State educational institution
higher professional education
Branch of RSSU in Sochi

abstract

Department: “Translation and Translation Studies”

By discipline: "Stylistics of the Russian language and culture of speech"

On the topic: "Stylistic functions obsolete words in artistic speech»

Completed by: 1st year student

Babaeva Leyla Vagifovna

Specialties: "Linguist translator"

Sochi 2010
Content:

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 1

1. Archaic vocabulary in the system of the Russian language……………………………2

1.1 The concept of archaisms. Processes of archaization and renewal of Russian vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………….2-7

1.2 Linguistic science of archaisms and their stylistic use…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….13

List of used literature

Introduction

Each word in the Russian language has its own "life", some of the words forever disappear from everyday life due, for example, to the disappearance of the concept itself, which was denoted by one or another word. Obsolete words - words that are not used in modern Russian, are divided into two groups: archaisms and historicisms. A distinctive feature of these concepts is that historicisms are the names of objects that eventually disappeared from life forever, and archaisms are obsolete names of objects and concepts that are still present in modern life, but for one reason or another got a different name.
Understanding the concept of "obsolete words" is necessary in order not to make mistakes in the style of the text, while errors in the use of historicisms or archaisms are associated with ignorance of them lexical meaning. In other words, historicisms do not have synonyms, but archaisms do.
Historicisms - obsolete words that do not have synonyms include the following names and phrases: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, classy lady, arshin, attorney, general-in-chief, your excellency, mademoiselle, chinkhonets, seamstress, potbelly stove, partykhohaktiv, etc. .
With archaisms, the situation is somewhat more difficult. Obsolete words of this group have synonyms and are divided into three categories:
1. phonetic - obsolete words that differ from modern synonyms in terms of sound, for example: young - young; shore - shore; gold - gold; number - number; hospital - hospital; hall - hall, etc.
2. derivational - archaisms in which an outdated suffix is ​​used that is not applicable to modern vocabulary, for example: museum - museum; assistance - assistance; to flirt - to flirt; here - in general, etc.
3. lexical - obsolete words that have completely gone out of use, which have been replaced by modern synonyms, for example: eye - eye; mouth - lips; lanitis - cheeks; right hand - right hand; stogna - area; rescript - decree; this - this one; to speak - to speak; face - face, etc.
Despite the fact that archaisms and historicisms are leaving our everyday life, they should not be completely forgotten, since they help to achieve the necessary color and historical coloring in the text.

