In addition to general lunar rhythm, there is an individual rhythm where a person's birthday is taken as the first lunar day, which is the beginning of their own lunar month. The rhythm of an individual lunar month is constant from the birth of a person until his death. According to many researchers, knowing one's individual rhythm allows a person to avoid many dangers, get maximum energy on the path of self-knowledge and self-realization, discover and realize his destiny.
It is believed that the location of the Sun, Moon and other planets during the period of conception impose a "cosmic cliché" and thereby determine the skeleton and shape of the body, mental inclinations, character traits, life expectancy and indicate possible diseases certain organs that can be provoked by the mutual arrangement of celestial bodies during life.
The impact of a certain lunar day can restore the health of the whole organism if the energy is used correctly, but it can also aggravate diseases, especially chronic ones, if a person violates the lunar biorhythms of life. That is why it is so important to learn how to adequately use information from l.
Taken from the site:
The influence of the Moon on the Earth is proven by science. The most popular and easily observable fact proving the influence of the Moon on the Earth is the tides in the Great Ocean.
The gravitational field of the moon creates constant tides, during which the water near the coast rises by about 1.5 meters, and hard shell The earth is increased by 50 cm.
The gravitational field of the Sun is also the cause of the ebbs and flows, but to a much greater extent lesser degree. Since the Sun is 400 times farther from the Earth than the Moon, the inhomogeneity of its field is less.
Tidal wave amplitude in different points The earth is different. For example, maximum height The tide is observed in the Bay of Fundy in Canada, where it reaches 18 meters. During the Full Moon and New Moon the greatest ebb and flow occurs, since the Earth, Moon and Sun are on the same straight line, and thus the simultaneous influence of two luminaries occurs. The Moon also affects the magnetic and electric fields of the Earth.
Change lunar phases affects on plants and microorganisms. Since ancient times, it has been noticed that the growth and development of plants depends on the movement of the moon. So, on the growing moon, all the juices rise up into the leaves and crown, and during the waning moon, on the contrary, they go down into the roots. During the New Moon, all processes inside the plants seem to freeze, and during the Full Moon, on the contrary, active growth and flowering occurs.
Due to tidal acceleration, the speed of the Earth's rotation around its axis decreases. Thus it can be said that The moon slows down the earth around its axis and the consequence of this is an increase in the sidereal day.
As you can see, the Moon controls many processes on the Earth and its influence is undeniable. If you enjoyed this article, be sure to share it on social networks.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
federal state budgetary educational institution
higher vocational education
"Siberian State aerospace university
named after academician M.F. Reshetnev"
Scientific and educational center
"Institute space research and high technology»
Department of Technical Physics
Report on educational (introductory) practice
Influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on the planet Earth
Direction: 011200.62 "Physics"
Performed:
3rd year student of group BF12-01
Persman Kristina Viktorovna
Supervisor:
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor
Parshin Anatoly Sergeevich
Krasnoyarsk 2014
INTRODUCTION
1Origin of the Moon
2Moon movement
3Moon Shape
4Phases of the Moon
5Internal structure of the moon
RESEARCH METHOD
1 Ebb and flow
2Earthquakes and the Moon
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The Moon, by its influence, has a very great influence on the planet Earth and has a very large role in its, and most importantly, our existence, no less than the Sun. To understand its role in our lives, let's jump back to 4.5 billion years ago, when the solar system was still young, and the Earth did not yet have a moon. Our planet flew around the Sun alone, bombarded by comets, asteroids, as if in a giant cosmic billiards. Today, scars from such ancient blows are no longer found. Some of the trillions of debris flying through space coalesced into the protoplanet Theia. The orbit that brought her to a collision with the Earth. The impact on the young Earth was a sliding one. The cores of the planets merged together, and huge masses of molten rock were thrown into earth orbit. Since this substance was liquid, it easily gathered into a spherical object, which became the Moon.
Although the mass of the moon is 27 million times less mass Sun, it is 374 times closer to the Earth and has a strong influence, causing rising waters (tides) in some places and low tides in others. This happens every 12 hours and 25 minutes as the moon makes full turn around the earth in 24 hours 50 minutes.
The moon is the companion of the earth outer space. Every month, the Moon makes a complete journey around the Earth. It glows only by light reflected from the sun.
Moon - the only satellite Earth and the only extraterrestrial world visited by humans. By studying it, a person learned to use its properties for his own needs, without causing harm. environment.
