i.e.

almost all of the earth's crust. The remaining 80 elements occupy less than 1%. The content of most elements in the earth's crust does not exceed 0.01-0.0001%. Such elements in geochemistry are called rare. If rare elements have weak ability to concentration, they are called rare scattered .

These include Br, In, Ra, I, Hf, Re, Sc and other elements. In geochemistry, the term " trace elements ", which are understood as elements contained in small quantities (of the order of 0.01% or less) in this system. Thus, aluminum is a trace element in organisms and a macroelement in silicate rocks.

In the earth's crust, light atoms predominate, occupying the initial cells of the periodic system, the nuclei of which contain a small number of nucleons - protons and neutrons.

Indeed, after iron (No. 26) there is not a single common element. This pattern was noted by Mendeleev, who noted that the most common in nature simple bodies have a low atomic mass.

Another feature in the distribution of elements was established by the Italian G. Oddo in 1914 and characterized in more detail by the American V. Garkins in 1915-1928.

They noted that elements with even serial numbers and with even atomic masses predominate in the earth's crust. Among neighboring elements, even clarks are almost always higher than those of odd ones. For the first 9 elements by abundance, the mass clarks of even ones total 86.43%, and the clarks of odd ones only 13.03%.

The clarks of elements whose atomic mass is divisible by 4 are especially large. These are oxygen, magnesium, silicon, calcium, etc. Among the atoms of the same element, isotopes with a mass number that is a multiple of 4 predominate.

Such a structure atomic nucleus Fersman symbolized 4 q, where q is an integer.

According to Fersman, nuclei of type 4 q make up 86.3% of the earth's crust. So, the prevalence of elements in the earth's crust (clarks) is mainly related to the structure of the atomic nucleus - in the earth's crust, nuclei with a small and even number protons and neutrons.

The main features of the distribution of elements in the earth's crust were laid back in the stellar stage of the existence of terrestrial matter and in the first stages of the development of the Earth as a planet, when the earth's crust, consisting of light elements, was formed.

However, it does not follow from this that the clarkes of the elements are geologically constant. Of course, the main features of the composition of the earth's crust and 3.5 billion. years ago were the same as today - it was dominated by oxygen and silicon, and there was little gold and mercury ( P 10-6 - P 10-7%). But the clarks of some elements did change. So, as a result of radioactive decay, there was less uranium and thorium and more lead, the final decay product (“radiogenic lead” is part of the lead atoms of the earth's crust).

Due to radioactive decay, millions of tons of new elements are formed annually. Although these quantities are very large in themselves, they are negligible compared to the mass of the earth's crust.

So, the main features of the elementary composition of the earth's crust did not change over time geological history: The oldest Archean rocks, like the youngest, are composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and other common elements.

However, the processes of radioactive decay, cosmic rays, meteorites, dissipation of light gases in world space changed the clarks of a number of elements.

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The earth's crust under the seas and oceans is not the same in its structure and thickness. The surface of Mohorovichic is considered the lower boundary of the earth's crust. It is distinguished by a sharp increase in the velocity of longitudinal seismic waves up to 8 km/s and more. Within the earth's crust, longitudinal wave velocities are below this value. Below the surface of Mohorovic is the upper mantle of the Earth.

There are several types of earth's crust.

The sharpest differences are noted in the structure of the earth's crust of continental and oceanic types.

Earth's crust of the continental type has an average thickness of 35 km and consists of 3 layers:

Sedimentary layer.
The thickness of this layer can vary from a few meters to 1-2 km. Velocity of propagation of elastic waves 5 km/s;
The granite layer is the main layer of this type of earth's crust. The density of the substance making up this layer is 2.7 g/cm?.
Power - 15-17 km. The propagation velocity of elastic waves is about 6 km/s. It consists of granites, gneisses, quartzites and other dense igneous and metamorphic rocks of a crystalline structure.

These rocks are related to the content of silicic acid (60%) to acidic rocks;
basalt layer. This layer has a density of 3 g/cm?. Power - 17-20 km. The propagation velocity of elastic waves is 6.5-7.2 km/s. The layer consists of basalts, gabbro. According to the content of silicic acid, these rocks belong to the main rocks. They contain a large number of oxides of various metals.

