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Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle)
From a stylistic point of view, all common Russian vocabulary (except for dialect and slang words, as well as highly specialized terms) can be divided into three large groups:
1. Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle);
2. Vocabulary oral speech;
3. Vocabulary writing.
Neutral (interstyle) words are used in any kind of speech: in a casual conversation and in a speaker's speech, in all genres of fiction and journalism. Therefore, this vocabulary is called interstyle or neutral, that is, serving all styles of speech. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of special expression, emotions.
Neutral vocabulary is the basis of the vocabulary of the language, which includes various parts of speech: head, tree, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, one hundred, I, mine, etc.
Neutral, interstyle vocabulary is represented by the background against which words belonging to written speech and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external signs (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but nevertheless they are easy to find among other style layers of vocabulary. For example, among following words: dunce, birch, consolidation, spiritualized, sign, prerogative, conversation, smirk, good, watch, chantrap stand out for their neutrality of the word: birch, sign, conversation, good, watch.
Stylistically neutral words constitute most common lexicon. This includes a significant number of words belonging to various parts speeches:
1) Nouns: Day, lecture, window, work, radio, table;
2) Adjectives: Paper, deep, Russian, southern;
3) Verbs: Ride, hate, organize, smile;
4) Adverbs: Fun, very, in our opinion;
5) Pronouns: Who, ours, ours, this, I;
6) Service words(prepositions, conjunctions, particles):
In, on, and, if, would, same.
All numerals belong to interstyle words. Interjections are not interstitial words, and there are such styles, genres and varieties of speech where interjections do not occur:
1) Science articles(scientific and journalistic style);
2) Official documents (official business style);
3) business papers(international diplomatic style);
4) Information in the media mass media(newspaper-journalistic style).
Neutral vocabulary Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are deprived stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with eyes. cf. also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given in the first place): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant; eat - eat, eat; complain - complain; care - to please; delay - delay, delay; curly - curly; lie - lie; hinder - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; deceive - inflate; duel - single combat; death - death; to die - to die; bury - bury cf.: common interstyle vocabulary .
Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "neutral vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:
NEUTRAL VOCABULARY- NEUTRAL (from lat. neutralis - belonging to neither one nor the other) VOCABULARY. Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, used in all functional varieties language in any field of communication, in oral and written speech.
neutral vocabulary- Nuclear vocabulary, opposed to stylistically colored layers, which does not have special stylistic shades. It seems to cement the lexicon semantic system, creates the unity of the vocabulary of the language, being the base that determines ... ...
neutral vocabulary with a generalized and abstract meaning- 1) A set of words characteristic of scientific speech having a neutral color (speed, brightness). 2) One of the elements information model functional style, included in the set language tools, modeled on the basis of generalization ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
VOCABULARY NEUTRAL- VOCABULARY IS NEUTRAL. See neutral vocabulary... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
- (from the Greek lexikos verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Vocabulary of oral speech. Colloquially everyday vocabulary. Lexis of book written speech. Social media vocabulary...
See neutral vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms
vocabulary- (another Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up what l. language. one) ( vocabulary). The whole set of words that make up literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Modern Encyclopedia
Vocabulary- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.), one or another stylistic layer(lexicon ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from Greek lexikos referring to the word) 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) The set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household vocabulary, military vocabulary, children's vocabulary, etc.), one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Meaning of NEUTRAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
NEUTRAL VOCABULARY
Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms(bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with the eyes. cf. also (in the first place a stylistically neutral synonym is given): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;
eat - eat, eat; to complain - to complain;
take care - take care; delay - delay, delay; curly - curly; to lie - to lie; hinder - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; deceive - cheat; duel - single combat; death - death; to die - to die; to bury - to bury. cf. : commonly used interstyle vocabulary.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from the Greek lexis - speech; way of expression, syllable; turnover, word) - the totality of all the words of the language, its vocabulary. AT … - VOCABULARY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - set some words ibud lang., vocabulary lang. L. is one of the sides of the language, most clearly revealing the connection of the language. … - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - related to the word) 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), a set of words, the vocabulary of the language. L. of any language or dialect is studied by lexicology and ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, pl. no, w. The vocabulary of the language or works of some be a writer. Russian l. L. Dostoevsky. Lexical - relating to ... - VOCABULARY in encyclopedic dictionary:
, -i, f. Vocabulary of a language his style, sphere, and also someone's. works, individual work. Russian l. Spacious l. … - NEUTRAL
NEUTRAL AXIS (in the strength of materials), the line of intersection of the plane of the cross-section of the beam with the neutral layer (the surface separating its beam when bending ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LEXIKA (from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. The set of words characteristic of this variant ... - VOCABULARY in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
le "ksika, le" ksiki, le "ksiki, le" ksik, le "ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksiki, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, ... - VOCABULARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from g * speech. lexikos - related to the word) - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is also used for... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Oral vocabulary... - VOCABULARY in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, only units. , w. 1) Aggregate some words. language, dialect. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2) About the layers of the vocabulary: the totality ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Vocabulary ... - VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
Syn: See... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. lexikos verbal lexis word, expression, figure of speech) a set of words included in composition of some, language; vocabulary works of some, … - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a set of words that make up a language; the vocabulary of the works of some author, or a collection of words used in some s-l. sphere… - VOCABULARY in the Russian Thesaurus:
Syn: See... - VOCABULARY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: See... - NEUTRAL
well. unfold Women's to noun: neutral… - VOCABULARY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
well. 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) The set of words used ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
l`exics, ... - VOCABULARY full spelling dictionary Russian language:
vocabulary, ... - VOCABULARY in the Spelling Dictionary:
l`exics, ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
! the vocabulary of the language, some of its styles, spheres Russian l. Spacious l. L. Pushkin. vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language, some of its ... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
vocabulary, pl. no, w. (from Greek lexikos - dictionary) (philol.). A collection of words of a language, dialect, works of some writer, etc., ... - NEUTRAL
neutral w. unfold Women's to noun: neutral… - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
vocabulary 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) a collection of words... - NEUTRAL
well. unfold female to noun. neutral ... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
well. 1. A set of words of any language, dialect. ott. A set of words used in any field of activity. ott. A set of words used by someone ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
well. 1. A set of words of any language; vocabulary of this language. 2. A set of words, distinguished by any sign (origin, sphere ... - GENDER NEUTRAL POLICY in Gender Studies Glossary.:
see Gender... - ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL PARTICLE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(true neutral particle) elementary particle or connected system elementary particles, in which all the characteristics that distinguish a particle from an antiparticle are equal to zero; … - AXIS NEUTRAL in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
neutral in the resistance of materials, a line in the cross section of a bent beam, at the points of which the normal stresses parallel to the axis of the beam are equal to zero. … - AXIS NEUTRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
When bending a beam of fiber, it is between two cross sections part lengthen, part shorten. In the case of a simple bend, according to the accepted theory... - AXIS NEUTRAL in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? When the beam is bent, its fibers between two cross sections are partly lengthened, partly shortened. In the case of a simple bend, according to the accepted ... - VOCABULARY NEUTRAL in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see neutral vocabulary... - ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL PARTICLE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(true neutral particle), an elementary particle or a bound system of elementary particles, in which all the characteristics that distinguish a particle from an antiparticle are equal to ... - Suspension of insulin-semilong in the Medicines Directory:
SUSPENSION OF INSULIN-SEMILONG (Suspensio Insulini semilongi). Neutral suspension of porcine insulin (monopic or monocomponent). Contains 40 units of insulin in 1 ml. How … - NEUTRAL in the Dictionary of Automotive Jargon:
- neutral gear... - DEATH INSTINCT in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
(Death instinct; Todestrieb) - there is a certain critical attitude that Jung expressed about Freud's classification of instincts, which singled out special group instincts... - GRADE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a way of establishing the significance of something for the acting and knowing subject. Three types of significance can be distinguished: theoretical (epistemological O.), value (axiological O.), ... - NEUTRON
B. Green An electrically neutral particle, usually found in the nucleus of an atom; A neutron is made up of three quarks (two A-quarks and one... - NEUTRINO in dictionary modern physics from the books of Greene and Hawking:
B. Green An electrically neutral particle participating only in weak interactions. S. Hawking is the lightest (possibly massless) elementary particle of matter, participating only ... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a complex developing semiotic system, which is specific and universal remedy objectification of the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition providing… - POSTMODERNISM, OR THE LOGIC OF THE CULTURE OF LATE CAPITALISM in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
("Postmodernism or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", 1991) - Jamison's work, which became a philosophical bestseller; one of the first studies of high...