1. Archaic vocabulary in the Russian language system
1.1 The concept of archaisms. Processes of archaization and updating of Russian vocabulary
Archaisms (from the Greek "ancient") - words, individual meanings of words, phrases, as well as some grammatical forms and syntactic constructions that are outdated and out of active use 1 .
Among the archaisms, a group of historicisms stands out, the disappearance of which from the active dictionary is associated with the disappearance of certain objects and phenomena from public life, for example, "podyachy", "petition", "chain mail", "horse", "nepman". Usually, archaisms give way to other words with the same meaning: “victoria” - “victory”, “stogna” - “square”, “rescript” - “decree”, “face”, “eye”, “vezhda”, “young ". "hail", giving the speech a color of solemnity. Some non-archaic words lose their former meaning. For example, “Everything that scrupulous London sells for a plentiful whim” (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”); here "scrupulous" has for the present time the archaic meaning of "haberdashery". Or in last time Gudal sits down on a white-maned horse, and the train starts” (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Demon”). "Train" is not "a set of railway cars", but "a row of horsemen riding one after another". In some cases, archaisms can come back to life (compare the history of the words “council”, “decree” or “general”, “officer” in the Russian language of the 20th century). Sometimes archaic words that have become incomprehensible continue to live in some stable combinations: “You can’t see a thing” - “you can’t see anything at all”, “The cheese forest caught fire” - “a commotion began”.
AT fiction archaisms are widely used as a stylistic means to give solemnity to speech, to create the color of the era, as well as for satirical purposes. The masters of using archaisms were A.S. Pushkin ("Boris Godunov"), M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“History of one city”), V.V. Mayakovsky ("Cloud in Pants"), A.N. Tolstoy ("Peter the Great"), Yu.N. Tynyanov ("Kyukhlya") and others.
Language, as a system, is in constant motion, development, and the most mobile level of language is vocabulary: it primarily reacts to all changes in society, replenishing with new words. At the same time, the names of objects and phenomena that are no longer used in the life of peoples are falling out of use.
In each period of development, words belonging to the active vocabulary, constantly used in speech, and words that have gone out of everyday use and therefore have acquired an archaic coloring function in it. At the same time in lexical system new words stand out that are just entering it and therefore seem unusual, retain a shade of freshness, novelty. Obsolete and new words are two fundamentally different groups in the vocabulary of passive vocabulary.
Words that have ceased to be actively used in the language do not immediately disappear from it. For a while they are still intelligible to speakers of given language, are known from fiction, although everyday speech practice no longer needs them. These words make up vocabulary. passive reserve and are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "outdated".
According to researchers, the process of archaization of a part of the dictionary of a particular language, as a rule, takes place gradually, therefore, among obsolete words there are those that have a very significant “experience” (for example, child, vorog, speech, scarlet, therefore, this); others are isolated from the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, as they belong to the Old Russian period of its development. Other words become obsolete in the shortest possible time, appearing in the language and disappearing already in recent period. For comparison: Shkrab - in the 20s. replaced the word teacher, rabkrin - workers' and peasants' inspection; Enkavedist - an employee of the NKVD. Such nominations do not always have corresponding marks in explanatory dictionaries, since the process of archaization of a particular word may be perceived as not yet completed.
The reasons for the archaization of vocabulary are different: they can be extralinguistic (extralinguistic) in nature, if the refusal to use the word is associated with social transformations in the life of society, but they can also be due to linguistic laws. For example, the adverbs oshchy, odesnoy (left, right) disappeared from the active dictionary, because the generating nouns shuytsa became archaic - “ left hand"and the right hand -" right hand ". In such cases, systemic relations played a decisive role. lexical items. So, the word shuytsa fell out of use, and the semantic connection of the words united by this historical root also fell apart (for example, the word Shulga did not stay in the language in the meaning of "left-handed" and remained only as a surname ascending to a nickname). Antomic pairs were destroyed (shuytsa - right hand, left hand - right hand), synonymous connections (left hand, left hand) 2 .
By origin obsolete vocabulary heterogeneous: it contains a lot of primordially Russian words (lzya, so that, this, semo), Old Slavonicisms (smooth, kiss, loins), borrowings from other languages ​​(abshid - "resignation", voyage - "journey", politeness - "politeness" ).
There are known cases of the revival of obsolete words, their return to the active vocabulary. So, in modern Russian, such nouns as soldier, officer, warrant officer, minister and a number of others are actively used, which after October became archaic, giving way to new ones: Red Army soldier, commander, people's commissar, etc. In the 20s. the word leader was extracted from the composition of the passive vocabulary, which even in the Pushkin era was perceived as obsolete and was cited in the dictionaries of that time with the appropriate stylistic mark. Now it is archaic again.