The earth's crust of the oceanic type has the following structure:

Layer 1 is a layer of ocean water.
The average thickness of this layer is 4 km. The propagation velocity of elastic waves is 1.5 km/s. Density - 1.03 g / cm ?;
2 layer - a layer of loose sediments, 0.7 km thick, with an elastic wave propagation velocity of 2.5 km/s, an average density of 2.3 g/cm?;
Layer 3 - the so-called "second layer".
The average thickness of this layer is 1.7 km. The propagation velocity of elastic waves is 5.1 km/s. Density - 2.55 g / cm ?;
4th layer - basalt layer. This layer does not differ from the basalt layer that forms lower part continental crust. Its average thickness is 4.2 km.

Thus, the total average thickness of the oceanic crust, without a layer of water, is only 6.6 km. This is about 5 times less than the thickness of the earth's crust of the continental type.

The continental type of the earth's crust in the seas and oceans is quite widespread.

The continental crust composes the shelf, the continental slope and, to a large extent, the continental foot. Its lower boundary runs at depths of about 2-3.5 km.

The bottom at a depth of more than 3640 m is already composed of the oceanic crust. The bed of the ocean is characterized by the oceanic type of the earth's crust. Great difficulty the earth's crust under the transition zones differs.

In the deep-water part of the basin of the marginal sea, the crust is similar in composition to oceanic.

It differs from it by a significantly greater thickness of the basalt and sedimentary layers. The thickness of the sedimentary layer increases especially sharply. The "second layer" here usually does not stand out sharply, but there is, as it were, a gradual compaction of the sedimentary layer with depth. This version of the structure of the earth's crust is called suboceanic.

Under the island arcs, in some cases, the continental crust is found, in others, suboceanic, and in still others, subcontinental.

The subcontinental crust is distinguished by the absence of a sharp boundary between the granite and basalt layers, as well as by the overall reduced thickness. Typical continental crust composes the Japanese islands. southern part The Kuril Island Arc is composed of subcontinental crust. The Lesser Antilles and Mariinsky Islands are composed of suboceanic crust.

The earth's crust under deep-sea trenches has a complex structure.

The deep-water trench is represented by sides and bottom. That side of the trough, which is also the slope of the island arc, is characterized by the type of earth's crust that composes the slope of the island arc. The opposite side is composed of oceanic crust. The bottom of the trench is suboceanic crust.

Of particular interest is also the relief of the surface of Mohorovic in the transitional zone of the ocean. The deep-water basin of the marginal sea in the transition zone corresponds to the protrusion of the Mohorovichic surface.

Then, toward the ocean, the surface depression follows, which is located both under the island arc and under the deep-water trench. The maximum deflection of the Mohorovichic surface occurs on the oceanic slope of the island arc. Outcrops of ultramafic igneous rocks are often found on island arcs. This indicates that the magmatic processes in the transition zones are genetically related to the processes occurring in the mantle, i.e., to the ascending movements of the deep matter of the upper mantle.

Thus, within the transition zone, there is a large heterogeneity, a mosaic of the earth's crust.

This mosaic structure is in good agreement with the sharp differentiation of the relief of the transition zone (deep-water basin of the marginal sea, island arc, deep-water trench). In total, the type of crust under the transition zones is called geosynclinal.

The transition zone is the modern geosynclinal area.

Under the mid-ocean ridges, the earth's crust is very specific in its structure.

In the earth's crust of this type, there are:

a rather thin layer of unconsolidated sediments, with a thickness from 0 to several kilometers;
"second layer" with a thickness of several hundred meters and up to 2-3 km;
Under the "second" layer, rocks of increased density occur. The velocity of propagation of elastic waves (7.2-7.8 km/s) in these rocks is much higher than in the basalt layer, but less than at the Mohorovichic boundary.
It is suggested that under the mid-ocean ridges the basalt layer is partially replaced by altered decompacted rocks of the upper mantle. increased density This layer is explained by the mixing of the material of the basalt layer and the upper mantle. The powerful pressure of the ascending flows of the material of the upper mantle leads to the disruption of the continuous earth's crust (ruptures).

The material of the upper mantle intrudes into the overlying rocks. Thus, there is a mixing of the material of the upper mantle and the basalt layer.

Under the mid-ocean ridges, the earth's crust does not have a clearly defined boundary. This type of crust is called riftogenic.

Thus, the continental type of the earth's crust is characteristic of the underwater margins of the continents, the geosynclinal type of the transitional zones, the oceanic type of the ocean bed, and the riftogenic type of mid-ocean ridges.

