For correct use words need to understand what kind they are. Here is coffee, for example, the middle masculine gender? If the average, then you need to say: "My coffee is cold." And if male - "My coffee is cold." How not to pass for an illiterate person, defining neuter gender?
What are neuter words? Examples
The division of parts of speech by gender (feminine, neuter and masculine) is inherent not only in the Russian language. Determines whether the ending of a word belongs to the neuter gender. Neutral nouns are usually inanimate, although there are exceptions:
- creature,
- animal,
- monster,
- deity,
- child,
- monster,
- person (official).
If the word came from another language, has an ending in a vowel, is inanimate and, according to established tradition, does not decline, it is considered neuter.
Neutral nouns answer the question: whose is it? If you can say about a word: “It is mine,” then this is a neuter noun. There are two types of endings for such words:
- -o, -e, -e, -e. These are, for example, such words: pots, lake, muffler, gun, understanding.
- -me. For example, stirrup, crown, name.
Words of the middle gender can be not only nouns, but also adjectives, numerals and pronouns.
Coffee - it or he?
It seems that the word "coffee" does not obey the rule: it ends in "e", but it is not neuter, but masculine. exception? Not really. The fact is that the word, along with the drink, came to Russia with Peter the Great. Tea has long been known, and by analogy with this drink, the novelty was called "coffee". Then no one doubted that the word is masculine. His diminutive version of "coffee" is now beyond doubt.
Over time, the word "coffee" became obsolete, replaced by "coffee". The word became indeclinable. And here a paradox arose. According to the rules, this word should have a neuter gender. This is why, intuitively, people began to use "coffee" as a neuter word. There was a process that translated the word "metro" from the masculine to the middle. You probably remember Utyosov's song: "But the subway flashed with oak railings..."
Why don't linguists recognize coffee as neuter? Because this word has a special meaning. Its use in the neuter gender contradicts literary tradition and therefore perceived as illiterate. Coffee is on the list of words for which literate Russian speakers are fighting. These are the words contract, calls, blinds, cottage cheese, provision and several others.
Although since 2002 colloquial speech you can say "my coffee", in writing recognized only masculine.
declination
Changing words by case is called declension. Words of the middle gender with an ending can be declined. For neuter nouns there are following rules(see table).
case | Singular | Plural |
A, -z: windows, buildings, points | Hey, ev, ov: windows, fields, trees |
|
U, -yu: window, building, point | Am, -yam: windows, fields, trees |
|
Oh, -e, -e: window, building, tip | A, -z: windows, fields, buildings, trees |
|
Om, em, -em: window, building, tip | Ami, -yami: windows, points |
|
E, -i: about health, about the building, on the cutting edge | Oh, -yah: about windows, about trees |
Common Mistakes
The typical mistake was wrong definition kind of some words. Due to the ending "o", which is pronounced as "a" in the unstressed version, some inflect such words in the feminine form. Example:
- The buffet sells pies with jammy, manga and dried apricots.
- We saw the natives living in bungalow.
- neighbors bought piano.
The correct options would be to use the highlighted words in the form of the middle gender. That is: with jam, with mango, in a bungalow, they bought a piano.
The second common mistake is trying to change indeclinable nouns in cases. Not only children get confused, and incredible words of feminine, masculine, neuter gender appear.
Words that do not change by case. Examples
In addition to inflected, there are also neuter words that are invariable in cases:
- arpeggio,
- video,
- graffiti,
- dragee,
- neckline,
- coupe,
- Cafe,
- mango,
- mini,
- neutrino,
- penalty,
- piano,
- rendezvous,
- solo,
- trio,
- Taxi,
- fuete,
- facsimile.
This list is far from complete. Therefore, if you have any difficulties, it is better to refer to dictionaries.
How to remember words without endings: a game
In order not to make mistakes in declension, there is a simple and fun way to check. Try to put these words in several different cases. If it turns out funny and ridiculous, then this word does not decline in cases.
- Kangaroo put on pince-nez (wrong, there is no such word, you need to put “pince-nez”).
- To get to the cafe, I took a taxi (it would be correct: "taxi").
- We gorged ourselves on creme brulee, blancmange and jelly beans (that's right: "creme brulee, blancmange and jelly beans").
- Let's meet near the depot and go to watch the film "Dynama" (you need: "near the depot, the movie" Dynamo ").
