The role of archaizing vocabulary is diverse. Firstly, historicisms and archaisms perform a proper nominative function in scientific and historical works. When characterizing this or that era, it is necessary to call its basic concepts, objects, details of everyday life the words corresponding to the given time.

In artistic and historical prose obsolete vocabulary performs nominative-stylistic functions. Contributing to the reconstruction of the color of the era, it at the same time serves stylistic device her artistic characteristics. For this purpose, use historicisms and archaisms. A.S. Pushkin in the drama "Boris Godunov", A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter I" and others.

The actual lexical obsolete names of people according to their position, occupation and in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy: bedding- the boyar who looked after the royal bedroom; bell- bodyguard, squire and others.
The temporal characteristic is promoted lexico-semantic and lexical-derivational archaisms.

obsolete words(especially archaisms) also perform their own stylistic functions. So, they are often a means of creating a special solemnity, loftiness of the text - in A.S. Pushkin:
... Chain mail and swords sound!
Fear, O army of foreigners
Russia's sons moved;
Both old and young have risen: they fly on the daring.
They are also used as a figurative and expressive means, especially in combination with new words - in E. Yevtushenko: ... And the elevators are cold and empty. Raised above the earth, like God's fingers.
Archaizing vocabulary can serve as a means of creating humor, irony, satire. In this case, such words are used in a semantically alien environment.

Neologisms perform mainly a nominative function. However, in texts for which they are not objectively necessary, their use is already conditioned by stylistic goals.

Archaizing vocabulary often today has a special emotional and stylistic coloring ( sculptor- creator, question- ask, pride subjugular- bonded and others). Therefore, the use of such words in texts (in particular, when translating them) should be approached in much the same way as the vocabulary, stylistically colored or fixed in a stylistic sense. Translation of archaizing vocabulary and Russians proper neologisms(type collective farm) is often carried out by an exact literal translation of the composition of the Russian word, followed by a note ( kokoshnik - kokoshnik in English).
However, in any case, it is necessary first of all to understand the meaning of the words used (or translated), which denote objects that have long disappeared and are incomprehensible to modern speakers of the language.

I.I. Sreznevsky wrote: “Each word is a representative of a concept that was among the people: what was expressed in a word was in life; what was not in life, for that there was no word. Every word for the historian is a witness, a monument, a fact of the life of the people, all the more important than more important concept, which is expressed by it. Complementing one another, they together represent a system of concepts of the people, the more important, the more important the concept they express. Complementing one another, they together represent the system of concepts of the people, convey the true story of the life of the people” [Sreznevsky 1887: 35].

Stylistic and stylistic functions of archaisms and historicisms in modern language defined as:

A) reflection language style eras;

B) the creation of solemnity and poetry of speech;

C) stylization - recreation of the language of the era;

D) lowering the stylistic assessment (ironic, jocular, mocking, contempt, disapproval, etc.).

From listed functions the most important is the first (recreation of color historical era), since a historical description is impossible without the use of obsolete vocabulary. unlike some other vocabulary groups limited use(for example, from special vocabulary), values obsolete words are rarely subjected to figurative rethinking in the text of historical prose. Historicisms and archaisms are usually used in their direct meaning. Therefore, it is of particular importance that stylistic device as an introduction of obsolete vocabulary into an artistic context. A writer using this technique is faced with the fact that many historicisms or archaisms are incomprehensible to readers. This requires further explanation in the text. If the author uses obscure words without explanation, then they sound “waste” [Larin 1974: 237] and do not perform an aesthetic and informational function.

Historicisms and archaisms fall into two groups from the point of view of understanding their meanings by native speakers of the modern Russian language: obsolete words that are used quite often, preserved in famous works Russian classics, used in contemporary literature and therefore understandable a wide range readers (eyes, warrior, prince, thief, rope, hand, etc.), and obscure historicisms and archaisms that need mandatory explanation when they are used for stylization purposes.

The interpretation in footnotes and dictionaries is quite common, although this method of introducing obscure words into the context is far from the most successful, since this violates the perception of integrity. artistic text. As B.A. Larin wrote about dialectisms (to which he attributed different groups words of limited use): “... this is an unprofitable, awkward way to enrich literary language, it is borrowed from scientific practice, but is rarely appropriate in fiction" [Larin 1974: 234].