Analyzing stylistic functions obsolete words in artistic speech, one cannot but take into account the fact that their use in some cases (as well as the appeal to other lexical means) may not be associated with a specific stylistic task, but is due to the peculiarities of the author's style, individual preferences of the writer. So, for M. Gorky, many outdated words were stylistically neutral, and he used them without a special stylistic setting: “People passed us slowly, dragging long shadows behind them ...”.
In poetic speech Pushkin's time appeal to discordant words and other Old Slavonicisms that have consonant Russian equivalents, was often due to versification: in accordance with the requirement of rhythm and rhyme, the poet preferred one or another option (as “poetic liberties”): “I will sigh, and my voice is languid, like a harp’s voice, quietly will die in the air” (Bath); “Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva ... - Go to the Neva shores, newborn creation ...” (Pushkin). To late XIX centuries, poetic liberties were eliminated and the amount of obsolete vocabulary in the poetic language decreased sharply. However, even Blok, and Yesenin, and Mayakovsky, and Bryusov, and other poets of the early 20th century paid tribute to obsolete words traditionally assigned to poetic speech(True, Mayakovsky already turned to archaisms mainly as a means of irony, satire). Echoes of this tradition are found even today: “Winter is a solid regional city, and not a village at all” (Yevtushenko).
In addition, it is important to emphasize that when analyzing the stylistic functions of obsolete words in a particular work of art, one should take into account the time of its writing, know the general language norms that were in force in that era. After all, for a writer who lived a hundred or two hundred years ago, many words could be quite modern, commonly used units that had not yet passed into a passive vocabulary composition.
The need to refer to an outdated dictionary also arises among the authors of scientific and historical works. To describe the past of Russia, its realities that have gone into oblivion, historicisms are involved, which in such cases act in their own nominative function. So, academician D.S. Likhachev in his works “The Tale of Igor's Campaign”, “The Culture of Russia in the Time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise” uses many words unknown to a modern native speaker, mainly historicism, explaining their meaning.
Sometimes the opinion is expressed that obsolete words are also used in official business speech. Indeed, in legal documents sometimes there are words that, under other conditions, we can attribute to archaisms: deed, punishment, retribution, deed. In business papers they write: this is attached, this kind, the undersigned, the above named. Such words should be treated as special. They are anchored in formal business style and they do not carry any expressive-stylistic load in the context. However, the use of obsolete words that do not have a strict terminological meaning can cause unjustified archaism. business language. In highly stratified developed languages, such as English, archaisms can serve as professional jargon, which is especially true for jurisprudence. Archaism is a lexical unit that has fallen into disuse, although the corresponding object (phenomenon) remains in real life and receives other names (obsolete words, supplanted or replaced by modern synonyms). The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in updating its vocabulary: one word is replaced by another.
Displaced words do not disappear without a trace, they are preserved in the literature of the past, they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and language color of the era. Examples: forehead - forehead, finger - finger, mouth - lips, etc.
Any language is constantly changing over time. New words appear, and some lexical units quietly disappear into the past, cease to be used in speech. Words that are out of use are called archaisms. Their use when writing poetic works is highly undesirable - for some readers, as a result of this, the meaning may be partially lost.
However, for certain categories texts, archaisms are quite acceptable and even desirable. Among them are works written on historical and religious themes. In this case, skillfully used archaism will allow the author to more accurately describe events, actions, objects, or his feelings. Archaisms include the names of currently existing objects and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other, more modern names. For example: every day - “always”, a comedian - “actor”, it is necessary - “it is necessary”, Persian - “chest”, verb - “to speak”, to know - “to know”. Some scholars do not recommend confusing archaisms with historicisms. If not only the word is outdated, but also the very phenomenon denoted by this word, then this is historicism, for example: veche, endova, onuchi, etc. Other scholars consider historicisms a subspecies of archaisms. If we adhere to this, simpler position, then a logical and easy-to-remember definition of archaisms sounds like this: archaisms are obsolete and obsolete names or names of obsolete objects and phenomena that have gone down in history.
Among the actual archaisms that have synonyms in modern language, it is necessary to make a distinction between words that are already completely obsolete and therefore sometimes incomprehensible to members of the community who speak a given language, and such archaisms that are in the process of becoming obsolete. Their meanings are clear, however, they are almost never used.
Thus, it seems appropriate to divide archaisms into words ancient or forgotten, which are terms of antiquity and are resurrected only for special stylistic purposes in the modern literary language, and obsolete words, i.e. that have not yet lost their significance in the system of vocabulary of the modern literary language.
etc.................