- I am dissatisfied with a passe-partout with a photo and a panel (it would be competently like this: “passe-partout with a photo and a panel”).
Play this game with your kids. It is simple, the main thing is not to forget that these words do not decline in cases. Regular games with words develop intelligence and replenish vocabulary. Soon the child will feel how to build a phrase and use words, and will not make mistakes.
In this lesson, you will learn what gender nouns are, practice determining the gender of nouns in the singular and in plural, observe the generic endings of nouns. Why is the genus constant sign nouns? What nouns cannot have gender? Are there nouns generic? These questions will be answered in the lesson.
Introduction
Our ancestors, the ancient Slavs, once divided all things and creatures into three classes - masculine, feminine, and "real" (or "proper"). They deified many objects, endowing them with a feminine or masculine gender.
For example, the word child real kind among the ancient Slavs. Children have never had the right to own personal property. (V. Volina)
Do you know that there are languages thatnouns have no gender. These are English, Finnish, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese and others.
There are languages in which nouns have onlytwo kinds. It's French, Spanish, Italian.
There are languages thatthere are many more genders than in our language.
For example, in many languages of the peoples of the Caucasus and Africa there can be up to 40 genera. They are called "classes". (N. Betenkova)
Lesson topic: “The gender of nouns. generic endings nouns."
How to recognize the gender of nouns
Read the nouns. Which of them are men and which are women?
Grandfather, mother, sister, father, grandmother, son, brother, granddaughter, uncle, aunt, daughter, great-grandfather, man, woman.
In Russian, nouns are both masculine and feminine. What kind of words did we write in each column?
Grandpa
dad
brother
uncle
great grandfather
the male
These are masculine words, since you can substitute the word for them is he.
These are feminine words, since you can substitute the word for them she is.
What word can be substituted for these words?
Wheel, hollow, insect, towel - IT. These are neuter words.
Nouns are masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of nouns is determined by substituting pronouns.
To nouns male you can substitute words he is mine.
To nouns female you can substitute words She is mine.
To nouns neuter you can substitute words it is mine.
Determine the gender of plural nouns
If it is necessary to determine the gender of a noun used in the plural, the word is first put in the singular, in the initial form. The initial form of a noun answers the questions who? what?
The cranes have flown
And the rooks are already far away.
Didn't have time to look back
Blizzards covered the snow. (Vl. Prikhodko)
Cranes- in plural, initial form - who? crane, he, m.r.
Rooks- in plural, initial form - who? rook, he, m.r.
Blizzards- in plural, beginning. form - what? blizzard, she, f.r.
Snow- in units, early form - what? snow, he, m.r.
Why gender is a constant feature of nouns
If a noun, for example, is feminine, can it be masculine or neuter?
Nouns are already born with masculine, feminine or neuter words. By birth, they do not change. That is why gender is a constant feature of nouns.
March.
sketched the sky
White drifts.
The sun burned on them
Doors and windows.(I. Zagraevskaya)
March- he, m.r.
Sky- it, cf.
snowdrifts- in plural, beginning. form - what? snowdrift, he, m.r.
The sun- it, cf.
doors- in plural, beginning. form - what? door, she, f.r.
windows- in plural, beginning. form - what? window, it, cf.
What nouns cannot have gender?
Eyes, curlers, blinds, mustaches, sleds, skis, skates, holidays.
eyes- what? eye, it, cf.
Curlers, blinds
Mustache- what? moustache, he, m.r.
Sled- cannot be used in singular.
Skis- what? ski, she, female
Skates- what? horse, he, m.r.
holidays- cannot be used in the singular.
For nouns that do not have a singular form, gender cannot be determined.
For example, trousers, tongs, scissors, day, cream, sawdust, ink, hide and seek, chess, yeast, tongs, twilight.
General nouns
Interesting nouns: orphan, clever, crybaby.
good girl- who can be praised with this word, a boy or a girl?
Compare: He was an orphan. She was an orphan.
These nouns, depending on the specific circumstances, can act as masculine nouns. (He was so smart!), then as feminine nouns(She was so smart!)
These are nouns general kind.
Let's pick up more common nouns: the ringleader, fidget, quiet, why, smarty, sweet tooth.
Generic endings for nouns
What endings can masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have?
dad a
Slav a
uncle I
You I
daughter a
natures a
Dash a
tet I
cf.
movements e
fun e
linen yo
Borodin about
lace about
cloth about
Finish the diagram: write the endings.