EARTH CRUST (a. earth crust; n. Erdkruste; f. croute terrestre; and.

corteza terrestre) - upper hard shell Earth bounded below by the Mohorovichic surface. The term "earth's crust" appeared in the 18th century. in the works of M.V. Lomonosov and in the 19th century. in the works of the English scientist C. Lyell; with the development of the contraction hypothesis in the 19th century.

received certain meaning, arising from the idea of cooling the Earth until a crust was formed (American geologist J. Dana). At the core contemporary ideas about the structure, composition and other characteristics of the Earth's crust are geophysical data on the propagation velocity of elastic waves (mainly longitudinal, Vp), which at the Mohorovichich boundary increase abruptly from 7.5-7.8 to 8.1-8.2 km / s . The nature of the lower boundary of the Earth's crust, apparently, is due to a change chemical composition rocks (gabbro - peridotite) or phase transitions (in the gabbro - eclogite system).

In general, the Earth's crust is characterized by vertical and horizontal heterogeneity (anisotropy), which reflects different character its evolution in different parts of the planet, as well as its significant processing in the process last stage development (40-30 million years), when the main features of the modern face of the Earth were formed. A significant part of the Earth's crust is in a state of isostatic equilibrium (see Fig.

Isostasy), which, in case of disturbance, is restored rather quickly (104 years) due to the presence of the Asthenosphere. There are two main types of the Earth's crust: continental and oceanic, differing in composition, structure, thickness, and other characteristics (Fig.). The thickness of the continental crust, depending on tectonic conditions, varies on average from 25–45 km (on platforms) to 45–75 km (in mountain building areas), however, it does not remain strictly constant within each geostructural region.

In the continental crust, sedimentary (Vp up to 4.5 km/s), "granitic" (Vp 5.1-6.4 km/s) and "basalt" (Vp 6.1-7.4 km/s) layers are distinguished .

The thickness of the sedimentary layer reaches 20 km, it is not distributed everywhere. The names of the "granite" and "basalt" layers are conditional and historically associated with the allocation of the Konrad boundary separating them (Vp 6.2 km/s), although subsequent studies (including ultra-deep drilling) showed some doubtfulness of this boundary (and according to some sources, its absence). Both of these layers are therefore sometimes combined into the concept of a consolidated crust.

The study of outcrops of the "granite" layer within the shields showed that it includes rocks not only of the actual granite composition, but also various gneisses and other metamorphic formations. Therefore, this layer is often also called granite-metamorphic or granite-gneiss; his average density 2.6-2.7 t/m3. A direct study of the "basalt" layer on the continents is impossible, and the seismic wave velocities by which it is distinguished can be satisfied by both magmatic rocks of the basic composition (mafic rocks) and rocks that have experienced a high degree of metamorphism (granulites, hence the name granulite-basite layer) .

The average density of the basalt layer ranges from 2.7 to 3.0 t/m3.

The main differences between the oceanic crust and the continental one are the absence of a "granite" layer, significantly lower thickness (2-10 km), younger age (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Cenozoic), and greater lateral uniformity.

The oceanic crust is made up of three layers. The first layer, or sedimentary, is characterized by a wide range of velocities (V from 1.6 to 5.4 km/s) and a thickness of up to 2 km. The second layer, or acoustic foundation, has an average thickness of 1.2-1.8 km and Vp of 5.1-5.5 km/s.

Detailed studies made it possible to divide it into three horizons (2A, 2B and 2C), and the 2A horizon has the greatest variability (Vp 3.33-4.12 km/s). Deep-sea drilling revealed that horizon 2A is composed of highly fractured and brecciated basalts, which become more consolidated with increasing age of the oceanic crust.

The thickness of horizon 2B (Vp 4.9-5.2 km/s) and 2C (Vp 5.9-6.3 km/s) is not constant in different oceans. The third layer of the oceanic crust has fairly close values of Vp and thickness, which indicates its homogeneity. However, in its structure, variations are also noted both in terms of speed (6.5-7.7 km / s) and power (from 2 to 5 km).

Most researchers believe that the third layer of the oceanic crust is composed of rocks mainly of gabbroid composition, and the velocity variations in it are due to the degree of metamorphism.

In addition to the two main types of the Earth's crust, subtypes are distinguished based on the ratio of the thickness of individual layers and the total thickness (for example, transitional type crust - subcontinental in island arcs and suboceanic on continental margins, etc.).

The earth's crust cannot be identified with the lithosphere, established on the basis of rheology, the properties of matter.