1 Origin of the Moon
The origin of the moon has not yet been definitively established. The problem is that we have too many assumptions and too few facts. All this happened so long ago that none of the hypotheses can be tested.
Theories in different time a lot has been suggested. Three mutually exclusive hypotheses were considered the most probable. One is the capture hypothesis, according to which the Moon formed independently of the Earth and was later captured by her gravitational field. Another is the co-formation hypothesis, according to which the Earth and the Moon formed from a single gas and dust cloud. And the third is the hypothesis of centrifugal separation, according to which the Moon broke away from the Earth under the action of centrifugal forces.
However, the analysis of samples delivered by American astronauts lunar soil challenged all these hypotheses. Scientists had to put forward a new one - the collision hypothesis, according to which the Moon was formed as a result of the collision of the protoplanet Earth with another large space body The protoplanet Theia.
Giant Impact Hypothesis
Figure 1 - The collision of the Earth with Theia
The collision hypothesis was proposed by William Hartman
The collision hypothesis is currently considered the main one, since it explains everything well. known facts about the chemical composition and structure of the Moon, as well as the physical parameters of the Earth-Moon system. Initially, there were great doubts about the possibility of such a successful impact (oblique impact, low relative speed) of such large body with the earth. But then it was assumed that Theia was formed in the orbit of the Earth, at one of the Lagrange points
To explain the iron deficiency on the Moon, one has to assume that by the time of the collision (4.5 billion years ago), gravitational differentiation had already occurred both on Earth and on Teia, that is, a heavy iron core was released and a light silicate mantle was formed. Unambiguous geological confirmation of this assumption was not found.
If the Moon somehow ended up in the orbit of the Earth at such a distant time and after that did not undergo significant shocks, then, according to calculations, a multi-meter layer of dust settling from space would allegedly have accumulated on its surface
2 Movement of the Moon
The moon moves around the earth average speed 1.02 km / s in an approximately elliptical orbit in the same direction as the vast majority of other bodies in the solar system, that is, counterclockwise, sat down to look at the moon's orbit from the side North Pole peace. The semi-major axis of the Moon's orbit, equal to the average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon, is 384,400 km (approximately 60 Earth radii). Due to the ellipticity of the orbit and perturbations, the distance to the Moon fluctuates between 356,400 and 406,800 km. The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth, the so-called sidereal (stellar) month, is 27.32166 days, but is subject to slight fluctuations and a very small secular reduction. The motion of the Moon around the Earth is very complex, and its study is one of the most difficult tasks. celestial mechanics.
Elliptical motion is only a rough approximation and is superimposed by many perturbations due to the attraction of the Sun, planets, and the oblateness of the Earth. The most important of these perturbations, or inequalities, were discovered from observations long before their theoretical derivation from the law of universal gravitation. The attraction of the Moon by the Sun is 2.2 times stronger than by the Earth, so that, strictly speaking, one should consider the movement of the Moon around the Sun and the perturbations of this movement by the Earth. However, since the researcher is interested in the motion of the Moon as seen from the Earth, gravitational theory, which was developed by many prominent scientists, starting with I. Newton, considers the movement of the Moon precisely around the Earth. In the 20th century, the theory of the American mathematician J. Hill is used, on the basis of which the American astronomer E. Brown calculated (1919) mathematical series and compiled tables containing the latitude, longitude and parallax of the Moon. The argument is time.
The plane of the Moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 5o843, subject to slight fluctuations. The points of intersection of the orbit with the ecliptic, called the ascending and descending nodes, have uneven backward movement and make a complete revolution along the ecliptic in 6794 days (about 18 years), as a result of which the Moon returns to the same node after a time interval - the so-called draconic month, - shorter than sidereal and on average equal to 27.21222 days, the frequency of solar and lunar eclipses is associated with this month. The moon rotates around an axis inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 88 ° 28 ", with a period exactly equal to the sidereal month, as a result of which it is always turned to the Earth by the same side.
This coincidence of periods axial rotation and orbital circulation is not accidental, but caused by the friction of the tides, which the Earth produced in the solid or once liquid shell of the Moon. However, the combination of uniform rotation with uneven movement along the orbit causes small periodic deviations from a constant direction to the Earth, reaching 7 ° 54 "in longitude, and the inclination of the axis of rotation of the Moon to the plane of its orbit causes deviations of up to 6 ° 50" in latitude, as a result of which at different times one can see from the Earth up to 59 % of the entire surface of the Moon (although the areas near the edges of the lunar disk are only visible in a strong perspective); such deviations are called the libration of the moon. The planes of the equator of the Moon, the ecliptic and the lunar orbit always intersect in one straight line (Cassini's law).