Another way of introducing obsolete vocabulary into the context seems to be more successful: correlating the meanings with the meanings of common words of the modern lexicon directly in the text of the narrative, using semantic parallels, synonyms - the whole “environment”, which helps to clarify the meaning of the obsolete word:

And whoever does not buy is a pervetnik, an accomplice to enemies.

The friend took pity on the boy.

Lyubava in leather performances on bare feet ...

In the texts of fiction, there are words / meanings of words that are archaic with modern point vision. But here it is necessary to distinguish:

archaization of our linguistic time - the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century;

archaization of the linguistic time of text creation.

Therefore, there are two aspects of the analysis of lexical archaization: the archaization of the time when the work was written and the archaization of the modern reading of the work.

When stylized, the language of a bygone era is not at all reproduced exactly. Sometimes, to achieve the desired effect, the author only needs a few words that fall on the canvas of the narrative, reflecting the old word order. Interestingly, very often such words are pronouns and official words: this, this, so that, because, etc.

Speaking about the role of obsolete words in works that tell about the events of the past, it should be emphasized that, unlike archaisms that carry a purely stylistic load, historicisms, in addition, perform a nominative function, being the only possible designations for those things that the author writes about.

On the use of obsolete vocabulary in historical novels G. O. Vinokur wrote [Vinokur 1991]. Aesthetically justified, in view of the impossibility of a continuous stylization of the language of the depicted time, G.O. Vinokur recognized the principle of greater or lesser approximation to the language of the era, which should be based on the understanding that “there is no strict parallelism between the history of language and the history of life” [Vinokur 1991 : 411]. In this regard, he put forward a very important thesis about the creative expediency of relying in linguistic stylization not on the “fluid”, changeable, but on the “eternal” and general - i.e. to something that can make the language of a historical work understandable and aesthetically satisfying for the reader, at the same time responding to his desire to feel the flavor of the era. Attention should be paid to the following statement on the following statement by Vinokur: "... I have the right to say that, without any doubt, it is possible to write a novel on any historical topic without a single linguistic archaism, solely by means of a neutral language stock ..." [Vinokur 1991: 414-415 ].

It is also important here that the concept of neutrality is understood as absolute. The author saw no obstacles to expanding the boundaries of this concept, believing that everything is dictated by the needs of aesthetic conformity. And in this sense, G. O. Vinokur distinguishes between language anachronisms and material anachronisms. If writers are looking for a style that is not satisfied with the neutral layer of language, but requires material evidence taken from the language of the era depicted, then the language itself is included in the circle of those objects that are depicted in these works. And then a proper poetic task arises: the correspondence of the language to the depicted ceases to be an external, technical problem. She, according to the author, "becomes urgent artistic problem image" [Vinokur 1991: 415], when the aesthetic criterion is equal to the criterion of credibility and persuasiveness.

G. O. Vinokur notes: “For a whole century, we have been competing in realistic fiction with two main styles: 1. Imitating and 2. Non-imitating. This is the new contradiction that realism brought with it” [Vinokur 1991: 417.]. differential sign The "non-imitating" style is a sharp distinction between the speech of the author and the character, which can be replaced by the fact that the character speaks in the author's way, and not vice versa. The differential feature of the “imitating” style is the inevitable merging of the author and the character in character speech, “necessarily associated with the “stucco”, “ornamental” sense of the language, and not with its strict geometric pattern”.

A historical novel must necessarily be written in the language of the author and his milieu, and at the same time, it must be the language not of the author and his milieu, but of the epoch he depicts. Consequently, we can only talk about a greater or lesser approximation to the language of the depicted environment and era, i.e. about a certain selection of imitated or cited facts of language. This can only be achieved by a certain selection of the means available to the author who studies the epoch that serves him as a theme.

Composition of obsolete words.

As part of the archaic vocabulary, there are historicisms and archaisms.

