We waited! Today, a series of articles dedicated to the direct work on the text starts on the Literary Workshop blog. Everyone knows how exciting it is, but sometimes extremely difficult task. And the first thing I propose to start with is to analyze the mistakes and shortcomings that beginners make in the texts. Today we will talk about the most unpleasant and heavy enemies. belles-lettres – bureaucracy. Chancellery can be found in every work of art, regardless of authorship, and I think it is impossible to weed them out to the last. But knowing the enemy by sight and exterminating him to the best of his ability is a completely doable task. This is what we'll do.

- these are words or speech turns characteristic of the official business style, but used in a way alien to them language environment(in the text artwork, in colloquial speech).

For example, use in artistic text revolutions " roadbed" instead of " road», « make repairs" instead of " repair"and others. They also include words and phrases such as: takes place, presence, the above, in the absence of, discovery, spending and many others. It is noteworthy that these turnovers, being in the native environment of official documents, are no longer considered clericalisms; so they will be called only when they catch our eye in the text of a work of art.

The main problem with clericalisms is that they make the language inexpressive and ponderous. Sometimes pretentious official constructions do not make any sense at all, and can be omitted without prejudice to the content, and often clericalism can be safely replaced with a word or combination that is closer to the style of presentation.

Types of offices.

1. Verbal nouns.

Nouns formed with suffixes -eni-, -ani- and others ( coercion, revealing, isolating, taking, infusion), as well as non-suffixed ones ( tailoring, running, day off). Stationery shade can be further exacerbated by prefixes not- and under- (omission, omission).

The problem with verbal nouns is that they do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. What narrows them down expressive possibilities compared to verbs. For example:

The identification of unwanted elements was his main task..

Milking and feeding the cattle was the priority of the workers in the morning hours.

As you can see, clericalism noticeably burdens the style, generates unnecessary verbosity and monotony.

Generally, verbal nouns can be roughly divided into two types. The former are stylistically neutral ( excitement, knowledge, seething), and many of them –ing at the end denoting prolonged action, transformed into –nye expressing final result (long cooking of berries - delicious berry jam). This type verbal nouns does not carry any negative effect. They can be used freely without fear of spoiling anything.

The second type includes nouns that have retained close connection with the verbs that gave rise to them and acting as abstract names of actions or processes ( identification, acceptance, consideration). It is precisely such nouns that most often have undesirable clerical coloring; exceptions can be called only words that have a strict terminological meaning in the language ( spelling, adjunction, radiation).

2. Denominative prepositions.

The expansion of the official business style is expressed in the text frequent meetings co following words: in force, for the purposes of, in terms of, in terms of, due to, due to, at the level and others.

Often the use of denominative prepositions can be justified, but their large accumulation in the text gives an undesirable clerical coloring. Another feature of denominative prepositions is their close connection with the verbal nouns already discussed above: in fact, they really attract each other.

Due to the improvement in the indicators of winter crops collection, a decision was made to increase wages employees.

As you can see, the denominative preposition " by virtue of» is harmoniously combined only with a verbal noun ( improvement- in our version), and their bundle at the very beginning of the sentence pulls the whole stream of clericalism: collection indicators, decision made, increase. Therefore, the use of such prepositions must be treated with particular care. They are real magnets for the rest of the stationery vocabulary.

3. Template speech turns.

They are closely related to the concept of speech stamps - words and expressions that have become widespread and have lost their original emotional coloring.

To template speech turns, penetrated into art style from the official business include: on the this stage, on the this segment time, to date, at the present time, emphasized with all its poignancy and many others. As a rule, such phrases only clog speech, and they can be completely painlessly removed from the text.

At this stage, the pace of housing construction in the city does not correspond to the plan.

Is turnover so important here? at this stage", if it is already clear that we are talking about present tense?

In this category, we also define words of mass use that have broad and indefinite meanings: question, event, separate, definite and others. They should also be treated with great care.

At the weekly meeting, Comrade Nikitin raised the question of expelling the parasite and slob Kalugin from the ranks of the organization.

Special attention should be paid to the universal word " be”, which is often just superfluous in a sentence.

Speech stamps deprive speech of clarity, specificity and individuality, often interfere with the understanding of what was said. Template turnovers change over time: the old ones disappear, they are replaced by new ones. This change also needs to be monitored in order not to allow newfangled, but empty expressions into your texts.

The Soviet translator Nora Gal devoted great attention to the problem of the fight against clerical work. A review of her widely acclaimed but controversial book " " read on the pages of the blog "LM".

On this, perhaps, we will complete our conversation about clericalism. Of course, one could find many more examples, but I think you get the point. This article was written based on wonderful book I. Golub " Stylistics of the Russian language”, to which I refer all those interested in the subtleties mother tongue. The book is really great. Subscribe to the Literary Workshop blog to always be aware of the release of new articles. See you soon!

