Russia has a large and extensive network of river routes and lakes. However essential role it plays either in those regions where the directions of the main transport and economic ties and river routes coincide (Volga-Kama river basin in the European part of Russia), or in poorly developed regions with practically total absence alternative modes of transport (North and North-East of the country).

In Russia, there are more than 100 thousand rivers with total length about 2.5 million km, of which over 500 thousand km are suitable for navigation. There are main river routes serving international connections, inter-district, providing transportation of goods and people between major areas within the country, and local, providing intra-district communications. The length of operated inland waterways in Russia has been declining in recent decades and currently stands at 89,000 km; also, the average transportation distance of 1 ton of cargo is constantly decreasing in river transport, and at present, taking into account all types of river communications, it is less than 200 km.

The impact of water transport on environment First of all, on water resources is associated with the loss of oil products during loading and unloading, discharges of polluted waters, as well as the demolition of bulk cargo from berths, losses during the operation of earthen shells, etc. Wastewater from ships, administrative and industrial buildings of the ports is sent to the city sewer and further to the city treatment facilities.

Water transport refers to water users using water sources as a medium without its quantitative change. At the same time, it causes damage to the power industry and other water consumers by withdrawing water from the reservoir during releases and ship locking.

The operation of water transport pollutes water sources with oil products and other waste, and also creates waves that destroy banks and spawning grounds. Particularly unfavorable conditions for fisheries are created by water-jet vessels of the Zarya type, which are used on small rivers, which produce a very large wave.

Water transport of oil is carried out by means of oil tankers, which, according to the method of movement, are divided into: self-propelled - tankers (sea, river, lake and river-sea) and non-self-propelled - barges (sea and river) and have a deadweight (total mass of transported oil and household goods) 30-250 thousand tons

In the water transport of liquid hydrocarbons, protective measures include the treatment of ballast and bilge water, the collection and removal of emergency spills of oil and oil products, as well as the prevention of product losses during tanker cargo operations. The connection of water transport with the integrated use of water resources is clearly seen in the construction of hydroelectric facilities on the Volga, Kama, Don, Dnieper and other rivers, which made it possible to carry out water transport reconstruction of these rivers simultaneously with energy, water supply and irrigation. built shipping channels them. Moscow, Volga-Donskoy, Volga-Baltic and others solved the problems of water transport in combination with water supply, irrigation and watering of rivers for sanitary purposes. Water transport waste. Water transport pollutes water due to the direct discharge of all waste into it, and especially bilge waters, heavily polluted with oil products. Great amount oil enters the water during its transportation by sea. During an idle voyage, tankers are filled with water for stability, and at the place of loading with oil, ballast water, highly saturated with oil products, is dumped overboard. Despite existing since 1969 international agreement prohibiting the discharge of untreated ballast water into the sea, many shipowners find it more profitable to pay fines than suffer losses from downtime at washing stations.

During the operation of ships, household and industrial waste is generated, the discharge of which into a reservoir causes significant damage to nature. At the same time, all the pollution formed on the ship can be divided into two main groups: 1 - the remains of the transported goods, formed as a result of their incomplete unloading, washing of the deck and holds, tanks, etc.; 2 - pollution resulting from the life of the crew and passengers (sewage and household waste), as well as from the operation of ship mechanisms (oil-containing bilge or bilge water, industrial waste). Currently, unfortunately, there are very frequent cases of accidental spills of oil products during bunkering of ships and as a result of various emergencies.

Oily waters. During the operation of ship mechanisms, special kind waste - oily waters under the shale, which accumulate under the slats (bills) of the engine rooms. The main causes of contamination are water leakage from pipelines, hull plating and bottom fittings, oil leakage during the repair of mechanisms, fuel and oil equipment, etc. The amount of oil products largely depends on the technical condition of the equipment and on the implementation of the rules for its operation. The average daily accumulation of oily waters is mainly determined by the power of the main engine. Oil products form an emulsion upon contact with water. Its stability increases if emulsifiers are present in such waters, they prevent the coarsening and floating of oil particles. Contained in sea ​​water various metal ions and salts can also contribute to the formation of an emulsion. It is much more difficult to remove emulsified oil products from water than coarse ones. Therefore, if possible, factors contributing to their formation should be excluded.

