Jargon is, speaking plain language, a type of dialect characterized by special vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and specific derivational means. It is characteristic only of certain social groups - people who are united by their interests, occupations, occupation, social status, profession, etc.

And no language can exist without such sociolects. However, in Russian there are many more of them, and they are of particular interest. So now it is worth considering this topic in more detail and paying attention to examples of jargon.

Professional area

Surely everyone has come across specific expressions that came from one or another specialized area. There are many examples of professional jargon. But their highlight is that only people who are related to a particular specialty understand them. Here are some examples common among computer scientists:

• "Upgrade". In fact, this is the English word upgrade. To "upgrade" something means to improve it, to improve it.
• “Throw on soap” - send something to an email address.
• "Klava" - keyboard.
• "User" is a derogatory name for a user.

There are also interesting examples in the medical field. Here is some of them:

• "Helicopter" - a gynecological chair.
• "Bring in a patient" - restore the rhythm after a cardiac arrest.
• The "client" is an ambulance patient.
• "Sunbed" - a bedridden patient.
• "Paratroopers" are people who have been injured in a fall.
• "TV" - fluoroscopy.

And there are hundreds of such words in any field. As a rule, they have a comic or associative origin.

school slang

It can be described as sustainable. The lexemes related to the educational process practically do not change. Only words related to the spheres of everyday life and leisure are “transformed”. But this is normal, because it is not without the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

Tokens are formed, as a rule, by affixal methods. There are also metonymic and metaphorical transfers, as well as fusions.

What about character? Due to the specifics of distribution, school slang is characterized by a playful, funny coloring. With negative lexemes in educational institutions, where they are massively formed, they are fighting. By the way, many people say given type jargon school of word creation.

School jargon dictionary

Now you can give some examples of words and their meaning in jargon. Words from school sphere simple and clear even without explanations. Here is some of them:

• "Algebroid" - algebra teacher.
• "Dirik" - director.
• Zubril is an excellent student, a diligent student.
• "Hysteric" - a teacher of history. There is a letter change here. Consonant with the colloquial "historian".
• "Ancestors", "rodoks" or "perens" (from English parents ) - parents.
• "Rap" - tutor.
• "Physicist-shizik" - a teacher of physics, formed on the basis of rhyme.
• "Shamovochnaya" - dining room.

There are many other examples from the jargon of the school sphere. Many lexemes are common, and some exist only in certain circles. Surely in all schools there are teachers whom schoolchildren call one or another slang word within the institution - most often derived from a surname.

Student jargon: features

He usually wears a familiar coloration. It is generally accepted that student jargon, examples of which will be given below, began its journey with abbreviations for the names of subjects.

A little later, disciplines began to be replaced by the names of teachers who lecture on them. For example: “Are you going to Ivanov?”

Conventionally, students' slang is divided into traditional, which is passed from one generation to another, and new. It includes words that constantly replenish the vocabulary of students. Although, by the way, student slang is common not only among them. It is also actively used by teachers.

Examples

Here are some jargons from the student sphere that can be classified as traditional:

• "Abitura" - graduates entering the university, applicants.
• "Academ" - academic leave.
• "Alaska", "gallerka", "Kamchatka" - the back rows in the audience.
• "Spur" - cheat sheet.
• Botan is an excellent student.
• "Record" - a record book.
• "Kursach" - term paper.
• "Stipukha" - a scholarship.

These examples of jargon have taken root in circulation so long ago that they are no longer even considered slang. But those that are new, perhaps not even familiar to everyone:

• "Bachok" - bachelor.
• "Mag" - master.
• "Zaruba" - foreign literature.
• "Matan" - mathematical analysis.
• "Pervak" - freshman.

The student sociolect is perhaps one of the most frequently replenished. Therefore, this jargon has a "live" character. And it will exist until the social group itself disappears.

Youth slang

It is also very common. Examples of youth jargon are numerous. Surely many of you have come across the following lexemes:

• "Theme" is good, interesting idea or an idea. It is also not uncommon to hear an approving exclamation of “Oh, this is a topic!” Addressed to something / someone.
• "Bro" is a friend. It comes from the English brother ("brother").
• "Scrap" - too lazy to do something.
• "Bummer" - a characteristic of a situation where reality did not match the expectation.
• “In kind”, “hedgehogs”, “live is” - a conviction.
• "Lave", "loot", "coin", "cash" - money.

As a rule, most lexemes have a rough-familiar coloring. Speaking of the most developed semantic fields, then it will be leisure, housing, clothing, appearance and people. Youth jargon, examples of which are ubiquitous, is highly variable. Generations change, and with them slang.

Literature

Slang words and expressions are also found in the work of great figures. It is not surprising, because they are able to convey exactly the meaning that the author lays in the lines, give the text some kind of expression. Here are just a few examples of jargon in fiction:

• S. A. Yesenin - “Letter to mother”. There are such words: “sadanul” (jargon), “very much” and “drunkard” (colloquial). There are many other examples in the verses of the Moscow Tavern cycle, and in obscene verses there is something that censorship does not let through.
• M. A. Sholokhov - “ Quiet Don". In this work, the speech of the main characters and descriptions of nature are interspersed with words characteristic of the Don villages. Such as "spletugans", "bursaks", etc.
• N. V. Gogol - "Dead Souls". In this poem, many characters speak in simple language.
• V. S. Vysotsky and A. I. Solzhenitsyn. These literary figures are known for their love of jargon and "strong" words, so you can find them in almost every work of theirs.

But also in literary works other writers and poets they meet. There are many examples of jargon in the literature. It's just that sometimes we don't even perceive them as such. There used to be other times, mores, language norms, and most of the words modern people simply considered a literary feature of the era. Here are some examples: shameless (shameless), buoy (impolite), sail (sail), gaer (jester), efor (bishop), zabobons (superstitions), capon (castrated rooster), mask (mask), oratay (plowman).

prison slang

It cannot be ignored when considering examples of jargon. It developed among the declassed elements of society, which are criminals who are both at large and in correctional institutions.

