The life of Grigory Abramovich Shain (1892-1956) - an outstanding Soviet scientist, one of the greatest astrophysicists of our era - clearest example tireless creative scientific work crowned with important and fruitful achievements.

G. A. Shine was born and raised in Odessa. He was the son of a poor craftsman. With early years wondering various areas science and art, Grigory Abramovich with with great difficulty paved the way for education. The financial insecurity of the family deprived the future scientist of the opportunity to study at the gymnasium, and he studied independently. At the age of 19, Shine passed an external exam for full course gymnasium. But even before that, Grigory Abramovich began to successfully engage in his favorite astronomy. In an effort to master this science more deeply, he studied mathematics and physics with exceptional perseverance. Even then, with special enthusiasm, he observed the sky from the roof of the house with the help of the simplest astronomical instruments. He met the astronomers of the Odessa University Observatory, and was admitted by them to work at the observatory. By the time of the exams for high school Grigory Abramovich had already published a work - a study of the orbit of one of the meteor showers.

Since 1912, G. A. Shain studied at Yuriev University (now the city of Tartu in the Estonian SSR). Then, having finally specialized in astronomy, he worked as an assistant to professors of astronomy at Perm and Tomsk universities. Since 1921, Grigory Abramovich became an astronomer Pulkovo observatory, and since 1923 he worked in its southern - Simeiz - branch.

During these years, the main direction of the subsequent works of G. A. Shain was determined.

Grigory Abramovich set the task of his life to study physical nature stars, nebulae and the structure of stellar systems. He mastered the techniques spectral analysis and photos celestial bodies; was his teacher.

In 1924, a reflector with a mirror of 102 cm was installed at the Simeiz Observatory, long time remains one of the largest in Europe. Grigory Abramovich supervised the installation of this reflector and received it at his disposal. He used this powerful tool for spectral studies of stars. Together with another Simeiz astronomer, V. A. Albitsky (1891-1952), Shine determined the radial velocities of a large number of stars.

At one time, Galileo, observing the movement of spots on the solar disk through a miniature telescope, made correct conclusion that the Sun rotates around its axis, which explains the phenomenon of moving spots. But the Sun is one of countless stars. Therefore, the stars must also rotate. But even in the largest modern telescopes, stars appear glowing dots. There was nothing to think about the possibility of seeing on the stars any details like sunspots, according to the movements of which it would be possible to establish the rotation of stars. It could be established only by the finest spectral studies based on the application of the Doppler principle. Such studies were carried out by Grigory Abramovich simultaneously and in contact with the outstanding astronomer O. L. Struve (great-grandson of V. Ya. Struve), who works in the USA. It was not only established that the stars rotate, but also the speed of this rotation was measured. At the same time, it turned out that the hottest stars rotate at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per second at their equators, while the speed of rotation of the Sun at its equator is only 2 km/sec.

The discovery of the rotation of stars and the study of their radial velocities, along with other works carried out in the same years, created Grigory Abramovich wide popularity among astronomers of all countries. In 1939 he was elected an academician and then a member of the world's oldest London Astronomical Society.

The work of G. A. Shain in Simeiz was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Having occupied the Crimea, Nazi German invaders destroyed the Simeiz observatory. Her 102-cm reflector could not be evacuated, and it fell into the hands of enemies, who took the reflector to Germany and made it completely unusable.

AT terrible years war, despite all the difficulties, Grigory Abramovich continued his research in Abastumani, at the observatory of the Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR. Immediately after the liberation of Crimea, G.A. Shine and other astronomers returned to Simeiz.

The Soviet government and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR decided not only to restore the Simeiz observatory, but also to build a new powerful observatory nearby, in the village of Partizanskoye, so that both observatories would be one scientific institution- The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the largest in the country and one of the largest in the world. Academician G. A. Shain was appointed director new observatory, and he had the most difficult task of supervising the construction of the observatory and equipping it with first-class instruments and instruments. Grigory Abramovich solved this problem with exceptional energy.

In the same post-war years As soon as the first instruments were installed at the observatory, Grigory Abramovich continued his research work.