Wastewater. When using water for drinking and household needs, sewage accumulates on the ship. Deletion problem Wastewater from ships has arisen since the launch of the first ship and until recently it was solved by dumping these waters overboard without any treatment, hoping for a certain degree of self-purification of the reservoir. However, the ability to self-purify depends primarily on the initial purity of the water and on the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. Therefore, despite the fact that total ship wastewater is much less than that discharged by city sewers, they still cause significant damage to water bodies. This is especially felt in places of congestion of ships. At the same time, the hydrochemical indicators of water deteriorate, such as BOD5, the amount of suspended solids, coli index, pH, transparency, and others. Garbage (domestic and industrial waste). In the course of domestic and industrial activities on the ship, a number of solid and liquid wastes are generated that must be disposed of. Solid waste includes paper, rags, packaging materials, and food waste. Usually it should be accumulated in special containers installed at the stern of the vessel. Food waste must not be mixed with household waste.

In addition to solid waste, liquid waste is also accumulated on ships, which can be divided into two groups: 1 - sludge from sewage treatment plants, including crushed food waste. They accumulate in a special tank; 2 - sludge from fuel and oil separators. There is a classification of garbage according to the degree of its interaction with the aquatic environment:

• - floating - leads to pollution of the water surface and the coastal strip;
• - sinking - pollutes the bottom of the reservoir, which harms the benthic fauna, spawning and feeding grounds for fish;
• - dissolving - absorbs oxygen from the water of the reservoir for its oxidation, changes its color, taste, etc.

Before you open the movement of trains, you need to build railway. And a car will not go without a road, except perhaps an all-terrain vehicle. But people look at the river, as a rule, with different eyes. It seems to them that nature itself gave this road to man. But the river is not yet a road: shallows, rifts, pitfalls - there are too many obstacles. To prepare any river for navigation, it is necessary to do a large amount of work.

The turnover of river transport is about 4% of the total freight turnover of the country. In some areas where the network of railway and highways, bulk cargo transportation is carried out only water transport.

In the future, the absolute volumes of cargo and passenger transportation across all waterways significantly increase and expand the scope of this highly economical mode of transport.

Another source of pollution of water bodies by river transport can be considered bottom water, which is formed in the engine rooms of ships and is characterized by a high content of oil products. Waste water from ships contains economic - domestic waste and dry garbage from ships. Sources of pollution can also be oil, garbage and other liquid and solid waste from water areas and territories of ports and industry industrial enterprises, oil and oil products entering the water body due to insufficient tightness of the hulls of oil tankers and bunkering stations or leakage of oil products during reloading, industrial wastewater generated during the production activities of ship repair and shipbuilding enterprises.

The entry of dust-like particles of bulk cargoes into water bodies occurs during reloading open way sand, crushed stone, apatite concentrate, sulfur pyrite, cement, etc., we should not forget about the effect of ship engine exhaust gases on water quality. Fan (faecal) wastewater is characterized by high bacterial and organic pollution.

Pollution of water bodies with oil and oil products complicates all types of water use. The influence of oil, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, lubricating oils on the reservoir is manifested in the deterioration physical properties water (turbidity, change in color, taste, odor), dissolution of toxic substances in water, the formation of a surface film that reduces the oxygen content in water, as well as oil sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.

A characteristic smell and taste are detected at a concentration of oil and oil products in water of 0.5 mg/l. the oil film on the surface of the reservoir impairs the gas exchange of water with the atmosphere, slowing down the rate of aeration and removal carbon dioxide formed during the oxidation of oil. With a film thickness of 4.1 mm and an oil concentration in water of 17 mg/l, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases by 40% in 20–25 days. The water body can be irreparably damaged due to high sensitivity living organisms and vegetation to oil pollution, as well as the persistence and toxicity of this pollution. In fishery reservoirs, pollution with oil and oil products leads to a deterioration in the quality of fish (the appearance of color, spots, smell, taste), death, deviations from normal development, disruption of migration of fish, juveniles, larvae and caviar, a reduction in food reserves (benthos, plankton), places habitat, spawning and feeding of fish.

