"Society as a dynamic system".

Option 1.

BUT. 1. Highlighting the main elements of society, their relationship and interaction, scientists characterize society as

1)system

2) part of nature

3) material world

4) civilization

2. Society in the understanding of scientists is:

2) ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together

3) part of wildlife, subject to its laws

4) the material world as a whole

3. Are they true the following judgments about society?

A. Society is a system consisting of interrelated and interacting elements.

B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements and connections between them constantly arise and old elements die off.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

4. Unlike nature, society

1) is a system 3) acts as a creator of culture

2) is in development 4) develops according to its own laws

5. The emergence of private ownership of the means of production has led to increased stratification of society. The connection of what aspects of the life of society was manifested in this phenomenon?

1)production, distribution, consumption and spiritual sphere

2)economics and politics

3) economics and social relations

4) economy and culture

6. Which of the following refers to the global problems of our time?

1) the formation of a socially oriented economy

2) the revival of cultural and moral values

3) the gap in the level of development between the regions of the planet

4) development of international cooperation

7. Are the following judgments about society correct?

A. Among the subsystems and elements of society are social institutions.

B. Not all elements of social life are subject to change.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

8. Which of the above features characterizes an industrial society?

1) leading role Agriculture 3) weak level division of labor

2) the predominance of industry 4) the decisive importance of the service sector in the economy

9. Which of the signs is inherent traditional society?

1) intensive development of infrastructure 3) the predominance of the patriarchal type of family

2) computerization of industry 4) the secular nature of culture

10. Go to post-industrial society characterized

1) the formation of a market economy 3) the development of funds mass communication

2) restriction of social mobility 4) organization of factory production

11. A characteristic feature of Western civilization is:

1) low social mobility

2) long-term preservation of traditional legal norms

3) active introduction of new technologies

4) weakness and underdevelopment of democratic values

12. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?

A. All global processes are the result of increased international contacts.

B. The development of mass communication makes modern world holistic.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

13. Country A. with a population of 25 million people is located in the Northern Hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to post-industrial societies?

1) The country has a multi-confessional composition of the population.

2) The country has an extensive network railway transport.

3) The management of the society is carried out through computer networks.

4) In means mass media traditional family values.

14. A characteristic feature of evolution as a form of social development is:

1) the revolutionary nature of change 3) violent methods

2) spasmodic 4) gradual

Q. 1 Read the text below with a number of words missing.

Western civilization is called ____(1). The production that has developed in the European region _____ (2) required the utmost exertion of the physical and intellectual forces of society, the constant improvement of tools and methods of influencing nature. As a result, it has formed new system values: active creative, ______ (3) human activity comes to the fore.

Unconditional value has acquired _______ (4) knowledge that expands the intellectual powers of a person, his inventive possibilities. Western civilization has put forward as the most important values ______(5) persons and ______(6) property. Main regulator public relations are _____(7).

Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.

a) private

b) collective

c) legal norms

d) industrial

e) adaptable

g) scientific

h) transforming

i) freedom

j) religious

2. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) isolation from nature

2) lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions

3) the ability for self-organization and self-development

4) isolation from the material world

5) constant change

6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements

C1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Attracting Knowledge social science course, make up two sentences containing information about civilization.

C2. Use three examples to describe the advantages of the formational approach.

C3. Read the text and do the tasks for it.

Gaining more and more strength, civilization often showed a clear tendency to impose ideas with the help of missionary activities or direct violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... So civilization steadily spread across the planet, using everything possible ways and means - migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to the model established by it ...

The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not come true ... At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it is, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to join the wealth of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization ... It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when its own organism is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it is time for our generation, finally, to understand that now it depends only on us ... the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole.

A. Peccei

1) What global problems modern society highlights the author? List two or three issues.

2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.

3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."

4) Is it possible, in your opinion, to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries in the foreseeable future. Justify the answer.

C4 * Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other ”(Seneca)

Ticket number 1

What is a society?