Criminal jargon is a system of expressions and terms that identify members of the criminal community as a separate, separate part society. This feature is its main specificity. If the same school jargon, examples of words from which were given above, can be understood by everyone, then the meaning of “thieves” expressions is difficult to perceive.

Because you need to be enlightened in this matter. For criminal jargon reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world. "Respectful" words are assigned to authoritative, powerful, influential personalities. Offensive and offensive - for the "lower".

Some "thieves" words

They should be listed at the end of the topic. A dictionary of criminal slang, if released in the format of a book, will be as thick as a weighty brochure. All words and phrases cannot be listed, so here are the most bright examples criminal jargon:

• "Cormorant" - a hooligan convicted under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The word carries a connotation of contempt.
• "Huckster" - a speculator, a buyer of stolen goods. Either convicted of speculation, or someone who sells cigarettes, tea and other goods in prison.
• "Blatnoy" is a professional, respected criminal from the highest status group. Follows "concepts", recognizes the prison law, has a "clean" past.
• "Grev" - food and money illegally sent to criminals in prison by someone from freedom.
• "Dushnyak" - especially unbearable conditions.
• "Gimp" - harming one prisoner by others.
• "Goats" - a whole group of prisoners who openly cooperate with the administration of the penitentiary. One of the most serious insults in the zone.
• "Attack" is an aggressive provocation.
• "Soldering" - state-owned products.
• "Pakhan" is the most authoritative prisoner.
• "Cutting" - shortening the term.
• "Torpedo" - bodyguard.
• "Bullshit" is a lie.
• "Chemist" - a criminal who was released on parole.
• "Owner" - the head of the colony / prison.
• "Shmon" - a search.

Considering that there are hundreds of such words, one can imagine how incomprehensible the communication of prisoners will seem to an ordinary person. In fact, there are still many examples of jargon in the Russian language, but the prison one is the most specific and interesting in terms of word formation. Not without reason, many works of a scientific nature are devoted to its study.

DIALECTISMS AND JARGONISMS

§ 32. Use of dialectisms. In works fiction to convey local color, to speech characteristics heroes sometimes use words of dialect vocabulary, that is, words characteristic of local dialects and standing outside the normalized literary language (see § 1).

Dialect vocabulary has been especially widely used in fiction since the 30s of the last century.

The use of dialectisms in fiction is governed by the requirements of general intelligibility and artistry. Therefore, in works of art dialect vocabulary usually used in small quantities against the background of general literary speech. About the careful use of dialectisms, A. M. Gorky wrote: “If the word “khryndugi” is used in the Dmitrovsky district, then it is not necessary that the population of the remaining 800 districts understand what this word means. The same should be said about the word "defti" instead of "devki" ... a writer should write in Russian, and not in Vyatka, not in balakhonsky.

I. S. Turgenev, speaking about the peasants of the Oryol province in “Notes of a Hunter”, indicates that “the Oryol dialect is distinguished in general by many original, sometimes very well-aimed, sometimes rather ugly words and phrases” (story “Khor and Kalinich”). The writer selects well-aimed words and introduces them into his author's speech, for example: “In the Oryol province, the last forests and area will disappear in five years ... "(" Squares "are called in the Oryol province large continuous masses of bushes. "- Note of the author) (story "Khor and Kalinich"). “He was rejected as a person unfit for any work - icy, as we say in Orel" (story "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman").

N. A. Nekrasov, who is well acquainted with North Russian speech, introduces North Russian peasant dialectisms into his works:

1) - ... piled

roe deer 1 , rakes, harrows,

hooks, machine tools, cart

rims, axes.

2) ... isn't it, Matryonushka,

on the ochep 2 i similar?

(From the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia.")

1 Roe deer - plow.

2 Ochep - a pole or log that serves as a lever for raising water from a well.

From the writers of the XX century. M. A. Sholokhov widely used dialectisms, and among the writers of the younger generation - V. Astafiev, F. Abramov, V. Belov, B. Mozhaev and others. So, M. A. Sholokhov, describing the nature of the Don, as well as family life, economic and military life Don Cossacks, constantly refers to the local dialect: instead of hut or hut the author will say chicken; a place in the yard fenced off for cattle, he will name bases, and homestead grove of poplars and willows - levada; Aksinya "brought home bursakov" (bursaks - sweet buns); "Master, thrashed him whip"(i.e. with a whip).

Exercise 39 Read carefully; indicate the dialectisms and try to explain their meaning.

There are no gates in Podlipnaya at all. It would be nice if there were no forest, otherwise the forest around the village is high and dense, everything is birch and pine, it would be possible to build some kind of houses and make plank dams with gates ... “Why? - the Podlipovets will ask, not understanding. - And so the same Basco! Behind the yards there is no rig or hay, no vegetable gardens. Only to the right are ridges with cabbage, carrots and mostly potatoes.

(F. M. Reshetnikov, Podlipovtsy.)

40 . Read carefully; indicate dialectisms and their meaning, then say for what purpose they are used by the author; indicate the words that have penetrated into the countryside as a result of the socialist reorganization of its economy. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Life in Gremyach...m Log reared up like a burrowing horse in front of a difficult obstacle. During the day the Cossacks gathered ... on the lanes and in the huts, argued, talked ... about collective farms, expressed ... made assumptions. Meetings were convened during... four days in a row every evening and continued until the wake-up call.

Nagulnov lost so much weight during these days, as if he had been lying in a serious illness for a long time. But Davydov still maintained an external calmness, only the deep folds of stubbornness lay more sharply above his lips, along the sides of his cheeks ...

Andrei walked around the farm, examining the cattle common bases with a confident grin.

(M. A. Sh o l about h about v. Upturned virgin soil.)

The use of jargon and argotism. In works of art, for the speech characteristics of representatives of some social groups, words of slang and slang vocabulary are used, which are outside the literary language. Jargons are created in small social groups often as a joke, as a kind of word-creation game. They replace common words.