The biomass of benthos and plankton in the polluted sections of the river is sharply reduced. The toxic effect of oil and oil products on fish is due to the toxic substances. The concentration of oil in water 20 - 30 mg / l causes a violation of conditionally - reflex activity fish, their higher mortality. Of particular danger are naphthenic acids contained in oil and petroleum products.

Purification of water from oil and oil products occurs as a result of their natural decay - chemical oxidation, evaporation of light fractions and biological destruction by microorganisms living in aquatic environment. All these processes are characterized by an extremely low rate, determined mainly by the temperature of the water and the content of dissolved oxygen in it. Chemical oxidation oil is difficult when high content saturated hydrocarbons. It is mainly light fractions of oil that are oxidized and evaporated, while heavy fractions that are difficult to oxidize accumulate and then settle to the bottom, forming bottom pollution.

The mass of the oil film in the first days after its formation decreases mainly due to the evaporation of oil. At a water temperature of 22 - 27°C, up to 26% of oil evaporates, and at a water temperature of 2 - 5 - up to 12%. A further decrease in the mass of the oil film occurs due to the biochemical oxidation of oil and the settling of its heavy fractions to the bottom of the reservoir. At low temperatures The mass of the oil film practically does not decrease with time.

In the process of biological destruction by microorganisms, oil and oil products are partially absorbed by them, and partially oxidized. About 100 species of bacteria, yeasts, and myxomycetes are known to be capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons. The maximum activity of oil-oxidizing microorganisms is observed at a water temperature of 20-30 °C. With microorganisms observed at temperatures below 15°C, the intensity of oxidation decreases sharply.

Biochemical oxidation of oil in a reservoir is accompanied by continuous migration of its heavy fractions from the surface to the bottom and back. Oil deposits at the bottom of the reservoir under anaerobic conditions with oxygen deficiency) remain long time and are a source of secondary pollution of water bodies. Complete oxidation oil in aerobic conditions lasts at least 100-15 days, and in anaerobic conditions it lasts even longer.

In order to reduce pollution of water bodies during the operation of river vessels, it is currently prohibited to discharge sewage, sewage overboard, as well as discharge different kind solid waste and garbage from ships floating on rivers, lakes and reservoirs with a regulated sanitary regime (for example, the Volga with tributaries, the Moscow River, Lake Baikal). On other reservoirs, as well as in river ports and their water areas, it is prohibited to dump fecal water, garbage and solid waste overboard. However, the fulfillment of these requirements, which are hygienically justified by general sanitary and anti-epidemic considerations, encounters a number of technical difficulties, primarily on river vessels that have been in storage for a long time. coastal strip(tourist and passenger flights), on floating cranes and other ship sewage systems are designed to collect two types of wastewater - fecal and household wastewater. The former come from toilets, the latter from washbasins, bathtubs, showers, laundries, galleys. On some ships these systems are combined, on others they are separated. AT last case vessels, as a rule, are equipped with storage tanks for collecting fecal effluents.

From sewage tanks, which are equipped most of ships, polluted waters are received by special floating treatment stations. Such stations operate, for example, in Yaroslavl, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Gorky, Togliatti, Kuibyshev and Astrakhan ports on the Volga, Rostov and Ust - Donetsk on the Don, as well as in other major ports.

AT last years developments were carried out to neutralize wastewater directly on ships. First of all, the possibilities of separate treatment of fecal and domestic wastewater were considered.

When ships navigate in water bodies, the sanitary regime of which is generally not regulated, the local sanitary service authorities should determine zones where it is permissible to discharge overboard untreated ship sewage (faecal and household sewage). The boundaries of these zones are established on the basis of the inadmissibility of water pollution in the sources of domestic and drinking water supply and coastal waters of sanitary and recreational areas of the coast.

The system of measures for the collection and removal of solid waste and garbage is reduced to the organization of the correct operation of containers for their accumulation (containers, tanks) and the transfer of the contents of these containers to the shore. The best option is the organization of the exchange of filled containers for empty ones during the period of the vessel's stay in the port or with the help of a collection vessel during non-stop operation of vessels.