For nouns male often endings -a, -i, and zero.
For nouns feminine endings -а, -я and zero.
For nouns neuter endings -o, -e, -e.
(Some nouns ending -i, For example, dit I, flame I, time I ).
What is common in the composition of words - masculine, feminine and neuter nouns
Nouns masculine and feminine may have the same endings -a, -i, zero.
Is it possible to determine the gender of nouns only by the end?
We solve the spelling problem at the end of nouns
Jam_, rainbow_, cave_, swamp_, glade_, knee_, wheel_, patronymic_, lake_.
Knowing the gender of a noun, substituting words it, she, you can solve the spelling problem at the end, correctly write the letter of an unstressed vowel.
Jam_ heό, ending -o,
rainbow_ oná, ending -а,
cave_ oná, ending -а,
swamps_ heό, ending -o,
glade_ oná, ending -а,
knee_, wheel_, patronymic_, lake_ onό, ending -о.
Jam about, rainbows a, caves a, swamps about, polyan a, knee about, wheel about, patronymic about, lakes about.
How are borrowed words distributed by gender?
In Russian, the word sun- neuter.
AT German word sun- feminine ("di zonne").
The English just say "san" ( sun), without attributing this noun to any of the existing genders.
French sun- masculine ("le sole").
Spanish for "el sol" sun- male.
How are words distributed by gender that came from other languages, that is borrowed words?
In russian language borrowed words retain the gender they had in the foreign language.
This explains the fact that in modern Russian the words piano, coffee, kangaroo are masculine;
somersault, chassis, dominoes- to the middle gender, and the word shawl- to the feminine.
Nouns borrowed from languages in which there is no gender receive it in Russian: basketball, football(from English) - masculine.
We are looking for nouns, determine their gender
Check yourself. Find nouns, determine their gender.
Who wrote what?
Once upon a time there was no paper. The first manuscripts appeared on clay tablets. In the East, paper replaced Ivory. Animal skin was often used for writing - parchment. AT Ancient Russia wrote on birch bark, birch bark.
paper- paper, oil,
manuscripts- manuscript, female,
on the tablets- plate, female,
in the east- east, m.r.,
paper- paper, oil,
bone- female,
for writing- letter, cf.,
skin- leather, female,
animals- animal, cf.,
parchment- m.r.,
in Russia - Rus, female,
on the bark- bark, female,
birch bark- birch bark - zh.r.
Conclusion
I will remember the feminine
And I'll say, "She's mine."
And remember the masculine gender
And again I will say: "He is mine."
The neuter gender is mine!
This is your rule!(E. Semyonova)
In the lesson, you learned that if you need to determine the gender of a noun used in the plural, the word is first put in the singular, in the initial form.
Nouns do not change by gender.
For nouns that do not have a singular form, gender cannot be determined.
Bibliography
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
- G.T. Diachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.
Homework
- Match these nouns with nouns that are close in meaning. Specify genus.
Ring - ...
Strengthening - ...
Border - …
Gulf - ...
Luck - …
The curtain - …
Duty - …
Silence - ...
Words for reference: heat, fortress, bay, success, silence, duty, ring, darkness, curtain, boundary. - Read the text. Determine the gender of nouns.
Pretender.
A large gorilla lives in the Prague Zoo. One morning the monkey suddenly fell ill. She refused food, moaned. The doctor decided that the animal had overeaten. The gorilla was given medicine and left. The monkey recovered instantly. During the inspection, she pulled the key out of the caretaker's pocket. She opened the cage with them and began to walk around the zoo.
- Read the text. Find nouns, write them down in 3 columns:
m. r., w. R. , cf. R.
Petya is dreaming.
If soap
came
In the morning to my bed
And I would have washed myself -
It would be nice!
If, say,
Wizard
Gave me a textbook
So that he would
I myself could
Answer any lesson...
If I had a pen in addition,
To solve the problem,
Write any dictation ... (B. Zakhoder)
- Internet portal Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
- Internet portal Russisch-fuer-kinder.de ().
