Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words used mainly by people of a certain profession, specialty. Among special words stand out terms and professionalism.
Terms(from lat. lermiz - border, limit) - these are catches, which are officially accepted names of scientific concepts, instruments, tools, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology(for example, terminology physical, linguistic, medical).
Characteristic features terms are: 1) uniqueness, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it doesn't need context like most ordinary words. For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m.(specialist.). A musical notation requiring a semitone to be raised.
Lysis,-a, m.(specialist.). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual easing of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings, used not in one, but in several professional fields. For example:
Diaphragm,-s, well.(special) 1. Muscular septum separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. Record in optical instruments with hole for light to pass through.
Deviation [de], -i, well.(specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of those nearby large masses gland. 2. Deviation from the right direction(for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the course of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms are highly specialized and commonly used.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, words abasia(loss of ability to walk) abulia(pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia(slow heart rate contraction) are used only in medicine, ablaut(morphologically determined vowel alternation), prosthesis(the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus(language dictionary with complete semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval(guarantee for a bill made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee entry), advice note(a notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus- (the excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics; av.(aviation), anat.(anatomy), biol.(biol;); military(warfare), lingu,(linguistics), mat.(mathematics), psychol.(psychology), physical(physics), etc.
Common terms have a wider scope and are understood by many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine(honey.); square, rectangle, trapezoid(math.), balance, deficit, credit(economy).
professional words are the words used in colloquial speech people united by any profession, specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: window(in the speech of teachers) - “a free lesson in the middle school day»; null(in the speech of teachers) - “ preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of the school, etc. When using professionalisms in texts, words are often taken in quotation marks.
Special words used in work of art, give color to the work, brightness!, bind artistic text with life. For example:
Four domain furnaces dominated the factory with their monstrous chimneys. Beside them rose eight cowpers, intended for circulation heated air - eight huge iron towers crowned with round domes. Around domain ovens scattered other buildings: repair workshops, foundry yard, locomotive, rail rolling, open-hearth and puddling ovens and so on (A. Kuprin).
Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings ("cash, checks, bills of exchange, letters of credit, at the expense of which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners can be repaid"), dividend("part of the profit received by the shareholder"), convertible currency("currency that can be freely exchanged for another currency") - words related to the area economy; apse("semicircular or polygonal protruding part of the building, having the actual floor"), attic("wall located above the cornice crowning the structure"), nave("longitudinal part of a Christian church, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side aisles") - words related to architecture; verlubre("a verse connected neither by rhyme nor by a certain metric"), litote ("stylistic figure understatement of the subject"), tank ("ancient form five line poem Japanese poetry, without rhymes and without a clearly felt meter") - words naming concepts from the field literary criticism, etc.
Among special words, terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.
Term (from Latin terminus - "border, limit") - a word or a combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name for any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of this terminology (i.e. in the system of this scientific discipline or given scientific school) the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.
Among the terms, there are highly specialized and commonly used * (they are also called commonly understood), meaning under last words understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the first medical: immobilization("creation of immobility, peace"), hemothorax("accumulation of blood in the pleura"), pericarditis("inflammation of the pericardial sac"), etc.; linguistic: simplification("the transformation of the previously articulated stem of words into an inarticulate one, into new root", cf.; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis("appearance of an additional sound in the absolute beginning of a word", cf.: "eight" and "eight", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the second - medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix etc.
* Of course, this designation is somewhat arbitrary, like the term "popular vocabulary".
The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). A number of objective* factors contribute to this movement. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Great importance It also has the role of a particular science, branch of the economy, area of culture in any period of the life of society. With awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements connected with the promotion of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out with the means at the disposal of society. These means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, finally, modern facilities mass media- press, radio, television. So, for example, a huge public interest, which caused the development of astronautics, the constant coverage of its achievements in the periodical press determined the exit of a number of relevant terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, isolation chamber, soft landing, selenology and etc.
* In the development of the term by non-specialists known role individual factors also play personal experience familiarity with the term. So, admirers of M. Bulgakov's work, in particular the novel "The Master and Margarita", probably remembered and mastered the medical term hemicrania, naming the disease from which the procurator Pontius Pilate suffered. Those who are faced with any disease, learn and assimilate medical terms who call this disease, methods of its diagnosis, means of its treatment. Children who constantly hear the terms of this area from musician parents (physicists, historians, etc.) not only remember, but also use them in conversation with friends, thereby expanding the sphere of existence of special vocabulary to some extent, etc. d. etc.