1.3 Shape of the Moon
The shape of the Moon is very close to a sphere with a radius of 1737 km, which is equal to 0.2724 of the Earth's equatorial radius. The surface area of the moon is 3.8 * 107 km2, and the volume is 2.2 * 1025cm3. A more detailed determination of the figure of the Moon is difficult because on the Moon, due to the absence of oceans, there is no clearly expressed level surface in relation to which heights and depths could be determined; in addition, since the Moon is turned to the Earth on one side, it seems possible to measure from the Earth the radii of points on the surface of the visible hemisphere of the Moon (except for points on the very edge of the lunar disk) only on the basis of a weak stereoscopic effect due to libration.
The study of libration made it possible to estimate the difference between the principal semiaxes of the Moon's ellipsoid. The polar axis is less than the equatorial one, directed towards the Earth, by about 700 m and less than the equatorial axis, perpendicular to the direction of the Earth, by 400 m. Thus, the Moon, under the influence of tidal forces, is slightly elongated towards the Earth. The mass of the moon is most accurately determined from observations of its artificial satellites. It is 81 times less than the mass of the earth, which corresponds to 7.35 * 1025g. Average density The moon is equal to 3.34 g. cm3 (0.61 of the average density of the Earth). The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Moon is 6 times greater than on the Earth, is 162.3 cm.sec2 and decreases by 0.187 cm.sec2 when ascending 1 kilometer. First space velocity 1680 m.sec, second 2375 m.sec. Due to the small attraction, the Moon could not keep a gaseous shell around it, as well as water in a free state.
1.4 Moon phases
The change in the phase of the Moon is due to changes in the conditions of illumination by the Sun of the dark ball of the Moon as it moves in orbit. With change relative position Earth, Moon and Sun, the terminator (the boundary between the illuminated and unilluminated parts of the Moon's disk) moves, which causes a change in the outlines of the visible part of the Moon.
The duration of a complete change of phases of the moon (the so-called synodic month) is not constant due to the ellipticity of the lunar orbit, and varies from 29.25 to 29.83 Earth solar days. The average synodic month is 29.5305882 days (29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.82 seconds).
In the phases of the moon close to the new moon (at the beginning of the first quarter and at the end of the last quarter), with a very narrow crescent, the unlit part forms the so-called. the ashen light of the moon is the visible glow of the unlit direct sunlight surfaces of a characteristic ash color.
The moon goes through the following phases of illumination:
.new moon - a state when the moon is not visible.
.the young moon is the first appearance of the moon in the sky after the new moon in the form of a narrow sickle.
.the first quarter is the state when half of the moon is illuminated.
.waxing moon
.full moon - a state when the entire moon is lit.
Waning moon
.last quarter- a state when half of the moon is again illuminated.
old moon
1.5 Internal structure of the Moon
Figure 2 - internal structure moon
The Moon, like the Earth, consists of distinct layers: crust, mantle and core. Such a structure is believed to have formed immediately after the formation of the Moon - 4.5 billion years ago. The thickness of the lunar crust is believed to be 50 km. In the thickness of the lunar mantle, moonquakes occur, but unlike earthquakes, which are caused by the movement tectonic plates Moonquakes are caused by the tidal forces of the Earth. The core of the moon, like the earth's core, is made of iron, but its size is much smaller and is 350 km in radius. The average density of the Moon is 3.3 g/cm3.
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
to study the Moon and its influence on the Earth;
compare the forces and processes that affect the Earth under the influence of the Moon and other planets;
to analyze earthquakes connected by the Moon with the planet Earth;
In the future, work will continue on the topic "Influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on the planet Earth" with the study of the active phenomena of the Moon. An analysis of the received data will be carried out, according to the results that we will receive in the process of calculating and studying the interaction of the satellite with the planet.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
1 Ebb and flow
The influence of the Moon on the earthly world exists, but it is not pronounced. It is almost impossible to see it. The only phenomenon that visibly demonstrates the effect of the moon's gravity is the effect of the moon on the tides. Our ancient ancestors associated them with the Moon. And they were absolutely right. The tides are so strong in some places that the water recedes hundreds of meters from the coast, exposing the bottom, where the peoples living on the coast collected seafood. But with inexorable precision, the water receding from the shore rolls again. If you do not know how often the tides occur, you can be far from the coast and even die under the advancing water mass. The coastal peoples perfectly knew the timetable for the arrival and departure of the waters. This phenomenon occurs twice a day. Moreover, ebbs and flows exist not only in the seas and oceans. All water sources are influenced by the moon. But far from the seas, this is almost imperceptible: sometimes the water rises a little, then it falls a little. Fluid is the only natural element that moves behind the moon, making oscillations. A stone or a house cannot be attracted to the moon because they have a solid structure. The malleable and plastic water clearly demonstrates the effect of the lunar mass.