There are many definitions of the term "society". AT narrow sense under society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, and specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

Broadly speaking, society- this is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
In philosophical society is characterized by science as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable, while seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is defined as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that takes direct participation in its creation.
Signs of society:

• A collection of individuals endowed with will and consciousness.
• General interest, which is permanent and objective. The organization of society depends on the harmonious combination of common and individual interests of its members.
• Interaction and cooperation based on common interests. There must be an interest in each other, giving the opportunity to implement the interests of each.
• Regulation of the public interest through binding rules of conduct.
• The presence of an organized force (power) capable of providing society with internal order and external security.

Each of these spheres, being itself an element of the system called "society", in turn turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are interconnected and mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas in a real way. whole society, diverse and complex social life.

1. Politics and power

Power- the right and opportunity to influence other people, to subordinate them to your will. Power appeared with the emergence of human society and will always accompany its development in one form or another.

Sources of power:

• Violence (physical force, weapons, organized group, threat of force)
• Authority (family and social ties, deep knowledge in some area, etc.)
• Law (position and authority, control over resources, custom and tradition)

Subject of power- one who gives orders

Object of power- the one who performs.

To date researchers identify various public authorities:
depending on the prevailing resource, power is divided into political, economic, social, information;
depending on the subjects of power, power is divided into state, military, party, trade union, family;
depending on the ways of interaction between subjects and objects of power, power is distinguished as dictatorial, totalitarian and democratic.

Politics- the activities of social classes, parties, groups, determined by their interests and goals, as well as the activities of state authorities. Political struggle is often understood as a struggle for power.

Allocate the following types of authority:

• Legislative (parliament)
• Executive (government)
• Judicial (courts)
• AT recent times mass media are characterized as the “fourth power” (ownership of information)

Policy Subjects: individuals, social groups, classes, organizations, political parties, state

Policy objects: 1. internal (society as a whole, economy, social sphere, culture, national relations, ecology, personnel)

2. external (international relations, the world community (global problems)

Policy features: organizational base of society, controlling, communicative, integrative, educational

Policies:

1. according to the direction of political decisions - economic, social, national, cultural, religious, state-legal, youth

2. by the scale of impact - local, regional, nationwide (national), international, global (global problems)

3. according to the prospects for impact - strategic (long-term), tactical (urgent tasks to achieve the strategy), opportunistic or current (urgent)

Ticket number 2

Society as complex dynamic system

Society- a complex dynamic self-developing system, which consists of subsystems (spheres of public life), which are usually distinguished by four:
1) economic (its elements are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production wealth, their exchange and distribution);
2) social (consists of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, their relationships and interactions with each other);
3) political (includes politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning);
4) spiritual (covers various forms and levels public consciousness, which in real life societies form a phenomenon of spiritual culture).

Character traits(signs) of society as a dynamic system:

• dynamism (the ability to change over time both society and its individual elements).
• complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions).
• self-sufficiency (the ability of the system to independently create and recreate the conditions necessary for its own existence, to produce everything necessary for people's lives).
• integration (the relationship of all components of the system).
• self-governance (responding to changes in the natural environment and the world community).

Ticket number 3

1. human nature

Until now, there is no clarity as to what is the nature of man, which determines his essence. modern science recognizes the dual nature of man, a combination of biological and social.

From the point of view of biology, man belongs to the class of mammals, the order of primates. Man is subject to the same biological patterns like animals: it needs food, physical activity, rest. A person grows, is subject to disease, ages and dies.

The "animal" personality of a person is influenced by innate behavior programs (instincts, unconditioned reflexes) and acquired during life. This side of the personality is “responsible” for nutrition, preservation of life and health, and procreation.

Proponents of the theory of the origin of man from animals as a result of evolution
explain the features appearance and human behavior by a long struggle for existence (2.5 million years), as a result of which the fittest individuals survived and left offspring.

The social essence of a person is formed under the influence of a social way of life, communication with others. Thanks to communication, a person can convey to others what he is aware of, what he is thinking about. The means of communication between people in society is primarily language. There are cases when small children were brought up by animals. Once in human society already in adulthood, they could not master articulate human speech. This may indicate that speech and related abstract thinking formed only in society.