Proclamation and conduct of the course economic reforms government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements for firms, banks, etc. made public broad circles non-specialists such terms as share, dividend, investment, hard currency, marketing.
Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. So, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with maritime terms: emergency, brig, drift, cables, cockpit, wheelhouse, schooner, knot and others. Science fiction writers have brought a considerable number of scientific terms, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field etc.
The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of commonly understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily assimilated, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices similar in appearance, by function, etc. with household items: fork, wiper, hammer, skid, apron. Wed also anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx(knee) Apple(eye), term of cybernetics memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements that were previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of acquaintance with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, as apse, attic, litote, nave, prosthesis, tanka and under.
Entering into literary use, many terms are metaphorized and thus serve as a source figurative means language. Compare, for example, such appeared in different time metaphors (and metaphorical phrases), like agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo;center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, culture medium, tune in the right wave, state of weightlessness etc.
Special vocabulary also includes professionalisms. Professionalisms are such words and phrases that in this moment are not officially recognized designations for special concepts. They usually appear in those cases when it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they already begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be shown the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilina (M., 1960) among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" mistake, "reins", "corridor" were attributed to "siege the marashka" and "hat" ( marashka - typographical marriage in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of whitespace material appearing on a sheet; a cap - a large headline in a newspaper that is common to several articles). In the second edition of the academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, the word turn given as a term, marked typography, hat is given here without any notes, in later editions of the Ozhegov Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) with a cap worth the litter specialist.(i.e. the litter that accompanies the terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that the generic concept of "title" turned out to be insufficient and it took special word – a cap, which began to be called large headlines typical of a newspaper, "covering" several materials on one topic. (It also turned out to be the word turn, to designate just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with a litter specialist. Ozhegov's dictionary also gives one more relatively recent designation of a headline in a newspaper full house - "a hat, a large headline in a newspaper."(True, this interpretation lacks an indication that the full house - this is a headline of a sensational character.) In any case, it is clear that professionalisms arise when there is a need to name some specific concept, a special phenomenon.
* See, for example: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 140.
The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activity, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". Such occupations include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in exact terms law).
Professionalism of this kind is a vocabulary, overwhelmingly Russian in origin: belotrop("first powder"), get overwhelmed("transfer") on the 2rysk("fox trail"), govern 2lo("tail of a dog, fox") spike("muzzle of a greyhound dog"), flower("tail of a hare") - hunting words, widely reflected in our classical literature- at N.V. Gogol*, L.N. Tolstoy**, I.A. Bunin and others. From Soviet writers hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianchi. We find the professionalism of anglers in V. Soloukhin's essay "Grigor's Islands" (cf., for example, the types of artificial bait for fish mentioned here - mormyshki, bugs, coffins, pellets, droplets, fisheye etc.).
* Cf .: "Nozdryov was among them [dogs] just like a father among the family: all of them, immediately putting up their tails, called by dogs rules, flew straight towards the guests ... "( Gogol N.V. Dead Souls).
** See, for example: "Rusak is already halfway got lost(molted)"; "- Oh goy! - was heard at that time that inimitable hunting sub-call, which combines both the deepest bass and the thinnest tenor" ( Tolstoy L.N. War and Peace).
Professional jargons adjoin the terms and professionalisms - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which are common in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glassblowers - glass blowers; in the speech of the military (and those who served military service) guardhouse - lip, Guardhouse security - Gubari, civilian life – citizen, demobilization - demobilization; the sailors have a boatswain - the Dragon, captain - cap, mechanic - grandfather, to tell fables or just to amuse, amuse - poison etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.
An integral part of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is special vocabulary. Unlike dialect vocabulary, special is part of the literary language. It is customary to call special vocabulary a set of words, the use of
which are limited to special areas human activity: science, production, technology, agriculture, art, etc. These are words whose use is restricted. professional area:
– solfeggio, reprise, libretto (from the world of music);
- atrophy, emphysema, cataracts, lymph, erythrocytes (medicine);
- diphthong, parcellation, cataphora (linguistics).