The Moon most strongly affects the waters of the seas and oceans from that side of the Earth, which is in this moment addressed directly to her. If you look at the Earth at this moment, you can see how the Moon draws the waters of the oceans towards itself, lifts them, and the water column swells, forming a “hump”, or rather, two “humps” appear - high from the side where the Moon is located , and less pronounced on the opposite side. "Humps" precisely follow the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Since the world ocean is a single whole and the waters in it communicate, the humps move from the coast, then to the coast. Since the Moon passes twice through points located at a distance of 180 degrees from each other, we observe two high tides and two low tides.
The greatest ebb and flow occur on the ocean shores. In our country - on the shores of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Less significant ebbs and flows are typical for inland seas. Even weaker this phenomenon is observed in lakes or rivers. But even on the shores of the oceans, the tides are stronger at one time of the year and weaker at another. This is already connected with the remoteness of the Moon from the Earth. How closer moon to the surface of our planet, the stronger will be the ebb and flow. The further - the, naturally, weaker. On the water masses It is not only the Moon that influences, but also the Sun. Only the distance from the Earth to the Sun is much greater, so we do not notice its gravitational activity. But it has long been known that sometimes the tides become very strong. This happens whenever there is a new moon or a full moon. This is where the power of the Sun comes into play. At this moment, all three planets - the Moon, the Earth and the Sun - line up in a straight line. Two forces of attraction already act on the Earth - both the Moon and the Sun. Naturally, the height of the rise and fall of the waters increases. The strongest will be the combined influence of the Moon and the Sun, when both planets are on the same side of the Earth, that is, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. And stronger water will rise from the side of the Earth facing the Moon.
In relation to the planet Earth, the cause of tides is the presence of the planet in the gravitational field created by the Sun and the Moon. Since the effects they create are independent, the impact of these celestial bodies on the Earth can be considered separately. In this case, for each pair of bodies, we can assume that each of them revolves around common center gravity. For the Earth-Sun pair, this center is located in the depths of the Sun at a distance of 451 km from its center. For the Earth-Moon pair, it is located deep in the Earth at a distance of 2/3 of its radius.
Each of these bodies experiences the action of tidal forces, the source of which is the gravitational force and internal forces that ensure the integrity of the celestial body, in the role of which is the force of its own attraction, hereinafter referred to as self-gravity. The emergence of tidal forces is most clearly seen in the example of the Earth-Sun system.
The tidal force is the result of the competing interaction of the gravitational force directed towards the center of gravity and decreasing inversely with the square of the distance from it, and the fictitious centrifugal force inertia due to the rotation of a celestial body around this center. These forces, being opposite in direction, coincide in magnitude only at the center of mass of each of the celestial bodies. Through action internal forces The Earth revolves around the center of the Sun as a whole with a constant angular velocity for each element of its constituent mass. Therefore, as this element of mass moves away from the center of gravity, the centrifugal force acting on it grows in proportion to the square of the distance. A more detailed distribution of tidal forces in their projection onto a plane, perpendicular to the plane ecliptic are shown in (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 is a diagram of the distribution of tidal forces in projection onto a plane perpendicular to the Ecliptic. A gravitating body is either on the right or on the left.
According to the Newtonian paradigm, the reproduction of changes in the shape of bodies subjected to their action, achieved as a result of the action of tidal forces, can be achieved only if these forces are fully compensated by other forces, which may include the force of universal gravitation.
Figure 4 - deformation of the Earth's water shell as a result of the balance of tidal force, self-gravity force and the force of water reaction to the compressive force
As a result of the addition of these forces, tidal forces arise symmetrically on both sides of the globe, directed in different sides From him. The tidal force directed towards the sun has gravitational nature, and directed away from the Sun is a consequence of the fictitious force of inertia.