To prevent pollution of water bodies by wastewater from ports, marinas, industrial enterprises of river transport, coastal treatment facilities are being built and sewer networks. If now a certain amount of wastewater from river transport still enters water bodies (the so-called conditional clean wastewater), then in the future their discharge will be completely stopped.

Effective measures are being taken to prevent pollution of water bodies by oil and oil products. Thus, river tankers are built only with double skin, which greatly reduces the possibility of spilling oil and oil products when a vessel receives a hole in the hull.

Prevention of fuel and oil contamination of reservoirs is facilitated by devices for closed bunkering, the design of which excludes accidental disconnection of the hose and completely eliminates the possibility of leakage of oil products.

To protect against pollution by washing waters, a special station for dry cargo ships has been designed and tested, which excludes the possibility of the cleaned products entering the water bodies. The water areas of ports and marinas are cleared of oil products by floating oil and garbage collectors. Localization, collection and removal of oil and oil products is a complex and time-consuming process. This is due to the fact that the oil film has a small thickness, and the speed of its propagation is relatively high.

Floating barriers are used to localize pollution. The principle of operation of a floating (boom) barrier is to create a mechanical barrier that prevents the horizontal movement of a thin upper layer of water, and, consequently, the spread of an oil slick.

The main cause of air pollution is the incomplete and uneven combustion of fuel. Only 15% of it is spent on the movement of the car, and 85% "flies into the wind." In addition, the combustion chambers of an automobile engine are a kind of chemical reactor that synthesizes toxic substances and throwing them into the atmosphere.

Moving at a speed of 80-90 km / h, on average, a car converts as much oxygen into carbon dioxide as 300-350 people. But it's not just carbon dioxide. The annual exhaust of one car is 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and more than 200 kg of various hydrocarbons. In this set, carbon monoxide is very insidious.

Due to its high toxicity, its permissible concentration in the atmospheric air should not exceed 1 mg/m 3 . There are cases of tragic deaths of people who started car engines with the garage doors closed. In a single-seat garage, a lethal concentration of carbon monoxide occurs within 2-3 minutes after the starter is turned on. In the cold season, stopping for the night on the side of the road, inexperienced drivers sometimes turn on the engine to heat the car. Due to the penetration of carbon monoxide into the cabin, such an overnight stay may be the last.

The level of gas contamination of highways and adjacent territories depends on the intensity of car traffic, the width and topography of the street, wind speed, share freight transport and buses in the general flow and other factors. At a traffic intensity of 500 vehicles per hour, the concentration of carbon monoxide per open area at a distance of 30-40 m from the motorway, it decreases by 3 times and reaches the norm. Difficulty dispersing car emissions in tight streets. As a result, almost all residents of the city experience bad influence polluted air.

The rate of pollution spread and its concentration in certain areas of the city are significantly affected by temperature inversions. Basically, they are characteristic of the north of the European part of Russia, Siberia, Far East and occur, as a rule, in calm weather (75% of cases) or with weak winds (from 1 to 4 m/s). The inversion layer acts as a screen from which the torch is reflected to the ground. harmful substances, as a result of which their surface concentrations increase several times.

Of the metal compounds that make up the solid emissions of vehicles, the most studied are lead compounds.

This is due to the fact that lead compounds, entering the human body and warm-blooded animals with water, air and food, have the most harmful effect on it. Up to 50% of the daily intake of lead in the body falls on the air, in which a significant proportion is the exhaust gases of cars.

The release of hydrocarbons into the atmospheric air occurs not only during the operation of cars, but also during the spill of gasoline. According to American researchers in Los Angeles, about 350 tons of gasoline evaporate into the air per day. And it is not so much the car that is to blame for this, but the person himself. They spilled a little when pouring gasoline into a tank, forgot to close the lid tightly during transportation, splashed it on the ground when refueling at a gas station, and various hydrocarbons were drawn into the air.

In conditions of strong city noise, constant pressure auditory analyzer. This causes an increase in the threshold of hearing (10 dB for most people with normal hearing) by 10-25 dB.