Social forms of behavior include a person's ability to empathize, caring for the weak and needy members of society, self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people, the struggle for truth, justice, etc.

The highest form of manifestation of the spiritual side of the human personality is love for one's neighbor, not associated with material rewards or social recognition.

Selfless love, altruism are the basic conditions spiritual growth, improvement self. The spiritual personality, being enriched in the process of communication, limits the egoism of the biological personality, this is how moral perfection occurs.

Characterizing social entity a person, as a rule, is called: consciousness, speech, labor activity.

1. Socialization

Socialization - the process of mastering knowledge and skills, ways of behavior, necessary for a person to become a member of society, act correctly and interact with their social environment.

Socialization The process by which an infant gradually develops into a self-aware intelligent being who understands the essence of the culture in which he was born.

Socialization is divided into two types - primary and secondary.

Primary socialization concerns the immediate environment of a person and includes, first of all, family and friends, and secondary refers to the mediated, or formal, environment and consists of the impacts of institutions and institutions. The role of primary socialization is great in the early stages of life, and the secondary - in the later stages.

Allocate agents and institutions of socialization. Socialization agents are the specific people responsible for training cultural norms and development of social roles. Institutes of socialization- social institutions that influence the process of socialization and guide it. Primary socialization agents include parents, relatives, friends and peers, teachers and doctors. To the secondary - officials of the university, enterprise, army, church, journalists, etc. Primary socialization - scope interpersonal relationships, secondary - social. The functions of agents of primary socialization are interchangeable and universal, those of secondary socialization are non-interchangeable and specialized.

Along with socialization, it is also possible desocialization- loss or conscious rejection of learned values, norms, social roles (commission of a crime, mental illness). Restoring lost values ​​and roles, retraining, returning to a normal lifestyle is called resocialization(such is the purpose of punishment as a correction) - change and revision of the ideas formed earlier.

Ticket number 4

Economic systems

Economic systems- this is a set of interrelated economic elements that form a certain integrity, the economic structure of society; the unity of relations that develop over the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods.

Depending on the method of solving the main economic problems and the type of ownership of economic resources, four main types of economic systems can be distinguished:

• traditional;
• market (capitalism);
• command (socialism);
• mixed.

Ticket number 5

Ticket number 6

Cognition and knowledge

The dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov S. I. gives two definitions of the concept knowledge:
1) comprehension of reality by consciousness;
2) a set of information, knowledge in some area.
Knowledge- this is a multidimensional result tested by practice, which was confirmed in a logical way, the process of knowing the world around.
There are several criteria scientific knowledge:
1) systematization of knowledge;
2) consistency of knowledge;
3) validity of knowledge.
Systematization of scientific knowledge means that all the accumulated experience of humanity leads (or should lead) to a certain strict system.
Consistency of scientific knowledge means that knowledge various fields The sciences are complementary, not mutually exclusive. This criterion follows directly from the previous one. The first criterion to a greater extent helps to eliminate the contradiction - a strict logical system of building knowledge will not allow several contradictory laws to exist simultaneously.
Validity of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge can be confirmed by repeated repetition of the same action (ie, empirically). Rationale scientific concepts occurs by referring to the data of empirical research or by referring to the ability to describe and predict phenomena (in other words, based on intuition).

Cognition- this is the process of acquiring knowledge through empirical or sensory research, as well as comprehending the laws of the objective world and the totality of knowledge in some branch of science, art.
There are the following types of knowledge:
1) worldly knowledge;
2) artistic knowledge;
3) sensory knowledge;
4) empirical knowledge.
Worldly knowledge is an experience accumulated over many centuries. It lies in observation and ingenuity. This knowledge, no doubt, is acquired only as a result of practice.
Artistic knowledge. The specificity of artistic knowledge lies in the fact that it is based on visual image, displays the world and a person in a holistic state.
Sensory cognition is what we perceive with the help of the senses (for example, I hear a bell mobile phone, I see a red apple, etc.).
The main difference between sensory cognition and empirical cognition is that empirical cognition is carried out with the help of observation or experiment. During the experiment, a computer or other device is used.
Knowledge methods:
1) induction;
2) deduction;
3) analysis;
4) synthesis.
Induction is a conclusion made on the basis of two or more premises. Induction can lead to both correct and incorrect conclusions.
Deduction is a transition made from the general to the particular. The method of deduction, unlike the method of induction, always leads to true conclusions.
Analysis is the division of the studied object or phenomenon into parts and components.
Synthesis is a process opposite to analysis, that is, the connection of parts of an object or phenomenon into a single whole.