These forces are extremely weak and cannot be compared with the forces of self-gravity (the acceleration they create is 10 million times less than the acceleration free fall). However, they cause a shift of the particles of water in the oceans (resistance to shear in water at low speeds is practically zero, while compression is extremely high), until the tangent to the surface of the water becomes perpendicular to the resulting force.
As a result, a wave arises on the surface of the World Ocean, which occupies a constant position in systems of mutually gravitating bodies, but runs along the surface of the ocean together with the daily movement of its bottom and coasts. Thus (in disregard ocean currents) each particle of water makes twice during the day oscillating motion up down.
Horizontal movement water is observed only near the coast as a result of the rise in its level. The speed of movement is greater, the more gently the seabed is located.
Tidal phenomena occur not only in water, but also in air shell Earth. They are called atmospheric tides. Tides also occur in the solid body of the Earth, since the Earth is not absolutely solid. Vertical oscillations of the Earth's surface due to tides reach several tens of centimeters.
2 Earthquakes and the Moon
moon phase tide
The moon can cause not only tides on Earth, but is also the cause of earthquakes. The approach of a satellite of the Earth every day raises the surface of our planet by 30 cm. Large earthquakes are not so dependent on the influence of the Moon, since they occur on rock shifts at great depths under great stress. In any case, the lunar effect is much weaker than it seems. Tectonic plates have been accumulating tension for centuries. If earthquakes were directly related to lunar tides , then they would occur every day when the attraction of the satellite would reach a maximum.
The earthquake is explained by the presence of gravitational links between the Earth and the Moon, the tides of their solid crust, and the mutual rotation of bodies. If we take into account that the oscillations of the solid crust occur elastically, in certain moments time, due to the presence of defects in the solid crust, in faults, “bounce” peaks arise - similar to the “bounce” of a metal rod. If we have a metal rod without defects and excite in it mechanical vibrations, - at each of its points we will observe the oscillations that we have excited. If there are defects in this rod, the crack "bounce" that occurs in the crack will be superimposed on the sinusoidal vibrations. At that moment, when the wave carrying the “bounce” from all sides comes to the corresponding crack, energy will be released at the location of the crack.
A similar picture of the development of an earthquake in the earth's crust. Continuous oscillations earth's crust are created by the rotation of the Earth and the gravitational forces of the Moon, the Sun and pass elastically along the surface of the Earth. The bounce occurs in places of "live cracks", where the oscillations of the tidal wave in the Earth are not transferred smoothly, elastically, but displacements occur. The direction of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon determines the direction of the communication line of the bounce wave from the Earth to the Moon (to the Sun). During the existence and development of the gravitational connection, two main forces act on the rocks of the Earth. This is the gravitational force of the Earth and the gravitational force of the Moon. When the Moon leaves and the connection is broken, only the attraction of the Earth remains. The entire difference between the energies of the attraction of the Earth and the Moon is directed to the location of the future epicenter of the earthquake. At the moment of "rupture" of this connection during the rotation of the planets, a wave appears, directed to the place of origin of the bounce. In this wave, called the "KaY" wave, it is characteristic that it arises due to the emergence of a gravitational resonant connection of "rattling zones" on the Moon and Earth. When the Moon moves, this communication line shifts, with the balance of the gravitational forces of the planets. When communication with the Moon is lost, the line breaks and reverse "KaY" waves appear ("Kay" - Kozyrev and Yagodin) on the Earth and on the Moon, carrying energy towards future earthquake epicenters. Since this wave goes to one point from the area, its energy increases and by the time it arrives at the point it has great energy, causing an earthquake in that place. Very often you can observe how "bounce" occurs on a wave and is detected by the sensor in the form of a "group of peaks". They correspond not to one earthquake, but to a whole group of earthquakes on large area at different times. In this case, each peak corresponds to a shock in these earthquakes, and the quotient of dividing the distance from the sensor to the epicenters of these earthquakes by the time elapsed from the appearance of the peak on the sensor to the start of the corresponding earthquakes is a constant.
3. RESULTS OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this work was to calculate the gradient of the force of the Moon with which it acts on the planet Earth (comparable to the Sun):
Strength gravitational attraction proportional to the mass M of the attracting body and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R to it. Accordingly, on the surface of the Earth, the force of attraction to the Earth itself (M Earth = 6 1027 g. R Earth = 6378 km) is 1 g, to the Sun (M Sun = 2 1033 g. R Sun = 150 106 km) - 0.00058 g, and to the Moon (M of the Moon = 7 1025 of the Moon = 384 103 km) - only 0.0000031g, i.e. 190 times weaker than to the Sun. It is also obvious that there will be no tides in a uniform force field.