Before Soviet and world science stood up the most important task- find out the question of the origin and development of stars and star systems.

In the first half of the XX century. the study of the stars revealed the great diversity of the stellar world. It was discovered that the stars are divided into giants and dwarfs according to their size and strength of light; astronomers clarified the differences between stars by the features of their spectra, collected a lot of data on the masses and temperatures of stars, on their movements and on their distribution in space. All this has led astronomers to the conclusion that the stars that exist today are of different ages: they did not arise at the same time. Star formation continues to this day.

But where do stars come from? Obviously, from other forms of matter that are present in our and other star systems, and, moreover, in such quantity as to be the material for the formation of stars. This form of matter can be gas and gas-dust nebulae. In our Galaxy (as in others) they are found in large numbers. Their density is negligible, but their size is huge compared to the size of the stars, and their total mass is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the Galaxy. Therefore, a careful study gas nebulae necessary to solve the problem of the origin of stars and the nebulae themselves. Huge contribution in the study of nebulae was made by G. A. Shine.

Grigory Abramovich did not limit himself to the study of already known gaseous nebulae. He discovered many new gaseous nebulae in our and other galaxies, consisting of rarefied hydrogen, not visible to the eye through a telescope and captured only by photographing them in special ways. Shine and his collaborators discovered over 300 such nebulae. It turned out that some of the nebulae are not shapeless masses of gas, but have a pronounced fibrous structure and various physical (in particular, magnetic) phenomena occur in them. It turned out that many of the nebulae have huge masses - thousands of times more mass Sun. Grigory Abramovich carried out many of his studies on nebulae together with his collaborator, the talented astronomer Vera Fedorovna Gaza (1899-1954).

Other studies by G. A. Shain are also of outstanding importance. Especially important are his works on the study of stars with abundant carbon content. He also studied extensively and successfully. spectral double stars and other questions.

Grigory Abramovich did not have good health. In 1952, he was forced to ask to be relieved of his work as director of the observatory. His request was granted. But his scientific energy remained inexhaustible until last days life.

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Gregory Abramovich Shine - a famous scientist, one of the founders of modern astrophysics, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a member of the English Royal Astronomical Society, honorary doctor University of Copenhagen, member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts, the first director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

G.A.Shain was born on April 19, 1892 in Odessa in a poor family of a carpenter. Love for astronomy originated in shina even in childhood, after he had read some of the books by K. Flammarion. His first scientific work"Definition of the Perseid Radian" was published in 1910. In 1912 Shine enters the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Yuriev University. In 1914, with the outbreak of war, he volunteered for active army and serves until 1917. In 1920, after completing a university course, he passes a test for a master's degree in astronomy in Perm University, where Yuryev University was evacuated during the war, and becomes an assistant at the Department of Astronomy Tomsk University. There he meets, and then marries P.F. Sannikova, who became his faithful wife and assistant.

In 1921 Shines move to work at the Pulkovo observatory. Here G.A. Shine performed several studies on celestial mechanics, and then he was captured by the problems of astrophysics, which at that time was developing rapidly. He began work on the study of the orbits, masses, and other parameters of spectral binaries.

After a 40-inch reflector ordered in England before World War II was received in 1924 for the Simeiz branch of the Pulkovo Observatory, Shines in 1925 they moved to Simeiz. All of them passed here future life. It was in Simeiz that talent flourished shina as a great scientist, observer, theoretician and organizer of science. He became one of the most prominent astrophysicists well known around the world..