Ticket number 7

Legal responsibility

Legal responsibility- this is a way by which the interests of the individual, society and the state receive real protection . Legal responsibility means the application to the offender of sanctions of legal norms, specified in them certain penalties. This is the imposition of measures of state coercion on the offender, the application of legal sanctions for the offense. Such responsibility is a kind of relationship between the state and the offender, where the state, in the person of its law enforcement has the right to punish the offender, restore the violated law and order, and the offender is called to be convicted, i.e. to lose certain benefits, to suffer certain unfavorable consequences established by law.

These consequences may vary:

• personal ( the death penalty, deprivation of liberty);
• property (fine, confiscation of property);
• prestigious (reprimand, deprivation of awards);
• organizational (closure of the enterprise, dismissal from office);
• their combination (recognition of the contract as illegal, deprivation of a driver's license).

Ticket number 8

Man in the labor market

A special and unique sphere of socio-economic relations of people is the sphere of relations in the sale of their labor force by people. The place where labor is bought and sold is labor markets. Here the law of supply and demand reigns supreme. The labor market ensures the distribution and redistribution of labor resources, the mutual adaptation of objective and subjective factors of production. In labor markets, a person gets the opportunity to act in accordance with self-interest to realize their abilities.

Work force- physical and mental capabilities, as well as skills that enable a person to perform certain kind works.
For the sale of his labor power, the worker receives a wage.
Wage- the amount of monetary remuneration that the employer pays to the employee for the performance of a certain amount of work or the performance of his official duties.
Hence, the price of labor power is wages.

At the same time, the “labor market” means competition for jobs for everyone, a certain freedom of hands for the employer of labor, which, under adverse circumstances (supply exceeds demand), can cause very negative social consequences - wage cuts, unemployment, etc. For a person who is looking for a job or is employed, this means that he must maintain and deepen interest in himself as a work force through advanced training and retraining. This not only provides certain guarantees against unemployment, but represents the basis for further professional development. Of course, this is not a guarantee against unemployment, because in each specific case, various personal reasons should be taken into account (for example, desires and claims for certain activities), real conditions(a person's age, gender, possible obstacles or restrictions, place of residence, and much more). It should be noted that both now and in the future, employees must learn to adapt to the demands that the labor market puts before them and the conditions themselves, which are changing rapidly. To meet the conditions modern market work everyone must be ready for constant change.

Ticket number 9

1. Nation and national relations

The nation is highest form ethnic community of people, the most developed, historically stable, united by economic, territorial-state, cultural, psychological and religious features.

Some scholars believe that a nation is a co-citizenship, i.e. people living in the same state-ve. Belonging to a particular nation is called nationality. Nationality is determined not only by origin, but also by upbringing, culture and psychology of a person.
There are 2 trends in the development of the nation:
1. National, which is manifested in the desire of each nation for sovereignty, the development of its economy, science and art. Nationalism is the doctrine of the priority of the interests and values ​​of one's nation, an ideology and politics based on the ideas of superiority and national exclusivity. Nationalism can develop into chauvinism and fascism - aggressive manifestations of nationalism. Nationalism can lead to national discrimination (belittling and infringement of human rights).
2. International - it reflects the desire of nations for interaction, mutual enrichment, expansion of cultural, economic, and other ties.
Both trends are interconnected and contribute to the progress of human
civilizations.

NATIONAL RELATIONS are relations between the subjects of national and ethnic development - nations, nationalities, national groups and their state formations.

