Good afternoon, dear readers!
In today's article, I propose to understand together some of the features of preparing for an exam in a subject that is most popular among Russian schoolchildren
. Perhaps your child has already chosen social science as or ?
Social Science - "what kind of animal"?
social science is interdisciplinary exam, that is, a kind of alloy, if you like, a "hodgepodge" of several independent sciences- sociology, philosophy, jurisprudence, political science and economics. Social Studies must be taken today upon admission to wide range humanitarian specialties (including law, economics, hotel and publishing, and many others). In many schools (most often in gymnasiums, lyceums) these sciences (e.g. economics, law) studied as individual items. It is certainly easier for students of such schools to prepare for the exam in social studies. The rest should not despair either, although, of course, you will have to devote more time and attention to the nuances of each of the sections.Myth 1 “Social studies are easy! Here is physics, chemistry…”
As we have already noted, for several years now social science has remained the most popular subject of choice for passing the exam . According to the statistics of Rosobrnadzor, in 2018, social studies passed 53% of graduates. At the same time, the percentage of students who did not pass the exam is also traditionally high. Why? Because, at first glance, it seems that it is easy. Indeed, who today does not talk about politics and economics? It is believed that in order "surrender society" enough general erudition, a broad outlook and little knowledge of history and literature.Usually this myth is debunked after the student solves the demo version of tasks from the FIPI website and others. training materials. Or after passing the first topics of the first section "Man and society". Besides exam tasks and the system of their evaluation becomes more complicated every year. In no case do we claim that social science competes in complexity with accurate and natural sciences… However, practice confirms that achieve really high results rather than just overcome minimum threshold, impossible without thorough preparation. And, of course, as they say, to each his own, and it all depends on the student's abilities and the degree of his self-organization.
Myth 2 “You don’t have to prepare for a long time”
This myth often stems from myth number 1. As we know, in any business, quantity usually turns into quality. And than more attention and energy you devote to any business, to those best result you get at the output.Myth 3 “It is impossible to learn all the terms of social science”
This myth is directly opposite to the previous two. Don't go to extremes! Carlson said: "Calm, only calm!" When working with definitions, I advise my students to:- Highlight the main features of the concept being studied, split long phrases into semantic parts. It is useless to try to "swallow" or memorize a definition whose meaning you do not understand.
- Learn English! A lot of social science terms come from Latin words, so knowledge foreign language It helps a lot in the study of social science and significantly enriches it.
- Illustrate "dry" theory textbook with specific examples from social life. So you, on the one hand, will more easily and effectively learn theoretical material on specific examples, and on the other hand, you will begin to understand, critically evaluate and scientifically substantiate what is happening around.
I often advise my students to print (or better yet, write by hand) definitions that are difficult to remember, and hang them in prominent places at home. So the look will constantly “cling” to them and the definition will be easier to remember.
Myth 4 “Social studies are boring”
Social science is our very life I tell my students. Today, such terms as "mortgage", "election", " middle class and others have firmly become a part of our lives. And understand them, use them correctly and interpret them correctly - the norm modern life and the key to success. The guys are learning navigate in real life,to objectively evaluate the information that sometimes pours on us all from the Web and from TV screens. This is what many are aiming for. USE assignments the second part, in which you need to give concrete examples from personal social experience, formulate and justify your opinion. For this occurring in the country and the world, daily read and
Myth 5 “Social science is about chatting”, you can “pour water, etc…”
Unfortunately, many school teachers also think so. In fact, there is a clear logic in the presentation of the material, everything is interconnected, systemically. And, of course, we must not forget that social studies exam in writing , and paper will by no means “endure” everything; it certainly will not forgive the lack of knowledge.The structure of the exam is not so simple, I will talk about this in my next article. Besides, for successful delivery exam, the student must know not only the content of the sections of the textbook themselves, but also their legislative framework , especially the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Naturally, without knowing the content of the law, you can’t “talk” and write a lot.
Here are just a few of the most common misconceptions about preparing for a social studies exam. As in any business, the most important thing here is - the right attitude for your child to master this subject. And here is the fine line between "Easy all this!" and “Mom, I don’t understand / I won’t give up this society!”.