Neuter gender
The position of the middle gender in modern Russian is peculiar. The means of expression of the neuter gender are relatively poor. The composition of the class of words of the middle gender gradually narrowed and continues to narrow. For example, diminutive, affectionate and derogatory words and forms in -ko (Demidko), -ya (Vanya, tel), in -lo (ate) and other words related
to people and animals, moved into the class of words of the masculine or general
(male-female) gender. The category of the person is not combined with the middle gender. The most abstract idea of the category of non-person (being, deity) is combined with the neuter gender. Nouns of the neuter gender are only metaphorical, either in the function of the predicate, or as the general characteristics(monster, monster, monster) can be applied to male or female living beings. The unstable, intermediate position of the middle gender also affects the system of declension of nouns. In the singular, neuter words change as masculine forms. The coincidence of the nominative and accusative cases in one form also emphasizes the proximity of the categories of the neuter gender to the group of inanimate masculine nouns. The middle gender acts as an abstract form of impersonal objectivity.
In the plural, the forms of the neuter gender fluctuate between different types declensions, having completely lost their grammatical individuality (ears - ears; deeds - deeds; fields - fields and seas - seas, mirrors - mirrors; windows - windows). With the exception of the form of the nominative-accusative case with the accent on the ending -a, they are mostly closer to the feminine declension.
The peculiar impersonality, abstract or fictitious objectivity of the neuter form is manifested, first of all, in the fact that other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun belong to the class of words of the neuter gender.
The forms of the middle gender in borrowed nouns also differ in peculiar features. There are no productive neuter suffixes that would designate an object without any special connotation at all in modern Russian. The endings -o, -e, as a sign of the neuter gender, are not directly attached to the stem. The group of non-suffix words of the middle gender with the ending -o, -e is replenished only with borrowings from other languages. Meanwhile, these borrowed words in -o, -e (bureau, coat, coffee) from an etymological point of view have only an outward resemblance to words of the middle gender. After all, in them the final -o, -e usually refer to the base, and are not endings. The neuter gender becomes a storehouse for borrowed words that, in their sound or morphological appearance, do not correspond to the typical forms of Russian nouns.
The extinction of the neuter gender in the category of nouns is in line with common process semantic depersonalization and devastation of neuter forms in modern Russian. From the content category of the neuter gender to certain types words and forms are relegated to the role of packaging means.
This is expressed:
1) that impersonal forms verbs in the past tense coincide with the neuter form;
2) that impersonal forms of the category of state (arising from participles passive voice and from the names of adjectives and adverbs) coincide with the corresponding forms of the middle gender: “She is stuffy, bored, annoying ... so annoying that she even wants to cry, but why is again unknown.” “She was ashamed, and bitter, and it hurt her”;
3) in the fact that with impersonal words there can be pronominal particles of the neuter gender this, it (that). “I didn’t ask her about any details, and so it turned out that there was no need to worry”;
4) the fact that one of the most productive categories of adverbs in the Russian language ends in -o, -e, i.e., in morphemes denoting the neuter form in the classes of nouns and adjectives, is not without significance, although, as is known, the category of gender (as well as case and number) is completely alien to the dialect. "May be, a heart mothers sensed that together with a newborn baby appeared into the world dark, inexhaustible grief that hung over the cradle to accompany new life down to the grave."
« Family in which a blind boy was born, It was few».
“At the time when in the village house appeared and became grow new creature, in uncle Maxim's short-cropped hair, silver gray was already breaking through.
The gender of nouns is a grammatical category, manifested in the ability to combine with specific forms of agreed words. The category of gender can be expressed semantically (that is, in meaning, only for animate nouns), grammatically and syntactically. Semantically, all nouns are masculine, feminine, and neuter. Words indicating animals and males are masculine (brother, grandfather, student, goose, rooster, horse); nouns that name animals and females (sister, grandmother, student, goose, chicken, horse) - to the feminine gender; animals and persons, regardless of gender (monster, monster, person (person), child) - to the middle gender.