These relations are of three types: equality; domination and submission; destruction of other entities.

National relations reflect the fullness of social relations and are determined by economic and political factors. The main ones are political aspects. This is due to the importance of the state as the most important factor in the formation and development of nations. The political sphere includes such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, the equality of nations, the creation of conditions for free development national languages ​​and national cultures, representation of national personnel in power structures, etc. At the same time, historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural conditions of nations and nationalities have a strong influence on the formation of political attitudes, political behavior, political culture.

The main questions in national relations- equality or subordination; inequality of levels of economic and cultural development; national strife, strife, enmity.

1. Social problems in the labor market

Ticket number 10

1. Culture and spiritual life of society

Culture is a very complex phenomenon, which is reflected in the hundreds of definitions and interpretations that exist today. The most common are the following approaches to understanding culture as a phenomenon of social life:
- Technological approach: culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Activity approach: culture is a creative activity carried out in the spheres of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Value Approach: culture - practical implementation universal values in the affairs and relationships of people.

Starting from the 1st c. before. n. e. the word "culture" (from Latin cultura - care, cultivation, cultivation of the land) meant the upbringing of a person, the development of his soul and education. It finally came into use as a philosophical concept in the XVIII - early XIX in. and denoted the evolution of mankind, the gradual improvement of language, customs, government, scientific knowledge, art, religion. At that time, it was close in meaning to the concept of "civilization". The concept of "culture" was opposed to the concept of "nature", that is, culture is what a person created, and nature is what exists independently of him.

On the basis of numerous works of various scientists, the concept of "culture" in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people.

Culture in the narrow sense is a process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed.

In connection with the existence of two types of activity - material and spiritual - two main spheres of existence and development of culture can be distinguished.

Material culture is associated with the production and development of objects and phenomena of the material world, with a change in the physical nature of a person: material and technical means of labor, communication, cultural and community facilities, production experience, skills, skills of people, etc.

Spiritual culture is a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activities for their production, development and application: science, art, religion, morality, politics, law, etc.

Division criterion

The division of culture into material and spiritual is very conditional, since it is sometimes very difficult to draw a line between them, because in a “pure” form they simply do not exist: spiritual culture can be embodied in material carriers(books, paintings, tools, etc.). Understanding the whole relativity of the difference between material and spiritual culture, most researchers nevertheless believe that it still exists.

The main functions of culture:
1) cognitive - is the formation of a holistic view of the people, country, era;
2) evaluation - the implementation of the differentiation of values, the enrichment of traditions;
3) regulatory (normative) - the formation of a system of norms and requirements of society for all individuals in all areas of life and activity (norms of morality, law, behavior);
4) informative - the transfer and exchange of knowledge, values ​​and experience of previous generations;
5) communicative - preservation, transfer and replication of cultural values; development and improvement of personality through communication;
6) socialization - the assimilation by an individual of a system of knowledge, norms, values, accustoming to social roles, normative behavior, striving for self-improvement.

The spiritual life of society is usually understood as that area of ​​being in which objective reality is given to people not in the form of opposing objective activity, but as a reality that is present in the person himself, which is an integral part of his personality.

The spiritual life of a person arises on the basis of his practical activities, is a special form of reflection of the surrounding world and a means of interaction with it.

As a rule, knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals of people are referred to spiritual life. Taken together, they constitute spiritual world personality.

Spiritual life is closely connected with other spheres of society and is one of its subsystems.

Elements of the spiritual sphere of society: morality, science, art, religion, law.

The spiritual life of society covers various forms and levels of social consciousness: moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal consciousness.

The structure of the spiritual life of society:

spiritual needs
They represent an objective need of people and society as a whole to create and master spiritual values.

Spiritual activity (spiritual production)
The production of consciousness in a particular public form carried out by specialized groups of people professionally engaged in skilled mental labor

Spiritual goods (values):
Ideas, theories, images and spiritual values

Spiritual social connections of individuals

Man himself as a spiritual being

Reproduction of public consciousness in its integrity

Peculiarities

Its products are ideal formations that cannot be alienated from their direct producer.