1 Chancellery - these are words, phrases, grammatical forms and constructions characteristic of the official business style, but also penetrating into other styles, in particular into artistic, journalistic and colloquial, which leads to a violation of stylistic norms, more precisely, to a mixture of styles.

If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers.

Currently, there is a shortage of teaching staff.

I got a free haircut.

Spring filled the girl's soul with an inexplicable feeling of flight and the expectation of positive changes in her personal life and work.

Signs of clericalism include:

the use of verbal nouns, both suffixal (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixal (tailoring, stealing, time off);

splitting the predicate, that is, replacing the simple verbal predicate compound nominal: decide - make a decision, wish - show a desire, help - provide assistance;

the use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in business, by virtue of, in order to, to the address, in the area, in terms of, at the level, at the expense of;

stringing cases, especially often - genitive: the conditions necessary to improve the level of culture of speech of the youth of the region; the author offers a good form of presentation own concept constructing the process of speech interaction between the student and the teacher;

displacement of active turnovers by passive ones: we decided (active turnover) - the decision was made by us (passive turnover).

The abuse of clericalism in speech deprives speech of expressiveness, imagery, individuality, conciseness, leads to such speech defects as:

mix of styles: After short-term precipitation in the form of rain, a rainbow sparkled over the lake in all its multi-colored beauty;

ambiguity (associated with the use of verbal nouns): professor's statement (does the professor approve or is he approved?); I like singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?)

heaviness of syllable, verbosity: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, turnover in state and commercial stores should increase.

Speech clichés deprive speech of expressiveness, imagery and persuasiveness - hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. These include all sorts of template metaphors, comparisons, paraphrases, metonymies - the light of the soul; an inexhaustible source of inspiration; in unison; their hearts beat in unison; burning eyes, a painted carpet of flowers; emerald meadow; azure of heaven; pearly laughter, streams of tears (the last examples from the book by J. Parandovsky "Alchemy of the Word"). Once they had vivid imagery, but from frequent use they lost all the power of their expressiveness, turning into a soulless template.

Journalists are especially prone to using clichés; in journalistic style there are many such turnovers. D. E. Rosenthal notes in this regard: “In different materials, the same combinations are found, which have turned into “erased nickels”. These are combinations with the word "gold" of any color: "white gold" (cotton), "black gold" (coal), "blue gold" (hydropower), "liquid gold" (oil). Other examples of stamps: "big bread", "big ore", "big oil" (meaning "a lot..."). Such "favorite" combinations also include: "people in gray overcoats", "people in green caps" (foresters? rangers? border guards?), "people in white coats" (doctors? sellers?) "".

AT practical style the concept of a speech stamp has acquired a narrower meaning: this is the name of a stereotypical expression that has a coloring of an official business style: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all its sharpness, etc.

Cliches (language standards) should be distinguished from speech stamps - ready-made turns used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts. Unlike a stamp, a cliché forms a constructive unit that retains its semantics, and in many cases its expressiveness; they allow you to economically express an idea and contribute to the speed of information transfer. These are combinations such as "workers public sector", "employment service", "international humanitarian aid", "commercial structures", "law enforcement agencies", "branches Russian authorities"," according to informed sources", "household service", "health service", etc.

There is nothing wrong with using clichés; they are good because:

correspond to psychological stereotypes as a reflection in the mind of frequently repeated phenomena of reality;

easy reproduced in the form of ready-made speech formulas;

automate the playback process;

facilitate the processes of perception and communication;

save speech efforts, mental energy and time for both the speaker (writer) and the listener (reader).

When parsing errors caused by unjustified use stylistically colored vocabulary, Special attention should be given to the words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these bureaucratic speech means are named only when they are used in speech, not bound by norms official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive. (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: In marriage is negative side in enterprise activities, if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage - this is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. (revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, theft, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms. [The case of the gnawing of the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); After announcing to the widow Vanina that she had attached a sixty-kopeck stamp...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: On the part of the head of the farm, V. I. Shlyk, a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows was shown. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that The head of the farm, V. I. Shlyk, did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of voice by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor claims or claim?), love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing!).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed passive form communion or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of sightseeing, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them(it is better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person have nothing to do with clericalisms (teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with action meaning (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral. (meaning, name, excitement), many of them -tion changed in -ne, and they began to designate not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet biscuits, sour cherries - Cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-identification, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language do not have it. (drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of clericalism of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e., the replacement of a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning(instead of complicates leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increased costs, it's better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. The following combinations are often used in book styles: took part instead of participated, instructed instead of indicated etc. In the official business style fixed verb-nominal combinations to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, commend inappropriate), etc. scientific style such terminological combinations, as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc.