Neutral vocabulary- these are words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, the word wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with eyes.
Neutral vocabulary can be freely used in various fields, styles and conditions of communication, without bringing a special stylistic feature to the statement, for example: house, hand, read, speak, light, beautiful, etc. They are ubiquitous, their use is not limited to anything. In this case, one usually speaks of language units zero (or neutral) stylistic level.
49. Book vocabulary.
Book vocabulary - vocabulary presented in scientific, fiction, journalism, official business documents. This category of words, as a rule, is used in written speech and is inappropriate in oral speech. This group is dominated by words that do not express any emotional evaluation; quite often they denote those concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but they may not apply to scientific terminology(hypothesis, prevail, lofty). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, burden, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative). Within book vocabulary there are also emotionally colored words. Some of them give a positive assessment to certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, predestinate, panacea), others - negative or disapproving (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism). Inside the bookstore, high and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by a special solemnity, elation. It is often used in public speaking, especially in those cases when some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are affected. (accomplishment, sovereign, hoist, from now on). Poetic vocabulary is also adjacent to solemn, but it is more characteristic fiction, sometimes - journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
50. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
According to the degree of literacy, oral vocabulary is divided into two large groups:
1) Colloquial vocabulary;
2) Colloquial vocabulary.
Colloquial vocabulary includes words that give speech a touch of ease, informality. In terms of belonging to different parts speech, colloquial vocabulary, as well as neutral, is diverse. It includes:
1) Nouns: Big man, wit, nonsense;
2) Adjectives: Careless, lax;
3) Adverbs: At random, in my own way;
4) Verbs: Baffle, brag, hack;
5) Interjections: Lga, bai, oh.
Colloquial vocabulary is "lower" in style than colloquial, so it is outside the strictly standardized Russian literary speech. In vernacular vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished: 1) Roughly expressive vocabulary is grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs:
Dylda, bore, dumbass;
Draped, pot-bellied;
Shattered, lousy, foolish;
To sniff, to swindle, to fluff up.
1) Rough expressive words sound most often in speech is not enough educated people characterizing their cultural level. The expressiveness of these words, their emotional and semantic capacity sometimes make it possible to briefly and expressively show the attitude (most often negative) to any object, person, phenomenon. "(Freak! Anyway, Tulinatebe can't be surpassed. You are from the breed of burdocks")
2) Rough-colloquial
These words have a strong expression, the ability to convey negative attitude speaking to some phenomena. Excessive rudeness makes this vocabulary unacceptable in speech cultured people(grunted, mug, turnip, rylnik).
3) Own-colloquial vocabulary to which a relatively small number of words belong.
The non-literary nature of these words is explained not by their rudeness (they are not rude in meaning and expressive coloring), but by the fact that they are not recommended for use in the speech of cultured people:
Just now, ahead of time, I suppose, born, aunt, etc.
Proto-colloquial vocabulary is also called common folk and differs from dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.
The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.
The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with scientific language (quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); refer to journalistic style words related to politics world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we single out as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, prescribe, forwarded ).
In the most in general terms functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:
The most clearly contrasted book and colloquial words (compare: intrude - get in, meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).
As part of book vocabulary, one can single out words that are characteristic of book speech in general ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, preface ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litote, emission, denomination tend to scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to journalistic; action, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).
The functional fixedness of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.
Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.
For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.
Scientific terms cannot be used in a conversation with a child.
For example: It is highly probable that the Pope will enter visual contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.
Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in a formal business style.
For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers ran into Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.
The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its general use.
So, the word house is appropriate in various styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is to be demolished; The house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our fighters, who selflessly fought against the Nazis in the slots of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).
In functional styles special vocabulary used against the backdrop of common usage.
Emotionally expressive coloring of words
Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them.
For example , admiring the beauty of the white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive evaluation distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the called concept ( blond ).
So emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotionally-evaluative).
A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that emotional coloring"superimposed" on lexical meaning word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the named phenomenon.
As part of emotional vocabulary distinguish the following three varieties.
1. Words with strong evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words "characteristics" ( forerunner, forerunner, grouch, idler, toady, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( predestination, destiny, deceit, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).
2. Polysemantic words , usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.
So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under common.