The universal nature of its consumption, since spiritual benefits are available to everyone - individuals without exception, being the property of all mankind.

1. Law in the system social norms

social norm- a rule of conduct established in society that regulates relations between people, social life.

Society is a system of interrelated social social relations. These relationships are many and varied. Not all of them are regulated by law. outside legal regulation there are many relationships in the private life of people - in the sphere of love, friendship, leisure, consumption, etc. Although political, public interactions for the most part are of a legal nature, and in addition to law, they are regulated by other social norms. Thus, the law does not have a monopoly on social regulation. Legal norms cover only strategic, socially significant aspects of relations in society. Along with the law, a wide variety of social norms perform a large amount of regulatory functions in society.

The social norm is the rule general regulating homogeneous, mass, typical social relations.

In addition to law, social norms include morality, religion, corporate rules, customs, fashion, etc. Law is only one of the subsystems of social norms, which has its own specifics.

The general purpose of social norms is to streamline the coexistence of people, to ensure and coordinate their social interaction, to give the latter a stable, guaranteed character. Social norms limit the individual freedom of individuals, setting limits on possible, proper and prohibited behavior.

Law regulates social relations in interaction with other norms, as an element of the system of social regulatory regulation.

Signs of a legal norm

The only one in a number of social norms that comes from the state and is the official expression of its will.

Represents measure of freedom of expression and behavior of a person.

Published in specific form.

Is an form of realization and consolidation of rights and obligations participants in social relations.

Supported in its implementation and protected by the power of the state.

Always represents government mandate.

Is an the only state regulator of public relations.

Represents general rule of conduct, i.e. indicates: how, in what direction, during what time, on what territory it is necessary for this or that subject to act; prescribes a correct course of action from the point of view of society and therefore obligatory for each individual.

Ticket number 11

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the country

Constitution of the Russian Federation- the highest normative legal act Russian Federation. Adopted by the people of the Russian Federation on December 12, 1993.

The Constitution has the highest legal force, fixing the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia, state structure, the formation of representative, executive, judiciary authorities and system local government, rights and freedoms of man and citizen .

The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state, which has the highest legal force, fixes and regulates basic social relations in the field of legal status personality, institutions of civil society, the organization of the state and the functioning of public authority.
It is with the concept of the constitution that its essence is connected - the basic law of the state is called upon to serve as the main limiter for power in relations with man and society.

Constitution:

· fixes political system, fundamental rights and freedoms, determines the form of the state and the system supreme bodies state power;

· has the highest legal force;

Has a direct effect (the provisions of the constitution must be implemented regardless of whether other acts contradict them);

It is distinguished by stability due to a special, complicated procedure for adoption and change;

· is the basis for the current legislation.

The essence of the constitution, in turn, is manifested through its main legal properties (that is, the characteristic features that determine the qualitative originality of this document), which include:
acting as the fundamental law of the state;
legal supremacy;
playing the role of the basis of all legal system countries;
stability.
Sometimes the properties of the constitution include other features - legitimacy, continuity, prospects, reality, etc.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the fundamental law of the country. Despite the fact that this term is absent in the official title and text (unlike, for example, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 or the constitutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mongolia, Guinea and other states), this follows from the very legal nature and essence of the constitution.
legal supremacy. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has the highest legal force in relation to all other legal acts, not a single legal act adopted in the country (federal law, act of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, an act of regional, municipal or departmental lawmaking, an agreement, a court decision, etc. ), cannot contradict the Basic Law, and in case of contradiction (legal conflicts), the norms of the Constitution have priority.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the core of the legal system of the state, the basis for the development of current (industry) legislation. In addition to the fact that the Constitution establishes the competence various bodies public authority on rule-making and determines the main goals of such rule-making, directly defines the areas of public relations that should be regulated by federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and so on, it also contains many basic provisions that underlie the development of other branches of law.
The stability of the constitution is manifested in the establishment of a special procedure for changing it (in comparison with laws and other legal acts). From the point of view of the order of change, the Russian Constitution is “rigid” (in contrast to the “soft” or “flexible” constitutions of some states - Great Britain, Georgia, India, New Zealand and others - where changes to the constitution are made in the same order as in ordinary laws, or, by at least, by a fairly simple procedure).