Vocabulary that has ceased to be actively used in speech is not immediately forgotten. For some time, obsolete words are still understandable to speakers, they are familiar to them from fiction, although when people communicate, they no longer need them. Such words become part of the vocabulary of the passive stock, they are given in explanatory dictionaries with a note (obsolete). The special emotional and expressive coloring of obsolete words leaves an imprint on their semantics.

Obsolete words that are part of the passive composition of the language include historicisms - the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, objects, and archaisms - the names of existing objects and phenomena, supplanted by their more active synonyms.

Historicisms are used mainly in specialized literature, where they perform a nominative function. However, they are also widely used by authors of works of art.

Archaisms in fiction perform a variety of stylistic functions. They, along with historicisms, are used to create the historical flavor of the era, as a means of stylization, in the speech characteristics of the characters. Give speech a touch of pathos and solemnity. Often used to create irony, satire, parody.

Slavic words are also referred to obsolete vocabulary - words of Old Slavonic origin. For example: sweet, captivity, hello. Their productive use is limited to fiction, but they are often found in other functional styles as well. Their main function is to create a special, "Russian" flavor.

Stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech

1. obsolete words as an artistic means of expression

2. archaisms and historicisms are used to recreate the color of distant times

3. archaisms, especially Slavicisms, give speech an elevated, solemn sound

4. outdated vocabulary can become ironic

Errors related to the use of obsolete vocabulary:

1. distortion of the meaning of the word

2. distortion grammatical form the words

3. can give the text a clerical color

4. violation lexical compatibility the words

14. New words. Types of neologisms. Individual stylistic neologisms.

Neologism is a new word formation caused by the absence in the language of a word corresponding to a new phenomenon, concept, sensation.

Types of neologisms:

According to the method of formation: lexical (created according to productive models or borrowed from other languages), semantic (assigning a new meaning to already known words).

According to the conditions of creation: anonymous, individually-author's.

According to the purpose of creation: nominative, stylistic (add a figurative characteristic).

Do they enter the language or are they a fact of speech: linguistic (national), occasional (random, used 1 time): individual stylistic. Individual stylistic neologisms have a number of significant differences from occasionalisms. Occasionalisms are used in colloquial speech mainly in oral communication, individual stylistic neologisms belong to book speech and are fixed in writing. Occasionalisms arise spontaneously, individual stylistic neologisms are created in the process of conscious creativity with a specific stylistic goal.

Individual stylistic neologisms are similar in their artistic significance to tropes. Individual stylistic neologisms do not lose their freshness for a long time. Publicists appreciate the satirical coloring of individual stylistic neologisms. Individual stylistic neologisms are more capacious in meaning than ordinary words. The creation of individual stylistic neologisms may be due to the desire of writers to reflect the originality of a new literary trend by lexical means.

Stylistic functions of neologisms

a) nominative

b) expressive

c) sound color

Errors caused by the use of neologisms

1. Appeal to neologisms should always be stylistically motivated, they should be created in accordance with literary and linguistic norms.

2. From the point of view of word formation, neologisms are considered unsuccessful, in which the requirements of euphony of speech are violated.

3. The sound form of neologism is unacceptable if it causes undesirable associations due to the similarity in the sound of a new word with an already known one.

4. The creation of dissonant, punning neologisms is possible only in an ironic context.

5. A negative stylistic assessment is received by neologisms that have a clerical coloring.

Composition of obsolete words.

As part of the archaic vocabulary, there are historicisms and archaisms.

To historicism include words that are the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts (chain mail, hussar, tax in kind, NEP, Octobrist - a child of a younger school age preparing to join the pioneers; Enkavedist - an employee of the NKVD - People's Commissariat internal affairs, commissar, etc.). Historicism can be associated both with very distant epochs, and with events of relatively recent times, which, however, have already become facts of history ( Soviet authority, party activist, general secretary, politburo). Historicisms do not have synonyms among the words of the active vocabulary, being the only names of the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms are the names of existing things and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other words belonging to the active vocabulary. Wed: daily - always, comedian - actor, gold - gold, to know - to know. Obsolete words are heterogeneous in origin. Among them are primordially Russian(full, with a helmet), Old Slavonic(smooth, kiss, shrine), borrowed from other languages(abshid - "resignation", voyage - "journey").

Of particular interest in stylistic terms are words of old Slavonic origin, or Slavicisms. A significant part of Slavonicisms assimilated on Russian soil and stylistically merged with neutral Russian vocabulary (sweet, captivity, hello), but there are also such Old Slavonic words, which in modern language are perceived as an echo high style and retain its characteristic solemn, rhetorical coloring.

Stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech.

Obsolete words in the modern literary language can perform various stylistic functions.

Archaisms, and in particular Old Slavonicisms, which have replenished the passive composition of the vocabulary, give the speech an exalted, solemn sound: Arise, prophet, and see, and listen, be fulfilled by my will, and, bypassing the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with a verb! (P.).
Old Church Slavonic vocabulary was used in this function back in ancient Russian literature. In the poetry of classicism, speaking as the main component odic dictionary, Old Slavonicisms determined the solemn style " high poetry". In the poetic speech of the 19th century, the outdated vocabulary of other sources, and, above all, Old Russianisms, was stylistically equalized with the archaizing Old Slavonic vocabulary: Alas! wherever I look - everywhere there are scourges, everywhere glands, disastrous shame laws, weak tears of bondage (P.). Archaisms were the source of the national-patriotic sound of the freedom-loving Pushkin's lyrics, poetry of the Decembrists. The tradition of writers turning to outdated high vocabulary in works of civil and patriotic themes is maintained in the Russian literary language in our time.

Archaisms and historicisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the color of the era; cf .: How is it going now prophetic Oleg, to take revenge on the unreasonable Khazars, their villages and fields for a violent raid, he doomed to swords and fires; with his retinue, in Constantinople armor, the prince rides across the field on a faithful horse (P.). In the same stylistic function, obsolete words are used in the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov", in the novels of A.N. Tolstoy "Peter I", A. P. Chapygin "Razin Stepan", V. Ya. Shishkov "Emelyan Pugachev" and others.

Obsolete words can be a means of speech characterization of characters, such as clergymen, monarchs. Wed Pushkin's stylization of the tsar's speech:

I reached [Boris Godunov] supreme power;
For the sixth year I reign quietly.
But my soul is not happy. Is not it
We fall in love from a young age and are hungry
The joys of love, but only quench
Heart smoothness by instant possession,
Already, having cooled, we miss and languish?

Archaisms, and especially Old Slavonicisms, are used to recreate the ancient oriental flavor, which is explained by the proximity of the Old Slavonic speech culture to biblical imagery. Examples are also easy to find in Pushkin's poetry ("Imitations of the Koran", "Gavriiliada") and other writers ("Shulamith" by AI Kuprin).

High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor, satire. The comic sound of obsolete words is noted even in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic controversy early XIX in. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.
In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech: The worm, skillfully impaled on a hook, enthusiastically uttered: - How favored is Providence for me, I am finally completely independent (N. Mizin).

Errors caused by the use of obsolete words.

The use of obsolete words without considering them expressive coloring leads to gross stylistic errors. For example: Sponsors in the boarding school were welcomed with joy; The laboratory assistant went to the chief and told him about what had happened. The young entrepreneur quickly saw the efficiency of his manager - in these proposals, Slavicisms are archaic. The word welcome is not even included in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegova, in " explanatory dictionary Russian language, ed. D.N. Ushakov, it is given with a litter (obsolete, poet.); Ozhegov marked the word to tell (outdated), and Ushakov - (outdated, rhetor.); see has a litter (old). A context in which there is no setting for a humorous coloring of speech does not allow the use of obsolete words; they should be replaced by synonyms (greeted, told, saw [noted]).

Sometimes authors, using an obsolete word, distort its meaning. For example: As a result of a stormy meeting of households, the repair of the house was started - the word households, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary, is explained as "people who live in a family on the rights of its members", and in the text it is used in the meaning of "residents" . Another example from a note in the newspaper: At the meeting, even the most unpleasant shortcomings in the work were revealed. The word impartial means "impartial", besides, it has limited opportunities lexical compatibility (only criticism can be impartial). Misuse archaisms is very often complicated by a violation of lexical compatibility: Andreev was certified as a person who has worked on this path for a very long time (the path is chosen, the path is followed, but they do not work on it).