For example, slang words were created by soldiers during the First World War: "suitcase" - a heavy projectile, soup from "shrapnel" - from pearl barley. A lot of jargon was created by students, especially in closed educational institutions. Such jargon is widely represented in the work of N. G. Pomyalovsky “Essays of the Bursa”, which describes the Bursaks, that is, students of the spiritual educational institution; for example: “blended” (played on the lips), “lupetka” (face), “bonded” (steal), etc.

Argotic vocabulary is close to slang vocabulary. Argotisms are words characteristic of the vocabulary of small social groups, communities, circles, for example, thieves, beggars, ofen (itinerant merchants in tsarist Russia).

At the heart of the creation of argotism lies the desire to hide the meaning of speech from others. Argotisms were created in various ways;

for example, for the word morning added sound w ("Shutro"), the word boy used in the sense of the word bit etc.

Slang and slang words make up an insignificant percentage in relation to the vocabulary of the national language. The Soviet public has always fought against the widespread penetration of slang and jargon into literature and colloquial speech. A. M. Gorky was an ardent fighter for the correctness and purity of the Russian literary language.

Exercise 41. Read and point out the jargon words.

Semyonov did not begin to talk more ... He remembered that he had a crust with porridge in his desk. Semyonov wanted to have breakfast, but there was no crust. Irritated by constant clashes with his comrades, he turned to them with the words:

- Gentlemen, this is vile at last!

- What?

- Who took the crust?

- With porridge? They answered him mockingly.

- Stebri?

- Bonded?

- Slapped?

- Stolen?

- Lafa, brother!

All these words are translated from Bursatsky into human language means "stolen" lafa -"famously".

(N. G. P. O. M. I. O. M. O. O. O. Bursa.)

Hannanova Alina

love for the Russian language should begin with the correct speech.

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X Republican Research Conference

"Christmas Readings"

Section:

Russian literature

Research work

"Youth slang and its manifestations in Russian literature and media"

Hannanova Alina

MBOU "Shikshinskaya secondary school of the Sabinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan"

Scientific adviser: teacher of Russian language and literature Davydova T. A.

Kazan 2011

1. Introduction ……………………………………………….………..3-4
2. Main part…………………………………………………….4-13

1. Theoretical foundations of the problem………………………….4-7
2. Slang in the works of Russian literature…………….7-8
3. The emergence and development of slang…………………………8-11
4. Slang in the media………………………………………………...11-14

III. Conclusion …………………………………………………….13-14

IV. References…………………………………………….15

INTRODUCTION

From people of the older generation I often hear so many opposing opinions about the language of adolescents that I wanted to explore this problem and express my point of view.

aim my work is to study the emergence and use of lexical innovations in the language of young people and determine the degree of their influence on the Russian language, its normative side; consideration of the use of slang by writers in Russian literature.

Researching this topic, I put the following tasks :

1. research the literature on the topic;
2. get acquainted with the words characteristic of adolescents, determine the place of slang in the speech culture of adolescents;
3. identify the sources and causes of youth slang;
4. understand the meaning and origin of slang words through their classification;
5. conduct research on the use of slang words and expressions by writers.

Relevance:

Russian speech has become more vulgar in recent years. The question is: why? I used to use slang certain group persons. Now, slang expressions are on the lips of everyone - a politician, a professor, a schoolboy, a deputy, a criminal. Slang has become everyday. Jargon is gradually replacing literary speech - it is not understood. Many parents, when talking with their children, ask to have parts of the conversation incomprehensible to them translated. We assume: if we understand the essence of slang, we will be able to facilitate the process of communication.

Research hypothesis:Can today's youth speak a "normal" language so that everyone around them can understand them?

The material for the study was:

Materials of modern youth magazines, newspapers, youth language innovations;

Works by S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Shukshin, V. Shalamov.

The object of study is a variety of education in the spoken language of young people.

MAIN PART

We are sure that Russian speech will be

One of two things: either send it utterly, or,

come to their senses, turn onto a different path, capturing

besides, with him all the reserves abandoned in a hurry.

IN AND. Dal

I. Theoretical foundations of the problem.

The reason for creating this work was homework after studying the topic "Speech Styles". Naturally, colloquial style we are all much closer than scientific or official business. Therefore, with the task to write a dialogue using slang words, it was not difficult.

I then thought, why is it easier for us to write? My observations of the speech of peers, oversaturated with "special" language, far from literary, could not leave me indifferent. It is a difficult time for the Russian language now.

From different people- teachers, parents - I heard completely opposite opinions about the language of teenagers, and I wanted to express my own. After a thorough study of youth speech, which is different from the established rules and norms in media publications, Internet forums and live speech of schoolchildren, I collected my thoughts, and as a result, this work appeared.

I turned first of all to theoretical foundations the problem under study, the works of famous linguists: V.G. Gaka, N.M. Shansky, L.V. Sakharny. At the same time, I carefully studied youth slang in media publications, the works of some writers, the Internet and directly in the live speech of my peers. I collected all the studied material together, and as a result, this work appeared.

The theme I have chosen "Youth slang and its manifestations in Russian literature and the media" is relevant, because it is impossible to ignore the processes taking place in mother tongue. We must remember that not only we, but also the language affects us. Active intrusions of "innovation" sometimes lead to absurd situations: reading newspapers, listening to radio broadcasts gives rise to a desire to pick up a dictionary. One has only to remember how most children “grind out” essays in the lessons of the Russian language and literature. Just at recess, he was happy to retell to his friend the content of the film he had seen the day before. And he did not just retell, but also expressed his attitude, and “ comparative analysis”conducted, and took apart the game of actors on the bones. But ask him to write an essay on the topic "My favorite feature film" - and he will fall into a stupor. After tormenting himself for half an hour, he will hand over a "work" consisting exclusively of ratings like "like - dislike". And the point here is not only the difficulty of presenting thoughts on paper. This is easy to check - ask the same student to write a "letter to a friend" about the same film, allowing him to use the words that he wants. You will get a bright and imaginative essay, however, with a bunch of spelling errors and epithets like "cool" and "cool".