Noise in big cities shortens a person's lifespan. According to Austrian researchers, this reduction ranges from 8-12 years. Excessive noise can cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcer, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Noise interferes with people's work and rest, reduces productivity.

Mass physiological and hygienic examinations of the population exposed to traffic noise in living conditions and labor activity revealed some changes in the health status of people.

At the same time, changes in the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, auditory sensitivity depended on the level of the acting sound energy, on the sex and age of the examined. The most pronounced changes were found in persons experiencing noise exposure in both working and domestic conditions, compared with persons living and working in the absence of noise.

High noise levels in the urban environment, which are one of the aggressive irritants of the central nervous system, can cause it to overvoltage. City noise has an adverse effect on cardiovascular system. Ischemic disease heart disease, hypertension, high blood cholesterol are more common in people living in noisy areas.

Noise greatly disturbs sleep. Intermittent, sudden noises, especially in the evening and at night, have an extremely unfavorable effect on a person who has just fallen asleep. A sudden noise during sleep (for example, the rumble of a truck) often causes a strong fright, especially in sick people and in children. Noise reduces the duration and depth of sleep. Under the influence of noise at a level of 50 dB, the period of falling asleep increases by an hour or more, sleep becomes superficial, after waking up people feel tired, headache, and often palpitations.

Lack of adequate rest after labor day leads to the fact that the fatigue that naturally develops in the process of work does not disappear, but gradually turns into chronic overwork, which contributes to the development of a number of diseases, such as a disorder of the central nervous system, hypertension.

The highest noise levels of 90-95 dB are observed on the main streets of cities with an average traffic intensity of 2-3 thousand or more vehicles per hour.

The level of street noise is determined by the intensity, speed and nature (composition) of the traffic flow. Moreover, it depends on planning solutions(longitudinal and transverse profile of streets, building height and density) and such landscaping elements as roadway coverage and the presence of green spaces. Each of these factors can change the level of traffic noise up to 10 dB.

In an industrial city, the percentage of freight transport on highways is usually high. An increase in the general traffic flow of trucks, especially heavy trucks with diesel engines, leads to an increase in noise levels. In general, trucks and cars create a heavy noise regime in the cities.

The noise that occurs on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the territory adjacent to the highway, but also deep into residential buildings. So, in the zone of the most strong impact noise levels are parts of neighborhoods and microdistricts located along highways of citywide significance (equivalent noise levels from 67.4 to 76.8 dB). Noise levels measured in living rooms at open windows, oriented to the indicated highways, are only 10-15 dB lower.

The acoustic characteristic of the traffic flow is determined by the indicators of the noise level of motor vehicles. The noise produced by individual transport crews depends on many factors: engine power and operation mode, technical condition of the crew, quality of the road surface, speed of movement. In addition, the level of noise, as well as the efficiency of operating a car, depends on the qualifications of the driver.

The noise from the engine increases sharply at the time of its start and warming up (up to 10 dB). The movement of the car at the first speed (up to 40 km / h) causes excessive fuel consumption, while the engine noise is 2 times higher than the noise generated by it at the second speed. Significant noise causes sudden braking of the car when driving on high speed. Noise is noticeably reduced if the driving speed is dampened by engine braking until the foot brake is applied.

Recently, the average level of noise produced by transport has increased by 12-14 dB. That is why the problem of combating noise in the city is becoming increasingly acute.

The problem of environmental protection and rational use natural resources is one of the most urgent among global universal problems.

A certain share in environmental pollution is also contributed by motor transport vehicles, in particular the cars they operate. Automobile transport poisons the air with harmful emissions of exhaust gases, pollutes the territory with fuel and lubricants, is a source of increased noise and electromagnetic radiation. Also, significant land resources are consumed under the territory of the ATP location. The overall picture of environmental pollution by road transport at the present time, according to many experts, is depressing and continues to deteriorate.

The level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere by road transport is 35-40% of all pollution, which is about 22 million tons per year.

The main cause of air pollution is the exhaust gases of automobile engines, containing more than 200 types of harmful substances and compounds (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, lead compounds, etc.). good example: only one serviceable truck with a carburetor engine during the year it emits up to 8-10 tons of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Road transport using leaded gasoline annually emits more than 4,000 tons of lead compounds harmful to human health.