To historicism include words that are the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts (chain mail, hussar, tax in kind, NEP, October - a child of a younger school age preparing to join the pioneers; Enkavedist - an employee of the NKVD - People's Commissariat internal affairs, commissar, etc.). Historicism can be associated both with very distant epochs and with events of relatively recent times, which, however, have already become facts of history ( Soviet authority, party activist, general secretary, politburo). Historicisms do not have synonyms among active words vocabulary, being the only names of the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms are the names of existing things and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other words belonging to active vocabulary. Wed: daily - always, comedian - actor, gold - gold, to know - to know. Obsolete words are heterogeneous in origin. Among them are primordially Russian(full, with a helmet), Old Slavonic(smooth, kiss, shrine), borrowed from other languages(abshid - "resignation", voyage - "journey").

Of particular interest in stylistic terms are words of old Slavonic origin, or Slavicisms. A significant part of Slavonicisms assimilated on Russian soil and stylistically merged with neutral Russian vocabulary (sweet, captivity, hello), but there are also such Old Slavonic words, which in modern language are perceived as an echo high style and retain its characteristic solemn, rhetorical coloring.

Stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech.

Obsolete words in the modern literary language can perform various stylistic functions.

Archaisms, and in particular Old Slavonicisms, which replenished the passive vocabulary composition, give speech an exalted, solemn sound: Arise, prophet, and see, and listen, be fulfilled by my will, and, bypassing the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with a verb! (P.).
Old Church Slavonic vocabulary was used in this function back in ancient Russian literature. In the poetry of classicism, speaking as the main component odic dictionary, Old Slavonicisms determined the solemn style " high poetry". In the poetic speech of the 19th century, the outdated vocabulary of other sources, and, above all, Old Russianisms, was stylistically equalized with the archaizing Old Slavonic vocabulary: Alas! wherever I look - everywhere there are scourges, everywhere glands, disastrous shame laws, weak tears of bondage (P.). Archaisms were the source of the national-patriotic sound of the freedom-loving Pushkin's lyrics, poetry of the Decembrists. The tradition of writers turning to outdated high vocabulary in works of civil and patriotic themes is maintained in the Russian literary language in our time.

Archaisms and historicisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the color of the era; cf .: How is it going now prophetic Oleg, to take revenge on the unreasonable Khazars, their villages and fields for a violent raid, he doomed to swords and fires; with his retinue, in Constantinople armor, the prince rides across the field on a faithful horse (P.). In the same stylistic function, obsolete words are used in the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov", in the novels of A.N. Tolstoy "Peter I", A. P. Chapygin "Razin Stepan", V. Ya. Shishkov "Emelyan Pugachev" and others.

Obsolete words can be a means of speech characterization of characters, such as clergymen, monarchs. Wed Pushkin's stylization of the tsar's speech:

I reached [Boris Godunov] supreme power;
For the sixth year I reign quietly.
But my soul is not happy. Is not it
We fall in love from a young age and are hungry
The joys of love, but only quench
Heart smoothness by instant possession,
Already, having cooled, we miss and languish?

Archaisms, and especially Old Church Slavonicisms, are used to recreate the ancient oriental flavor, which is explained by the proximity of the Old Church Slavonic speech culture to biblical imagery. Examples are also easy to find in Pushkin's poetry ("Imitation of the Koran", "Gavriiliada") and other writers ("Shulamith" by AI Kuprin).

High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor, satire. The comic sound of obsolete words is noted even in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic controversy early XIX in. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.
In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech: The worm, skillfully impaled on a hook, enthusiastically uttered: - How favored is Providence for me, I am finally completely independent (N. Mizin).

Errors caused by the use of obsolete words.

The use of obsolete words without considering them expressive coloring leads to gross stylistic errors. For example: Sponsors in the boarding school were welcomed with joy; The laboratory assistant went to the chief and told him about what had happened. The young entrepreneur quickly saw the efficiency of his manager - in these proposals, Slavicisms are archaic. The word welcome is not even included in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegova, in " explanatory dictionary Russian language, ed. D.N. Ushakov, it is given with a litter (obsolete, poet.); Ozhegov marked the word to tell (outdated), and Ushakov - (outdated, rhetor.); see has a litter (old). A context in which there is no setting for a humorous coloring of speech does not allow the use of obsolete words; they should be replaced by synonyms (greeted, told, saw [noted]).