So in 1925 Shines moved from Pulkovo to Simeiz. G.A. Shain was entrusted with the supervision of the robots to install the 40-inch reflector. Despite many difficulties, the first spectrograms of stars were obtained with the telescope already in 1926. 15 years before the occupation of Crimea German troops by 1941 a large amount of observational material had been obtained. It made it possible to determine with high accuracy the radial velocities of about 800 stars. At the time, this work was great importance to study the movement of stars and the rotation of the Galaxy. In addition, they received interesting results concerning the nature of binary stars, the velocities of rotation of stars, as well as from the spectrophotometry of stars, especially cold ones. Scientific activity G.A. shina was so fruitful that in 1939 he was immediately elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

During Patriotic War The Pulkovo Observatory and its Simeiz branch were completely destroyed. It was not possible to take out the 40-inch reflector to the rear. In 1945, a government decree was adopted on the construction of a new modern observatory, whose director was appointed G.A. shina. A place was chosen for the construction of a new observatory - the area near Bakhchisaray, where the village is now located. Scientific - the main base of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory - CrAO. It was necessary to apply titanic forces to restore the Simeiz and the construction of a new observatory to move out of place. The role of G.A. shina in overcoming an infinite number organizational, financial and many other problems at that time was exceptional.

Already in 1946, the restoration of the Simeiz observatory and some work on the site of the new observatory began, and since 1947 systematic astronomical observations on different telescopes, which were put into operation one by one.

Until 1952, a significant number of telescopes were put into operation in Simeiz on Mt. Koshka and in the new observatory, for which a number of serious and interesting observational programs were started or planned. And in the near future, the observatory was expected by a robot associated with the design and manufacture of a 2.6-meter telescope, which now bears the name of its ideological creator, Academician G.A. shina, tower solar telescope (BST), 22-meter radio telescope (RT-22). Later, these outstanding projects were implemented.

Thus, G.A. Shine could with good reason consider that his long-term work of creating an astrophysical observatory in the south was not in vain. The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory already existed and produced scientific products High Quality. Only in 1952, when further development observatory was determined, G.A. Shine, due to deteriorating health, decided to leave the director's position, continuing to work as head of the department of nebulae and interstellar medium. It should be specially noted the keen sense of the new, which was inherent in G.A. Shain, regardless of whether it concerned the theoretical, instrumental problems of astrophysics, or the application of the achievements of related sciences in astrophysics. The aforementioned problems, the solution of which in different time it worked, there were always problems leading edge astrophysics. Particularly impressive, both in terms of the method of observation and the logical sequence of execution, was a series of his works, carried out in collaboration with V.F. Gaze, devoted to the study of nebulae. Great experience observer and a deep understanding of the specifics of the problem allowed us to develop on very modest and simple tools effective methodology, with the help of which a short time managed to discover more than 150 new emission nebulae and obtain important results about the nature of these objects. Later this technique was used in many observatories of the world.

During his life, G.A. Shine, as a scientist, managed to do a lot.

The structure and evolution of stars, the kinematics of the Galaxy, the place of our Galaxy among other galaxies, solar corona, the nature of the long-periodic variable stars, sources of stellar energy, the origin of stars and nebulae, the magnetic field of the Galaxy - this is not a complete list of problems that he dealt with.

Equally important to astronomy was scientific and organizational activities of G.A. shina . Thanks to his efforts and energy, the Simeiz observatory, destroyed after the war, was restored, and then the construction of a new modern Crimean astrophysical observatory began.

Many examples can be cited when G.A.Shine not only morally, but actually supported the implementation of new ideas and developments. It is important that such support was provided not only to well-known, but also to young astronomers.

It is no coincidence that the work of the Crimean astronomers of that time was a significant contribution to the development of astrophysics. The observatory's scientists' research has been recognized in astronomical circles at home and abroad. At that time, talented young people from universities came to the observatory, who studied and successfully mastered the experience of older astronomers. These are now well-known scientists such as A. Boyarchuk, I. Kopilov, G. Ivanov-Kholodny, E. Dubov, V. Khokhlova, N. Savich and others.

Many astronomers from other observatories came to the Simeiz observatory to get acquainted with the work of local scientists, establish personal contacts with them, discuss the results obtained and their plans. But the meetings with the academician were the most important for everyone. Shine. He was very interested in the work of his colleagues, regardless of their age and position in astronomical world. Everyone was eager to hear his opinion and assessment of new results and new ideas. G.A. Shine Without exaggeration, he was one of the founders of modern astrophysics.