The age of the most ancient rocks of the Earth's crust reaches 4.0-4.1 billion years. The question of what was the composition of the primary Earth's crust and how it was formed during the first hundreds of million years.

years is not clear. During the first 2 billion years, apparently, about 50% (according to some estimates, 70-80%) of the entire modern continental crust was formed, the next 2 billion years - 40%, and only about 10% falls on the last 500 million years. years, i.e. on phanerosa. There is no consensus among researchers on the formation of the Earth's crust in the Archean and Early Proterozoic and the nature of its movements.

Some scientists believe that the formation of the Earth's crust occurred in the absence of large-scale horizontal displacements, when the development of riftogenic greenstone belts was combined with the formation of granite-gneiss domes, which served as growth nuclei for the most ancient continental crust. Other scientists believe that since the Archaean, an embryonic form of plate tectonics has been operating, and granitoids have been formed above subduction zones, although there have not yet been large horizontal movements of the continental crust.

The turning point in the development of the Earth's crust occurs in the Late Precambrian, when large-scale horizontal movements became possible under the conditions of the existence of large plates of already mature continental crust, accompanied by subduction and obduction of the newly formed lithosphere. Since that time, the formation and development of the Earth's crust has been taking place in a geodynamic setting determined by the mechanism of plate tectonics.

Introduction

Compared to the size of the globe, the earth's crust is 1/200 of its radius. But this "film" is the most complex in structure and still the most mysterious formation of our planet. Main feature crust in that it serves as a boundary layer between the globe and the outer space around us. In this transitional zone between the two elements of the universe - the cosmos and the substance of the planet - the most complex physical and chemical processes constantly took place, and, what is remarkable, the traces of these processes have largely been preserved.

The main objectives of the work are:

Consider the main types of the earth's crust and its components;

Determine the tectonic structures of the earth's crust;

Consider the mineral composition of the earth's crust and rocks.

The structure and thickness of the earth's crust

The first ideas about the existence of the earth's crust were expressed by the English physicist W. Gilbert in 1600. They were asked to divide the interior of the Earth into two unequal parts: the crust or shell and the solid core.

The development of these ideas is contained in the works of L. Descartes, G. Leibniz, J. Buffon, M. V. Lomonosov and many other foreign and domestic scientists. At the beginning, the study of the earth's crust was focused on the study of the earth's crust of the continents. Therefore, the first models of the crust reflected the structural features of the continental type crust.

The term "earth's crust" was introduced in geographical science Austrian geologist E. Suess in 1881 (8) In addition to this term, this layer has another name - sial, composed of the first letters of the most common elements here - silicon (silicium, 26%) and aluminum (aluminum, 7.45%) .

In the first half of the 20th century, the study of the structure of the subsoil began to be carried out using seismology and seismics. Analyzing the nature of seismic waves from the earthquake in Croatia in 1909, the seismologist A. Mohorovicic, as already mentioned, identified a clearly traced seismic boundary at a depth of about 50 km, which he defined as the sole of the earth's crust (the surface of Mohorovicic, Moho, or M).

In 1925, V. Konrad recorded above the Mohorovicich boundary another section surface inside the crust, which also received his name - the Konrad surface, or the K surface - the boundary between the "granite" and "basalt" layers is the Konrad section.

The scientists proposed to call the upper layer of the crust with a thickness of about 12 km "granite layer", and the lower layer with a thickness of 25 km - "basalt". The first two-layer model of the structure of the earth's crust appeared. Further research made it possible to measure the thickness of the crust in different areas continents. It was found that in low-lying areas it is 35? 45 km, and in the mountains it increases to 50? 60 km (the maximum thickness of the crust - 75 km was recorded in the Pamirs). Such a thickening of the earth's crust was called "mountain roots" by B. Gutenberg.

It was also established that the granite layer has a seismic wave velocity of 5 6 km / s, characteristic of granites, and the lower one - 6? 7 km/s, typical for basalts. The earth's crust, consisting of granite and basalt layers, was called the consolidated crust, on which there is another, upper, sedimentary layer. Its power varied within 0? 5–6 km (the maximum thickness of the sedimentary layer reaches 20 × 25 km).

A new step in the study of the structure of the earth's crust of the continents was made as a result of the introduction of powerful explosive sources of seismic waves.

In 1954 G.A. Gamburtsev developed a method of deep seismic sounding (GSZ), which made it possible to "enlighten" the bowels of the Earth to a depth of 100 km.