Sometimes authors, using an obsolete word, distort its meaning. For example: As a result of a stormy meeting of households, the repair of the house was started - the word households, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary, is explained as "people who live in a family on the rights of its members", and in the text it is used in the meaning of "residents" . Another example from a note in the newspaper: At the meeting, even the most unpleasant shortcomings in the work were revealed. The word impartial means "impartial", besides, it has limited opportunities lexical compatibility(only criticism can be impartial). Misuse archaisms are very often complicated by a violation of lexical compatibility: Andreev was certified as a person who has worked on this path for a very long time (the path is chosen, the path is followed, but they do not work on it).

Sometimes the meaning of the obsolete grammatical form the words. For example: He refuses to testify, but that doesn't matter. The essence is the third person plural form of the verb to be, and the subject is in singular, the bundle must be consistent with it.

Outdated words can give the text a clerical coloring. (Similar buildings, not required at one site, are required at another; Classes should be held in the proper room.) AT business papers, where many archaisms are fixed as terms, the use of such special vocabulary should be appropriate. It is impossible, for example, to consider it stylistically justified to resort to outdated turns of speech: at your discretion, I am enclosing the above-named offender, upon receipt of such, etc.

The stylists point out that recent times obsolete words that are outside the literary language are becoming widespread; and often they are assigned a new value. For example, the word in vain is used incorrectly, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary and is fruitlessly explained by synonyms, in vain: intentions to find a reasonable compromise remained in vain; the issues of creating crop rotations and the use of a complex of fertilizers remain in vain. Better: no reasonable compromise could be found; ... crop rotation has not been introduced and a complex of fertilizers has not been applied.

With frequent repetition, obsolete words sometimes lose the shade of archaism that distinguished them earlier. This can be seen in the example of the word now. In Ozhegov, this adverb is given with stylistic marks (obsolete) and (high). Cf .: ...now there, along the renewed shores, slender masses are crowding palaces and towers ... (P.). Contemporary authors often used as a stylistically neutral word. For example: Many MIIR graduates are now diplomats; There are not so many students at the faculty today who would be content with a scholarship - in the first sentence the word now should have been omitted, and in the second it should have been replaced with a synonym now. Thus, neglecting the stylistic coloring of obsolete words inevitably leads to speech errors.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is in a state of continuous change and development. It has evolved over many centuries. There are two ways of forming vocabulary: 1) a direct way, in which the so-called native words arise from the elements that change in the language; 2) the way of borrowing words from other languages.

Most of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language is primordial, non-borrowed words. Many original words were inherited by the Russian language of their Indo-European language-base: mother, brother. The words that arose later (during the existence of the common Slavic language) are primordial in origin: place, weather, person. There are many words in Russian vocabulary in which only some part, some morpheme is borrowed: connection-ist, essay-ist. The same partially borrowed are some Difficult words: self-control, telecast. There are words in which all morphemes are borrowed, but the word was formed from these parts in Russian: lifter, miner. special type borrowings - tracing, translation of words and phrases in parts with subsequent addition of the translated into one whole. look=aussehen

1 Historicisms are words denoting objects, things, phenomena that do not exist in modern reality. "Tiun" (tax collector), "bortnichat" (gather honey from wild bees), etc. are now out of use, but when describing Ancient Russia they act as I. (in relation to the present). I.'s age can be calculated both in centuries ("smerd", "boyar", "brother"), and in decades ("nepman", "literacy program", "tax in kind"). In contrast to archaisms, I. do not have their semantic equivalents in lexical system modern language.

I. are commonly used in the language works of art on the historical themes when stylizing, for example, "The princes rode on horseback in patterned cones, and in bast shoes they repelled enemies in those stubborn battles!" (N. Aseev).

2 Archaisms of the word, individual meanings, phrases, as well as some grammatical forms and syntactic constructions, obsolete and out of active use.

1) lexical-semantic: polysemantic words have obsolete one of the meanings: guest-merchant.

2) lexico-phonetic - change in sound form: English - English

3) lexical and derivational - outdated separate word-forming elements: height-height

3 Neologisms new words or expressions, the freshness and unusualness of which is clearly felt by the speakers given language. Some words are quickly included in the asset (Komsomolets), some - in the passive (Nepman, paint).