Poisoned not only air environment but also water resources. The main contaminants are oil products, tetraethyl lead, organic solvents and galvanic discharges, mud deposits, corrosion products, etc. ATP discharge more than 3.4 million m3 of untreated wastewater into water bodies.

Road transport is the main source of urban noise. Noise in 60% of the population causes various painful reactions.

We list the main reasons for this unfavorable situation.

First of all, the unsatisfactory organization of the technical operation of the rolling stock. Very often, the frequency of car maintenance is violated at the ATP, not in in full routine maintenance is carried out, insufficient control over the condition of the fuel equipment of vehicles, irrational use of operating materials, etc.

The technical level of motor vehicles is also insufficient. A significant proportion of new vehicles do not comply modern requirements on toxicity, and manufacturers do not guarantee compliance with toxicity standards during operation. at a slow pace the problems of neutralization of exhaust gases, dieselization of passenger cars, the use of electronic control of ignition and fuel supply systems are being solved.

Lack of variety and low quality automotive fuel and especially lubricants. During the combustion of leaded gasoline, more than half of the lead is released into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. The composition and quality of the fuel does not meet modern requirements, and sometimes even standards. Russian system standardization and rationing of the environmental parameters of the car is inferior European systems. There are no GOSTs on toxicity for vehicles running on gaseous fuels.

There is an acute problem of processing, burning and disposal of oil waste and sediments from treatment facilities. ATPs take out such waste almost anywhere, which consequently leads to soil pollution, ground water, reservoirs, etc.

Therefore, the main task facing the ATP is to reduce the number of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and improvement of treatment facilities.

The impact of transport on the environment.

Being a powerful stimulus for socio-economic development, transport acts as one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Transport accounts for a significant part (up to 60-70%) of chemical pollution and the vast majority (up to 90%) of noise pollution, especially in cities.

Negative influence transport has the following directions:

1. Release into the environment of waste from the combustion of carbon fuel (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, natural gas) containing tens chemical substances, most of which are highly toxic.

2. Noise impact on the environment, which especially affects urban residents, contributing to the progression of diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

3. Danger of traffic: traffic accidents on the roads claim many thousands of lives every year.

4. Rejection of land for roads, stations, automobile and railway parks, airfields, port terminals.

5. Erosion of the soil cover.

6. Reduction of habitats and changes in the habitat of animals and plants.

The main sources of air pollution are vehicles with internal combustion engines that are used in motor vehicles. In connection with the increase in the number of the world's car fleet, the gross emission of harmful products is growing. The composition of the exhaust gases of engines depends on the mode of operation. Emission increases during acceleration and deceleration toxic substances. Among them are CO, NOx, CH, NO, benzo (a) pyrene, etc. The world fleet of cars with internal combustion engines annually emits into the atmosphere: carbon monoxide - 260 million tons; volatile hydrocarbons - 40 million tons; nitrogen oxides -20 million tons.

In places active use gas turbine and rocket engines (airfields, spaceports, test stations) pollution from these sources is comparable to pollution from vehicles. The total emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere by aircraft is constantly growing, which is due to an increase in fuel consumption and an increase in the aircraft fleet. The amount of emissions depends on the type and grade of fuel, the quality and method of its supply, and the technical level of the engine.

The use of leaded gasoline, which has lead compounds in its composition, used as an antiknock agent, causes contamination with highly toxic lead compounds. About 70% of the lead added to gasoline with ethyl liquid enters the atmosphere with exhaust gases in the form of compounds, of which 30% settles on the ground immediately after the cut of the car exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the atmosphere. One medium-duty truck emits 2.5-3 kg of lead per year.

Maritime and river fleet renders greatest influence to the aquatic environment, where used connections, washing water, industrial and household waste fall. However, the main pollutant is oil and oil products, which are spilled as a result of accidents, washing tankers.

In our time, the problem of the location of transport has become more acute. As it expands transport networks their area increases.