In a journalistic style, expressions function: the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister etc. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide urgent medical care ). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate lexical ambiguity verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

• 1. In January-February, burbot spawning occurs.
• 2. The duty service is strenuously monitoring the consumption of electricity.
• 1. In January-February, burbot spawns.
• 2. The duty service strictly controls the consumption of electricity.
• 3. ...Viewers will see how the table rises and falls, how it opens and closes

ramp.

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of simple predicate) in such cases is impractical - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of official business style often explains the unjustified use of nominal prepositions: along the line, in a section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the area, in plan, at the level, due to and others. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase- accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's make an edit like this: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Construction has been suspended due to lack of materials.(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

• 1. Achievements made in Ethiopia over the past ten yearsin the eradicationsuch eternal enemies of mankind as ignorance, disease, poverty.
• 2. Along the fast lane

withinmotorcycle race Hans Weber crashed.

• 1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty.
• 2. Hans Weber crashed in a motorcycle competition during a high-speed race.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded semantics are becoming speech stamps. emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, it begins to be used in figurative meaning expression get a residence permit (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence in the tables; Petrovsky's Muse has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (i tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received more narrow meaning: this is the name of stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out template turnovers speeches: at this stage, at this stage here me, to date, emphasized with all the poignancy etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal and so on. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a wide variety of, often too wide, undefined values (question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, a noun question, speaking as universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Especially importance have nutritional issues in the first 10-12 days; great attention deserve questions of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word to be as universal, also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

• 1. The use of chemicals for this purpose is very important.
• 1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals.
• 2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in special literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Krech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - carried out, scope- broad, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, mature etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this sentence can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on the preparation housing stock to winter, and about the grape harvest ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "standard ... does not call negative attitude, as it has a clear semantics and economically expresses a thought, contributing to the speed of information transfer. To language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources,- phrases like household service (nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing publicistic texts of the period " Brezhnev's stagnation” and the 90s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are easier to meet in humorous works, than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all structures of conservation and ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of the working masses of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own order.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our magazine

narration successfully overcame this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual orators and officials in public institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

• In the new building of the theatre... before the eyes of the viewer, the table will be raised and lowered, the ramp will open and close.
• A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop.
• See: Kostomarov V. G. Russian language on a newspaper page. - M., 1971.
• Kozhin A. N., Krylova O. K., Odintsov V. V. Function types Russian speech. -WITH. 114.

Stamps- these are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: A forest of hands went up in the vote. A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and indefinite meanings: question, task, raise, provide etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: work - everyday, level - high, support - hot. Numerous publicistic stamps (field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism ( exciting image, angry protest)

Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city ).

Any frequently repeated speech means, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses) can become a stamp. However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech clichés that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into a report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, phrases such as household service (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Chancellery- verbal cliches and template expressions, grammatical forms and constructions inherent in the official business style writing and the "bureaucratic" version of the oral, special "clerk" (the definition of K. Chukovsky), the jargon of officials, " officials". These are, for example, "incoming" and "outgoing" (papers, document numbers), "implementation of the decision to entrust (report)", "assistance", "assistance" (instead of "help", "assistance"), "please consider", "work out the issue ( decision)", "engage (resource, people, departments, etc.)", "in accordance with the decision", "in accordance with the decision" (instead of "by decision"), etc. phenomenon; they make it easier to write, read and, ultimately, go through paperwork. authorities". TO. - idiomatic expressions of a special kind, among them there are many archaic, inherited by the modern bureaucracy from the predecessors of the 19th century. K. can be considered as result linguistic "energy conservation" - with the help of stamps and templates, writing and speaking is much easier and faster than using bright, expressive, artistic speech and language means.

Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become fixed: to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, to fulfill, to exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Compare two types syntactic constructions verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in business, by virtue of, in order, to the address, in the area, in terms of, at the level, at the expense, etc. They received a lot distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: In order to increase turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay citizens' pensions, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

As weed words most often performed:

particles(index here summarizing well, modal perhaps, affirmative So, interrogative Yes, emotionally expressive simple and direct and comparative as if), modal words (of course, probably, probably, it seems), introductory units (in general, in general, in principle, let's say, it means, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen, as a matter of fact, therefore, so to speak) and pronouns(demonstrative pronoun This, the combination of demonstrative and definitive pronouns is the same, the combination interrogative pronoun what and particles, a combination of a pronominal adverb and a subject-personal pronoun how is it, pronominal adverb there).
Examples:
"Here I came to you ... now ... but you ... now ... I did not find you" (student for grade 7).
“So, when we were on an excursion, well, this ... that's ... when we went down to the river ... that's ... and that ... we saw a beaver ..." (study grade 7).
"In the village... here... every year there are more and more... here... strangers. I come... here... - and I almost don't know anyone... here" .
"Well, let's say the language is divided into styles. Well, let's say there are five styles of the language" (student of the philological faculty).