Special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.
Terms - ϶ᴛᴏ words or SS, upot- Professionalisms - ϶ᴛᴏ semi-official words used to denote logically precisely formulated concepts. At the root of each term lies the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms are an accurate, concise description of the subject. The presence of a definitive function - the ability to express the exact scientific concept. Great differentiation in the designation of concepts: in the speech of forest workers there are different words for naming boards: plate, slab, bed, lattice. In the speech of hunters, hares are called differently based on the time of the litter: leaf fall, mentor (on the crust), yarovik (in spring), leaf, herbalist, etc.
Terminological vocabulary is different not only in its composition, but also in the scope of use. Some terms have a wide scope, are well known and understandable: globe, jazz, excavator, sentence. This is due to familiarity with the terms in high school, the increased level of culture of the population as a whole; popularization of science on the pages of newspapers and magazines. However, within terminological vocabulary there are narrowly special words, the meaning of which is clear to a limited circle of people, for example, a rift is a depression formed when a site is lowered earth's crust, chrona is a unit of longitude of sound, subito is a sharp transition in music from loud sonority to quiet. Highly specialized vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries usually marked with marks indicating a special area - music, technical, physical.
Ways of forming special vocabulary
1. Semantic path (rethinking the semantics of common words) - person, sentence, union.
2. Word-formation path (formation with the help of morphemes) - cardiocop, hydrostat.
3. Syntactic path (formation of a phrase-term) - question mark, blank verse.
4. lexical path(borrowing) - hron, dieresis, assimilation.
The formation of a professional terminological group of words occurs mainly in two ways: as a result of borrowing and on the basis of native vocabulary. On the original base, special words arise as a result of rethinking commonly used words: cup (med.), shoe (tech.); by creating words with the help of word-forming elements: dehydration, folder, flux, center-left; as a result of the penetration into the literary terminology of dialect and slang names: plowing, upper reaches, rattle, traction.
Special vocabulary - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Special vocabulary" 2017, 2018.
Words, the use of which is characteristic of people of certain professions, having the scope of their use of any special branch of science or technology, constitute professional and special vocabulary. These two definitions - professional and special -... .
Special vocabulary - a set of words of the literary language used in various special areas of human activity (science, technology, production, agriculture, art, etc.): anarchism, hypothesis, valency, phoneme. Such words are given in dictionaries ....
An integral part of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is special vocabulary. Unlike dialect vocabulary, special vocabulary is part of the literary language.
Special vocabulary is a collection of words, the use of which is limited to special areas of human activity: science, production, technology, agriculture, art, etc. These are words whose use is limited to the professional area:
- solfeggio, reprise, libretto (from the world of music);
- atrophy, emphysema, cataract, lymph, erythrocytes (medicine);
- diphthong, parcellation, cataphora (linguistics).
Table 4
Terms are words or SS, used - Professionalisms are semi-official
| used to designate logically precisely formulated concepts. Each term is based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate, concise description of the subject. | al names of concepts, tools, processes in the language of representatives of various professions. As criteria, delimiting prof. And terms, features of LZ and their functioning are put forward. |
| Official names | Semi-official, have synonyms. |
| The presence of a definitive function is the ability to express an exact scientific concept. | Great differentiation in the designation of concepts: in the speech of woodworkers there are different words for naming boards: plate, slab, bed, grate. In the speech of hunters, hares are called differently depending on the time of the litter: leaf fall, mentor (on the crust), summer spring (in spring), leaf, herbalist, etc. |
| Monosemism | polysemy |
| Lack of emotional-expressive coloring | Not only nominative, but also expressive. |
| book style | Mostly conversational style. |
Terminological vocabulary is different not only in its composition, but also in the scope of use.
Some terms have a wide scope, are well known and understandable: globe, jazz, excavator, sentence. This is due to familiarity with the terms in high school, the increased level of culture of the population as a whole; popularization of science on the pages of newspapers and magazines.
Nevertheless, in the terminological vocabulary there are highly specialized words, the meaning of which is clear to a limited circle of people, for example, rift - a depression formed when a section of the earth's crust is lowered, chron - a unit of sound length, subito - a sharp transition in music from loud sonority to quiet. Highly specialized vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries is usually marked with marks indicating a special area - musical, technical, physical.