The surest way to find the "golden mean" is to determine the level of knowledge of the child and start preparing for the exam.
I will be glad to help (8-917-450-23-30).
I wish you a great attitude to study and success!
In a reference book addressed to graduates of grade 9 educational organizations, the material of the course "Social Studies" is presented in the volume checked at the main state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the control measuring materials OGE.
The content lines of the course are grouped into six blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Sphere of Spiritual Culture", "Economics", "Social Sphere", "Sphere of Politics and social management”, “Right”.
Completeness, compactness, clarity and clarity of presentation provide maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam.
Job Samples different type and all levels of difficulty (basic, advanced and high), answers to them and an indication of the approximate time for their completion will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge and skills.
Examples.
What is characteristic of both man and animal?
1) world transformation
2) accumulation of knowledge
3) the need for rest
4) striving for beauty
Paul is in second grade. secondary school. AT free time he likes to play board games. Compare the two forms of activity mentioned in the condition of the assignment - learning and play. Select and write in the first column of the table sequence numbers similarities, and in the second column - serial numbers of differences.
1) promotes personality development
2) imitates real actions
3) equips with systemic knowledge and skills
4) helps to understand the world around
Content
Preface 6
BLOCK MODULE 1. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Society as a form of human life 12
Topic 1.2. Interaction of society and nature 14
Topic 1.3. The main spheres of public life, their relationship 16
Topic 1.4. Biological and social in man 17
Topic 1.5. Personality. Features of adolescence 19
Topic 1.6. Human activity, its main forms (labor, play, learning) 23
Topic 1.7. Man and his immediate environment. Interpersonal relationships. Communication 30
Topic 1.8. interpersonal conflicts, design resolution 40
BLOCK MODULE 2. SPHERE OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE
Topic 2.1. The sphere of spiritual culture and its features 43
Topic 2.2. Science in life modern society 44
Topic 2.3. Education and its importance in conditions information society. Opportunities to obtain general and vocational education in Russian Federation 48
Topic 2.4. Religion, religious organizations and associations, their role in the life of modern society. Freedom of conscience 52
Topic 2.5. Moral 58
Topic 2.6. Humanism. Patriotism, citizenship 61
BLOCK MODULE 3. ECONOMY
Topic 3.1. Economy, its role in the life of society 65
Topic 3.2. Goods and services, resources and needs, limited resources 68
Topic 3.3. Economic systems and property 72
Topic 3.4. Production, labor productivity. Division of labor and specialization 78
Topic 3.5. Exchange, trade 83
Topic 3.6. Market and market mechanism 85
Topic 3.7. Entrepreneurship. Small business and farming 92
Topic 3.8. Money 103
Topic 3.9. Wage and stimulation of labor 107
Topic 3.10. Income inequality and economic measures social support 111
Topic 3.11. Taxes paid by citizens 115
Topic 3.12. Economic goals and functions of the state 119
BLOCK MODULE 4. SOCIAL SPHERE
Topic 4.1. social structure society 122
Topic 4.2. family like small group. Relations between generations 124
Topic 4.3. Manifold social roles in adolescence 127
Topic 4.4. social values and norms 130
Topic 4.5. Deviant behavior. The danger of drug addiction and alcoholism for a person and society. social significance healthy lifestyle life 134
Topic 4.6. social conflict and ways to solve it. 138
Topic 4.7. Interethnic relations 142
BLOCK MODULE 5. AREA OF POLICY AND SOCIAL GOVERNANCE
Topic 5.1. Power. The role of politics in the life of society 146
Topic 5.2. The concept and features of the state 148
Topic 5.3. Separation of powers 151
Topic 5.4. State forms 153
Topic 5.5. Political regime. Democracy 157
Topic 5.6. Local government 162
Topic 5.7. Participation of citizens in political life 167
Topic 5.8. Elections, referendum 169
Topic 5.9. Political parties and movements, their role in public life 173
Topic 5.10. civil society and constitutional state 178
BLOCK MODULE 6. RIGHT
Topic 6.1. Law, its role in the life of society and the state 187
Topic 6.2. Rule of law. Regulatory act 188
Topic 6.3. The concept of legal relations 192
Topic 6.4. Signs and types of offenses. The concept and types of legal liability 195
Topic 6.5. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation 200
Topic 6.6. federal structure Russia 206
Topic 6.7. Organs state power Russian Federation 209
Topic 6.8. Law enforcement. Judicial system. Relations between public authorities and citizens 219
Topic 6.9. The concept of rights, freedoms and duties. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia, their guarantees. Constitutional duties of citizens 223
Topic 6.10. The rights of the child and their protection. Peculiarities legal status minors 227
