In this article, we will look at some Clever words and their meaning. Many of them are probably familiar to you. However, not everyone knows what they mean. The most taken by us from various areas human knowledge.
Quintessence
Quintessence - in medieval and ancient alchemy and natural philosophy - the fifth element, ether, the fifth element. He is like lightning. This is one of the main elements (elements), the most accurate and subtle. In modern cosmology, the quintessence is a model dark energy(its hypothetical form, which has a negative pressure and fills evenly the space of the Universe). The quintessence in a figurative sense is the most important, essential, main point, the purest and finest essence, extract.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that is an onomatopoeia resulting from phonetic assimilation various non-speech complexes. Onomatopoeic most often is vocabulary that is directly related to objects and creatures - sources of sound. These are, for example, such verbs as "meow", "croak", "rumble", "crow", and nouns derived from them.
Singularity
Singularity - which is a certain point at which the considered mathematical function tends to infinity or has some other irregular behavior.
There is also a gravitational singularity. This is a region of space-time where the curvature of the continuum turns into infinity or suffers a break, or the metric has other pathological properties that do not allow physical interpretation. - a short period of rapid technological progress, assumed by researchers. The singularity of consciousness is a globally generalizing, expanded state of consciousness. In cosmology, this is the state of the universe in which it was at the beginning big bang, it is characterized by infinite temperature and density of matter. In biology, this concept is used mainly to generalize the evolutionary process.
transcendence
The term "transcendence" (the adjective - "transcendent") comes from a Latin word meaning "to cross over". This is the term of philosophy, which characterizes something inaccessible to empirical knowledge. B was used together with the term "transcendental" to refer to God, the soul, and other concepts. Immanent is its opposite.
Catharsis
"Catharsis" is a term from modern psychoanalysis, denoting the process of removing or reducing anxiety, frustration, conflict with the help of emotional release and their verbalizations. In ancient Greek aesthetics, this concept was used to express in a word the impact on a person of art. The term "catharsis" in ancient philosophy was used to denote the result and process of ennobling, cleansing, facilitating the impact various factors per person.
Continuum
What buzzwords do you need to know? For example, the continuum. This set is equivalent to the set of all real numbers, or a class of such sets. In philosophy, this term was used by the ancient Greeks, as well as in the writings of the scholastics of the Middle Ages. AT contemporary works in connection with the change in the "continuum" is often replaced by the noun "duration", "continuity", "continuity".
Nigredo
"Nigredo" is an alchemy term for complete decomposition or the first stage of the creation of the so-called philosopher's stone. This is a formation from a homogeneous black mass of components. The next stages after the nigredo are the albedo (a white stage, which produces a lesser elixir that turns metals into silver) and rubedo (a red one, after which a great elixir is obtained).
Entropy
"Entropy" is a concept that was introduced by the German mathematician and physicist Clausius. It is used in thermodynamics to determine the measure of deviation from ideal real process, the degree of energy dissipation. Entropy, defined as the sum of reduced heats, is a state function. It is constant in various reversible processes, and in irreversible processes its change is always positive. It can be distinguished, in particular, This is a measure of the uncertainty of a certain source of messages, which is determined by the probabilities of occurrence during the transmission of certain characters.
Empathy
In psychology, buzzwords are often found, and their designations sometimes cause difficulties in defining them. One of the most popular is the word "empathy". This is the ability to empathize, the ability to put yourself in the place of another (object or person). Also, empathy is the ability to accurately identify a particular person, based on actions, facial reactions, gestures, etc.
Behaviorism
Smart words and expressions from psychology also include such a direction in this science that explains human behavior. It studies the direct connections between reactions (reflexes) and stimuli. Behaviorism directs the attention of psychologists to the study of experience, skills, as opposed to psychoanalysis and associationism.
enduro
Enduro is a style of riding on special trails or off-road, racing over long distances over rough terrain. They differ from motocross in that the race takes place on a closed track, and the lap length is from 15 to 60 km. Racers cover several laps per day, the total distance is from 200 to 300 km. The route is mainly laid in highlands and rather impassable due to the abundance of streams, fords, descents, ascents, etc. Enduro is also a mixture of city and motocross motorcycles.
They are easy to manage, like road vehicles, have increased cross-country ability. Enduro is close in a number of characteristics to cross-country. You can call them motorcycle-jeeps. One of their main qualities is unpretentiousness.
Other buzzwords and their meaning
Existentialism (in other words, the philosophy of existence) is a trend in philosophy in the 20th century that viewed man as a spiritual being capable of choosing his own destiny.
Synergetics is an interdisciplinary area of research in science, the task of which is to study natural processes and phenomena based on the principles of self-organization various systems which are made up of subsystems.
Annihilation is the reaction of the transformation of an antiparticle and a particle upon collision into some particles different from the original particles.
A priori (literal translation from Latin - "from the previous one") is knowledge that is obtained independently of experience and before it.
Modern smart words are not clear to everyone. For example, "metanoia" (from the Greek word meaning "rethinking", "after the mind") is a term that means repentance (especially in psychotherapy and psychology), regret about what happened.
Compilation (in other words, programming) is the transformation by some compiler program of text written in difficult language, into a machine, close to it, or objective module.
Rasterization is the translation of an image, which is described by a vector format, into dots or pixels for output to a printer or display. This is a process that is the inverse of vectorization.
The next term is intubation. It comes from the Latin words for "in" and "pipe". This is the introduction of a special tube into the larynx when it narrows, which threatens to suffocate (with swelling of the larynx, for example), as well as into the trachea in order to carry out anesthesia.
Vivisection is the performance of surgical operations on a living animal in order to examine the functions of the body or individual extracted organs, to study the effects of various drugs, to develop surgical methods of treatment, or for educational purposes.
The list of "Smart words and their meaning", of course, can be continued. There are many such words in various industries knowledge. We have identified only a few that are quite widespread today. Knowing buzzwords and their meaning is useful. This develops erudition, allows you to better navigate the world. Therefore, it would be nice to remember what buzzwords are called.
Clever words, borrowed from other languages, are designed to strike those around you with the intellect of the speaker or writer. And after all, many people want to know abstruse words for communication and their meaning, but they are too lazy to just look for them on the Internet and use them in simple speech. It's time to finally compile a dictionary of the most incomprehensible words in Russian and their meanings and memorize them! Where and how will it help you? For example, in reviews of new films, performances and books, in conversations with colleagues, in talk shows on TV and the blogosphere, here and there flash with an important look "insight", "excess", "existential" and, of course, trendy " the cognitive dissonance". And you do not understand a word, and no one wants to feel "close-minded" and ignorant.
Remember the proverb “The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you won’t catch it”? Full list of the smartest words in the world that can be used for conversation, and we, of course, cannot give their meaning, but we offer you a list of literate smart words for communicating with people (and their meaning) - a sort of mini-dictionary of popular clever expressions.
smart nouns
The most useful intricate words with meanings that everyone should know are nouns, because they are the basis of our speech. All these smart words, such as "insight", "collaboration", "frustration" ... So, we replenish the vocabulary with long smart words that you need to know by heart.
ADDITION
The English word addiction characterizes addiction, an addiction, a way of escaping from reality. Addictions are not only alcoholism, gambling, drug addiction, smoking. Psychologists assure: a similar addiction mechanism is found in those who overeat, live and burn at work, love extreme sports, hang out on the Internet for days, love creativity and ... fall in love. Another thing is that the forms of addiction are divided into acceptable by society, like the same workaholism or falling in love, and unacceptable, like excessive craving for alcohol.
AMPHIBOLICITY
Amphibolism is the ambiguity of a concept, its contradictory interpretation. As a rule, this word is rarely used - in dissertations, at court hearings, or in biochemical papers. But it’s not bad at all to understand if someone says “this is amphibolic” or “the amphibolic nature of this concept baffles me, because I adhered strictly to one line,” and you understand that it’s all just about the ambiguity of the concept you are discussing.
vis-a-vis
"Frenchman" vis-a-vis in Russian can be both an adverb ("sit vis-a-vis", that is, opposite each other), and a noun, moreover, masculine and female(“my smart counterpart”, “your beautiful counterpart”). You have every right to call your counterpart the one who is opposite you, with whom you are sitting face to face.
IDIOSYNCRASY
What did Stirlitz mean when he said: “I have an idiosyncrasy for rhyme”? The fact that he is completely devoid of a poetic gift. He was modest, of course ... The word with ancient Greek roots (idos - “separate, special”; synkrasis - “mixing”) was familiar only to physicians for a long time, but came into wide use as a synonym for the words “allergy”, “rejection”: “Yes, he has idiosyncrasy for everything new!”, “I have an idiosyncrasy for empty talk.”
INSIGHT
Translated from English, "insight" (insight) literally means insight, insight. This concept is used in philosophy and psychology to convey insight, a sudden understanding of something that is not inferred from past experience. So someone will say: “And then it dawned on me!” – and someone will proudly say: “I had an insight!”
COLLABORATION
The association of several equal, independent participants in order to achieve common goals in fashion, art, business, science and education is called (from English collaboration - cooperation). For example, at the end of March in honor of the 50th anniversary of the fantastic franchise " star way The cosmetics company MAS has announced the release of the Star Trek beauty collection. The make-up options will be borrowed from the movie characters of the franchise and brought to life with 25 limited-edition products for lips, eyes and face. The start of sales is in August 2016.
CARRYLISM
A phenomenon in which the interlocutor asks you a question again, although he heard it perfectly. Why is he doing this? Scientists say that a person does this consciously or subconsciously in order to have more time to formulate an answer. They (or their colleagues) are still arguing about the origin of the word. Many associate him with the American politician John Kerry, who at the end of 2015 could not immediately answer the question Russian schoolchild and asked him several times. If someone wants to accuse you of being slow to respond, tell him that this is nothing more than carrilism, and you need a couple of seconds to formulate an answer.
LIPOPHRENIC
Remember this: "Do not touch me, old woman, I am in sorrow." It was not Ivan the Terrible who said this, but a lipophrenic. In more detail, a lipophrenic is a person who feels irresistible sadness, melancholy and does not know the reasons for the appearance of this condition. Lipophrenia, which is also called apathy, depression, melancholy, usually appears from being alone for a long time, from routine activities or insufficient activity (which is relevant for today's youth), as well as from a lack of positive emotions. If you don’t want to wear the not-so-proud name “lipophrenic”, do what you love more often, virtual communication prefer live, walk more in the fresh air.
NATIFORM
Have you seen stones in the form of a heart or a tomato with a nose? If yes, then you are halfway to understanding the word “natiform”. But here more special case, because natiform is natural formation, resembling the outlines of a female body or part of it. It could be a tree that you looked at from a certain angle and saw shoulders, chest, waist, hips… Or rocks in a rock looking so bizarre that it reminded you of your ex. These are all natiforms.
palynphrasia
Have you noticed for some people that they repeat one word or phrase in almost every sentence? If not, you are lucky, and if you have met with this, congratulate your friend: he has palinphrasia. It is not contagious, but it is absolutely unpleasant when in every sentence you will be told "sir" or "I told you that ...". And so in a circle. As a result, you will not hear other words, lose the essence of the narrative and generally lose any interest in the conversation.
SYNERGY
When this word is called, they usually remember its arithmetic “formula”: 1 + 1 = 3. The ancient Greek synergeia is translated as “cooperation, commonwealth”. It means an amazing effect that occurs when several subjects or objects interact. This summed effect exceeds the return from the actions of each participant in the process separately. An example of synergy: you have mastered a few secrets of applying concealer, and your friend knows all the intricacies of mascara. By sharing life hacks, both of you, without losing your previous experience, will gain a new one, that is, you will grow up in the art of makeup.
SOPHISTRY
Philosophical movement in Ancient Greece, whose followers were famous for their ability to cunningly conduct scientific disputes, gave the name to verbal statements based on the juggling of facts, simplifications, and violations of logic. Another sophist (from the ancient Greek sophia - "skill, ability, clever invention, trick, wisdom, knowledge") is brilliantly capable of proving sheer absurdity: "Half-empty is the same as half-full. If the halves are equal, then the whole ones are equal. Therefore, the empty is the same as the full. Therefore, sophistry in figuratively they call any speech that is built on false conclusions, but disguises itself as correct, logical.
TOCHE
Borrowed from the sports sphere, the word “touché” (touchér in French - touch) draws a line to a certain dispute, when one of the interlocutors recognizes the correctness, superiority of the other after a decisive argument or verbal injection - what if you competed not in knowledge of the topic, but in wit? Touche, the argument is counted, as fencing injections or throws on the back of wrestlers, performed in accordance with all the rules, are counted.
FRUSTRATION
To fall into a state of frustration (Latin frustratio - deceit, failure, futile expectation) means to experience a whole range of negative feelings due to the inability to achieve what you want. For example, you were planning a vacation at sea, you had already packed your suitcase, and suddenly your boss postpones your vacation a month later because of an important project that you cannot do without. Naturally, you feel anger, despair, anxiety, irritation, disappointment and hopelessness ... Frequent experience of such states, psychologists say, spoils the character, strikes at self-esteem.
EGOCENTRIC
The namesake of the egoist, the egocentric (from the Latin words ego - "I" - and centrum - "center") is still not similar to him. The egocentric is focused on his own inner world, point of view, his interests, needs and does not notice others, but is able to "move", help others, hear them if he is asked for support. Egocentrism in one way or another is inherent in everyone. The egoist sees other people's interests, but deliberately ignores them, opposes himself to others, always putting his person in the first place.
EXCESS
Latin excessus means "exit, evasion". In Russian, the word consonant with “process” has two meanings. The first is an extreme manifestation of something: “This is not literature, but graphomaniac excess!” The second is an emergency, a violation of the normal course of events: "Her gossip caused a real excess in the team."
ESCAPADE
A daring, shocking, provocative, headstrong stunt in the style of Salvador Dali, Lady Gaga or Miley Cyrus, for example, a rotten herring on a hat or a dress made of raw meat - this is an escapade. The French word escapade also has a second meaning - an adventure trip - not in demand in our language.
Smart adjectives
After nouns, it's time to see a dictionary of smart adjectives for every day and their meanings, because it is the presence of adjectives in your speech that will distinguish you from other interlocutors. Decorate your speech with little-known smart words, believe me: this will help you in all areas of life. Such unfamiliar intelligent words (and their meanings) will help raise your status both among friends and among colleagues.
UPSCALING
Derived from the English adjective upscale - "high-quality, first-class, exclusive." Characterizes the absolute embodiment of the desired properties in any subject, object: upscale interior design, upscale sound, upscale image.
VERBAL
This adjective has nothing to do with a tree with fluffy buds, but very much so with our speech. Latin verbum is translated as "word", so "verbal" is verbal, oral. For example, verbal thinking verbal intelligence, verbal method. There is also the adjective "non-verbal" - not having a verbal expression: non-verbal communication, non-verbal signals.
DEVIANT
What do they mean when they talk about deviant behavior? french word deviation characterizes the deviation from the norm, whether it is the position of the compass needle, the course of an aircraft or a sea vessel, as well as a feature of the human psyche. In other words, deviant behavior destroys the personality and health of someone who prefers an asocial lifestyle, and also causes moral and material harm to others.
COGNITIVE
Translated from Latin, cognitio is knowledge, knowledge. The adjective "cognitive" describes a person's ability to acquire knowledge, the world and himself. This psychological term would not be so popular without its companion, the "Frenchman": dissonance means "discord, disharmony, inconsistency."
It turns out a kind of situation “you don’t understand mine”, when previous experience, already accumulated knowledge conflict with new information, new circumstances. There are two opposite ideas about the same thing in your head at once. Let's say your friend emphasizes that he really appreciates punctuality, you like it, and at the same time you do not remember a single meeting when he would not be late. So consider him punctual, organized, true to his word and justify his behavior as accidents or not? The need to choose one thing, evaluate and interpret the newly received picture becomes a cause of mental discomfort.
A synonym for "cognitive dissonance" can be called another set phrase, the meaning of which not everyone knows. This is a pattern break. This is a broader concept, but the essence is the same: you had some kind of scheme in your head regarding a person, concept, phenomenon, and overnight this scheme collapses due to new knowledge. It turns out that twice two is not always four. Like this?..
SMART
With English word"Smart" is translated as "smart", "smart". It is this meaning of the word "smart" that is now used in Russia. It cannot be said that it is firmly planted in the minds of Russians, but if you do not know what a “smart watch” or “smart television”, and even more so a “smartphone”, is shame and shame on you. Simply put, the prefix (or part of the word) “smart” means “smart”: smartphone = smart phone, smart watch = smart watch, etc. As you probably noticed, the word "smart" is used specifically with high-tech items, so when using it, follow the context.
TRANSPARENT
An adjective with English roots (transparent - transparent) is held in high esteem by politicians, bloggers and even cosmetologists. The former conclude transparent agreements and voice transparent positions without secrets or omissions, while the latter swear to be as open and sincere with the audience as possible. And transparent, that is, transparent powder does not look like a mask on the face and at the same time perfectly mattifies it. Yes, she can’t hide skin imperfections, but that’s another topic for conversation.
TRANSCENDENTAL
There is good understandable word"incomprehensible". And when, outside of philosophical debate, one wants to give speeches intellectual depth, some flaunt the Latin "transcendent" (transcendentis) with the same meaning. And now the speaker or writer and his audience begin to search for and discuss transcendental meanings, connections, feelings...
TRIVIAL
Banal, boring, ordinary, primitive, ordinary - that's how many synonyms the adjective "trivial" has. It has French ancestry, and in the native language trivial means the same thing - something ordinary. Fewer interlocutors for you with trivial thoughts and anecdotes, theatrical performances and a movie premiere with a trivial plot!
EXISTENTIAL
Another philosophical concept associated with being, human life. The Latin word existentia is translated as "existence". There are many things that influence our days, but the use of the epithet "existential" adds to these "agents of influence" of universal scale. Existential problems, crises, experiences are phenomena that exist at the heart of the world, manifest in reality and are often beyond the control of human will.
Conclusion
In general, if not all new words could immediately fit into your head, we advise you to compile a dictionary of complex intellectual words for conversation that few people know, with their meaning, of course, and use them as often as possible - in correspondence, when writing in a diary, in a conversation . Only in this way it will not become empty information that you will forget about when you close this page. And by the way: do not think that this is shameful or feigned. It is not at all shameful to look for and memorize tricky words with definitions in order to seem smart. After all, the query "complex words with explanations for smart people” is found in Runet very often. Note that for already “smart people”, stupid people will not even look for this.
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In the Russian language, as, indeed, in any other, there are a lot of outdated, little-known, uncommon, unusual, incomprehensible words and expressions, in other words - gloss. A collection of such words with explanations is called a glossary.
The author wanted to create a dictionary of rare and forgotten words, and not just obsolete ones. The fact is that not every obsolete word is forgotten and not every rare word is outdated. It is easy to see this if you look into the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov, which almost everyone has at hand. Here, almost a third of the words have signs " obsolete", "ancient". But it is difficult to recognize them as rare and forgotten: they are often used both in literature and in oral speech(amorous, sweetheart, execution). Such words are not included in the glossary. It is quite obvious why: they are well known to the modern reader. Another thing is words like " Grid"(member princely squad), "Custodian" (watchman), " grivoise"(playful, immodest)," shibai" (small dealer) or expressions " man of the twentieth"(employee)," Egyptian virgins"(gypsies)," on the third platoon"(very drunk). Such words and expressions are innumerable, because the layer of words, which is the name of the gloss, in the Russian language is quite powerful.
Many of them are present in the works of Russian writers from Alexander Sumarokov ( mid-eighteenth c.) to Alexander Blok (beginning of the 20th century). Not only at young reader, but even a sophisticated book lover may have difficulty reading masterpieces domestic literature golden and silver age. Especially in cases where the context does not help to understand the meaning glosses, and in explanatory dictionaries she is absent. This is where the glossary comes in.
This is a popular reference book for the thoughtful reader. belles-lettres. Hence the simplification dictionary entry, in which there are no stresses on heading words (they are in their list), grammatical and stylistic marks, indications of direct and figurative word meanings. Not in the tradition of linguistic dictionaries, a quotation from literary source. This is done so that the reader, according to the intention of the compiler, pays attention first of all to what kind of forgotten word, in what sense, in which writer and poet it occurs. For the inquisitive reader, information is also given about the origin of words, information about some realities.
The author has no doubt that his book is not without flaws, for it has been said French writer 18th century Antoine Rivarol: "There is no such work that would contain more shortcomings than a dictionary." However, the author was consoled by the lexicographer Pierre Boist, a contemporary of Rivarol, who melancholy remarked that "God alone can compose perfect dictionary". (V. P. Somov)
In the first grade, the average student knows about two thousand words and learns up to ten words a day while studying at school. Thus, upon graduation, the average citizen we are considering knows tens of thousands of words. At the same time, we use an average of five thousand words, which make up a constant vocabulary.
Importance
It is useful to know buzzwords and their meaning for talking to other people. rich speech helps to attract attention, interest a person, look better, clearly express thoughts, control the opinion of the interlocutor and gives many other pleasant bonuses. You can also find those who study buzzwords and their meaning for humiliating an opponent and gaining a sense of superiority. However, this motivation isn't perfect, although a buzzword dictionary can really help you feel better and feel superior to those who don't.
If we talk about the function that smart words carry for communication in everyday life, then rich speech, knowledge of certain quantities and their meanings attract attention. The interlocutor's brain focuses on atypical everyday speech expressions. Therefore, they begin to listen to you more attentively. As a result, your words are better remembered, and you become interesting, sharp-tongued, an interlocutor with whom it is pleasant to communicate.
In addition, knowledge of the list of buzzwords is a status norm for people who communicate with intellectuals, are fond of creativity and use brainwork. If you communicate in this area, you must have the appropriate skills. It is also important to learn how to speak reasoned and to the point, to supply your own speech with interesting accents and tones, which the words proposed below will help to achieve.
Examples
A priori. Not requiring evidence, understandable and so, obtained empirically.
Biennale. Originally an art exhibition, nowadays it is also called just a hangout associated with art. Feature - held every two years.
Vesicular. Originally a medical term that refers to vesicles found in the lungs.
Gesheft. The German word originally refers to trade and profit, and is still used in a similar sense, but it can also be used in a different, figurative, sense.
Dissonance. Originally a musical term that refers to an inharmonious combination of sounds. Now it is used quite often, including in combination with cognitive dissonance, into which everyone wants to plunge each other. Usage example: “Your illiterate use of buzzwords introduces dissonance into speech.”
Endova. Dishes for drinking and eating, but also under the valley they mean a kind of gutter between two roof slopes. If the roof complex structure, then where two differently directed slopes are connected, a valley is formed. Not often used in modern speech.
Jamevu. A term close to psychiatry, the antonym of deja vu. With jamevu, you are in familiar surroundings or circumstances in which you have repeatedly been before, but you feel as if you were here for the first time.
Is based. To understand, simply associate the given word with the word based.
Indulgence. Earlier in catholic church they sold a document for the atonement of sins, at retail, in bulk and by weight. Such a commodity was called indulgence. Now used figuratively.
Case. Originally a Latin word, relatively recently it was often used in jurisprudence. In general, it indicates strange situation, a combination of circumstances that does not depend on the actors can have both positive and negative meaning. Not noticing and stepping into a puddle is an incident, but meeting a good friend is also an incident.
Liquidity. An economic term, but now used in everyday life. Indicates your ability to convert assets or private property into money.
Skimping. Disdainful attitude. For example: “At work, Ivan skimped on his direct duties.”
Neologism. Literally translated from Latin - "new word". It can be a newly created word or a word used in a new meaning. An example from the Internet: Like is a completely new neologism.
Orthodox. Greek word, antonym for heretic. In the original meaning - a person who is faithful to the teachings, who does not deviate from the original postulates. Now it can be used in other contexts.
Puritanism. A peculiar understanding of the purity of views and behavior in society. characteristic features are moderation, conservatism of views, minimization of pleasures, claims, needs.
Radicalism. Extreme adherence to views, the use of brute methods to create change, more often in social settings.
Maxim. moralizing or wise saying. For example, “after Ivan burst out all evening in the company of friends with deep maxims on the topic of education.”
Interpretation. A similar word is interpretation. Generally we are talking about some commentary, clarification, view of a certain phenomenon. For example, “his interpretation of the Lars von Trier film is different from the generally accepted one.”
Union. A form of union or generalization. Originally a political-economic term, but it can be used in other contexts.
Frustration. The feeling when you want to get what you want but can't reach the goal.
hypocrisy. Creating a positive self-image, deliberately bright negative attitude to free views, ostentatious virtue, modesty (sometimes religiosity). Although in reality the hypocrite is far from the ideals declared aloud.
Time trouble. Lack of time.
Swaggering. Arrogant and disdainful attitude. For example, “The boss, although he kept his distance, was not swaggering, he could communicate normally and joke.”
Chauvinism. Initially, it refers to nationalism and represents its radical form. The chauvinists considered their own nation exceptional and the best. The term can be used in other contexts, but the meaning of the understanding of exclusivity is retained.
Scrupulousness. Following to each “chip”. Behaving according to standards or treating something with care and rigor.
Etymology. Area of knowledge about the origin and meaning of words. In order to replenish your own vocabulary, it is useful to study exactly the etymology.
Jurisdiction. The range of powers that government agency or structure.
Yagdtash. Hunting bag. Now the term is used as the name of a comfortable stylish bag.
Now that you know some smart Russian words and their meanings, some extra advice should be given. You should not use these terms everywhere, as for different situations put on different clothes, so for different circumstances use appropriate communication styles.
Otherwise, you will look ridiculous, throwing terms around and inserting them indiscriminately into all phrases. The beauty of speech lies in harmoniously combining words, weaving a pattern from their sound and meaning.
Mastering the art of competent communication if desired is not difficult. However, it will be equally important to pay attention to such aspects as correct diction, a well-placed voice and the appropriateness of using certain words.
There are situations when simply using buzzwords and terms is not enough, especially if they are used completely out of place and off topic. To avoid ridiculous attempts to attract the attention of the interlocutor only by inserting smart words, you should definitely study not only the meaning of these words, but also their synonyms and antonyms, the correct placement of stress, declension and gender. For example, a common mistake is to use the word "coffee" in the neuter gender or to try to pluralize the word "coat".
Another way to show yourself as a competent interlocutor is the ability to avoid banal, hackneyed and “hackneyed” expressions. Instead of “good”, you can say “intelligent” if we are talking about an employee or colleague as a specialist, instead of “beautiful” - “spectacular”, “catchy” if you are discussing the appearance of anyone, even an acquaintance, even a celebrity. With the help of a dictionary, you can choose a synonym for almost every word, at the same time understandable to everyone and at the same time quite unusual. This approach will undoubtedly draw attention to you during communication.
Parasite words can be skipped or replaced. You will not learn this immediately, but persistent and thoughtful training will help achieve the desired effect. Speak slowly, carefully considering your phrases and their logical construction. Gradually, you will definitely master the art of conducting a conversation competently, and this will help you make the right impression, and perhaps push your take-off. career ladder. Do not underestimate the ability to correctly express your thoughts and the ability to argue own opinion These skills can come in handy in any situation.
Were there Russians? What was the harlot used for? Who is Hertzumsroll? These and other words in the list of the most interesting hapaxes - words used only once in history
hapaxes(in Greek - ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, hapax legomenon, "named once") - these are words that in the entire set of texts on given language meet only once. There should be many such words in every language: statistical law Zipf, frequency dictionary any text and any combination of them contains a long tail of "ones". Most of these hapaxes consist of known roots and suffixes and are understandable even to those who have not heard them before. However, some of these words are of particular interest, especially when it comes to dead languages or literary classics: their meaning is often mysterious, the origin is unclear, and in some cases they are complete phantoms (ghost words), resulting from an erroneous interpretation of the text.
Rusichi
Old Russian language
From the album "Peoples of Russia". France, 1812-1813 Bibliothèque nationale de FranceThe most famous ancient Russian hapax is the word Russians. True, it occurs not once, but four times, but only in one short text - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". But few of our contemporaries are unfamiliar with this word: in dozens of popular books and films, residents Ancient Russia that's just what they are called, so now the word "Rusich" has become a popular patriotic name for anything: from a subway car to a cinema. And yet themselves East Slavs usually called themselves simply collectively - rus. No one ancient monument with Russians more could not be found, except for obvious rough fakes like the Veles book. Even in the medieval imitation of the "Word" - "Zadonshchina" - the words Russians not in any of the lists, but there is Russian sons.
For a long time, a minority of scholars defended the view that the Lay, whose only manuscript burned down in 1812, is a forgery. Of course, the name of the inhabitants of Russia, which is not found anywhere else, served these authors as one of the arguments in favor of the falsification of the monument. Now it is shown that this word does not actually contradict the old Russian norms; rare options for -ichi were in most of the names of peoples and denoted "children of a common ancestor." In addition, Ukrainian folklore found similar word Russovichi. "Word" is a poetic text, so unusual name could well have been used.
Blood cutter
Old Russian language
In one Old Russian text, the list of property mentions bledorez forged. The "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries" includes the word "fornication" with the indication "the meaning is unclear." The imagination draws some kind of forged metal tool, the purpose of which is better not to think about.
Linguist Vadim Krysko solved the riddle of the "fornication cutter". This word simply does not exist: the letter “yus” (ѫ) is read not as most often - “y”, but as “yu”, and we have before us simply “a dish - a forged cut”, that is, a dish with a forged carved pattern. Nominative in such cases, it happens modern language: for example, in the inscription on the price tag “gloves leather”.
Dzheregelya
Ukrainian language
Father Ukrainian literature Ivan Kotlyarevsky in the poem "Aeneid" wrote:
Here the dzheregeli were wedded,
Crushes on the heads.
In the Ukrainian-Russian glossary attached to the "Aeneid", he explained that these are "braids, finely braided and set out in a wreath on the head." Since then, this word has been included in various dictionaries. Ukrainian language, including a small dictionary compiled by the young N.V. Gogol; but all its uses ultimately go back to Kotlyarevsky. Where he got the word from and whether it exactly means what the glossary says is unclear. AT " Etymological Dictionary» 1985, he is associated with the Polish ceregiela("ceremony"), but the meaning Polish word completely different. For a while, the Russian Wikipedia had an article called Dzheregeli, illustrated with a photograph of Yulia Timoshenko, but then it (the article) was deleted.
Gertsum-roll
Belarusian language
Cab driver in Vilna www.oldurbanphotos.com In the classic play by Yanka Kupala "Tuteishya" ("Local" or "Local"), one hero meets another, carrying a cart with all sorts of junk, and tells him:
“Smoke what’s with you? Qi didn’t you write free men’s hertzum-srolik? - like a wheelbarrow yaki, drumming this brychka with himself.
More Belarusian texts with the word gertsum-srolik no. But he managed to find it in the essays in Russian “Journey through Polesye and the Belarusian Territory” by Pavel Shpilevsky, where, when describing the Nemiga floods, it says:
“Since this channel is sometimes quite large, bridges are arranged to cross it: however, fast water demolishes the footbridges on the same day as they are arranged, and then you have to move in hired cab carts (in the genus Viennese Zeiselwagen) of the so-called Hertzumsrollers-Jews, flying to the shores of Novaya Nemiga in countless numbers and collecting pennies from riders for transportation.
As you can conclude, this word means a Minsk Jew, moonlighting as a cab driver, a kind of "bomb", a "free" non-professional. It is logical to look for its etymology in the Yiddish language. Linguist Alexandra Polyan suggested that it consists of her cu- “hey, you” and “Srolik” (in Ukrainian Yiddish Srul) is a common Jewish name, a diminutive of Israel.
ΣАΣТНР
Ancient Greek
"Chersonese oath" - a monument from the territory of the Crimea (under the present Sevastopol), found on central square ancient city Chersonese Tauride in the 1890s. Dated to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. This is a marble slab with a long text of the Chersonese citizen's oath. Among the understandable oaths (“I will not betray anything to anyone, neither the Greeks nor the barbarian”, “I will not violate democracy”, “I will not plot a conspiracy”, “I will be an enemy to malefactors”) there is also this: “I will protect the saster (ΣАΣТНР) for the people”.
No other Greek text of the Old or Modern times has this word. The literature on the saster is enormous. There are many hypotheses, including very eccentric ones. Max Vasmer and Lev Elnitsky, for example, believed that the saster was the Scythian governor of Chersonese, S. A. Zhebelev believed that this was some kind of sacred object, for example, an idol; V. V. Latyshev (the first publisher of the inscription) - that this is some legal concept such as the civil oath. Parallels were searched for this word in Iranian and other languages. Appeared historical novels, where the sacred saster appears towering over the Chersonese shore; in Sevastopol, a festival called "Saster of Chersonese" was held. On the Internet, you can listen to a song with the words “And I’ll find a magical saster” (with an emphasis on “a”) and read verses with the line “An unknown saster melting from us” (with an emphasis on “e”).
But what is or who is the “saster”, which (whom) the Chersonesos had to protect for the people, no one knows for sure. It will be possible to solve this problem only if someday in the Black Sea region there is another inscription with this word.
Celtis
Latin language
Vulgate ( latin translation Bible, made by St. Jerome) in most editions contains the following edition of verses 23-24 of chapter 19 of the Book of Job:
Quis mihi tribuat ut scribantur sermones mei? Quis mihi det ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo et plumbi lamina, vel celte sculpantur in silice?
(“Oh, if my words were written down! If they were inscribed in a book with an iron chisel and tin, they would be carved on a stone for eternity!”)
Where the Russian translation of the word "for eternity" (they are in both the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible; Jerome missed them for some reason), is the Latin word celte- it can only be an ablative (in this case, an analogue of Russian instrumental) from the word Celtis, meaning, judging by the context, some kind of stone carving tool, such as "chisel" or "chisel". Word Celtis not found, except for the translation of the Bible, in any ancient text; all of its medieval examples depend on the Vulgate. The word has hit many Latin dictionaries, and in the Renaissance it was taken as a name by the humanist Konrad Celtis, whose real name Bikel means in German "pick, pick, ice ax."
In many of the oldest lists of the Vulgate, in place of the word celte worth the well-known certificate- "exactly" ( vel certe Jerome means something like "or"). A number of researchers considered that celte- a complete phantom, the result of a typo instead of certificate. The philologist Max Niedermann rehabilitated this word, showed that there is no reason to consider it a secondary reading, and led to it a number of interesting Indo-European parallels. That the word for instrument did not find its way into the bulk of Latin texts, only a small part of which is devoted to technical topics, is not surprising.