SHINE, GRIGORY ABRAMOVICH(1892–1956), Russian astrophysicist. Born on April 7 (19), 1892 in Odessa in the family of a carpenter. Not having the opportunity to study at the gymnasium, he passed the exams for the matriculation certificate as an external student (1911). In 1912–1914 he studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Yuryev (Derpt) University (Tartu, Estonia). In 1914–1917 he volunteered for the active army. completed higher education at Perm University; here in 1919-1920 he worked as an assistant at the department of astronomy. From 1921 he worked as a calculator at the Pulkovo Observatory. In 1924 he supervised the installation of a 40-inch reflector at the Simeiz branch of the Pulkovo Observatory. From 1929 until the end of his life he lived and worked in Simeiz (with a break in 1941-1944, when the Crimea was occupied by the Germans). After the war, he became director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (until 1952). For the last four years of his life, he headed the department of stellar physics at the Crimean Observatory.

Schein's research concerned the most important and actual problems astrophysics. In particular, he was engaged in stellar spectroscopy and the physics of gaseous nebulae, one of the first to understand that for the observational verification of the fundamental relations "spectrum - luminosity" and "mass - luminosity", as well as hypotheses about the structure and evolution of stars, it is very important to study binary stars. Shine installed big number regularities for binary systems, some of them were explained only after many decades. For the first time systematically researched (together with O. Struve) axial rotation stars, discovered that the stars of the early spectral classes rotate tens of times faster than the Sun. He put forward a hypothesis about the analogy between phenomena on the surface of cold stars and solar activity. Found that the ratio between "heavy" and "ordinary" carbon (isotopes C 13 and C 12) varies significantly in different stars. Since carbon is one of the catalysts nuclear reactions in the stars, this discovery initiated the development of new research programs not only in astrophysics, but also in nuclear physics.

An important step in Shain's work was the study (together with VF Gaze) of emission nebulae - extended objects emitting light in discrete spectral regions. It turned out that the radiation of stars in the night sky is greatly weakened if photographing is carried out in a narrow spectral region near the emission line of the nebula, while the contrast of the image increases significantly and many fine details become visible. This new technology made it possible to discover and study over 150 such objects. The masses of the nebulae were estimated, the nature of motions in them, the presence of dust, and the role of magnetic fields were considered. The main result of this series of works was the conclusion about the formation of hot stars and diffuse matter in a single cosmogonic process. Detailed Analysis characteristic feature the structures of nebulae - filaments and their tendency to orient themselves predominantly parallel to the galactic equator - led Schine to the conclusion that there is a magnetic field in the Galaxy.

Shine was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, an honorary doctorate from the University of Copenhagen, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Shaina's name is largest telescope Crimean observatory.

Tsarskosel, gymnast, World War I participant, graphic artist 1

Grigory Abramovich Palepa was born in 1886 in a big 2. His parents were Abram and Sarah Palepa. Abram Palepa was engaged in printing business. In the pre-revolutionary years, the family lived on Magazeinaya Street, house 50 3:

Despite the fact that fifteen of their children and an adopted girl grew up in the family, all the children received an education. It is known that the boys studied in and.

AT adolescence Grigory, who has a penchant for drawing, studied chromolithography by F.F. Kibbel 5 in St. Petersburg:

1899. Grigory among students of chromolithography F.F. Kibbel, St. Petersburg

Gregory will need this education later - in Soviet time he will work as a lithographer. The family archive has preserved a postcard-photo taken by him during his studies:

But he had a long military service ahead of him.

Both the father and grandfather of our hero gave 25 years of service to the Russian army as cantonists 1 . Already in 1908 Gregory also serves in the army for a year - in the 198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment. Thanks to the specialists of the Vologda Military Historical Society 4 , and archival photographs, preserved by the son of Grigory Abramovich - Igor Grigorievich, we managed to learn a little about his military service and participation in the First World War.