What is the reason for the negative trends in the development of the Russian language? Most researchers agree that the problem is based on too active penetration into the literary language of the colloquial, colloquial language. Youth slang is especially singled out, considering it the “culprit” of the fact that the Russian language is in danger of dying, and calling for a decisive fight against it. Is it so? Or is it, according to others, that youth slang is just a natural phenomenon in the development of Russian society and should we treat it calmly?

I began my research on this topic by working on the term "slang", given in the encyclopedic dictionary. Slang refers to words that are seen as violating the norms of the standard language. These are very expressive, ironic words that serve to designate objects that are spoken about in everyday life. Translated from of English language the term "slang" is the speech of a socially or professionally isolated group, as opposed to the literary language, expressed in colloquial speech that does not coincide with normal literary speech.

So, what is Russian youth slang?

II. Slang in the works of Russian literature.

Varlam Shalamov, who spent seventeen years in Stalinist camps and created a strikingly reliable "sorrowful story" (" Kolyma stories”), the story, in the words of the writer himself, “is not about the victorious spirit, but about the trampled spirit”, in the book “Essays on the Underworld” (1959) in the chapter “Sergey Yesenin and the Thieves' World” remarks: “Already at that time - only three years after the death of the poet - his popularity in thieves' circles was very high. This was the only poet "accepted" and "sanctified" by thieves, who do not favor poetry at all. Later, the thieves made him a "classic" - it began to speak of him with respect good tone among the thieves.

To the question: “What is Yesenin close to the soul of the blatar?” - Shalamov gives several explanations:

1. “First of all, frank sympathy for the thieves' world runs through all Yesenin's poems ... The swearing built into Yesenin's poems causes constant admiration. Still would! After all, the speech of any blatar is equipped with the most complex, most multi-storied, most perfect swearing - this is a lexicon, life ... Poeticization of hooliganism ... Yesenin's hooliganism, glorified by poetry, is perceived by thieves as an incident of their "scammer", their underground party, reckless and gloomy spree..."

2. In Yesenin's poetry, "blatari hear related notes":

a) “notes of longing, everything that causes pity, everything that is related to prison sentimentality”;

b) "notes of challenge, protest, doom";

c) "the tone of a person offended by the world, offended by the world."

3. “There is another side of Yesenin's poetry, which brings him closer to the concepts that reign in the blatarian world, with the code of this world. It's about the attitude towards women. Blatar treats a woman with contempt, considering her an inferior being. A woman deserves nothing better than bullying, rude jokes, beatings. Yesenin's poems about drunken prostitutes are known by heart by thieves and have long been adopted by them. "There is one good song at the Nightingale" and "You don't love me, don't feel sorry for me" are included in the golden fund of criminal folklore.

So, Shalamov explains the cult of Yesenin among the “thieves” by the presence in the poet’s poems of low, base, cynical feelings, the presence of a “soul mate” in the poet, who in the poem “The Black Man” “gives himself a purely blatarian self-esteem”:

That man was an adventurer,

But the highest

And the best brand.

III. The emergence and development of slang.

Young people at all times sought to assert themselves in society, to create their own style of communication, different from the generally accepted among the older generation. The first documentary in which this phenomenon of interest was recorded is N. G. Pomyalovsky's Essays on the Bursa, which describe the customs and life of the St. Petersburg Seminary in the mid-19th century. The writer reflected "bursatsky". Language: instead of stealing, the Bursaks said “bonded, slapped, stole”, instead of the face - “Christmas” (give on Christmas - hit in the face). AT Pushkin's lyrics Glory - the offenders are "both kyukhelbekerno and sickening." These adverbs are created contrary to word formation.

Information about the vocabulary of student and school jargon is contained in the dictionary and scientific papers late 19th early 20th century. In a scientific publication by E.M. Beregovskaya "Youth slang: formation and functioning", published in the journal "Problems of Linguistics", the emergence of youth slang, its intensive development is associated with historical cataclysms. A stormy surge and the study of different layers of Russian speech occurred in the field of the 1917 revolution. In 1918, the Living Word Institute was established, one of the directions of which was the study of the language of youth. The speech of teenagers, students of that time, was colored with a lot of "thieves' words", which, as the author notes, influence the behavioral nihilism of young people.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, four stormy waves in the development of youth slang have been noted.

The first dates back to the 20s, when the revolution and Civil War, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children, and the speech of adolescent and youth students, who were not separated from homeless children by impenetrable partitions, was colored with many "thieves" words.

The second wave falls on the 50s, when "dudes" took to the streets and dance floors of cities.

The appearance of the third wave is associated with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere public life The 70s and 80s gave rise to various informal youth movements and "hippie" young people created their own "systemic" slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

The beginning of the fourth wave is now commonly associated with the beginning of computerization.If 20-30 years ago the existence of youth slang was spoken about only occasionally and not very confidently, now they are talking about it openly and loudly. I found many theoretical articles about slang and its classifications. There is already a whole series of dictionaries-books and virtual dictionaries.

Viktor Shapoval (associate professor, PhD and head of department at the International Slavic University), talking with his children and watching how they read school literature prefer parties until five in the morning, found one way. He took up the translation of literary works into youth slang. In his arsenal "Priceless Lisa" (" Poor Lisa”), “Botany atas” (“Woe from Wit”), a brief retelling of “Eugene Onegin”. But the main achievement is "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". great monument translated into youth slang and thieves' "fenya": respectively, as "A speech about the party of Garik the militarist" and "A novel for the tour of Igor, son of Slavik, Oleg's granddaughter" ("novel" in thieves' jargon "oral story").

Thus, the process of jargonization of youth speech can be regarded as a kind of linguistic creativity, which is based on already existing traditions and at the same time follows the current fashion. Slang serves in the youth environment as a means of defusing the internal state. At the same time, it gives an idea of ​​the speaker, his attitude and intellect.

This is confirmed and experimental studies that I conducted among students in grades 7 and 11. I set myself the task of establishing the fact of the penetration of jargon (slang) into the colloquial speech of students of our school, to identify the frequency of their use in speech. The respondents were offered the words of modern youth slang. Their task was to determine the lexical meaning of jargon, to indicate in the list of words proposed by him those that they themselves use in speech. According to the results of the study, 63% of high school students use slang speech and only 37% use literary words; 51% of 7th grade students use slang words, 49% - normative vocabulary.

