what natural complex
- this is a territory that has a certain unity of nature, due to common origin and the history of development, the originality of the geographical location and operating within its limits modern processes. Also, PTK is a natural combination geographical components or complexes lower rank, forming systems different levels.They are complete (from 6 components) and incomplete (from a smaller number of components.
- Natural complex (natural geosystem, geographical complex, natural territorial complex) - a regular spatial combination of natural components that form complete systems different levels (from the geographical shell to the facies); one of the basic concepts physical geography. Usually includes an area earth's crust with its inherent relief, related surface and The groundwater, surface layer of the atmosphere, soil, communities of organisms. There is an exchange of matter and energy between individual natural territorial complexes and their components.
- The natural complex is a site earth's surface, which is distinguished by the characteristics of natural components found in complex interaction.
- A natural complex is the interconnection and interaction of natural components that form natural complexes of different ranks
- Natural complex The nature around us consists of parts, or, as they are also called, components. Natural components include relief, climate, water, plants, animals and soils. All these components have come a long way of development, so their combinations are not random, but natural.
- The natural complex is the interaction of natural components: soil, plants, animals, climate, man.
- NATURAL COMPLEX
NATURAL COMPLEX
from lat. complexus - connection, combination - a set of natural objects, phenomena or properties that form one whole. P. to. - the historical predecessor of the concept natural system. The term is used to refer to: 1) any interrelated natural phenomena; 2) regular spatial combinations (mosaics) of soils, vegetation, landscapes (eg, solonchak complexes, etc.). P. to. a broader concept than, for example. , landscape or NTC, since it does not contain indications of either geographic or territoriality, or the completeness of the coverage of the components. - A natural complex is a natural combination of geographical components or complexes of the lowest rank, which are in complex interaction and form a single inseparable system of different levels from the geographical shell to the facies.
- The nature around us consists of parts, or, as they are also called, components. Natural components include relief, climate, water, plants, animals and soils. All these components have come a long way of development, so their combinations are not random, but natural. Due to their interaction, they are closely connected with each other, and this interaction unites them into a single system, where all parts depend on one another and influence one another. Such one system is called natural territorial complex, or landscape. L. S. Berg is deservedly considered the founder of Russian landscape science. He defined natural-territorial complexes as areas similar in the prevailing nature of the relief, climate, waters, vegetation and soil cover. One can single out natural complexes of deserts, forests, steppes, etc. L. S. Berg wrote that a landscape (or a natural-territorial complex) is, as it were, an organism in which the parts determine the whole, and the whole affects the parts.
The sizes of natural-territorial complexes are different. The largest can be considered the entire geographical shell, smaller continents and oceans. The smallest natural-territorial complexes may include ravines, glades, ponds. It is important that, regardless of size, all components of these complexes are closely interconnected with each other.
The reason for the formation of natural-territorial complexes are natural components. They are usually divided into two groups:
Zonal. This is external factors, which depend on the uneven heating of the Earth by the Sun. (Uneven heating is explained by the sphericity of our Earth.) It varies depending on the geographical latitude: when moving from the equator to the poles, the heating of the earth's surface decreases. Due to zonal factors, zonal natural-territorial complexes were formed: geographical zones and natural (geographical) zones. These complexes are well expressed on the plains, where their boundaries extend parallel to the latitudes. In the mountains and in the depths of the ocean, zonal natural-territorial complexes change with height or depth. Examples of zonal natural-territorial complexes are tundra, steppes, taiga, mixed forests, alpine meadows in the mountains;
Non-zonal (or azonal). This is internal factors, which depend on the processes taking place in the bowels of the Earth. Their result is geological structure, relief. Due to non-zonal (azonal) factors, azonal natural-territorial complexes arose, which are called physiographic countries. They are distinguished by the geological structure and relief associated with it. Examples of azonal natural-territorial complexes ( natural areas) are the East European Plain, Ural mountains, Amazonian lowland, Cordillera, Himalayas, etc.
Thus, our Earth is a system of zonal and azonal complexes, and azonal complexes together with the relief they form the base, and the zonal ones, like a veil, cover them. Touching and penetrating each other, they form a landscape part of a single geographical shell.