Sometimes the meaning of an obsolete grammatical form of a word is distorted. For example: He refuses to testify, but that doesn't matter. The essence is the third person plural form of the verb to be, and the subject is in singular, the bundle must be consistent with it.

Outdated words can give the text a clerical coloring. (Similar buildings, not required at one site, are required at another; Classes should be held in the proper room.) AT business papers, where many archaisms have taken root as terms, the use of such special vocabulary should be appropriate. It is impossible, for example, to consider it stylistically justified to resort to outdated turns of speech: at your discretion, I am enclosing the above-named offender, upon receipt of such, etc.

The stylists point out that recent times obsolete words that are outside the literary language are becoming widespread; and often they are assigned a new value. For example, the word in vain is used incorrectly, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary and is fruitlessly explained by synonyms, in vain: intentions to find a reasonable compromise remained in vain; the issues of creating crop rotations and the use of a complex of fertilizers remain in vain. Better: no reasonable compromise could be found; ... crop rotation has not been introduced and a complex of fertilizers has not been applied.

With frequent repetition, obsolete words sometimes lose the shade of archaism that distinguished them earlier. This can be seen in the example of the word now. In Ozhegov, this adverb is given with stylistic marks (obsolete) and (high). Cf .: ...now there, along the renewed shores, slender masses are crowding palaces and towers ... (P.). Contemporary authors often used as a stylistically neutral word. For example: Many MIIR graduates are now diplomats; There are not so many students at the faculty today who would be content with a scholarship - in the first sentence the word now should have been omitted, and in the second it should have been replaced with a synonym now. Thus, neglecting the stylistic coloring of obsolete words inevitably leads to speech errors.

archaisms completely disappear from the language. This was the case, for example, with old Russian words komon - “horse”, usnie - “skin” (hence the barb), worm - “kind of shoes”. Separate obsolete words are sometimes returned to the vocabulary of the active vocabulary. For example, words not used for some time soldier, officer, warrant officer, gymnasium, lyceum, promissory note, stock exchange, department now again actively used in speech.

The special emotional and expressive coloring of obsolete words leaves an imprint on their semantics. “To say that, for example, the verbs to go and walk (...) have such and such meanings without defining them stylistic role, - wrote D.N. Shmelev, - this means, in essence, to abandon precisely their semantic definition, replacing it approximate formula subject-conceptual comparisons. This places obsolete words in a special stylistic framework and requires great attention to them.

As part of the archaic vocabulary, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished. Historicisms include words that are the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts ( chain mail, hussar, tax in kind, NEP, October(a child of primary school age who is preparing to join the pioneers), an enkavedist (an employee of the NKVD - the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), a commissar, etc.). Historicism can be associated both with very distant epochs, and with events of relatively recent times, which, however, have already become facts of history ( soviet government, party activist, general secretary, politburo). Historicisms do not have synonyms among the words of the active vocabulary, being the only names of the corresponding concepts.

They are the names of existing things and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other words belonging to the active vocabulary (cf .: everyday - always, comedian - actor, gold - gold, to know - to know).

Obsolete words are heterogeneous in origin: among them there are primordially Russian (full, shelom), Old Slavonic ( smooth, kiss, shrine), borrowed from other languages ​​(abshid - "resignation", voyage - "journey").

Of particular interest in stylistic terms are words of Old Slavonic origin, or Slavicisms. A significant part of Slavicisms assimilated on Russian soil and stylistically merged with neutral Russian vocabulary ( sweet, captivity, hello), but there are also such Old Slavonic words that in the modern language are perceived as an echo of high style and retain its solemn, rhetorical coloring.

The history of poetic vocabulary associated with ancient symbolism and imagery (the so-called poetisms) is similar to the fate of Slavicisms in Russian literature. Names of gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology, special poetic symbols ( lyre, ellisium, Parnassus, laurels, myrtle), artistic images ancient literature in the first third of the 19th century. formed an integral part of the poetic vocabulary. Poetic vocabulary, like Slavs, strengthened the opposition between sublime, romantically colored speech and everyday, prosaic speech. However, these traditional means of poetic vocabulary were not used for long in fiction. Already the successors of A.S. Pushkin's poeticisms are archaic.