The gender of nouns is grammatically expressed using the ending in nominative case. This category of gender is characteristic of both animate and inanimate inflected noun. In this case, in addition to the 3 main genera, a common genus is also distinguished. The differences between them are presented in the table:
masculine | Feminine | Neuter gender | Common gender |
The ending is zero, the stem ends with a solid consonant or with -y (chair, hero); The ending is zero, the stem ends with a soft consonant, and in genitive case endings -a, -ya (horse - horse, doctor - doctor, ivy - ivy). | The ending -a, -ya (hand, earth), except for words that name males (servant, governor) and words with the suffix -in, showing an magnifying subjective assessment(domino, mostina); The ending is zero, the stem ends in a consonant, and in the genitive case the ending is -i (rye - rye, silence - silence, notebook - notebooks). | Ending -o, -e (grain, sea); Words child, monster, monster, face; 10 per -mya (tribe, time, name, banner, seed, stirrup, udder, crown, burden, flame); Some indeclinable inanimate nouns foreign origin(taboo, taxi, jury, stew, interview, bra). | The ending -a, -ya, in words that name male and female persons (sleepy, grumpy, dirty, bully, stammerer, couch potato, orphan, licker, roar, ignoramus). |
Syntactically, the gender of nouns can be determined by the form of the agreed word, which depends on the noun. So, participles, adjectives, consistent with masculine nouns, end in -y, -y, -oy ( beautiful garden, singing boy, fighting soldier); with feminine nouns - on -aya, -ya (beautiful street, summer time); with neuter nouns - into -th, -ee ( beautiful sky, winter morning).
Also, the gender of nouns is determined using the ending of the predicate, expressed by the verb in the past tense in the subjunctive or indicative mood, or participle or Masculine - the predicate has null ending(the rain has passed, the plan has been completed); feminine- ending -a (work completed, the moon has risen); neuter - ending -o (letter received, the sun has risen).
There are also Most of them belong to the middle gender (depot, interview and all substantiated indeclinable nouns like "hello", "cheers", "yes", "tomorrow", "I don't want to"). Exceptions are the following cases:
Ha (hectare), coffee, poppies, penalties, suluguni, sirocco, ecu, tornado, shimmy, as well as the names of languages (Bengali, Urdu, Suomi, Pashto, Hindi) - masculine;
Avenue, bere, salami, kohlrabi are feminine.
Genus indeclinable nouns, such as newspapers, magazines, can be determined by the gender of the noun with the meaning of the generic concept (full-flowing Japanese (city) Tokyo, wide (river) Mississippi, published (newspaper) "Times"). The gender of abbreviations must be determined by the gender of the main word (MGU - masculine - Moscow State University; UN - feminine - United Nations; CIS - neuter gender - Commonwealth independent states). It is impossible to establish the gender of nouns that are not used in the singular, but only in the plural, since they do not have a gender category (trousers, pitchforks, pasta, mangers).
Genus - grammatical category, inherent different parts speech in the singular and consisting in the distribution of words into three classes, traditionally correlated with gender characteristics or their absence.
There are three kinds of nouns in Russian:
Male (he) Masculine nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -and I, and zero (dad, uncle, knife, table, hawk).
Female (she) Feminine nouns in the singular nominative case have the endings - and I, and zero (wife, nanny, night, glory, desert).
Medium (it) Neutral nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -o, -e (swamp, gold, sun, lake, jam).
There is also a class of words generic, which, depending on the context, can be used in both masculine and feminine forms ( bore, sissy, crybaby, clever, greedy).
Definition of noun gender
To determine the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, the ending looks. For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female beings ( girl, cat). In order not to confuse feminine and masculine nouns at the end, you need to substitute the pronoun “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).
The masculine gender of nouns is also determined by the ending initial form. In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in soft sign, also substitute to check the pronoun "he, mine" ( stump, day).
Neutral nouns are determined by the endings of the initial form and by substituting the pronouns "it, mine" ( field, window). Please note that the group of inflected nouns ending in -my also belongs to the neuter gender ( tribe, seed etc.). There are almost no animate nouns among neuter gender nouns, their number is very small ( child, being, animal).
Among the nouns, there are several special groups, in which it is difficult to determine the genus. These include nouns of the general gender, as well as indeclinable and compound words.
Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to animated objects female or male. For example, slut girl(feminine), smart boy(masculine). Common nouns are those that denote the qualities of people ( glutton, ignoramus, crybaby) or the name of persons by position, profession, occupation ( architect Petrov - architect Petrov).
It must be taken into account that the gender of indeclinable nouns is associated with their animateness / inanimateness, specific / generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (monsieur, miss). Nouns that give names to animals, birds, are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). The inanimate are usually neuter ( coat, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage(feminine), Hindi - language(masculine), etc.
In order to determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, it is necessary to choose a generic concept ( lake, city, river, desert etc.). For example, city of Rio de Janeiro(masculine) gobi desert(feminine).
The type of abbreviations is determined by the type of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN - United Nations, leading word"organization" (feminine).
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