3. Words with suffixes subjective assessment conveying various shades of feeling: concluding positive emotions – son, sun, granny, neat, close, and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy etc.
Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, estimated values in such cases are due not to the nominative properties of the word, but to word formation.
The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors.
expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression.
At the lexical level, this linguistic category gets its embodiment in the “increment” to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression.
For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous ; you can say I do not like, but you can find more strong words: hate, despise, loathe .
In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.
Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree emotional stress(compare: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - violent - furious ).
Vivid expression highlights the words solemn ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, herald ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, unceasing ).
A special expression distinguishes the words playful ( faithful, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( ugly, cute, poking around, whispering ).
Expressive shades delimit words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (to paint, pettiness ), contemptuous (slander, servility, sycophancy ), derogatory (skirt, squishy ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), swear words (ham, fool ).
Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary does not seem possible. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.
Combining words that are close in expression into lexical groups, can be distinguished:
1) positive words called concepts,
2) words expressing their negative assessment .
The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.
The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:
| stylistically neutral: | reduced: | high: |
| face | muzzle | face |
| let | hindrance | block |
| cry | roar | sob |
| afraid | to be afraid | fear |
| drive away | expose | drive out |
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative evaluation we got words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia .
Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. is fixed positive color .
Even various meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn ( Stop, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband.- P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).
The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization.
So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression.
For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (in adverse conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.
The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously.
The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands visual possibilities vocabulary.
The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layering on the functional one, complements it. stylistic characteristic. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.
Subdivisions of expressive-colored vocabulary
D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:
1) Neutral (interstyle)
2) colloquial
3) colloquial
1. Neutral(interstyle) is a vocabulary that is used in all styles of the language, it is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.
Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and written speech.
You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and have a colloquial and playful character.
2. To colloquial vocabulary include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond the literary language. This is the vocabulary of speech. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Big role at oral communication play gestures, facial expressions, posture, intonation.
To the group colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring, and those whose semantics already contain evaluative ( troublemaker, bedlam poseurs etc.), as well as those whose evaluativeness is created by affixes, the addition of bases ( old man, shoemaker, poor thing etc.). Words with subjective evaluation suffixes ( healthy, small, sonny, domina etc.). Familiar words also belong to this vocabulary ( grandma, grandpa, aunt, son etc.).
3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge of or beyond the limits of strictly normalized lexical literary speech and is more stylistically reduced compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and mobile and not always clearly defined.
There are three groups of colloquial vocabulary:
Roughly expressive vocabulary
grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, madman, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude to any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary
but different more rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and negative attitude to some phenomena.
The colloquial vocabulary includes some words actually vernacular, non-literary
, they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, having spawned
etc.)
The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech
To tasks practical style includes the study of the use of the vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements, and as a different style means, which stands out for its expression against the background of other language means.
Particular attention should be paid to the use terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance.
Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.
For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for safekeeping); express loan (term loan, provision of valuables in debt); business(entrepreneurial activity, generating income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate in order to obtain a long-term loan); percent(payment received by the lender from the borrower for the use of a cash loan).
Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.
The term is usually used in only one area.
For example: phoneme to be - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can also be used in different areas. In each case, the term has its own special meaning.
For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion- in biology, technology, jurisprudence.
Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare common words in a diminutive form with the corresponding terms.
For example: cam in a child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight in the meaning of "a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm, which serves for aiming", cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.
The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. Zubok from the word tooth in the meaning of "a bone formation, an organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food" and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine, tool. tongue from the word language in the meaning of "movable muscular organ in the oral cavity" and the term uvula- a small process at the base of the blade of a leaf of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word a hammer in the meaning of "a tool for hammering, blows" and the term hammer- one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various percussion devices in mechanisms.
Terminological vocabulary includes more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style - necessary condition brevity, conciseness, accuracy of presentation.
Scientific and technological progress has led to intensive development scientific style and its active influence on others functional styles modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.
Studying the process of terminology of speech, not bound by norms scientific style, the researchers point to distinctive features the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings are widely used and are used without any stylistic restrictions.
For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .
Another group includes words that have dual nature: can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.
Yes, the word mountain, meaning in its broad, interstyle usage " significant elevation rising above the surrounding area", and having a series figurative meanings, does not imply exact quantitative measurement height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation over 200 m high.
Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.
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