Natural-territorial complexes (landscapes) tend to change over time. Most of all, they are influenced by human economic activity. AT recent times(within the framework of the development of the Earth) complexes created by man, anthropogenic (Greek anthropos man, genes birth) landscapes begin to appear on the planet. According to the degree of change, they are differentiated into:
- slightly modified hunting grounds;
-modified arable land, small settlements;
-highly modified urban settlements, large-scale mining, large-scale plowing, deforestation;
-improved sanitary clearing of forests, park zone, green Zone around major cities.
Human impact on
The concept of a natural territorial complex
What is a natural territorial complex? "Complex" in Latin means "combination", i.e. a combination of parts that make up a whole. In nature, there are combinations-plexuses of 2, 3 or more elements. Complexes consisting of all natural components are called complete natural territorial complexes (NTCs). Why territorial? Because each PTK is formed as a result of a long-term interaction of all components in a certain area.
In various reservoirs - seas, oceans, rivers and lakes - there are also PCs - they are called aquatic. Each PTK occupies its own specific area of the earth's surface and has more or less pronounced boundaries on the ground .. Erosive PTK- river valleys, beams, ravines, etc.
From relief, composition rocks and climate depends on the diversity of NTC on our planet. An integral part of the PC is a hundred and a person with his economic activity.
What do the properties of PTC depend on? The amount of solar heat entering the Earth in different latitudes is not the same. Accordingly, there is a natural change of PC from north to south, which manifests itself in the law geographic zoning: change in natural conditions from the poles to the equator, due to latitudinal differences in income to the Earth's surface solar radiation.
But very often natural diversity appears on one geographical latitude with the same amount of solar energy. Depending on the influence of azonal (non-zonal) factors (geological structure and relief), PTCs that are completely different in properties and appearance can be found at the same latitude. therefore, both zonal and azonal factors are involved in the formation of natural complexes
What are PCs? The largest PC is the Geographical envelope, i.e. the entire earth's surface, which consists of many different PTCs. All PTCs are hierarchical (from the Greek. Hierarchy - “service ladder”), i.e. all PCs consist of many PTCs and can be part of larger ones.
The structure of the geographical shell can be compared with the device of a nesting doll: the largest "matryoshka" is a geographical shell, a landscape. "matryoshka" smaller - continents and oceans. Track. "matryoshka" - a physical-geographical country (PC, comparable in size to the East European Plain or the Ural Mountains).
Why carry out physical-geographical zoning? The study of various PTK, their subordination and the establishment of boundaries. Identification of regularities in the spatial distribution of individual areas (large PTK). An example of zoning: maps of natural zones of Russia. The study of the placement of the PTK has a large practical value, because living conditions and human economic activity depend on its properties.
Why is it impossible to violate the integrity of the PTK? Integrity - the unity of the PTK, due to close relationship its components; not a mechanical sum of components, but a qualitative new formation that develops as a whole and has its own characteristics. Within the PTC, all components are closely interconnected and have adapted to each other for a long time. When changing one component, a “domino effect” can occur, i.e. a whole chain of consequences may arise, affecting the properties of the entire natural complex
The integrity of the PC is achieved by the circulation of matter and energy. Flows of matter and heat (energy) are a mechanism that links various parts of the PTC into one whole. In this exchange active role animals play. Not only the components inside the PTC are connected, but the complexes themselves are interconnected.
How does the rhythm of the PTC affect the rhythm of a person's life? The recurrence in time of certain phenomena depends on the receipt of solar heat. This property of PTK is called rhythm. Knowledge of it is very important for human life and economic activity.
What is the importance of PTC sustainability? Stability against various environmental influences is such a property of PTK, which allows them to withstand the onslaught of various external forces including human activities. Abrupt changes in weather and climate, the invasion of pests, etc. lead to separate change components, but do not affect the integrity of the entire landscape. This is a very important regularity of the PC.
PC stability has its limits. Different PTCs have different protection capabilities. In unstable PTK, the slightest violations lead to irreparable consequences. With the help of knowledge of the mechanisms of stability, it is possible to foresee possible changes in nature and to give geographic forecasts of the consequences of human economic activity in various PTCs. If the PTK did not have stability, the household itself would be impossible. human activity.
man in the landscape economic life human influences the landscape. Because of this, new elements appeared in nature, the formation of which is completely connected with human life. Such elements are called anthropogenic, and the landscapes themselves are called natural-anthropogenic. Many types of natural-anthropogenic complexes outwardly practically do not differ in any way from natural formations similar to them.
What are natural-anthropogenic landscapes? Common natural and anthropogenic landscapes: Agricultural Forestry Industrial
Why are urban and industrial landscapes especially aggressive towards the environment? Because they are sources of pollution of the surrounding landscapes and this affects over several tens of kilometers.
A cultural landscape is a natural-anthropogenic complex, deliberately created for practical use, constantly regulated and protected from adverse effects. It must be properly cared for The cultural landscape must be distinguished by the harmony of nature, man and economy, high culture nature management based on scientific knowledge. Example: garden landscapes.
In nature, there are practically no landscapes left untouched by human activities. Every year new formations of natural and anthropogenic landscapes are formed.
It is obvious that the structure of the geographic envelope depends on the specific region, so it consists of separate natural complexes.
Natural complexes of the Earth
The geographical envelope has mosaic structure, this is due to the different natural complexes that it includes. The part of the earth's surface that has the same natural conditions commonly referred to as a natural complex.
Homogeneous natural conditions are relief, water, climate, soil, animal and vegetable world. Separately, natural complexes consist of components that are interconnected by historically established relationships.
That is why, if there is a change in one of the components of nature, then all components of the natural complex also change.
The geographic envelope is a planetary natural complex and the largest. The shell is divided into smaller natural complexes.
Types of natural complexes
The division of the shell into separate natural complexes is due to the heterogeneity of the earth's surface and the structure of the earth's crust, as well as the uneven amount of heat.
In view of these differences, natural complexes are classified into zonal and azonal.
Azonal natural complexes
The main azonal natural complexes are oceans and continents. They are the largest in size. Smaller are considered to be flat and mountainous areas that are on the mainland.
For example, the Caucasus West Siberian Plain, Andes. And these natural complexes can be divided even into smaller ones - the Southern and Central Andes.
Even smaller natural complexes will be considered river valleys, hills, various slopes that are located on their territory.
Interrelation of components of natural complexes
The relationship between the components of natural complexes is a unique phenomenon.
This can be traced to simple example: if the amount of solar radiation and its impact on the earth's surface changes, then the nature of the vegetation in the given territory will also change. This transformation will change the soil and landforms.
Human impact on natural complexes
Human activity has a significant impact on natural complexes since ancient times. After all, man not only adapts to the nature of the Earth, but also exerts a constant and extensive influence on it.
Over the centuries, man has perfected his skills and created different ways using nature to your advantage. This had an extremely negative impact on the development of most natural complexes.
It is for this reason that more and more people talk about such a phenomenon as rational nature management. Under this concept, it is customary to understand human activity aimed at the careful development of natural complexes and the conservation natural resources in any circumstances.
NATURAL COMPLEX
NATURAL COMPLEX [from lat. complexus - connection, combination] - a set of natural objects, phenomena or properties that form a single whole. PC. - the historical predecessor of the concept of a natural system. The term is used to refer to: 1) any interrelated natural phenomena; 2) regular spatial combinations (mosaics) of soils, vegetation, landscapes (eg, solonchak complexes, etc.). PC. a broader concept than, for example, landscape or NTC, since it does not contain indications of either geography, territoriality, or the completeness of the coverage of components.
Ecological dictionary, 2001
natural complex
(from lat. complexus - connection, combination) - a set of natural objects, phenomena or properties that form a single whole. PC. - the historical predecessor of the concept of a natural system. The term is used to refer to: 1) any interrelated natural phenomena; 2) regular spatial combinations (mosaics) of soils, vegetation, landscapes (eg, solonchak complexes, etc.). PC. a broader concept than, for example, landscape or NTC, since it does not contain indications of either geography, territoriality, or the completeness of the coverage of components.
Edwart. Vocabulary environmental terms and definitions, 2010
See what "NATURAL COMPLEX" is in other dictionaries:
A complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant features. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary
natural complex- a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant features; ... Source: the federal law dated 01/10/2002 N 7 FZ (as amended on 06/25/2012) On protection environment … Official terminology
A complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant features (Article 1 of the Law) Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms
NATURAL COMPLEX- a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant features ... Legal Encyclopedia
The natural territorial complex is a natural combination of geographical components or complexes of the lowest rank, which are in complex interaction and form a single inseparable system of different levels from the geographical shell to the facies. ... ... Wikipedia
See Geosystem... Big Medical Dictionary
Protected area near the city of Kyshtym Chelyabinsk region, 90 km north of Chelyabinsk, between a lake and a mountain with a cave, the Kyshtym Slyudorudnik route passes. The Kyshtym Tyubuk highway passes nearby. Consists of natural monuments of Sugomakskaya ... ... Wikipedia
Geographical complex, geocomplex, geosystem, a term used to denote: 1) any interrelated natural phenomena; 2) regular spatial combinations (mosaics) of soils, vegetation, landscapes (for example, solonchak ... ... Ecological dictionary
A single inseparable system that has historically developed and spatially separated, formed by the main interacting and interdependent components of nature (the earth's crust, atmosphere, water, plants, animals), developing under ... ... Ecological dictionary
A natural combination of geographical components or complexes of the lowest rank, which are in complex interaction and form a single inseparable system of different levels from the geographical shell to the facies. Between individual PTCs and their ... ... Financial vocabulary
Books
- Atlas of the Geysernaya River Valley in the Kronotsky Reserve (+ 2 pairs of 3D glasses), . Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, established in 1934, preserves unique natural resources our country. Among them is the amazing natural complex of the valley…
The geographic envelope is not tripled in the same way everywhere, it has a "mosaic" structure and consists of separate natural complexes (landscapes). Natural complex - it is a part of the earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, topography, soils, waters, flora and fauna.
Each natural complex consists of components between which there are close, historically established relationships, while a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in others.
The largest, planetary natural complex is the geographic shell; it is subdivided into natural complexes of a smaller rank. Separation geographical shell on natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth's crust and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, and on the other hand, the unequal amount of solar heat received by its various parts. In accordance with this, zonal and azonal natural complexes are distinguished.
The largest azonal natural complexes are continents and oceans. Smaller - mountain and flat territories within the continents (West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian lowland). The latter are subdivided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, Southern Andes). Natural complexes of the lowest rank include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.
The largest of the zonal natural complexes - geographic zones. They match with climatic zones and have the same names (equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, geographical zones consist of natural zones, which are distinguished by the ratio of heat and moisture.
natural area called a large piece of land with similar natural ingredients- soils, vegetation, wildlife, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.
The main component of the natural zone is the climate, because all other components depend on it. Vegetation renders big influence on the formation of soils and wildlife and is itself dependent on soils. Natural zones are named according to the nature of the vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other features of nature.
The climate naturally changes as you move from the equator to the poles. soil, vegetation and animal world determined by climate. This means that these components should change latitudinally, following climate change. The regular change of natural zones when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning. Humid regions are located near the equator equatorial forests, at the poles - ice arctic deserts. Between them are other types of forests, savannas, deserts, tundra. Forest zones, as a rule, are located in areas where the ratio of heat and moisture is balanced (equatorial and most of temperate zone, east coasts continents in tropical and subtropical zone). Treeless zones are formed where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppes, deserts). These are the continental regions of the tropical and temperate, as well as the subarctic climate zone.
The climate changes not only latitudinally, but also due to changes in altitude. As you climb up the mountains, the temperature drops. Up to a height of 2000-3000 m, the amount of precipitation increases. A change in the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in the soil and vegetation cover. Thus, unequal natural zones are located in the mountains at different heights. This pattern is called altitudinal zonation.
The change of altitudinal belts in the mountains occurs approximately in the same sequence as on the plains, when moving from the equator to the poles. Located at the foot of the mountains natural area in which they are located. The number of altitudinal belts is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographic location. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are to the equator, the more diverse the set of altitudinal zones. Most complete vertical zonality expressed in the Northern Andes. Moist equatorial forests grow in the foothills, then there is a belt of mountain forests, and even higher - thickets of bamboos and tree-like ferns. With an increase in altitude and a decrease in average annual temperatures, coniferous forests appear, which are replaced by mountain meadows, often turning, in turn, into stony placers covered with moss and lichens. The tops of the mountains are crowned with snow and glaciers.
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