However, the gravitational field is not homogeneous, but has a center in the attracting mass M. Accordingly, for any body with finite dimensions, there will be a difference in gravitational forces at opposite edges, which is called the tidal force. The tidal force will be proportional to the first derivative of the gravitational force. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the derivative of 1/r2 is -2/r3, that is, inversely proportional to the cube of the distances.
Therefore, the Moon, which is much closer to the Earth, despite its small mass, creates a tidal force almost 2 times greater than that of the Sun.
And you also need to explain why there are no earthquakes at the poles.
Earthquakes occur at the junction lithospheric plates. Plate boundaries correspond to ocean shelves on geographical maps. There are no tectonic plates at the north pole, there is one at the south pole, but it is not moving anywhere. We found out that the Moon does not create earthquakes itself, directly, therefore, there are no earthquakes at the poles. Of course, tidal forces do not act at the poles.
Figure 5 - location of lithospheric plates
The Earth and the Moon revolve around the common center of gravity (barycenter) of the system Earth - Moon with a sidereal (relative to the stars) period of 27.3 days (days). The Earth describes an orbit that is a mirror image of the Moon's orbit, but its dimensions are 81 times smaller than the lunar orbit. The barycenter is always located inside the Earth, at a distance of about 4670 km from its center. The body of the Earth revolves without rotation (translationally) around the “fixed” (in the Earth-Moon system) barycenter. As a result of such a monthly rotation of the Earth, all terrestrial particles are affected by exactly the same centrifugal force as in the center of mass of the Earth. The sum of the vectors of the centrifugal force and the gravitational force of the moon is called the tidal force of the moon. The tidal force of the Sun is determined similarly. The magnitude of the tidal force is a function of the declination and geocentric distance of the Moon (or Sun). The amplitude of the monthly fluctuations in the declination of the Moon changes with a period of 18.61 years from 29° to 18°, due to the precession of the axis (regression of nodes) of the lunar orbit. The perigee of the lunar orbit moves with a period of 8.85 g. The declination and geocentric distance of the Sun change with a period of 1 year. The earth rotates around its own axis with a daily period. As a result, the amplitude of fluctuations of lunisolar tidal forces changes in time with periods: 18.61 years, 8.85 years, 6.0 years, 1 year, 0.5 years, monthly, semi-monthly, weekly, daily , semidiurnal and many other less significant periods.
stats most dangerous earthquakes and tsunami from 1960 - 2011
The Great Chilean Earthquake is probably the most strong earthquake in the history of observation, magnitude - from 9.3 to 9.5, occurred on May 22, 1960 at 19:11 UTC.
Location of the epicenter - 39°30? Yu. sh. 74°30? h. d.
Moon: phase 6% before new moon, distance 396679 km; astronomical new moon on May 25, 1960 12:27, the distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the moon is 403567 km, but before that the full moon on May 11, 1960 05:41 UTC, 362311 km, is a supermoon.
The strength of the earthquake (by moment) -9.2.
Earthquake strength (by surface waves) - 8.4
Latitude 61° 2" 24" N Longitude 147° 43" 48" W
Moon: phase 0% - full moon, distance 393010 km.
Tashkent earthquake on April 26, 1966 at 5:23 am. - catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 5.2).
Latitude. 41° 12" 0" N Longitude. 69° 6" 0" E
Moon: phase 27%, distance 371345 km;
The Tangshan earthquake on July 28, 1976 at 3:42 local time (July 27, 1976 19:48 UTC) is a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2.
Latitude 39° 39" 50" N Longitude 118° 24" 4" E
Moon: phase 1% - new moon, distance 376365 km.
Spitak earthquake December 7, 1988 at 10:41 MCK (7:41 UTC) a catastrophic earthquake of magnitude 7.2.
Latitude. 40° 59" 13" N Longitude. 44° 11" 6" E
Moon: phase 4% BC (2 days), distance 394161 km;
Earthquake in Kobe. The earthquake occurred on the morning of Tuesday January 17, 1995 at 05:46 local time (January 16, 1995 20:46 UTC). The force of the shocks reached 7.3 magnitudes on the Richter scale.
84° northern latitude and 143.08° east longitude.
Moon: 100% phase - full moon, distance 395878 km, previous new moon January 1, 1995 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 362357 km. Supermoon.