Seismic studies began to be carried out according to special profiles, which made it possible for scientists to obtain continuous information about the structure of the earth's crust. Seismic exploration was carried out in the coastal zones of the seas and oceans, and in the early 60s, global studies of the bottom of the World Ocean by this method began. The concept of the existence of two fundamentally different types of crust was scientifically substantiated: continental and oceanic.

The GSZ materials allowed Soviet geophysicists (Yu.N.Godin, N.I.Pavlinkova, N.K.Bulin, etc.) to refute the idea of the existence of the ubiquitous Konrad surface. This was also confirmed by the drilling of the Kola ultra-deep well, which did not reveal the bottom of the granite layer at the depth indicated by geophysicists.

Ideas began to develop about the existence of several interfaces such as the Konrad surface, the positions of which were determined not so much by a change in the composition of crystalline rocks, but by a different degree of their metamorphism. Thoughts were expressed that metamorphic rocks play a significant role in the composition of the granite and basalt layers of the earth's crust (Yu.N. Godin, I.A. Rezanov, V.V. Belousov, etc.).

The increase in the velocity of seismic waves was explained by an increase in the basicity of the rocks and a high degree of their metamorphism. Thus, the "granite" layer should contain not only granitoids, but also metamorphic rocks (such as gneisses, micaceous schists, etc.) that arose from primary sedimentary deposits. The layer began to be called granite-metamorphic, or granite-gneiss. It was understood as a set of igneous and sedimentary-metamorphic rocks, the composition and phase state of which determine physical parameters close to those of unaltered granites or granitoids, i.e. density of the order of 2.58? 2.64 g/cm and reservoir velocity 5.5? 6.3 km/s.

The presence of rocks of the deep (granulite) stage of metamorphism was allowed in the composition of the "basalt" layer. It began to be called granulite-mafic, granulite-eclogitic, and understand it as a set of igneous and metamorphosed rocks of medium, basic or similar composition, having physical parameters: density 2.8? 3.1 g/cm, reservoir velocity 6.6? 7.4 km/s. Judging by experimental data, fragments (xenoliths) of deep rocks from explosion pipes, this layer can be composed of granulites, gabbroids, basic gneisses, and eclogite-like rocks.

The terms "granite" and "basalt" layer remained in circulation, but they were put in quotation marks, thus emphasizing the conventionality of their composition and name.

The modern stage of development of ideas about the structure of the earth's crust of the continents began in the 80s of the last century and is characterized by the creation of a three-layer model of the consolidated crust. Studies by a number of domestic (N.I. Pavlenkova, I.P. Kosminskaya) and foreign (S. Mueller) scientists proved that in the structure of the earth's crust of continents, in addition to the sedimentary layer, it is necessary to distinguish, according to at least, three, not two, layers: top, middle and bottom (Fig. 1).

The top layer, with a capacity of 8? 15 km, is marked by an increase in the speed of seismic waves with depth, block structure, the presence of relatively numerous cracks and faults. Sole layer with speeds of 6.1? 6.5 km/s is defined as the boundary of K. According to some scientists, the upper layer of the consolidated crust corresponds to the granite-metamorphic layer in the two-layer model of the crust.

The second (middle) layer to depths of 20 25 km (sometimes up to 30 km) is characterized by a slight decrease in the velocity of elastic waves (about 6.4 km/s), the absence of velocity gradients. Its sole stands out as the boundary of K. It is believed that the second layer is composed of rocks of the basalt type, so it can be identified with the "basalt" layer of the crust.

Fig.1

The third (lower) layer, traced to the base of the crust, is high-speed (6.8 × 7.7 km/s). It is characterized by thin layering and an increase in velocity gradient with depth. It is represented by ultramafic rocks, so it cannot be attributed to the "basalt" layer of the crust. There are suggestions that the lower layer of the crust is a product of the transformation of the substance of the upper mantle, a kind of mantle weathering zone (N.I. Pavlenkova). In the classical model of the structure of the crust, the middle and lower layers make up the granulite-mafic layer.

The structure and thickness of the earth's crust within various areas continents vary somewhat. Thus, the following structural features are characteristic of the earth's crust, deep platform depressions, and foredeeps: a large thickness of the sedimentary layer (up to half the thickness of the entire crust); thinner and more high-velocity consolidated crust than in other parts of the platforms; the elevated position of the M surface. The upper (“granite”) layer of the consolidated crust often wedges out or sharply thins within them, and the thickness of the middle layer is also significantly reduced.

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