The Alexander Nevsky regiment was formed in 1811 under the name of the St. Petersburg internal provincial half-battalion. In 1874, the regiment became part of the local troops and was named the Petersburg local battalion, and since 1878 it was transferred to the reserve troops with the name of its 1st reserve infantry personnel battalion. In 1891, the battalion was given the name of the patron saint of the city of St. Petersburg, the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky. Soon it was reorganized into a two-battalion reserve infantry regiment, which on May 26, 1899 was named the 198th reserve infantry regiment of Alexander Nevsky 4.

The first mention of the service of Gregory Palepa in the regiment refers to 1908 d. V 1910 year the regiment was transferred to Vologda:

On other photos family archive Igor Palepa, we can see the regiment in the barracks in St. Petersburg

Sources and notes:

1. Archival photographs and memoirs of Igor Grigoryevich Palepy (Canada), kindly donated to the Museum of the Nikolaev Gymnasium
2. "Fables of Krylov in mobile and mysterious pictures": Game / Comp. G.A. Palepa. - [Leningrad]: Household newspaper, . - 1 l. colorful ill. with explanation. text, printed on the one hand, complex in the village: colorful. ill.; 14x17 cm; Palepa G.A. tip pontoon bridge. Game on a round log. Series: Revolutionary Games young pioneers. M-L. Publishing house Petrograd. 1925 16 p. Publisher's paperback, Reduced format
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(b. 1789 or 1790). - Titular adviser, official of the office of the St. Petersburg Governor-General.

Evangelical Lutheran. Father - the famous farmer Abram Izrailevich Peretz (1771-1833). He was brought up first in the Mogilev province. in the village with his grandfather, and from 1803 in St. Petersburg in his father's house, in 1810-1811 he attended a course political economy M. A. Balugyansky (see) in Pedagogical Institute. Enrolled in the service at the office. state treasurer clerk - 20.8.1801, Senate registrar - 31.12.1804, lips. secretary - 31.12. 1806, tit. owls. - 12/27/1808, transferred to the Expedition about the state. income - 27.12. 1809 (at this time, apparently, he really entered the service), seconded to the office. A. B. Kurakina, created to stop the plague in the Novorossiysk Territory - 1/28/1813, was with her until 30.5, dismissed "to determine other matters" - June 1813. In July 1817 he returned to St. Petersburg "after 5 years of absence" and through for some time he entered the service in the office. Petersburg gene.-lips. M. A. Miloradovich, where he met F. N. Glinka (see).

A member of the Welfare Union, together with F. N. Glinka created a secret society in 1819 or 1820. Member northern society, apparently, was not, but knew about its existence and plans. On the eve of the uprising, he asked for action. secrets. owls. Guryev to warn gr. M. A. Miloradovich about the possibility of indignation on the day of the oath to Nicholas I.

Arrest order - 18.2.1826; 21.2 delivered to Peter and Paul Fortress("Peretz sent to be imprisoned at his discretion and kept strictly") in No. 4 of the Nikolskaya Curtain.

Vysoch. ordered (6/15/1826), after keeping another two months in the fortress, to send him to live in Perm, where to have vigilant supervision over him and monthly report on his behavior.

Arrived in Perm - 25.8.1826, transferred to Ustsysolsk - 13.8.1827, to Vologda - 3.7.1839, allowed to enter the service in the Vologda province. - 3.2.1840, appointed to the number of office. officials of the Vologda order public charity, it is allowed to live everywhere, with the exception of the capital provinces, under the guarantee of the husband of the sister pom. Secretary of State of the State council bar. Alexandra Grevenitsa - 11.4.1841, official special assignments at the Vologda lips. - 1843, owls. Vologda province. board - 1844, dismissed from service - 25.6.1845, count. ac. - 1846, lived in Odessa (1850).

Wife (Jan. 1822) - Maria NN (d. 1830). Children: Gregory (1823-1883) and two more sons. Brothers: Gregory; Alexander, served in the mining department; Nikolay, director Institute of Technology; Egor (1833-1899), state. secretary in 1878-1883, member of the State. advice. Sister - Alexandra (1812-1892).

TsGAOR, f. 48, op. 1, d. 66; f. 109, 1 exp., 1826, file 61, part 175.

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