The earthquake in Neftegorsk - an earthquake with tragic consequences of magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale, occurred on the night of May 28, 1995 at 1:03 (May 27, 1995 13:03 UTC).
The epicenter is 55° north latitude and 142° east longitude.
Moon: phase 3% before new moon, distance 402328 (new moon - May 29, 1995 09:28), but before that: full moon May 14, 1995 20:47 UTC, distance 358563 km. Supermoon.
The Izmit earthquake is a catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 7.6) that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Turkey at 03:01 local time (UTC 00:01:39).
Latitude 40° 44" 53" N Longitude 29° 51" 50" E
Moon: 30% phase after new moon (5 days), distance 400765 km;
Sichuan earthquake - destructive earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.9, occurred on May 12, 2008 at 14:28:01 local time (06:28:01 UTC) in China.
Latitude 31° 0" 7" N Longitude 103° 19" 19" E
Moon: 51% phase, 7 days after new moon, distance 379,372 km: new moon May 5, 2008 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 358,184 km. Supermoon.
Earthquake and tsunami in Indian Ocean December 26, 2004 at 00:58 UTC - the second most powerful earthquake in the history of observations (magnitude 9.2) and the deadliest of all known tsunamis.
30° north latitude and 95° 87" east longitude.
Moon: phase 100%, full moon 404408 km, but before that new moon 12 December 01:28, 364922 km. Supermoon.
April 2, 2007 tsunami, Solomon Islands (archipelago). Caused by a magnitude 8 earthquake in the southern part of Pacific Ocean at 07:39. Waves several meters high reached New Guinea.
Moon: phase 0%, full moon, distance 404000 km, previous new moon March 19, 2007 at 02:44, 364311 km. Supermoon.
Earthquake and tsunami Japan, Honshu, 9.0, occurred on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time (05:46 UTC). Latitude 38.30N and longitude 142.50E. The earthquake source was located at a depth of 32 km.
Moon: 32% phase after new moon (5 days), distance 393837. Astronomical new moon March 4, 2011 20:47, distance 404793 km; but the nearest full moon is March 19, 2011 20:46. Supermoon.
Above are catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis over the past 50 years. The statistics show that all of them happened during the full moon or new moon (with the exception of Tashkent and Izmit, which indirectly indicates their technogenic nature). In addition, almost 80% of them are related to the supermoon in one way or another. By this analysis we can conclude that during the periods of supermoons, the danger of disasters from natural elements, indeed, increases.
Figure 6 - diagram of the distribution of earthquakes depending on the phases of the moon and its position in orbit
When constructing the diagram, we completely abstracted from all the inequalities of the motion of the Moon. The mean values of the synodic (29.5 days) and anomalistic months (27.5 days) were taken. The diagram plots the average positions of syzygies and quadratures, and the apogee (A) is shown as average moment between adjacent perigees (P). For each earthquake, its distance in time to the nearest, marked on the diagram, phase of the Moon and to the moment of the passage of the Moon through perigee or apogee was determined. The construction uncertainty arising from the simplifications made hardly reaches one day. On the constructed diagram, each earthquake is marked with a dot. Earthquakes that fall on the diagram frame are marked next to it, inside the diagram, and repeated for each of opposite sides framework.
The constructed diagram clearly shows that near the perigee, earthquakes most often occur in syzygies, i.e. at full moon and new moon, and at that time there are almost no near quadratures. The second well-defined feature of the diagram is the grouping of earthquakes along the directions going at an angle of 45 degrees. from syzygies to perigee. These directions represent the sequence of days of those lunations in which the new moon or full moon coincided with perigee. Consequently, favorable for earthquakes are not only the days of maximum tides of the earth's crust, but also the days immediately following them. Thus, the maximum tides disturb the state of the outer layers of the Earth to such an extent that for a time of about a month, conditions favorable for earthquakes persist.
CONCLUSION
During this work, we studied natural satellite planets Earth - Moon.
The effects of the Moon on the Earth have been studied.
According to this observation, we can conclude that the Moon really has its effect on the planet Earth, both favorable and not. If we consider the influence of the phases of the moon on a person, there is an assumption that it can also improve or worsen his well-being and thereby influence his activities. The study of the satellite and its impact is not yet fully understood. However, man has already learned to use such property as gravitational force. The tidal power plant is special kind hydroelectric power plants that use tidal energy, but in fact kinetic energy rotation of the earth. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of the seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Water level fluctuations near the coast can reach 18 meters. Tidal hydroelectric power plants are considered the most environmentally friendly. Therefore, the study of this topic has huge role. That is why I consider the chosen topic quite relevant.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
Frish S. A., Timoreva A. V. // Course of General Physics, Textbook for Physics, Mathematics and Physics and Technology Faculties public universities 1957. Vol. 1, issue. 2. S. 312
Belonuchkin V. // Tidal forces Kvant. 1989. Vol. 12, no. 3. S. 435.