The main railway line, for example, requires the allotment of land up to 100 m wide (includes the 10-30 m track itself, then the strip from which soil is taken for the track, afforestation). Large marshalling yards are located on sites up to 500 m wide and 4-6 km long. Huge coastal territories are occupied by port facilities, several tens of square kilometers are allocated for airports.

Before you open the movement of trains, you need to build a railway. And a car will not go without a road, except perhaps an all-terrain vehicle. But people look at the river, as a rule, with different eyes. It seems to them that nature itself gave this road to man. But the river is not yet a road: shallows, rifts, pitfalls - there are too many obstacles. To prepare any river for navigation, it is necessary to do a large amount of work.

The turnover of river transport is about 4% of the total freight turnover of the country. In some areas where the network of railways and roads is not sufficiently developed, bulk cargo transportation is carried out only by water transport. In the future, the absolute volumes of cargo and passenger transportation along all waterways will increase significantly, and the scope of this highly economical mode of transport will also expand.

Pollution of water bodies during the operation of river transport. During the operation of reservoirs by river transport, they are polluted. Compared to the powerful coastal runoff from cities and enterprises specific gravity This pollution is small, but the possibility of ship sewage overboard in sanitary protection zones, sanitary and recreational coastal zones, etc., determines the role of ships in the problem of water pollution as unfavorable.

Another source of pollution of water bodies by river transport can be considered bottom water, which is formed in the engine rooms of ships and is characterized by a high content of oil products. Vessel wastewater contains domestic wastewater and dry garbage from ships. Sources of pollution can also be oil, garbage and other liquid and solid waste from the water areas and territories of ports and industrial enterprises, oil and oil products that enter the water body due to insufficient tightness of the hulls of oil tankers and bunker stations or leakage of oil products during reloading, industrial waste waters generated in the process of production activities of ship repair and shipbuilding enterprises.

The entry of dust-like particles of bulk cargo into water bodies occurs when sand, crushed stone, apatite concentrate, sulfur pyrite, cement, etc. are reloaded in an open way. We should not forget about the effect of ship engine exhaust gases on water quality. Fan (faecal) wastewater is characterized by high bacterial and organic pollution. Pollution of water bodies with oil and oil products complicates all types of water use. The influence of oil, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, lubricating oils on the reservoir is manifested in the deterioration of the physical properties of water (turbidity, change in color, taste, smell), dissolution of toxic substances in water, the formation of a surface film that reduces the oxygen content in water, as well as oil sediment at the bottom of the reservoir.

A characteristic smell and taste are detected at a concentration of oil and oil products in water of 0.5 mg/l. the oil film on the surface of the reservoir impairs the gas exchange of water with the atmosphere, slowing down the rate of aeration and the removal of carbon dioxide formed during the oxidation of oil. With a film thickness of 4.1 mm and an oil concentration in water of 17 mg/l, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases by 40% in 20–25 days. Irreparable damage can be caused to a reservoir due to the high sensitivity of living organisms and vegetation to oil pollution, as well as the persistence and toxicity of this pollution. In fishery reservoirs, pollution with oil and oil products leads to a deterioration in the quality of fish (the appearance of color, spots, smell, taste), death, deviations from normal development, disruption of migration of fish, juveniles, larvae and caviar, a reduction in food reserves (benthos, plankton), places habitat, spawning and feeding of fish. The biomass of benthos and plankton in the polluted sections of the river is sharply reduced. The toxic effect of oil and oil products on fish is due to toxic substances released during the destruction of oil. The concentration of oil in water 20 - 30 mg / l causes a violation of the conditioned reflex activity of fish, their higher death. Of particular danger are naphthenic acids contained in oil and oil products. Their concentration in water of 0.3 mg/l is lethal for aquatic organisms. Purification of water from oil and oil products occurs as a result of their natural decay - chemical oxidation, evaporation of light fractions and biological destruction by microorganisms living in the aquatic environment. All these processes are characterized by an extremely low rate, determined mainly by the temperature of the water and the content of dissolved oxygen in it. The chemical oxidation of oil is hampered by a high content of saturated hydrocarbons. It is mainly light fractions of oil that are oxidized and evaporated, while heavy fractions that are difficult to oxidize accumulate and then settle to the bottom, forming bottom pollution.