1. social mobility

social mobility- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure ( social position), movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). social mobility is the process by which a person changes his social status. social status - the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society.

Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located on the same level (example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish individual mobility- the movement of one person independently of others, and group- movement occurs collectively. In addition, allocate geographical mobility- moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back). As a type of geographic mobility, there are concept of migration- moving from one place to another with a change in status (example: a person moved to the city for permanent residence and changed his profession).

Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the corporate ladder.

Upward mobility- social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).

Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).

Compared with natural systems human society is more subject to qualitative and quantitative changes. They happen faster and more often. This characterizes society as a dynamic system.

A dynamic system is a system that is constantly in a state of motion. It develops, changing its own features and characteristics. One such system is society. A change in the state of society can be caused by influence from outside. But sometimes it is based inner need the system itself. The dynamic system has a complex structure. It consists of many sublevels and elements. On a global scale, human society includes many other societies in the form of states. States constitute social groups. The unit of a social group is a person.

Society constantly interacts with other systems. For example, with nature. It uses its resources, potential, etc. Throughout human history natural environment and natural disasters not only help people. Sometimes they hindered the development of society. And even became the cause of his death. The nature of interaction with other systems is formed due to the human factor. It is usually understood as the totality of such phenomena as will, interest and conscious activity individuals or social groups.

Characteristic features society as a dynamic system:
- dynamism (change of the whole society or its elements);
- a complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions, etc.);
- self-sufficiency (the system itself creates the conditions for existence);
- integration (the interconnection of all components of the system); - self-governance (the ability to react to events outside the system).

Society as a dynamic system consists of elements. They can be material (buildings, technical systems, institutions, etc.). And intangible or ideal (actually ideas, values, traditions, customs, etc.). Thus, the economic subsystem consists of banks, transport, goods, services, laws, etc. A special system-forming element is a person. He has the ability to choose free will. As a result of the activity of a person or a group of people, large-scale changes can occur in society or its individual groups. It does social system more mobile.

The pace and quality of changes taking place in society can be different. Sometimes the established orders exist for several hundred years, and then changes occur quite quickly. Their scope and quality may vary. Society is constantly in development. It is an ordered integrity in which all elements are in a certain relationship. This property is sometimes called the non-additivity of the system. Another feature of society as a dynamic system is self-governance.

society as a complex dynamic system(choose)

The most familiar understanding of society is associated with the idea of ​​it as a group of people united by certain interests. So, we are talking about a society of philatelists, a society for the protection of nature, often by society we mean the circle of friends of a particular person, etc. Not only the first ones were similar, but even scientific ideas people about society. However, the essence of society cannot be reduced to the totality of human individuals. It must be sought in the connections and relationships that arise in the process joint activities people, which is non-individual in nature and gains strength beyond the control of individual people. Social relations are stable, constantly repeated and underlie the formation of various structural parts, institutions, and organizations of society. Social ties and relationships turn out to be objective, dependent not on specific person, but from other, more fundamental and solid forces and principles. So, in antiquity, the cosmic idea of ​​justice was supposed to be such a force, in the Middle Ages - the personality of God, in modern times - a social contract, etc. They sort of streamline and cement the diverse social phenomena, give their complex set of movement and development (dynamics).

Due to the variety of social forms and phenomena, society is trying to explain economic sciences, history, sociology, demography and many other social sciences. But the identification of the most general, universal connections, fundamentals, primary causes, leading patterns and trends - this is the task of philosophy. It is important for science to know not only what social structure of this particular society, what classes, nations, groups, etc. operate, what are their public interest and needs, or what economic orders dominate in a particular period of history. Social science is also interested in identifying what unites all existing and possible societies in the future, what are the sources and driving forces of social development, its leading trends and basic patterns, its direction, etc. It is especially important to consider society as single organism or system integrity, the structural elements of which are in more or less ordered and stable relationship. In them, one can even single out relations of subordination, where the leading one is the connection between material factors and the ideal formations of social life.