Topic 6.11. The mechanism for the implementation and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen 230
Topic 6.12. International legal protection of victims armed conflicts 233
Topic 6.13. Civil relations. Ownership. Consumer rights 236
Topic 6.14. Family relations. Rights and obligations of parents and children 245
Topic 6.15. The right to work and labor relations. Employment of minors 254
Topic 6.16. Administrative legal relations, offenses and punishments 259
Topic 6.17. Basic concepts and institutions of criminal law. Criminal liability of minors 263
Training option examination work in social studies 271
Answers 282
Literature 285.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Social Studies, A complete guide to preparing for the OGE, Grade 9, Baranov P.A., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Man and society
Interaction of society and nature. spheres of public life. Personality. Human activity. Interpersonal relationships.
Sphere of spiritual culture
Science in the life of society. Education and its importance. Religion and freedom of conscience. Morality. Humanism. Patriotism.
Economy
The role of the economy in the life of society. Products and service. resources and needs. Economic systems. Production and labor productivity. Exchange and trade. market mechanism. Entrepreneurship. Money. Income. Taxes (in this part of the program, one of the main problems of schoolchildren is solved - the inability to solve economic problems).
Social sphere
The social structure of society. A family. Social values and norms. social conflict. International relations.
Sphere of politics and social management
Power. State forms. Political regime. Participation of citizens in political life. Elections, referendum. Political parties and movements. Civil society and the rule of law.
Right
Rules of law. Offenses. Legal liability. The constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Federal structure of the Russian Federation. State authorities of the Russian Federation. Law enforcement agencies. Protection of human rights and freedoms. Civil relations. Family relations. Labor relations. Administrative relations. Criminal law(in this section, schoolchildren have a lot of confusion in terms - we give information in a convenient circuit form).
Work with text
Topic: Society and man.
Scientists believe that public life began with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united in tribal community, tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend against enemies, explore new territories. This is where the concepts of "community" and "society" come from.
The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense:
Society is a part isolated from nature, but closely connected with it. material world, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their association.
Broad meaning: all of humanity as a whole:
1) part of the material world;
2) dynamic system;
3) a set of ways of interaction and association.
In a narrow sense:
Society is a collection of people in some way.
Narrow meaning:
1) certain group of people;
2) the stage of development of society;
3) joint activities;
4) a certain country.
The concept of society has many meanings:
1. Stage in the history of mankind
3. All mankind global community)
(primitive society, slaveholding, etc.)
SOCIETY
2. (association) 4. Region, country, state (Russia, European
society)
Circle of people united
common goals, interests
(sport Club)
Man can satisfy his material and spiritual needs only in society. And also in society, social relations develop between people.
Social relations are relations that develop between members of various social groups.
Society not only arises with the advent of man, but also develops with him, which means that society is dynamic system.
A distinctive trend in the development of modern society is globalization.
Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and religious integration and unification.
Main global problems:
1) the unresolved problem of eliminating aging in people and the weak information of the society about neglect ¬zhikmom old ¬re¬nii;
2) the “North-South” problem - a gap in development between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
3) preventing a thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing peace with the community of non-sanctioned tsi-o-n-ro-van-no-go distribution of nuclear technologies, radio active pollution of the environment;
4) prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment
5) reduction of biological diversity;
6) providing mankind with resources, exhaustion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water , wood, non-ferrous metals;
7) global warming;
8) ozone holes;
9) the problem of heart-related diseases, onco-logical diseases and AIDS;
10) demo graphic development (democ graphic explosion in developing countries and demo graphic crisis in development), possible famine;
11) terrorism;
12) asteroid hazard;
13) underestimation of global threats to the existence of humanity, such as the development of unfriendly ¬th artificial intelligence and global catastrophes.
Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system.
Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the withering away of old parts, the emergence of new ones.
Society has subsystems (parts of the system)
Spheres of public life
1.Political
State and public authorities
(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)
2.Economic
(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.
3.Social
Interaction of various social groups, strata of the population, personality.
4. Spiritual
(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)
All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:
1. Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural)
- people are busy agriculture, prevails manual labor, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.
2. Industrial
- people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor prevails, the growth in the number of cities and urban populations, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.
3. Post-industrial
- people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, dominated by Information Technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, the influence of the media.
(social mobility is a change in the position of a person or group in society)
Interaction of society and nature
It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.
nature is habitat human habitat.
Differences between society and nature
- creates culture
- develops under the influence of human activity.
The difference between nature and society:
- able to develop independently
- has its own laws, which do not depend on the will and desires of man.
Human.
Human
- a biosocial creature, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.
Individual
is a representative of the human race, possessing unique natural features. (one of the people; singular)
Individuality
- uniqueness, originality, wealth inner world, traits that are peculiar only to a certain person.
Personality
- this is a person as a social being with his inherent features and relationships that manifest themselves in interaction with people.
Socialization is the process of becoming a person
Socialization agents
1. Family
2. Education
3. Professions
4. Social environment
5. State
6. Media
7. Self-education
Stages of socialization
1. Initial
2. Middle (youthful age)
3. Final
The main differences between humans and animals
1. Thinking and articulate speech
2. Conscious purposeful creative activity
3. Human creator of culture
4. The ability to make tools and use them.
Human activity.
Activity is a human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.
Activity structure
1.Subject of activity (the one who carries out activities)
2. Object of activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.
The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).
A person who starts any activity sets a goal.
The goal is what we expect as a result of the activity.
In order to reach our goal we need:
1. Funds
2. Actions
3. Result
A motive is something that motivates us to act. (Vasya reads a newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).
Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.
Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):
1. Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)
2. Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)
3. Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)
This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow.
1. Physiological (food, breathing, movement)
2. Existential (in safety, comfort, confidence in the future)
(1,2 - innate needs)
3. Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)
4. Prestigious (selfish) - in self-respect, success, recognition
5. Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)
(3-5 - acquired)
Main activities- Labor, play, teaching.
Types of activity - practical, spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, cutting forests), labor, educational, creative, etc.
Creativity is about creating something new.
(helps us to create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)
Labor activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a deliberately useful result.
Gaming or leisure activities are focused not so much on the result as on the process itself - entertainment, recreation.
Learning is a type of activity whose purpose is to acquire a person's knowledge, skills and abilities.
Social and interpersonal relationships person. Communication.
Social relations are relations between a leader and a subordinate.
Forms social relations: unilateral (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).
interpersonal relationship - attitude between friends.
Society is a collection of social groups.
Social group - a group of people identified by socially significant features.
Functions of a social group
1. Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)
2. Expressive - for satisfaction social needs in respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)
3. Supportive - to weaken unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))
Communication is communication between people as a result of which they exchange information.
Types of communication: verbal (verbal), using words and sounds
non-verbal (non-verbal), with the help of facial expressions and gestures
Forms of communication:
- official (business)
- everyday (household)
- persuasive
ritual (the process of observing the prescribed behavior)
-intercultural
By content and semantic orientation:
-story
-message
-talk
-report
-compliments
-opinion exchange
Interpersonal conflicts
Interpersonal conflict is a clash various points vision.
Ways to resolve conflicts
1. Dialogue-communication between people.
2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.
3. Consensus - a form of expressing agreement with the arguments of the opponent in the dispute.
Social sphere
Social classes, large groups of people, differing in their place in the historically defined system of society production, according to their relation (for the most part fixed and formalized in laws) to the environment production.
Nation (from lat. natio - tribe, people) - social-economic, cultural, political and spiritual naya generality of the industrial era.
Social classes (social classes) - social communities, distinguished by relation to the property and the social division of labor.
Conditions - social-legal groups of subjects, by their legal position by any definition in a divided way from the rest of us .; at the same time, differences are transferred by inheritance.