Ways of forming special vocabulary
- Semantic way (rethinking the semantics of commonly used words) - person, sentence, union.
- Word-formation path (formation with the help of morphemes) -
- The syntactic path (the formation of a phrase-term) is a question mark, blank verse.
- Lexical way (borrowing) - chron, dieresis, assimilation.
More on the topic Special vocabulary:
- 8. Outdated vocabulary. Special vocabulary. Dialect vocabulary.
- 1.19. Special vocabulary (professional and terminological)
- Functional-style stratification of vocabulary. Colloquial and book vocabulary (varieties). Expressive-colored vocabulary. The use of functionally fixed and express-colored vocabulary in various styles of speech. Stationery and stamps.
- § 1. Philosophical vocabulary and special philosophical terms in poetic texts
- STRUCTURE. PRINCIPLES. PRIORITIES OF MODERN SPECIAL EDUCATION. SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS AND STANDARDS. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX DISORDERS.
To special vocabulary includes words used by groups of people united by occupation or professional community. Special vocabulary differs from dialectal vocabulary in that it is part of the literary language. There are two layers of words here: professional-terminological vocabulary and proper professional vocabulary. The first group of words is the most numerous. Scientific and technical terms form terminological systems in various areas knowledge. To terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used for exact definition special concepts. For a term, unlike ordinary words, the main function is the function of definition, or definition. In addition, for terms in general, unambiguity is typical, but there are also polysemantic terms: colloquium(special) 1. "Teacher's conversation with students in order to clarify their knowledge."2. "Scientific meeting with a discussion of reports on a specific topic." (CO). The term can be associated with homonymy relations with a commonly used word: Notation 1(obsolete, colloquial) "Instruction, reprimand" and Notation 2(special) "The system of conventional written notation of what - n." Chess notation. (CO).
In terminological vocabulary, private and general terminological systems are distinguished. The private ones include, for example, linguistic terms: phonetics, accommodation, orthoepy, semantics, dialect, sememe etc. described in the “Dictionary linguistic terms”, “Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary". General scientific terms are those used in different areas knowledge: analysis, synthesis, assimilation, reduction. For the formation of terms, the following are used: 1) metaphorical transfer of the name: pelvis(honey.), shepherd's bag(bot.), pillow(geol.); 2) adding up the basics: using borrowed elements bio-, ultra-, electro- etc.: bioengineering, ultraacoustics; 3) borrowing words: laser, scanner, scooter and etc.
Actually professional vocabulary (professionalisms) are words or expressions characteristic of a particular professional team. Each profession has its own set of such vocabulary: outpatient, dropper, injection, x-ray, procedure- in medicine.; couple, hour(units of study time), administration, specialization - educational activity. The most common way of forming professionalisms is the metaphorical transfer of meaning. specific nouns: a) names of parts of the human body: turbine scapula;b) names of animals, parts of their bodies: hog furnaces; c) clothing names: steam shirt, rolling pocket; d) names of household utensils: yoke scales, plate antennas, etc.
Mastering the literary language of terms and professionalisms leads to their determinology and the transition to common vocabulary: catalyst ideas, success; synthesis knowledge, ideas, opinions. Special vocabulary is used in fiction, memoirs, journalistic literature in the speech of characters, in the description of professional activities.
- Lexicology. The word in semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects
- DIDACTIC PLAN
- LITERATURE
- Vocabulary as a subsystem of the language, its specific features. Lexis and lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics
- Three dimensions of vocabulary: epidigmatics, paradigmatics and syntagmatics
- The word as the basic nominative unit of language. Differential features of the word
- Semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects of the study of vocabulary
- Semasiology. The form and meaning of the word. Word and concept
- Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word
- The structure of the lexical meaning of the word. Typology of semes and their hierarchy
- Polysemy. Polysemantic word as a system of lexico-semantic variants. Types of transfer of names
- Types of Lexical Values in a Polysemantic Word
- homonymic paradigm. Typology of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy
- The concept of paronymy. Paronymic paradigm
- Lexical synonymy. Synonymic paradigm and its dominant. Synonymy and polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms by meaning and structure. Synonym functions