In social science, there are several fundamental views on the essence of society, the differences between which lie in the allocation of various structural elements in this dynamic system as leading ones. The sociopsychological approach in understanding society is made up of several postulates. Society is a collection of individuals and a system of social actions. The actions of people are comprehended and determined by the physiology of the organism. The origins of social action can be found even in instincts (Freud).

Naturalistic concepts of society proceed from the leading role in the development of society of natural, geographical and demographic factors. Some determine the development of society by rhythms solar activity(Chizhevsky, Gumilyov), others - by the climatic environment (Montesquieu, Mechnikov), others - by the genetic, racial and sexual characteristics of a person (Wilson, Dawkins, Sheffle). Society in this concept is considered somewhat simplified, as a natural continuation of nature, which has only biological specifics, to which the features of the social are reduced.

In the materialistic understanding of society (Marx) people in social organism bind productive forces and relations of production. The material life of people, social being determine the entire social dynamics - the mechanism of the functioning and development of society, the social actions of people, their spiritual and cultural life. community development acquires in this concept an objective, natural-historical character, appears as a natural change of socio-economic formations, certain stages of world history.

All these definitions have something in common. Society is a stable association of people, the strength and consistency of which lie in the imperious force that permeates all social relations. Society is a self-sufficient structure, the elements and parts of which are in a complex relationship, giving it the character of a dynamic system.

AT modern society there are qualitative changes in social relations and social connections between people, expanding their space and compressing the time of their flow. Universal laws and values ​​embrace everything more people, and the events taking place in a region or remote province have an impact on global processes, and vice versa. emerging global society simultaneously destroys all boundaries and, as it were, "compresses" the world.

Society is a system .

What is a system? “System” is a Greek word, from other Greek. σύστημα - whole, composed of parts, connection.

So, if it is about society as a system, it means that society consists of separate, but interconnected, complementary and developing parts, elements. Such elements are spheres of public life (subsystems), which, in turn, are a system for their constituent elements.

EXPLANATION:

Finding an answer to a question about society as a system, it is necessary to find an answer that contains elements of society: spheres, subsystems, social institutions, that is, parts of this system.

Society is a dynamic system

Recall the meaning of the word "dynamic". It is derived from the word "dynamics", denoting movement, the course of development of a phenomenon, something. This development can go both forward and backward, the main thing is that it happens.

Society - dynamic system. It does not stand still, it is in constant motion. Not all areas develop in the same way. Some change faster, some slower. But everything is moving. Even a period of stagnation, that is, a suspension in movement, is not an absolute stop. Today is not like yesterday. “Everything flows, everything changes,” said the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

EXPLANATION:

The correct answer to the question about society as a dynamic system there will be one in which we are talking about any kind of movement, interaction, mutual influence of any elements in society.

Spheres of public life (subsystems)

Spheres of public life	Definition	Elements of the sphere of public life
Economic	the creation of material wealth, the production activity of society and the relations that arise in the production process.	economic benefits, economic resources, economic objects
Political	includes relations of power and subordination, management of society, the activities of state, public, political organizations.	political institutions, political organizations, political ideology, political culture
Social	the internal structure of society, social groups in it, their interaction.	social groups, social institutions, social interaction, social norms
Spiritual	includes the creation and development of spiritual goods, the development of public consciousness, science, education, religion, art.	spiritual needs, spiritual production, subjects of spiritual activity, that is, who creates spiritual values, spiritual values

EXPLANATION

The exam will be presented two types of tasks on this topic.

1. It is necessary to find out by signs what area we are talking about (remember this table).

1. More difficult is the second type of task, when it is necessary, after analyzing the situation, to determine the connection and interaction of which spheres of public life are represented here.

Example: The State Duma passed the Law on Competition.

In this case, we are talking about the relationship political sphere State Duma) and economic (the law concerns competition).

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna