Abstract of a lesson in biology on the topic "Respiratory Organs" (grade 9 VIII type)
The purpose of the lesson:1. Show application features various methods and methods of working with students different stages lesson.
2. Show usage value didactic material in corrective work teachers.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- generalize and consolidate knowledge in the sections: "The system of the circulatory organs" and "The musculoskeletal system".
- to study with students the respiratory system, its parts;
- continue to form an interest in the structure of your body;
- to continue the formation of skills and abilities in project activities in the preparation of mini-projects,
- broaden your horizons.
Correction-developing:
- improve the ability to analyze, compare, generalize, think logically when performing various tasks;
- to correct and develop memory, visual-motor reaction of students;
- to develop students' speech, thinking, attention;
- enrich vocabulary;
- develop creative imagination when working with illustrations
(photo) to text;
- on the example of the presentation to show the possibility of using ICT.
Educational:
- motivation healthy lifestyle life,
- to raise interest in the study of the life of your body on the example of the respiratory system
- to interest and encourage to search additional information based on interdisciplinary connections,
- promote positive motivation for learning activities,
- develop self-reliance in the preparation of presentations, messages.
Equipment for the lesson:
1. Presentation on the topic: "Respiratory Organs" (slides).
2. Table: "Respiratory organs, structure."
3. Table: "Choose the correct answer."
4. Creative task using biological concepts and illustrations.
5. Handout for individual work.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson plan:
I. Organization of students for the lesson.
II. Examination homework.
III. Learning new material.
IV. Fizkultminutka.
V. Fixing a new topic.
VI. Summing up the lesson.
VII. Analysis and evaluation of work in the lesson.
VIII. Reflection
IX. Explanation of homework.
I. Organization of students for the lesson.
W: Hello guys! Please check your readiness for the lesson.
Students check their readiness for the lesson.
II. Checking homework.
U: Guys, let's recall the studied organ systems of the human body.
You prepared mini-projects on the topics: "The musculoskeletal system" and "The circulatory system."
Let's check the knowledge. The word for the defense of a mini-project on the topic: "The musculoskeletal system" is provided to the representative of the 1st group of students.
The word for the defense of a mini-project on the topic: "The circulatory system" is given to a representative of the 2nd group of students.
T: Questions for the class:
1) Name the organs musculoskeletal system.
Answers: The organs of the musculoskeletal system include muscles and the skeleton.
2) Name the organs of the circulatory system.
Answer: The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
3) Name the factors negative influence to the circulatory organs.
The use of alcohol, drugs, smoking has a harmful effect on the circulatory organs.
4) Name the factors positive impact to the circulatory organs.
Strengthening and healing of the circulatory organs cause sports, physical education.
III. Exploring a new topic.(sl.1)
Today in the lesson we begin to study new system organs. You will learn the name of the system by completing the task: arrange the letters in descending order of the sizes of these letters (sl.2).
So, we begin to study the respiratory system.
The topic of our lesson is "Respiratory Organs".(sl.3). We opened a notebook, wrote down the date and topic of the lesson.
Plan. (Word No. 4)
1. The meaning of breathing.
2. Respiratory organs and their function.
3. Respiratory hygiene.
Breathing is extremely important for a person. It is known that without food
he can live for several weeks, without water - several days, and without air - only a few minutes. A person breathes constantly when he works, eats, sleeps, walks.
Breathing consists of inhalation and exhalation. (sl.5). The processes of inhalation and exhalation. (sl.6).
The mechanism of inhalation. (sl.7) During inhalation, air with oxygen enters human organism. Mechanism of exhalation (sl. 8). During exhalation, air is removed from the body.
Why is breathing so important. The work of every cell, every organ of our body is associated with energy consumption. Energy is produced by the body itself. Every cell undergoes a chemical reaction that releases energy. For chemical reaction oxygen is needed, which enters the body during inspiration. As a result of a chemical reaction, carbon dioxide and water vapor are released, which are removed during exhalation. Thus, it can be seen that the respiratory organs ensure the exchange of gases between the body and environment.
Breath- the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment (sl. No. 9).
Let's draw a conclusion and determine the importance of breathing. (sl. No. 10).
The meaning of breathing.
1. Supply of oxygen.
2. Removal carbon dioxide.
3. Removal of water vapor.
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. But before oxygenated air reaches the lungs, it has to pass through a number of organs. These organs make up the respiratory system (case No. 11). Respiratory organs are represented by the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, oral cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx) and lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs).
Breathing begins with the entry of air into the nasal cavity (sl. No. 14,15,16.17).
The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane, which is covered with numerous hairs and penetrated blood vessels. Mucus kills microbes, hairs clean dust, blood vessels warm the air.
Why is mouth breathing not recommended?
Why can't you scream in the cold?
Why is the nose red in the cold?
From the nasal cavity, air enters the nasopharynx (sl.18).
Nasopharynx- the junction of the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. The nasopharynx is lined with mucous and permeated with blood vessels. The nasopharynx is involved in conducting and warming the air.
From the nasopharynx, air enters the larynx. (sl. No. 19,20,21,22) The larynx is located in the upper part of the neck. It is formed by cartilage, which are interconnected by ligaments and muscles. In the larynx are vocal cords and between them the glottis. When a person speaks, a jet of air vibrates the vocal cords and a sound is produced. During inhalation and exhalation, air passes through the larynx.
Therefore, the larynx is involved in the conduction of air and voice formation.
Air enters the trachea from the larynx.
(sl. No. 23,24).
The trachea is a tube 10-15 cm long. It is made up of cartilaginous half rings. The soft back wall of the trachea does not interfere with the passage of food through the esophagus. This structure does not delay the passage of air during any movements of the neck. The trachea is involved in the conduction of air.
The lower part of the trachea is divided into two bronchi (case No. 25). Large bronchi branch into small ones, like branches near a tree. The bronchi are involved in the conduction of air.
The smallest bronchi terminate in pulmonary vesicles.
The pulmonary vesicles are permeated with a dense network of blood vessels.
The smallest bronchi and pulmonary vesicles form the lungs (sl. No. 26)
Occurs in the lungs
Gas exchange (sl. No. 27)
After gas exchange, exhalation takes place through the same organs, only in the opposite direction.
Name the organs through which air passes during exhalation?
IV. Physical education minute. Relaxation pause.(sl.28)
Let's make observations.
We close one nasal passage, and bring a piece of cotton wool to the other. Let's inhale and exhale. (sl. 29)
What are we seeing?
Let's make observations.
Let's take a deep breath in and a deep breath out. Let's take a light breath and try to take a deep breath.
(sl. No. 30)
What are we seeing?
Draw conclusions from your observations.
V. Consolidation of the studied material.
Define breathing.
What is the importance of breathing?
From listed functions choose only those related to breathing.
The teacher flips the words and reverse side the sentence "Organs of the respiratory system" is obtained. The teacher suggests placing the respiratory organs under the name.
The next task is related to the definition of the respiratory organs in the illustration.
Determine under what numbers the respiratory organs are indicated. (sl.31,32)
Next task. According to the structural features and functions performed, determine the organ of the respiratory system. (Slide No. 33)
Individual work on cards.
Cards number 1.
Connect the respiratory organ and the function it performs (sl. No. 34,35).
Cards number 2.
Arrange the respiratory organs in the order in which air passes through them from the nasal cavity to the lungs.
VI. Summing up the lesson.
Today at the lesson we began to study the respiratory system.
What process in the body is called respiration?
List the respiratory organs.
And in conclusion, I would like to remind you once again that health must be protected
from a young age. Remember that smoking is the most common bad habit in our society, provides bad influence on all organs, including the respiratory organs.
Compare the lungs of a smoker and a non-smoker (slide #36). I hope everyone draws their own conclusion. The one who did not start and do not start smoking, and the one who smokes must definitely quit this addiction.
VII. Analysis and evaluation of work.
The teacher analyzes and evaluates the work of the student in the lesson.
VIII. Reflection(sl.37).
Continue the sentence:
1. I liked the lesson ...
2. I remembered in the lesson ...
3. I learned…
IX. Explanation of homework. 1. Textbook, pp. 77-80, read, retell
2. Creative task:
1. Find on your body the places where the organs of the respiratory system are located.
2. Prepare messages, presentations on the topics:
The effect of tobacco smoke on the human body
Diseases of the respiratory system (tuberculosis, pneumonia).
(sl. No. 38)
X. Thank you for your attention. (sl. 39)
Lesson topic: Breath. The human body's need for oxygen. The structure of the respiratory system.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: study the structural features of the respiratory system; find the relationship between the structure of organs and the functions they perform; reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism; find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
Developing: continue the formation of the basics of hygiene (respiratory hygiene rules);
develop the ability to compare, analyze and draw conclusions;
Educational:
Bring up careful attitude to your body, to your health, to the health of others;
Draw an analogy: breathing is life;
Equipment: tables: "Respiratory organs", "Larynx and organs of the oral cavity during breathing and swallowing", presentation "Human respiratory system".
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating the knowledge necessary to study new material.
Passes through the nose to the chest
And keeps the way back
He is not visible, and yet
We cannot live without it.
(air, oxygen)
Front poll:
1) Why does the body need oxygen? (Oxygen is involved in chemical processes splitting complex organic matter, as a result of which the energy necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism, its growth, movement, nutrition, reproduction, etc. is released. 6 cells)
2) What is called breathing? (Respiration is the intake of oxygen into the body and the release of carbon dioxide. 6 cells.)
3) Where is energy produced and stored in the cell? (Mitochondria are organelles whose main function is to oxidize organic compounds accompanied by the release of energy. This energy goes into the synthesis of adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) molecules, which serves as a kind of universal cellular accumulator.)
4) How are metabolism and respiration related? (Respiration is a part of metabolism in which gas exchange occurs between the body and the external environment: oxygen enters the body from the external environment, and carbon dioxide is removed from the body. 8 cells.)
5) What is the purpose of the respiratory organs? (The respiratory organs saturate the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. 6 cells)
6) What respiratory organs in animals do you know? (gills, trachea, lungs)
7) Does the structure of the respiratory system depend on the habitat of animals?
8) Is it possible to assume that the respiratory system of humans and mammals has a similar structure? Justify the answer.
9) What part does the circulatory system take in breathing? (Blood performs a transport function.)
3. Learning new material.
1) The teacher formulates the topic of the lesson: The structure and functions of the respiratory system
The teacher formulates the purpose of the lesson:
study the structural features of the respiratory system;
reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism;
We often say: "We need this, like air!". What does this proverb mean?
Even the ancient Greek scientist Anaximenes, observing the breathing of animals and humans, considered air to be the condition and root cause of life. Great doctor Ancient Greece Hippocrates called the air "the pasture of life." Although the concept of air as the only separate cause of all that exists is naive, they reflect an understanding of great importance air for the body.
Let's make a practical observation: take a calm breath and hold your breath. What are you observing? How long do you experience shortness of breath?
How many days can a person live without food? Without water? And without air? (up to 30 days, up to 8 days, up to 5 minutes)
Why without air, even trained people can do no more than 6 minutes?
Air contains oxygen. Longer oxygen starvation can lead to death. After all, in our body there are no reserves of oxygen, so it must evenly enter the body.
Breath- this is gas exchange between the body and the external environment: oxygen enters the body from the outside, and from the body into external environment carbon dioxide is released.
The breathing process is
from 4 stages:
exchange of gases between air environment and light;
exchange of gases between lungs and blood;
transport of gases by blood;
gas exchange in tissues.
The respiratory system performs only the first part of gas exchange. The rest is performed by the circulatory system. between respiratory and circulatory systems there is a deep relationship.
The human respiratory organs functional feature can be divided into two groups: air-bearing, or respiratory, and gas exchange organs.
Airways: nasal cavity → nasopharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi.
Organs of gas exchange: lungs.
2) The structure of the organs of the respiratory tract. Completing task 140 on page 92 workbook.
Human respiratory organs
| Where is located | Structural features | ||
| nasal cavity | On the front of the skull | It is formed by the bones of the facial part of the skull and a number of cartilages. Inside the nasal cavity is divided into two halves. 3 protrusions (turbinates) protrude into each half, significantly increasing the surface of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity is abundantly supplied with cilia, blood vessels, and mucus-secreting glands. | Purification, humidification, disinfection and warming of air, perception of smells. |
| Nasopharynx | Connects the nasal cavity and larynx |
||
| In front of the neck at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae | Consists of several cartilages connected by joints and ligaments. The largest cartilage of the larynx is the thyroid. Cartilages surround the laryngeal fissure; the epiglottis covers it from above, protecting it from food. At the base of the larynx lies the cricoid cartilage. The vocal cords are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. | The larynx is part of the respiratory tract; the larynx contains voice box- an organ that produces sounds |
|
| The tube is 8.5 - 15 long, more often 10-11 cm. It has a solid skeleton in the form of cartilaginous semirings. The soft back of the trachea is adjacent to the esophagus. The mucous membrane contains numerous cells of the ciliated epithelium. | Part of the airways, purifies the air, humidifies the air |
||
| At the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, the trachea divides into 2 main bronchi | In the lungs, the main bronchi branch to form the bronchial tree. The bronchi are lined with ciliated epithelium | Part of the airways, purify and humidify the air |
|
| In the chest cavity | Each lung is covered on the outside with a thin membrane - the pleura, which consists of 2 sheets. One sheet covers the lung, the other lines the chest cavity, forming a closed receptacle for this lung. Between these sheets is a slit-like cavity, which contains a little fluid that reduces friction when the lungs move. Lung tissue is made up of bronchi and alveoli | Organ of gas exchange |
4. Fixing.
Why should you breathe through your nose and not through your mouth?
Why does a piece of lung immersed in water not sink?
How is sound produced and formed?
Task 138 p. 91 in the workbook.
Task 142 p. 93 in the workbook.
5. Homework:
1. Study the text and drawings of the textbook on pages 158-161.
In the course of this lesson, we will learn about what types of breathing exist and what organs provide this process.
Subject:Respiratory system
Lesson: The structure of the respiratory system
Rice. one.
Without food and water, a person can live for several days, but without air he cannot live even 10 minutes.
Respiration is the process of oxygen entering our body for the purpose of oxidation. chemical substances and removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic products.
There are 2 types of breathing (see Fig. 2).
Rice. 2.
Oxygen is integral part air. It contains 21% there (see Fig. 3).
Rice. 3 .
The respiratory system is necessary for oxygen to enter the body (see Fig. 4). It consists of airways and lungs.
Rice. 4.
The airways include the nasal cavity, nasopharynx (this is the VRT), larynx, trachea, bronchi.
The respiratory part includes the lungs.
During normal breathing, air enters the human body through the nose. It passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity, which is divided into 2 halves by an osteochondral septum (see Fig. 5).
The walls of the nasal passages are lined with mucous membranes. It secretes mucus, which moisturizes the incoming air, traps dust particles and microorganisms, and has a bactericidal property. Located under the mucous membrane a large number of blood vessels that warm the inhaled air. Also, the nasal cavity is equipped with receptors that provide sneezing.
Rice. 5.
The nasal cavity is connected to the cavities of the bones of the skull: maxillary, frontal and sphenoid. These cavities are resonators for voice formation.
From the nasal cavity, air through the internal nostrils (choanae) enters the nasopharynx, and from there into the larynx.
The larynx is formed by cartilage, its cavity is lined with a mucous membrane and is equipped with receptors that cause a reflex cough (see Fig. 6). When swallowing, the entrance to the larynx is closed by the epiglottic cartilage.
Rice. 6. Larynx
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the thyroid. It protects the larynx from the front.
Rice. 7. Thyroid cartilage
Thus, the functions of the larynx:
Preventing particles from entering the trachea
First you need to find the thyroid cartilage on the neck. After that, perform a swallowing movement. So you can feel that when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage first rises up, then falls down. This is defense mechanism, in which the epiglottis closed, preventing food from entering the Airways.
At the moment of swallowing, breathing stops. Because during swallowing, the tongue closes the exit from the nasopharynx, and the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea.
Therefore, during an active conversation in the process of eating, a person may choke.
The larynx passes into the trachea. The walls of the trachea are formed by cartilaginous semirings. The posterior wall of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus, does not have cartilage. This is due to the fact that not to interfere with the passage of the food bolus through the esophagus.
At the bottom, the trachea divides into 2 bronchi. The trachea and bronchi are internally lined with a mucous membrane covered with ciliated epithelium. Here the air continues to warm and humidify.
Bibliography
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard.
2. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Shvetsov G.G. / Ed. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard.
3. Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology. 8. - M.: Ventana-Count.
3. Medical encyclopedia ().
Homework
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard. - S. 138, assignments and question 1, 2; with. 139, tasks and question 5.
3. What is the structure of the trachea? What is it connected with?
4. Prepare small message about diseases caused by the accumulation of pus and foreign matter in the sinuses of the human skull.
Knowledge of the world
TOPIC: “Respiratory organs. Lungs and their work.
GOALS: to form the concept of the respiratory organs, their functions and the importance of breathing for the body; introduce the rules of respiratory hygiene, explain the need to comply with these rules; develop thinking, memory, attention, curiosity, promote the cultivation of cooperation, self-control.Equipment: table on the topic, model of human organs.DURING THE CLASSESThe largest blood vessel coming from the heart. (aorta)
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to all organs and tissues. (arteries)
What does the blood carry away from the body (takes away in the lungs)? (carbon dioxide)
What vessels carry dark blood back to the heart? (veins)
What are the smallest blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell in our body called? (capillaries)
This muscular sac is located on the left side of the chest and acts as a pump. (a heart)
What does arterial blood carry to each cell? (oxygen)
This fluid supplies all the organs in the human body with oxygen, nutrients and vitamins. (blood)
Org.moment. The topic of the lesson.
Checking homework. Crossword.
Assimilation of new material.
When we breathe, our body receives oxygen, which we need as the most important gas for life. Our brain can live without it for no more than 5 minutes. All the cells that make up the body take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Our breathing apparatus consists of two lungs. Passing from the nose and mouth to the lungs, the air passes into them through channels that gradually decrease in size. This canal system is like a tree upside down (trunk, branches, leaves), where the trunk is the trachea, the branches are the bronchi, the leaves are the alveoli. Breathing allows us to speak because it makes the vocal cords vibrate like guitar strings and produce sounds.
We inhale and draw air through our nostrils. It quickly passes through the nasal cavity and enters the windpipe - the trachea. It's pretty cleverly designed. When we swallow something, the trachea closes with a small flap so that food does not inadvertently enter the lungs. And when we take a breath, the pharynx closes, and the air runs not into the stomach, but into the lungs.
But if we decide to scream or laugh while swallowing food, the damper may not close in time, a crumb or drop will fall into the trachea, and we will have to cough for a long time until it flies out.
Breath
The lungs (1) are like an air pump that is powered by the chest muscles. The lungs expand to take in air and contract to let it out. balloon. When we inhale, air passes from the mouth and nose into the trachea (2), then into two wide tubes - the bronchi (3), which branch into smaller bronchi (4). From the inside, the bronchi are covered with tiny cilia. These moist cilia capture dust particles that have managed to slip through the trachea along with the air. It must enter the lungs completely fresh air. The bronchi act as a filter. The smallest bronchi terminate in alveoli, which look like millions of air bubbles. Small blood vessels run next to the alveoli. The blood takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli, which we exhale.
Inhale and exhale.
Breathing movement does not obey the will of man. we breathe without thinking about it. But you can inhale and exhale more strongly or hold your breath for a short time. When we inhale (A), the chest muscles push the ribs apart, rib cage and the lungs expand and take in air. When we exhale (B), the muscles relax, the ribs move, the lungs contract, and the air escapes.
observation.
DO PHYSICAL EXERCISES
COUNT THE NUMBER OF BREATHINGS AND EXHAUSTS IN 1 MIN
CONCLUSION
5. Riddle.
HERE IS A MOUNTAIN, AND AT THE MOUNTAIN
TWO DEEP HORE.
IN THESE HOLES THE AIR Wanders,
IT COMES IN, IT GOES OUT. (Nose)
6. Assumption.
Why can the nasal cavity be called a filter, a stove, a controller, guard post organism?
The blood vessels of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity perform, as it were, the role of water heating, heating the inhaled air to body temperature. In contact with the mucosa, the inhaled air is moistened and cleaned of dust particles, which settle on a thin layer of mucus that covers this membrane. Nerve endings olfactory nerves exercise "control" chemical composition inhaled air, it is the only organ capable of perceiving odors.
Explain the meaning of the following hygiene rule:
Can't be human
Seal in a box.
Ventilate your home
Better and more often. (Mayakovsky)
7. Drawing up rules for respiratory hygiene and measures to prevent respiratory diseases.
Group work.
Make a word from letters:
What causes severe respiratory damage?
Iruekne (smoking)
Without food and water, a person can live for several days, but without air, he cannot live even for a few minutes. In a room where a lot of people gather, it is difficult to breathe, there is less oxygen in the air. Spoils the air, making it unbreathable and tobacco smoke. There is always dust in the air. Talking, coughing, and sneezing sick people release germs into the air, so be sure to ventilate your room and classroom frequently. Walk more in the forest, in the fields and meadows. in parks and squares and other places where there is a lot of greenery. There the air is especially clean and fresh, contains more oxygen.
Being indoors,remember the basic rules:
Be sure to ventilate your room, open the window before going to bed.
Do not clean clothes and shoes indoors. Wash floors frequently and wipe dust off items with a damp cloth.
Dry your feet thoroughly before entering a room.
Cover your mouth with a tissue when coughing and sneezing.
Consolidation.
1. Reading the text of the textbook with notes.
What did you learn new?
2. Riddle.
TWO AIR PETALS,
PINK LIGHTLY,
THE IMPORTANT WORK IS DONE
AND HELP US TO BREATHE. (Lungs)
Summary of the lesson.
Name and show the respiratory organs.
Homework.
Volkova Tatyana Viktorovna,
specialist the highest category top level, GU " high school No. 19 of the education department of the akimat of the city of Kostanay "
Grade: 8
lesson plan the date
Lesson biology
Theme of the lesson: "The meaning of breathing. The structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system" - (flipchart page 3- document Microsoft office Word ).
The purpose of the lesson (flipchart, page 2) :
to study the structural features of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: form picture of the importance of breathing as vital important process for life; to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of the respiratory (air-carrying) tract, to find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
Developing: improve skills with scientific text, table, drawings, video material, the ability to think logicallyand present the results mental operations in oral and writing, to form the ability to conduct a scientific dialogue;
Educational:
to educate students in a culture of speech, careful attitude to their body, to their health, to the health of others.
Lesson type: a lesson in the study and primary consolidation of new knowledge with elements of problem-based learning.
Form of study: individual, frontal, in pairs and in groups.
Lesson methods: reproductive, partially exploratory (associated with setting up and explaining experiments), problem method(when solving problematic tasks), independent work with a textbook and analysis of new information.
Equipment: model of the larynx, human torso with internal organs, flipchart, video materials “The meaning of breathing”, “The structure of the nasal cavity”, “ Electronic manual in biology. Grade 8 "(Volkova T.V., ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2) , interactive board, a computer.
While I breathe I hope.
(Roman poet Ovid).
During the classes
Lesson stage
Content educational material
MO
FOPD
Preparation for EAEA, UNT
Tasks for the development of functional literacy
Individual correctional work
I . Org.
moment
II .Knowledge update:
III . Motivation
I IV . Study n/m:
V . Fasten
nie
VI . findings
VII . let me know
the results of the lesson.
VIII . D/W:
VIII .
Reflection:
The lesson is interactive
The student is not passive
He's in the thick of things
Makes many discoveries
What's on lesson learns,
It leads to development.
Solving a biological problem (flipchart, page 3) :
(Students are divided into 3 groups, each group receives a biological task).
BUT) A person can live without food for several weeks, without water - for several days, without oxygen - no more than 10-20 minutes. Explain why?
B).The Roman poet Ovid wrote
: "While I breathe I hope". What did he want to say? Justify your answer.
AT). How much air (cubic meters) does a class of 25 people expend on breathing during 45 minutes of a lesson, if one ninth grader on average takes 16 breaths per 1 minute of 500 cm3 of air?
(flipchart, page 4).
Back in antiquity breath considered the cause of life.
Explain the saying "We need it like air" which proves it.
(People have noticed that without air a person dies after a few minutes (at most after 10, and a trained organism after 20 minutes).
Teacher: people did not know for a long time that it takes 2m for one person to breathe in a hermetically sealed room 3 air for 1 hour. So in 1846, a battalion of soldiers died on the ship "Mary Soames", who took refuge during a storm in the hold, although the ship remained absolutely unharmed.
(flipchart, page 5).
After watching the video clip “The Importance of Breathing for Humans”, answer the problematic questions:
But why do we breathe?
What is the importance of breathing for any living organism, including humans?
(The teacher, together with the class, discusses these problematic issues and proceeds to communicate the objectives of the lesson, leads to the necessary conclusions.)
– Open your notebooks and write down the topic of today's lesson.
Topic: “The meaning of breathing. The structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system.
Lesson Objectives: (flipchart, page 6).
1. Do you know…(flipchart, page 7).
that an adult makes 15-17 breaths per minute (about 2 thousand times a day), and a newborn child takes 1 breath per second. Breathing does not stop working from the birth of a person until his death, because our body cannot exist without breathing. It has been proven that an adult exhales 4 glasses of water per day (about 800 ml), and a child - about two (about 400 ml). In an adult, about 7 thousand liters of air passes through the lungs.
2. Working with terms(flipchart, page 8).
Basic terms and concepts in the lesson.
Respiration, airways, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, epiglottis, vocal cords, glottis, Adam's apple, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs.
3. Importance of breathing(flipchart, page 9).
using the material on p. 163 paragraph 37 of the textbook edited by R. Alimkulov, fill in the cluster "The meaning of breathing":
Formation and removal of CO 2
Providing the body
oxygen
The meaning of breath
Removal of some end products of metabolism: water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases
Oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds with the release of energy, necessary for a person for life
Class conversation:
Organic matter + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
From the oxidation equation, we see that for the life of a living organism, including humans, it is necessary energy. Where does it come from?
That's right, we breathe for energy, i.e. Oxygen is the basis of the life of a living organism.
So what is breathing? (notebook entry).
Breath - This is a set of processes that ensure the supply of oxygen, its use in the oxidation of organic substances and the removal of carbon dioxide and some other substances. …
4). The structure and functions of the respiratory system(flipchart, page 10).
The respiratory organs are the air gates to the body.
BUT).Biological task:
Imagine a molecule atmospheric oxygen that enters the lungs during inhalation. Mentally trace the path this molecule will take with the air from the nostrils to the lungs and fill in the "Respiratory system" diagram. Check your answer.
The human respiratory system a set of organs that provide external respiration (gas exchange between inhaled atmospheric air and blood).
B). Respiratory (air) ways divided into upper (nasal cavity, nasopharynx and larynx) and lower (trachea and bronchi) (flipchart, page 11).
AT). Exercise:
In the course of studying the structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system, we will try to fill in the table. Redraw it, please.
(It is better to print and distribute the table in advance so as not to waste the lesson time on this).
Table "Structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system":
Organ name
Structure
Functions
G). Upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity and nasopharynx
a). The airway begins in the nasal cavity(flipchart, page 12).
“Without a nose, a man knows what
– a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen,
Just take it and throw it out the window!”
N.V. Gogol.
But seriously, why did a person have a nose? After all, his ancestors great apes, He was absent! To find out about this, I suggest you answer questions after watchingvideo about the nasal cavity:
What structural features of the nose help it cope with this function?
(The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by a special partition - the palate. During normal breathing, air passes through the nasal openings intonasal cavity , which is divided by an osteo-cartilaginous septum (it is she who gives the shape to the nose) into two halves. In each half there are sinuous nasal passages that increase the surface of the nasal cavity. They are lined from the inside with a mucous membrane containing cells of the ciliated (ciliated) epithelium, blood vessels and glands that secrete mucus. In an adult, the mucous membrane secretes 0.5 liters of mucus per day. If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then in 70 years 5 kg of dust would accumulate in the lungs.
The nasal cavities are equipped with sensitive cells that provide a protective function: the sneeze reflex).
What are the functions of the nose?
(retains dust particles and microorganisms settling on the walls of the cavity;warms and humidifies the incoming air; olfactory; participation in speech and facial expressions).
It is interesting…
The ciliated epithelium brings out up to 20-30 grams of dust per day.
If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then 5 kg would accumulate in the lungs in 70 years.
In an adult, the nasal mucosa secretes 0.5 liters of mucus.
b). Nasal hygiene (flipchart, page 13).
Video fragment "Sneezing and coughing".
in). Observations: “Check the passage of air through the nasal passages”
(flipchart, page 14).
Experience: close one nasal passage, and bring a light piece of cotton wool to the other. A jet of air will throw it away when you exhale, and press it against the nasal opening when you inhale.(This technique can be shown on the subject).
Air enters the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity top part pharynx) internal nostrils - choanami, and then down the throat with which the oral cavity communicates. Therefore, we can breathe through the mouth.
G). Biological task: What happens if we breathe through our mouths in freezing weather? Explain why.
The pharynx crosses the digestive and respiratory tracts. Food from the pharynx enters the esophagus, and air through the larynx enters the windpipe (trachea), which begins with the larynx.
D)) Upper respiratory tract: larynx(flipchart, page 15).
a). The structure of the larynx.
Independent work with a tutorial on the assignment:
using the material on p. 164 paragraph 37 of the textbook edited by R. Alimkulov, fill in the cluster "The meaning of breathing":
What is the inner surface of the larynx lined with? (mucous membrane).
What is the largest cartilage of the larynx? (thyroid).
What cartilage closes the entrance to the larynx during swallowing? (epiglottis).
Teacher: the larynx looks like a funnel. It is lined from the inside with a mucous membrane and is equipped with receptors - a reflex cough. The walls are formed by several cartilages. The cartilages are connected to each other in a semi-movable way. The largest cartilage is the thyroid cartilage, which protects the larynx from the front. In men, it protrudes somewhat forward, forming Adam's apple. The entrance to the larynx when swallowing is closed by cartilage - epiglottis.
b). Observations (flipchart, page 16).
(The thyroid cartilage rises during swallowing, and then returns to its old place. With this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus along it, like a bridge.)
1. Find the larynx. Make several swallowing movements. What happens to the throat?2. Find out what happens to the breath during swallowing. Make another swallowing movement and make sure this fact is true.
(Breathing stops. The tongue closes the entrance to the nasal cavity, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. As a result, air cannot enter the lungs at the time of swallowing).
in). sound formation(flipchart, page 17).
Between the cartilages of the larynx there are mucous folds - vocal cords . The lower pair is involved in voice formation. In front, the ligaments are attached to the thyroid cartilage, and behind - to the right and left arytenoid cartilages. When the arytenoid cartilages move, the ligaments can come together and stretch. The space between the vocal cords is called glottis.
During exhalation, air passes through glottis and causes the vocal cords to vibrate, resulting in sound.
The vibration frequency of the bundles is from 80 to 10000 Hz.
The voices of girls and boys practically do not differ, only in boys in adolescence begin to change - break (due to uneven growth of cartilage and ligaments). The more the vocal cords vibrate, the louder the voice.
problem question : Do speech sounds occur during inhalation or exhalation? (when exhaling).
For the emergence of articulate speech, certain positions of the tongue, teeth, and lips are necessary. The mouth and nasal cavity amplify the sound, enrich it with various shades. The process of speech formation is called articulation and is formed in young children up to 5 years old.
Recording of Tarzan's scream
Shouting damages the vocal cords, which can cause inflammation, hoarseness, or loss of voice. (recording of Tarzan's cry, played by Johnny Weissmuller - world record holder and Olympic champion in swimming. Four people screamed with him).
When whispering, the ligaments relax and do not close completely.
Frequent inflammation of the respiratory tract, smoking and alcohol Negative influence to the voice machine.
E). Lower respiratory tract: trachea and bronchi.
a). The structure of the trachea and bronchi(flipchart, page 19).
Air enters the trachea from the larynx. The trachea is a wide tube, which consists of 16-20 cartilaginous semirings connected by ligaments. The trachea is located in front of the esophagus. During the passage of food, the esophagus expands, and the soft wall of the trachea does not interfere with this. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium, which removes dust particles from the lungs.
At the level of 4-5 thoracic vertebrae, the trachea divides for 2 bronchi ( from the Greek " bronchos"- windpipe) - right and left. Inner surface they are lined with a mucous membrane that contains ciliated epithelium with glandular cells. Here, the saturation of the air with water vapor and its purification continues. They enter the right and left lungs. In the lungs, each of the bronchi branches like a tree, forming bronchioles are the thinnest filaments . Bronchioles are running out alveoli - pulmonary sacs , in which gas exchange.
b). Respiratory hygiene(flipchart, page 20).
Swallowing large pieces of food, you can choke and block the trachea.
At inflammatory processes a cough occurs to help clear mucus from the airways.
flipchart, page 21).
Fill in the blanks with the correct words (flipchart, page 24).
It looks like a funnel, the walls of which are formed by cartilage. There are mucous folds between the cartilages of the larynx - ... ... . The space between them is ... ... . As a result of fluctuation... ... when air is exhaled, there is... . ...voices vary by length... ... . Women have them ... than men. That's why female voice always....
check yourself (flipchart, pages 22,23).
(flipchart, page 24).
1. The vital activity of an organism is possible only when oxygen enters its cells and carbon dioxide is removed.
2. In the nasal cavity, the air is cleaned, heated and humidified.
4. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
(Assessing students for a lesson, for a test).
flipchart, page 25).
and the functions of the respiratory organs (table).
Creative task:
When is breathing difficult? What are the consequences of this violation?
Develop a code of practice for respiratory hygiene.
flipchart, pages 26.
Who got a 5 today?
Who got "4"?
Who is not happy with their grade? What do you need to do to improve your score?
Give an emotional assessment of the lesson.
It is always useful to assess yourself, identify difficulties and find ways to overcome them. Formulate a conclusion about the degree of achievement of the goal of the lesson
Carry out with self-analysis of activities in the lesson and self-assessment at
Literature and Internet resources.
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state of emergency
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state of emergency
state of emergency
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IP
IP
IP
PP
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BUT
IP
PP
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PP
PP
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Kollek
Group work
Work in pairs
Work in pairs
Collective
Group work
Group work
Frontal
Work in pairs
Individual
Group work
Collective
Individual
Work in pairs
Individual
Individual
Collective
Individual
Collective
Collective
Work in pairs
Work in pairs
Individual
Collective
Individual
Individual
Individual
App from "Electronic manual on biology. 8th grade" (ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2),
Table "Structure and functions of the respiratory system."
| Organs | Structural features | Functions |
| nasal cavity | Air enters through the nostrils, the nasal cavity is divided into two halves by a septum, and behind the choanae it communicates with the nasopharynx. The walls of the nasal cavity are formed by bones and cartilage, lined with a mucous membrane. Winding nasal passages, the mucous membrane is supplied with blood vessels and covered with ciliated epithelium, there are olfactory receptors. | Sense of smell, warming inhaled air, dust retention and removal |
| Larynx | The larynx is located in the neck at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae, lobes are located on its sides thyroid gland, and behind - a pharynx. The larynx is formed by cartilage. The epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. From the inside, the larynx is covered with a mucous membrane with ciliated epithelium. On the lateral side of the larynx on the right and left there is a recess - the ventricle of the larynx. Cartilages: thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, cricoid, etc.; vocal cords, ligaments are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and limit the glottis .; lined with mucous membrane. | Formation of sounds and speech |
| Trachea and bronchi | Trachea - a tube about 12 cm long, consisting of cartilaginous semirings. The posterior wall of the trachea is soft (consists of a connective tissue membrane), adjacent to the esophagus. From the inside, it is also lined with a mucous membrane containing glands that secrete mucus. From the neck, the trachea enters the chest cavity and divides into two bronchi (tracheal bifurcation). The bronchi enter the lungs and divide into smaller bronchi there. | Air passage |
| Lungs | They are shaped cones : the upper - narrowed part - the top, and the lower - wider - the base. On the side of each lung facing the heart, there are recesses (gates of the lung) through which the bronchus, lung nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels pass. The bronchus branches in each lung. The bronchi, like the trachea, contain cartilage in their walls. The smallest branches of the bronchi are called bronchioles, they do not have cartilage and glands, but are supplied with muscle fibers and are able to narrow (bronchiolar spasms). The right lung has three lobes and the left has two lobes. Each section of the lung consists of segments: in the right lung there are 11 segments, in the left - 10. Each segment, in turn, consists of many lung lobules. Bronchioles pass into extensions - alveolar passages, on the walls of which there are protrusions called pulmonary vesicles, or alveoli (their diameter is 0.2-0.3 mm). The walls of the alveoli consist of a single layer of epithelium and capillaries adjoin them. | Gas exchange |
| Pleura | 2 sheets of connective tissue sheath: pulmonary pleura parietal pleura Between them - the pleural cavity + pleural fluid | Reduces friction when breathing |
List of sources used
1. Alimkulova R. Biology. Almaty: "Atamura", 2008 - 288 p.
2. Bogdanova T.L., Solodova E.A. Biology. Directory. M.: "AST - PRESS". 2001 - 815 p.
3. Zverev I.D. Reading book on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene. M .: "Enlightenment", 1978. -239 p.
4. Lipchenko V.Ya., Samusev R.P. Atlas normal anatomy person.M .: "Medicine", 1988. -320s.
5. Rezanova E.A., Antonova I.P., Rezanov A.A. Human biology in tables and diagrams. M .: "Izdat - School", 1998. - 204s.
Internet resources:
1. “Electronic manual on biology. Grade 8 "(Volkova T.V.,ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2),
2. www. yandex. en-search -images
3. www. imfan. kz < http:// www. imfan. kz> - personal site of the teacher of biology Ratushnyak N.A.
4. www. kiwi. kz < http:// www. kiwi. kz> - video files
5.< http:// mirbiologii. en/8- class>
6.< http:// www. uchportal. en>
8.myshared.ru›slide/778318/
9.nsportal.ru›…razrabotka…uroka…znachenie-stroenie-i
10.www.uchportal.ru/