The following terms are typical for the speech of my peers:

1. Fashionable words and expressions (anneal, revel, fall away, get high.);
2. Forms of greeting: hello dude, dude, chick, salute, loshara;
3. Remarks with words expressing disappointment or, conversely, admiration
4. Use of onomatopoeic interjections (wow - surprise, yo - range of emotions.).This analysis shows that the existence of youth slang has its own positive sides, although they are less than negative ones.

Among young people aged 18-30, these words are used because they give liveliness to speech, a humorous meaning. During the research, I found out that their parents follow the speech of children most of all, on the one hand, this is logical. But on the other hand, why are so few teachers involved in this (only 22%)? I can only hypothetically answer this question: most of the teachers themselves were brought up in a slang environment. Therefore, they are relatively calm about this phenomenon. By the way, only 8% of students called the speech of teachers a standard.It seems to me that my peers are not being cunning when they say that now there is no standard speech (23%). All media are saturated with slang (100% of respondents believe that the media has a huge impact on speech).

IV. Slang in the media.

Per recent decades the language of the press is open to non-literary forms national language, there are no longer rigid stylistic barriers between newspaper speech, jargon and slang. For analysis, I took the weekly newspaper Telesem. The authors of the articles use youthful slang, in my opinion, to demonstrate their commitment to this society, its desire to oppose itself to the outside world. At the same time, the laws of language development are not violated: some units of the spoken language become literary, replenish the language standard. Such were the words “chat”, “for sure”, “okay”, “hump” that were once colloquial. Other slang words “shuffle”, “witty”, “pickle”, “net” have become common. Consequently, youthful slang is a kind of transitional sphere of the national Russian dictionary, which is replenished due to the popularization certain words and innovations. An interesting fact is that slang quizzes appear in the youth press, closely linked to classical literature. So, in the newspaper "Telesem" for 10.10.2009, a crossword puzzle was printed, which the famous TV presenter D. Dibrov tried to translate into literary language. I will give a few sample questions: I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Ancestors and Baby”, N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who in Russia is high”, F.M. A. Ostrovsky “Don’t worry about your sleigh”, “Schnobel” by N.V. Gogol. and etc.

I also analyzed the materials of advertising messages.

1. Snickers. "Don't slow down, snickers!" Brake - 1) stop; 2) not to understand, not to guess, to stupefy, to be stunned.

2. "Feint" - for those who are really cool! The colloquial word "cool" develops new meanings in modern speech practice, in comparison with its literary counterpart. Cool - special, outstanding, extraordinary, possessing any specific qualities.

3. Competition from the "Picnic" bar: "Great radio headphones as a gift!" Cool - great, great.

4. Candies "M&Ms": "Superpacking is a fun party!" youth word"tusovka" should be understood as "an event, a meeting involving informal communication."

Similar linguistic phenomena testify that:

1. A new social category has been formed in society, with a new social status, with its own image and style of life, significantly different from the lifestyle of adults, and with its own youth culture. Juvenile slang is an information drug that captures an increasing number of teenagers who speak it.

2. Negative influence youth slang for development modern language obviously. Jargon is found even in the speech of politicians. Thus, speaking before the Olympic Committee in Sochi on March 14, 2010 on Channel I, the President of the country used the jargon “Those who will continue to compete for participation in Olympic Games, we will remove them and “shuffle the deck of cards”.

3. Presence or absence slang expressions directly depends on common culture, development and literacy of its carriers.

4. The richness of the language must be shown from the early youthful years, without separating it from other elements of culture, since "its material and spiritual parts are reflected in the language of the people."

Conclusion

Analyzing the work, we can conclude that teenage slang has always existed, its development is associated with the development of history, science, technology. Government Russian Federation in 2006 approved the Federal target program "Russian language" for 2006-2010, aimed at maintaining the Russian language culture. But most of young people do not know about this program. But everyone is intensively learning to solve tests in the Russian language for successful delivery Unified State Examination, which are advanced people of scientific and pedagogical community regards it as a national catastrophe.

Language lives its own life and changes. Vocabulary language is constantly subject to change, more or less lesser degree. And what sounds wild today, after a while, perhaps, will become the norm. But I would like to see some kind of unshakable language base, not subject to the trends of the times. So that teenagers know that colloquial and literary speech are different things. And youth slang is only a part of the "big" language. I believe that it is necessary at the state level to put a legal barrier to slang words in literature, on television, in cinema, in theatrical productions, in the media, in advertising, etc.; needed special program, which could really help young people make a choice between slang and beautiful language; at the school level, systemic measures are needed that would be aimed at fostering love for a pure language.

If the activities are carried out in the system by knowledgeable and interested people, then the youth will make their choice towards the purity of the language not when they actually cease to be youth (after 25-30 years old), but at an earlier age. Hence, the Russian language is more likely to restore the level of its greatness.

Bibliography:

1. Arutyunova N.D. Types language meanings. - M: Science, 1988.
2. Beregovskaya E. M. Youth slang: formation and functioning / / Vopr. Linguistics. – 1996 Number 3.
3. Borisova E.G. About some features modern jargon youth//Russian language at school. - M:, 1987, No. 3
4. Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. - M .: Education, 1973.
5. Newspaper "Telesem" for 2009.
6. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1964 - 900s.