19. Richness of speech. Word formation as a source of speech wealth.

Richness of speech- kit language tools(lexical, grammatical, stylistic) that an individual person owns and skillfully uses in accordance with the situation. The richness of speech is determined by the ability of a person to express the same thought, the same grammatical meaning. different ways.
The richness of speech is associated with a variety of used speaking means of expressing thoughts, synonyms, ways of constructing an utterance, organizing a text.
To achieve this quality, you need to replenish your vocabulary by reading literature, pay attention to grammar and stylistic features readable texts, think about the shades of the meanings of words, notice cliches, hackneyed phrases.

Level speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also from the possession of his wealth, the ability to use them in the process of communication.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages peace. His wealth is in an incalculable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in limitless possibilities phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in a variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing in the world, in the life around us and in our minds,” says K.G. Paustovsky, “that could not be conveyed by the Russian word: the sound of music, and ... the brilliance of colors, and the sound of rain, and the fabulousness of dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and baby talk, and the mournful rumble of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and the sorrow of loss, and the triumph of victory.

Richness of speech individual person is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the utterance, he uses them in specific situation. Speech is considered to be the richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning the less often repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally the same language unit.

Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that imposes on the use of the word stylistic coloration. This applies primarily to the use of terms and clericalism.

Under bureaucracy meaning such words, phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which is fixed in the Russian literary language for the so-called official business style, especially for that part of it that is known from official, including legal, documents (administrative and clerical substyle).

Formal business style is one of the functional styles of the Russian language. functional style - a kind of literary language in which language appears in a particular social meaningful area social and speech practice of people and the features of which are due to the peculiarities of communication in this area.Formal business style- a means of communication (often written) in the field business relations: in the sphere legal relations and management. This area covers international relationships, jurisprudence, economics, military industry, the field of advertising, communication in official institutions, government activities. Substyles: legislative (used in the field of government, the volatility of the function is manifested); administrative and clerical (maintenance of personal business papers, documents of the institution, emphasizes the nature of administrative relations - loans, advances); diplomatic substyle (on international level, relations between the government and diplomats).

Each functional style is complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most obvious means of distinguishing between functional styles - on their vocabulary.

Common features of the official business speech:

1. For official speech characterized by the widespread use of thematically special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, accounting, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity leads to the appeal to abbreviations, complex abbreviations government agencies, institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. (Security Security Council, Airborne Forces, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Air Force, Research Institute, DEZ, LDPR, YaZ, State of Emergency, CIS, GVMU MO RF, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health), as well as abbreviations (illiquid assets, cash (black), federal, etc..). As can be seen from the examples, there are many new words among them, this part of the vocabulary is constantly updated and replenished.
2. Business texts are distinguished by the use of words and expressions that are not accepted in other styles.(the above, the following, the above, appropriate, prohibited, preventive measure, deed, punishability, etc.).To them (introduced set phrases: a cassation complaint, an act of civil (state), an act of disobedience, a written undertaking not to leave, etc. The regular use of such words and expressions that do not have synonyms contributes to the accuracy of speech, excludes other interpretations.
3. Adjectives and participles in business speech are often used in the meaning of nouns.(sick, vacationing, undersigned), productive short forms adjectives(should, obliged, obligatory, necessary, accountable, cognizable, responsible). Appeal to them is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech (Summoning experts is mandatory to establish the cause of death - Code of Criminal Procedure).
4. The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: personal pronouns are not used here.I, you, he, she, they(by virtue of total absence individualization of speech, concreteness, accuracy of utterance). Instead of demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such, etc.)words are usedgiven, present, corresponding, known, indicated, above, belowand others. They are not used at all in business speech. indefinite pronouns(someone, some, something, etc.).
5. To characterize verbs in official speech, its nominal structure is also important: this determines the high frequency of linking verbs.(is, becomes, comes true), replacing the verbal predicate with a combination auxiliary verb with a noun denoting action(provide assistance, control, care, etc.).
6. Among semantic groups verbs presented in this style, the main role assigned to words with the meaning of obligation:should, ought to, ought to, mustand abstract verbs indicating being, presence:is, there is.
7. In official speech, non-finite forms of verbs are more common - participles, gerunds, infinitives, which are especially often used in the meaning imperative mood (take note, suggest, recommend, withdraw from use, etc.).

It is this kind of words and phrases, transferred to the texts of another functional style, for example, literary and artistic or journalistic, are regarded as clericalism. In the texts of the official business style, their use is justified. The use of clericalism in scientific. and public speech should be thoughtful and limited, and in colloquial. - without a special stylistic motivation - not only undesirable, but also unacceptable. If they are used accidentally, unintentionally, then this is regarded as a violation stylistic norm, as speech error, for example: There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green massif; It is necessary to close the gap on the front of misunderstanding of satire; I have a problem; We are in the grip of a dilemma.