Writers often refer to obsolete words as means of expression artistic speech. The history of the use of Old Slavonic vocabulary in Russian fiction, especially in poetry, is interesting. Stylistic Slavisms made up a significant part of the poetic vocabulary in the works of writers of the first third of the 19th century. Poets found in this vocabulary a source of sublimely romantic and "sweet" sounding of speech. Slavicisms that have consonant variants in Russian, primarily non-vowel ones, were shorter than Russian words by one syllable and were used in the 18th-19th centuries. on the rights of "poetic liberties": poets could choose from two words one that corresponded to the rhythmic structure of speech ( I will sigh, and my languid voice, like a harp's voice, will die quietly in the air.- Bat.). Over time, the tradition of "poetic liberties" is overcome, but outdated vocabulary attracts poets and writers as strong remedy expression.

Obsolete words perform various stylistic functions in artistic speech. Archaisms and historicisms are used to recreate the color of distant times. In this function, they were used, for example, by A.N. Tolstoy:

The use of obsolete words without taking into account their expressive coloring becomes the cause of rude stylistic mistakes. For example: Sponsors in the boarding school were welcomed with joy; The laboratory assistant went to the chief and told him about what had happened. . The young entrepreneur quickly saw the efficiency of his manager- in these sentences, Slavicisms are archaic. The word welcome is not even included in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakov, it is given with a litter (obsolete, poet.); Ozhegov marked the word to tell (outdated), and Ushakov - (outdated, rhetor.); see has a litter (old). A context in which there is no setting for a humorous coloring of speech does not allow the use of obsolete words; should be replaced with synonyms greeted, told, saw[noted]).

Sometimes authors, using an obsolete word, distort its meaning. For example: As a result of a stormy meeting of the household, the repair of the house was started- the word household, which has a litter in Ozhegov's dictionary (obsolete), is explained as "people who live in a family as its members", and in the text it is used in the meaning of "residents". Another example from a newspaper article: At the meeting, even the most unpleasant shortcomings in the work were revealed.. The word impartial means "impartial", besides, it has limited possibilities of lexical compatibility (only criticism can be impartial). The misuse of archaisms is very often complicated by a violation of lexical compatibility: Andreev was certified as a person who worked on this path for a very long time(the path is chosen, the path is followed, but they do not work on it).

Sometimes the meaning of an obsolete grammatical form of a word is distorted. For example: He refuses to testify, but that's not the point. Essence - third person form plural verb to be, and the subject is in the singular, the link must be consistent with it.

Outdated words can give the text a clerical coloring. ( Similar buildings, not required at one building site, are required at another; Practice must be done in the right space.). In business papers, where many archaisms have become fixed as terms, the use of such special vocabulary should be appropriate. It is impossible, for example, to consider stylistically justified the appeal to obsolete turns of speech at your discretion, I enclose herewith, the above-named offender, upon receipt of such etc.

Stylists note that obsolete words that are outside the boundaries of literary language; and often they are assigned a new value. For example, the word vtune is incorrectly used, which has a mark (obsolete) in Ozhegov's dictionary and is explained by synonyms fruitless, in vain [Intentions to find a reasonable compromise remained in vain; The issues of creating crop rotations and the use of a complex of fertilizers remain in vain(better: A reasonable compromise could not be found; ... Crop rotation has not been introduced and a complex of fertilizers has not been applied)]:

With frequent repetition, obsolete words sometimes lose the shade of archaism that distinguished them earlier. This can be seen in the example of the word now. In Ozhegov, this adverb is given with stylistic marks (obsolete) and (high) [cf .: ... now, along the renewed shores, slender masses are crowding palaces and towers ...(P.)]. Modern authors often use this word as stylistically neutral. For example: Many MIMO graduates are now diplomats; There are not so many students at the faculty today who would be content with a scholarship- in the first sentence, the word now should have been omitted, and in the second, replaced with a synonym now. So neglect stylistic coloring obsolete words inevitably leads to speech errors.