7. Internet resources:

http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/yakubinsky-86d.htm

http://tpl1999.narod.ru/WebTPL2000/SterninTPL2000.htm

http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/speakrus/32848/

archive.libfl.ru/win/service/2006/slang.doc

http://www.edu-zone.net/show/59759.html

http://school10.admsurgut.ru/jurnal/jurnal12/IP/

http://www.ug.ru/issues07/?action=topic&toid=3859

http://www.voskres.ru/idea/koltsova.htm

http://www.kultura-rf.ru/konf_nauch_05_itog.php

http://www.dv-reclama.ru/?p_id=1751

http://psyfactor.org/lib/subkult.htm

http://www.bogoslov.ru/text/301886.html

In artistic and journalistic speech, slang words can perform two functions. First of all, they serve as a means of stylizing the speech of the social environment that the author is talking about. In Vasily Aksenov's story "Our Golden Piece of Iron", describing one of the heroes, who remains faithful to the tastes and aesthetic preferences of his past, the author characterizes him as follows; "Pavel Slon was a representative of the aging generation of scientific supermen who, twenty or fifteen years ago, became the heroes of the public under the slogan "something of lyrics in the corral, something of physics in high esteem." These mysterious celestials, pioneers of new sports, have long been no one interested ... but the Elephant still kept in character: with rude words he camouflaged tenderness for his girlfriend, keeping in his soul the shrine of youth - "Ham's iceberg", four-fifths hidden under water, exhausted himself with scuba gear, listened to outdated bebops for hours, bared his teeth at manners of the late Zbyszek Cybulski". Here the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of the mid-50s - early 60s. In those days, jazz, which was then banned, became an aesthetic ideal for many young people and had no less powerful influence than modern rock music on the formation of both the style of clothing, and manners of behavior, and manners of speech of a significant part of young people ("dudes", as they were called ). And in the quoted passage we find words popular with young people of that time: to keep in character - musical and stage professionalism, which has passed into the youth lexicon; bebops - from bebop - official name jazz style, here - in the form plural- works written in this style (similar to the modern hit ̀ from hit). Finally, here the adjective Hamovsky used here recalls the abbreviated Ham, which was fashionable in those years - a slang synonym for the surname American writer Ernest Hemingway, who was then an idol for many young people.

Jargon modern army is reflected in S. Kaledin's story "Stroybat", where slang vocabulary is used both in the author's narrative, organized from the point of view of the characters, and in the speech of the characters themselves: the bush, the Gubars were carried out onto the parade ground, pulling their machine guns off their shoulders as they ran. Short bursts rang out. For the first time in his life, Kostya heard real shots. The highlighted words: construction battalion from construction battalion - construction battalion, gubars - those who serve in the guardhouse, lip - guardhouse - are army jargon. In the same story we find the words salabon, grandfather, demobilization (“Kostya fell into anguish: it would be okay if there was a salabon, in the first year ... but after all, grandfather, demobilization is on the nose, and what will his comrades in arms say?”), disbat ( disciplinary battalion), pesh ("- Bring pesh, boots, socks and swimming trunks from the supply room. In my suitcase ... Repeat. What is pesh?" - Babai thought, but repeated correctly: - Half wool "), etc.

Specific slang words help the reader to more clearly feel different compared to civil life, with other laws, according to which the young heroes of the story live in the army.

Slang vocabulary can also be a means of helping to establish contact with the reader - a carrier of the same jargon. In this case, the above property is implemented slang words- serve as a means of linguistic isolation, a kind of signal that distinguishes "one's own" from "alien". In this function, slang words are often used in texts addressed to a youth audience: primarily in the materials of newspapers and magazines, in youth radio programs. An illustration of this can be, for example, the magazine "Counter Cult Ura", published for some time by the publishing house Ima-Press and addressed to lovers of modern rock music. Here are excerpts from the "Discrete encyclopedia of rock samizdat" published in the third issue of the magazine (for 1991), containing information about all the magazines published by various rock groups in our country: "ID". The first Novosibirsk rock-n-roll samizdat, born under the influence of the hangouts of Akademgorodok and the University. "ID" was a photocopied rock newspaper with a hippie orientation, which was published by a two-person editorial board. Literary and musical poetry, rock ... and just a cheerful banter, that is, "painted press"; "BUENOS AIRES" - Tyumen partnership with by the same name; taking advantage of the availability of free copiers and a sea of ​​state technology, for three months they harassed the city with their own weekly ... "; "BIT-ECHO". There is a fairly high probability that "Bit-Echo" was the first domestic rock and roll magazine Released in Kharkiv in connection with the appearance of rock bands in the city and the first session in the recreation center of railway workers ... ". The highlighted words are jargons, which are common primarily among musicians and fans of rock music and from there pass into the jargon of youth (banter, session). Resorting to them, the author of the publication A. Kushnir used that speech mask, that form of speech behavior, which is accepted by both rock musicians themselves and those who are the addressee of the magazine.

It should be noted that in the mentioned journal, despite its narrow specialization, slang vocabulary is used very moderately in editorial materials. But the mass newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" can be called a champion in the use of non-literary vocabulary, including jargon. The "Sound Track" is replete with them, which also publishes materials on contemporary music. So, in one small piece of correspondence, "Letters from fans will still wait for IRON MAIDEN" (headline), we read: "All 150 letters to Iron Maiden sent by fans to ZD back in March were carefully preserved", "Joyful the news that the Maidens were not long in coming and would arrive in Moscow as alive in early June... once again brought pleasant chores back to the agenda in connection with the upcoming epoch-making metal event"; "... Already in the next " sound track"Five lucky people who will receive free tickets to the concerts will become known. A truly royal gesture on the part of the organizers, given the very modest financial capabilities of the bulk of the fans, who were very overextended at the Accent concerts (where all the highlighted words are jargon) and here: " the efforts of two monsters of show business", "the absolutely deadly thrash metal of the American supercult team will be presented in Moscow", "there is no doubt that "Iron Maiden" is perhaps the craziest of the craziest things that could happen".

Slang vocabulary is used in "Moskovsky Komsomolets" in materials on a wide variety of topics: "Luzhniki became the site of a showdown between the mafias" (1993. May 25); "It is possible that the showdown could happen again, but in a different place" (ibid.); "Big showdown at the little Savoy" (1993. April 27); "On what grounds the showdown arose, the investigation will give an answer" (ibid.) - information about incidents; "Flipping through this" smart and useful game for children "and falling into sediment - yellow and cheesy - I realized that we can not live without each other "(1993. April 27) - an ironic review of an unsuccessful book;" Luxurious ball gowns with dragging hemlines and elbow-length gloves ... - a hundred " pieces "(1993. May 27) - material on the preparation of Moscow schools for the graduation ball; "Just elegant dresses with the idea of ​​subsequent wearing - 15 - 50 "pieces" (ibid.); "According to the results of a survey of tens of thousands of schoolchildren, on average, from the nose of a thousand to five ... The ancestors will compensate for the lack immediately before the celebration" (ibid.) and etc.