1) proper lexical neologisms: replenishment due to the emergence of new names for the same objects and concepts. This is a scientific terminological system (atom - atomist, nuclear ship, nuclear scientist).

2) lexico-semantic neologisms: the emergence of new concepts from earlier existing words: the foreman (military, 17th century) becomes a "manager at the factory."

Functions: nominative in scientific-historical works; characterize a particular era; in prose - stylistic functions of recreating the style of the era (green, chilly, etc.); creating solemnity; fine arts f-ii; humor/irony/satire. However, the use of these words must be clearly motivated, otherwise embarrassment can be provoked (the word “cheat” in the meaning of “sleep” or “calm down.” She lay down to chew)

More on the topic Vocabulary of the Russian language. Passive vocabulary (archaisms, historicisms, neologisms). Stylistic functions of obsolete words.:

1. Passive vocabulary - outdated vocabulary. Types of obsolete words. Classification of archaisms. Dictionary marks characterizing the chronological stratification of vocabulary.
2. 8. Vocabulary of active and passive vocabulary (obsolete words, neologisms).
3. Passive vocabulary - new vocabulary. Causes and ways of the emergence of new words. Groups of neologisms.
4. 23. Passive vocabulary: typology and stylistic features.
5. Vocabulary of the Russian language. Native Russian and borrowed vocabulary. Assessment of the influx of foreign vocabulary in the post-perestroika periods. The use of borrowed words. Etymological dictionaries. Dictionaries of foreign words.

archaisms completely disappear from the language. This was the case, for example, with old Russian words komon - “horse”, usnie - “skin” (hence the barb), worm - “kind of shoes”. Separate obsolete words are sometimes returned to the vocabulary of the active vocabulary. For example, words not used for some time soldier, officer, warrant officer, gymnasium, lyceum, promissory note, stock exchange, department now again actively used in speech.

The special emotional and expressive coloring of obsolete words leaves an imprint on their semantics. “To say that, for example, the verbs to go and walk (...) have such and such meanings without defining them stylistic role, - wrote D.N. Shmelev, - this means, in essence, to abandon precisely their semantic definition, replacing it approximate formula subject-conceptual comparisons. This places obsolete words in a special stylistic framework and requires great attention to them.

As part of the archaic vocabulary, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished. Historicisms include words that are the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts ( chain mail, hussar, tax in kind, NEP, October(a child of primary school age who is preparing to join the pioneers), an enkavedist (an employee of the NKVD - the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), a commissar, etc.). Historicism can be associated both with very distant epochs and with events of relatively recent times, which, however, have already become facts of history ( soviet government, party activist, general secretary, politburo). Historicisms do not have synonyms among the words of the active vocabulary, being the only names of the corresponding concepts.

They are the names of existing things and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other words belonging to the active vocabulary (cf .: everyday - always, comedian - actor, gold - gold, to know - to know).

Obsolete words are heterogeneous in origin: among them there are primordially Russian (full, shelom), Old Slavonic ( smooth, kiss, shrine), borrowed from other languages ​​(abshid - "resignation", voyage - "journey").

Of particular interest in stylistic terms are words of Old Slavonic origin, or Slavicisms. A significant part of Slavicisms assimilated on Russian soil and stylistically merged with neutral Russian vocabulary ( sweet, captivity, hello), but there are also such Old Slavonic words that in the modern language are perceived as an echo of high style and retain its solemn, rhetorical coloring.

The history of poetic vocabulary associated with ancient symbolism and imagery (the so-called poetisms) is similar to the fate of Slavicisms in Russian literature. Names of gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology, special poetic symbols ( lyre, ellisium, Parnassus, laurels, myrtle), artistic images ancient literature in the first third of the 19th century. formed an integral part of the poetic vocabulary. Poetic vocabulary, like the Slavs, strengthened the opposition of sublime, romantically colored speech - everyday, prosaic speech. However, these traditional means of poetic vocabulary were not used for long in fiction. Already the successors of A.S. Pushkin's poeticisms are archaic.