Often, slang words are used in materials whose content has nothing to do with the life of young people: “After the opening of the second McDonald’s restaurant on Ogareva Street, some journalists apparently immediately ran to the dry cleaners. historical event... sat down in a huge cake displayed at the opening. Hanging out in the crowd, they awarded cream marks to the backs and bellies of other guests "(1993. July 2), or:" The "old man" of the Gorky Moscow Art Theater, Mikhail Goryunov, went on strike. For more than a month he did not go to the play "The Blue Bird", thus trying to draw attention to what was happening in the "bunker" on Tverskoy boulevard. And there is clearly something wrong going on there: either the gekachists gather for their party, or the artists have conflicts with the owner of the theater, G.V. Doronina" (1993. June 2), etc. It seems that such frequent use of jargon in the newspaper, which is bought and subscribed not only by young people, cannot be considered justified. Turning to jargon, non-literary vocabulary, journalists forget that now, in our de-ideologized time, any mass newspaper continues to perform propaganda functions.And it promotes not only ideas, views, political and aesthetic preferences, but also the language through which it communicates with the reader.And the constant use of jargon makes the presentation cheeky, familiar the tone that instills bad taste in young people lowers the already often low speech culture young readers and at the same time repels older readers from the newspaper.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

slang youth linguistics

The concept of slang. Slang and jargon

The concept of slang is gaining more and more attention modern philology. There are currently enough a large number of definitions of slang, often contradictory. These contradictions concern, first of all, the scope of the concept of "slang": the dispute is, in particular, about whether to include in slang only expressive, ironic words that are synonymous with literary equivalents, or also all non-standard vocabulary, the use of which is condemned among educated people.

It is noteworthy that the term "slang" is used more often in English, although recent times it is actively used in relation to the Russian language. Often the word "slang" is used simply as a synonym for the word "jargon".

Therefore, it would make sense, finally, to try, firstly, to give a clearer definition of slang, and secondly, to clarify the difference (or identity) between the concepts of slang and jargon.

As you know, there are still doubts in modern linguistics about the origin of the word "slang". According to one version, slang comes from sling (“to throw”, “throw”). In such cases, they recall the archaic to sling one "s jaw - "to speak violent and offensive speeches." According to another version, "slang" goes back to slanguage, and the initial letter s was allegedly added to the language as a result of the disappearance of the word thieves; that is, it was originally about the thieves' language thieves" language.

It is not known when the word slang first appeared in oral speech in England. It was first recorded in writing in England in the 18th century. Then it meant "insult". Around 1850, the term began to be used more widely, as a designation for "illegal" colloquial vocabulary. At the same time, synonyms for the word slang appear - lingo, used mainly in the lower strata of society, and argot - preferred by the colored population.

The volume of the very concept of "slang" is indicated by its descriptive definitions that appeared later, such as "obscene colloquial speech" or poetic "dithyramb" descriptions of slang as a "mint of the language" (D. Galsworthy); or "slang is language that rolls up its sleeves, spits in the palm of your hand, and gets to work" Carl. Sandburg), this is "poetry common man" etc. It is clear that in the scientific sense the value of such definitions is not great, although they still show that slang is considered the language of the common people and the basis for the production of a national dictionary.

Let's take a look at some of the many scientific definitions slang.

In Russian linguistics, the definition of V.A. Khomyakova: “Slang is a relatively stable for a certain period, widely used, stylistically marked (reduced) lexical layer (nouns, adjectives and verbs denoting everyday phenomena, objects, processes and signs), a component of expressive vernacular, included in the literary language, very heterogeneous in its origins, the degree of approximation to the literary standard, possessing pejorative expression" [Khomyakov V.A. S1980.. 43-44].

In this definition, the following features of slang attract attention: slang, according to V.A. Khomyakov, although it belongs to “expressive vernacular” and is included in the literary language, its degree of approximation to the literary standard is “very heterogeneous”, that is, you can find examples of “almost standard” and “not at all standard”. And, of course, slang is inherent in pejorativity as the most feature: it is difficult to imagine slangism with a bright ameliorative connotation, although, probably, a certain degree of "standard" is still conceivable.

A completely different interpretation is offered in the Dictionary linguistic terms» O.S. Akhmanova: Slang - 1. Colloquial version of professional speech.

2. Elements of a conversational version of a particular professional or social group, which, penetrating into the literary language or in general into the speech of people who do not have direct relationship to this group of people acquire a special emotional and expressive coloring in these languages ​​[Akhmanova O.S. 1966: S. 419].

As you can see, in the first definition, slang is just a series of words of non-terms used in a terminological sense, like “janitor” or “spare tire” for motorists. Such words are not suitable for an official instruction, but are convenient for a business conversation of professionals.

In the second case, this is already something completely different: before us are words that have already left the professional sphere and have come out “into the light”. Probably, the “six” could be cited as an example: in the thieves' world, one of the meanings of this word is “a person serving thieves” [D.S. Baldaev, V.K. Belko, I.M. Isupov. M.: Edge of Moscow, 1992: S. 287]. In modern colloquial Russian, "six" is a contemptuous term for any insignificant person, possibly (but not necessarily) with criminal tendencies. One more thing noted by O.S. is very important. Akhmanova quality: all such words are brightly expressive.

A slightly different solution is offered in the 1980 Encyclopedic Dictionary. There are also two definitions here.