Writers often refer to obsolete words as means of expression artistic speech. The history of the use of Old Slavonic vocabulary in Russian fiction, especially in poetry, is interesting. Stylistic Slavisms made up a significant part of the poetic vocabulary in the works of writers of the first third of the 19th century. Poets found in this vocabulary a source of sublimely romantic and "sweet" sounding of speech. Slavicisms that have consonant variants in Russian, primarily non-vowel ones, were shorter than Russian words by one syllable and were used in the 18th-19th centuries. on the rights of "poetic liberties": poets could choose from two words one that corresponded to the rhythmic structure of speech ( I will sigh, and my languid voice, like a harp's voice, will die quietly in the air.- Bat.). Over time, the tradition of "poetic liberties" is overcome, but outdated vocabulary attracts poets and writers as strong remedy expression.

Obsolete words perform various stylistic functions in artistic speech. Archaisms and historicisms are used to recreate the color of distant times. In this function, they were used, for example, by A.N. Tolstoy:

« Earth ottich and dedich- these are the shores deep rivers and forest clearings where our ancestor came to live forever. (...) he fenced his dwelling with a fence and looked along the path of the sun into the distance of centuries.

And he imagined a lot - heavy and hard times: Igor's red shields Polovtsian steppes, and the groans of the Russians on the Kalka, and the peasant spears installed under the banners of Dmitry on the Kulikovo field, and the ice covered with blood Lake Peipsi, and the Terrible Tsar, who parted united, now indestructible, the limits of the earth from Siberia to the Varangian Sea ... ".

The use of obsolete words without taking into account their expressive coloring becomes the cause of rude stylistic mistakes. For example: Sponsors in the boarding school were welcomed with joy; The laboratory assistant went to the chief and told him about what had happened. . The young entrepreneur quickly saw the efficiency of his manager- in these sentences, Slavicisms are archaic. The word welcome is not even included in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakov, it is given with a litter (obsolete, poet.); Ozhegov marked the word to tell (outdated), and Ushakov - (outdated, rhetor.); see has a litter (old). A context in which there is no setting for a humorous coloring of speech does not allow the use of obsolete words; should be replaced with synonyms greeted, told, saw[noted]).

Sometimes authors, using an obsolete word, distort its meaning. For example: As a result of a stormy meeting of the household, the repair of the house was started- the word household, which has a litter in Ozhegov's dictionary (obsolete), is explained as "people who live in a family as its members", and in the text it is used in the meaning of "residents". Another example from a newspaper article: At the meeting, even the most unpleasant shortcomings in the work were revealed.. The word impartial means "impartial", besides, it has limited possibilities of lexical compatibility (only criticism can be impartial). The misuse of archaisms is very often complicated by a violation of lexical compatibility: Andreev was certified as a person who worked on this path for a very long time(the path is chosen, the path is followed, but they do not work on it).

Sometimes the meaning of an obsolete grammatical form of a word is distorted. For example: He refuses to testify, but that's not the point. Essence - third person form plural verb to be, and the subject is in the singular, the link must be consistent with it.

Outdated words can give the text a clerical coloring. ( Similar buildings, not required at one building site, are required at another; Practice must be done in the right space.). In business papers, where many archaisms are fixed as terms, the use of such special vocabulary should be appropriate. It is impossible, for example, to consider stylistically justified the appeal to obsolete turns of speech at your discretion, I enclose herewith, the above-named offender, upon receipt of such etc.

Stylists note that obsolete words that are outside the literary language have recently become widespread; and often they are assigned a new value. For example, the word vtune is incorrectly used, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary and is explained by synonyms fruitless, in vain [Intentions to find a reasonable compromise remained in vain; The issues of creating crop rotations and the use of a complex of fertilizers remain in vain(better: A reasonable compromise could not be found; ... Crop rotation has not been introduced and a complex of fertilizers has not been applied)]:

With frequent repetition, obsolete words sometimes lose the shade of archaism that distinguished them earlier. This can be seen in the example of the word now. In Ozhegov, this adverb is given with stylistic marks (obsolete) and (high) [cf .: ... now, along the renewed shores, slender masses are crowding palaces and towers ...(P.)]. Modern authors often use this word as stylistically neutral. For example: Many MIMO graduates are now diplomats; There are not so many students at the faculty today who would be content with a scholarship- in the first sentence, the word now should have been omitted, and in the second, replaced with a synonym now. So neglect stylistic coloring obsolete words inevitably leads to speech errors.