• 1. Slang here is the speech of a professionally isolated group, as opposed to the literary language.
• 2. This is an option colloquial speech, which does not coincide with the norm of the literary language [Soviet encyclopedia, 1980: p. 1234]

This definition seems to be very inadequate. As you can see, in (1) is just a synonym professional language(speech), clearly opposed to literary language. It is not clear how slang in this case differs from terminology and in what relationship it still has with the literary language. In (2) this is a non-literary variant of colloquial speech; very "vague definition". The problem of (in) propriety of slang is completely ignored.

The definition of the Greater encyclopedic dictionary 1998: Slang - 1. Same as slang (in domestic literature mainly to English speaking countries). As you can see, here slang is simply declared a synonym for jargon, moreover, mainly jargon of English-speaking countries.

2. A set of jargons that make up a layer of colloquial vocabulary, reflecting a rudely familiar, sometimes humorous attitude to the subject of speech. It is used mainly in conditions of easy communication: eng. junkie - drug addict, gal - girl [Galperin I.R. About the term "slang: 1956 S. 161].

Unlike some other definitions, the rudeness and familiarity of slangisms are emphasized here. "Humorous attitude" is not considered a mandatory feature of slang. Slang here is part of the slang layer of vocabulary.

The 1985 Dictionary of Linguistic Terms simply puts an equal sign between slang, jargon and slang: Slang is words and expressions used by persons of certain professions or social strata. Slang for sailors, artists, cf. slang, jargon.

Such inconsistency in the definition of slang gave I.R. Galperin a reason to deny the very fact of the existence of slang.

His argumentation is based on the study of lexicographic labels: the same word in various dictionaries is given with the labels "slang", "colloquial" or without any labels, which seems to be in favor of literary norm. Therefore, I.R. Galperin does not allow the existence of slang as a separate independent category, suggesting using the term "slang" as a synonym English word"jargon" [Galperin I.R. About the term slang: 1956 S. 107-114].

Argumentation of I.R. Galperin does not seem too convincing already due to the insufficient development of the system of lexicographic labels: the discrepancy in this case can be explained not so much by the peculiarities of style, but by the peculiarities of the approach of each lexicographer to this problem.

To the various interpretations of slang already given, one can add equally diverse definitions of English philologists. The term "slang", notes the famous American linguist C. Freese, has expanded its meaning so much and is used to refer to such a number different concepts that it is extremely difficult to draw a dividing line between what is slang and what is not.

A number of English researchers use the word slang simply as a synonym for jargon, slang or cant. The author of the slang dictionary R. Spears spoke in the most detail about the term "slang". He notes that the term "slang" was originally used to refer to British criminal slang as a synonym for the word "cant" (cant). Over the years, "slang" has expanded its meaning and now includes different kinds non-literary vocabulary: jargon, vernacular, dialects and even vulgar words [. Spears Richard 1982: S. X-XI].

Thus, it can be stated that, for all its popularity (and perhaps precisely because of it), “slang” currently does not have terminological accuracy.

Nevertheless, the above points of view allow us to somehow generalize its most essential properties.

• 1. Slang is not literary vocabulary, i.e. words and combinations that are outside the literary English (Standard English) - from the point of view of the requirements of the modern literary norm.
• 2. Slang is a vocabulary that arises and is used primarily in oral speech.
• 3. Slang is an emotionally colored vocabulary.
• 4. Slang is characterized by a more or less pronounced familiar coloring of the vast majority of words and phrases. This property of slang limits the stylistic boundaries of its use.
• 5. The familiar emotional coloring of many words and expressions of slang is distinguished by a wide variety of shades (joking, ironic, mocking, dismissive, contemptuous, rude and even vulgar).
• 6. Depending on the scope of use, slang can be divided into well-known and commonly used (General Slang) and little-known and narrowly used (Special Slang).
• 7. Many words and expressions of slang are incomprehensible or incomprehensible to the general population (especially during the period of their emergence and transition to a wider sphere of use), because they are primarily associated with a peculiar form of expression - for example, in numerous cases of meaning transfer (figurative use ), so characteristic of slang.

Incomprehensibility may also result from the fact that these slang terms are borrowings from dialects and jargons of foreign languages ​​[Sudzilovsky G.A: 1973. C. 9-12].

• 8. Slang includes various words and phrases with which people can identify themselves with certain social and professional groups.
• 9. Slang is a bright, expressive layer of non-literary vocabulary, a style of language that occupies a place directly opposite to highly formalized speech. Slang is a living, mobile language that keeps up with the times and reacts to any changes in the life of the country and society.

However, if the discussion of the definition of "slang" has not yet developed a consensus on what it is, then the term "jargon" has a fairly clear interpretation. Analyzing the definitions of jargon found in Russian linguistics, it can be noted that they are all more or less identical, which eliminates the need to quote them here. Jargon is interpreted as a kind of language, a social dialect that differs from the national language in a special lexical composition, phraseology, etc. An essential feature of jargon is that it is used by certain social, professional or other groups united common interests(cf. military or criminal jargon).

Some linguists, for example V.A. Khomyakov, single out such a jargon function as “the function of conspiratorial communication”, especially if we are talking about criminal jargon [Khomyakov V.A. 1980:S. 43-44]. The same point of view is shared by A.D. Schweitzer, who believes that jargon is “ciphered speech”, incomprehensible to the uninitiated [Schweitzer A.D. 1963:. S. 158]. This point of view is disputed by L.I. Skvortsov, who notes the successful assimilation of many jargons by vernacular and their transition to the expressive base of colloquial speech, which would hardly be possible if the jargon had a secret character [Skvortsov L.I. 1977:S. 53-57].

slang is also characterized by some social limitation, but not a specific group, but an integrated one: it does not have a clear socio-professional orientation, it can be used by representatives of different social and educational status, different professions etc. Therefore, we can note such a feature of slang as well-known and widely used: cf. “Party”, “cart”, “dark”, “get”, “run into”, “bucks” and many others. others

Other distinguishing feature slang is his secondary education in comparison with jargon, since he draws his material, primarily from social group and socio-professional jargons. But in addition to jargon, slang includes separate vernacular, vulgar words. However, with such borrowing, a metaphorical rethinking and expansion of the meaning of borrowed units occurs.