Markov A. Road to the Moon // In the journal. "Aviation and Astronautics". ? 2002.? No. 3. - S. 34.
General course Astronomy / Kononovich E.V., Moroz V.I.
E ed., Rev. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. - 544 p.
Ranzini D.M. // Space, 2002. - S. 320.
Stars and planets. / Ya.M. Ridpath / Atlas of the Starry Sky,
V.D. Krotikov, V.S. Trinity. Radio emission and the nature of the Moon // Uspekhi fizich. Nauk, 1963. V.81. Issue 4. p.589-639
A.V. Khabakov. On the main questions of the history of the development of the lunar surface. M, 1949, 195 p.
Tutoring
Need help learning a topic?
Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
17. The influence of the sun and moon on earth processes
Factors determining the solar influence on the Earth of the Sun and the Moon can be divided into two types. The first is permanent factors, which include the shape, size of the Earth, gravitational and magnetic forces that determine the retention in orbit and the movement of the Earth around the Sun, the second is solar radiation, which is the main source of energy on Earth, the relative position of the Earth, Moon and Sun.
The shape and dimensions of the Earth are of great importance for the development of all geographical phenomena and processes on Earth. For example, the sphericity of the Earth causes uneven heating by the Sun. The greatest heating of the earth's surface occurs in the territory between the tropics, where the angle of incidence of sunlight on the surface of the planet during the year is the highest. There is a gradual decrease in heat towards the poles. This determines the general geographic zonality of the Earth and the formation of various natural zones.
In addition to the shape of the Earth, its mass, volume, and density are of great geographical importance. These parameters are associated with such properties of the Earth as gravitational force, magnetic and thermal fields. The gravitational, magnetic and electric fields of the Earth are determined by its shape, size and material composition and, in turn, determine the properties and processes of the geographic envelope.
The mass of the Earth is 5.976 10 27 g, the volume is 1.083 10 12 m 3, the average density is 5.518 kg / m 3. The composition of the Earth is dominated by iron: (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%) and magnesium (12.7%).
Earth's Density Changes with Composition and Properties rocks and depth from the surface. The average density of the Earth is 5.52 g/cm 3 . In the center of the Earth, the density reaches 12-17 g/cm 3 (12-17 thousand t/m 3). The density of the upper layers of the Earth depends on the composition of the rocks that make them up.
These parameters are associated with such properties of the Earth as gravitational force, magnetic and thermal fields.
Gravity is the mutual attraction of two physical bodies that have mass. The forces of gravity hold the planets around the Sun, determine the spherical shape of the Earth and hold its atmosphere.
The Earth's magnetic field is similar to the magnetic field of a conditional rod, the ends of which have opposite magnetic poles, i.e. magnetic dipole. The points of intersection of the magnetic dipole with the earth's surface are called geomagnetic poles (north and south). Magnetic poles do not coincide with geographical ones, their position is constantly changing over time. The zone of near-Earth space, the physical properties of which are determined by the Earth's magnetic field, is called the magnetosphere. It has an internal (at an altitude of 3-4 thousand km) and an external (22 thousand km) radiation belts.
As you know, the Earth rotates around its axis in the direction from west to east and at the same time around the Sun. The Earth makes a full rotation around its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. This period of time is called a sidereal day. However, due to the fact that the Earth simultaneously rotates around the Sun, the actual duration of the day is somewhat longer. For convenience in practical application, it was decided to consider the average duration of a solar day as 24 hours. The rotation of the Earth around its axis is associated with the change of day and night and many earthly processes.
The linear velocity of the Earth's rotation is the distance traveled by any point on the Earth's surface per unit of time. Depending on the geographical latitude, it varies from 0 (at the poles) to 464 m/s (at the equator). In addition to the linear velocity, the axial rotation of the Earth also determines the angular velocity, which shows the angle of rotation of any point on the earth's surface per unit of time. It is the same for all latitudes of the Earth and is equal to 1 o for 4 minutes (15 o for one hour.). Angular velocity determines the magnitude of the Coriolis force, which affects the movement of water and air masses, washing away the banks of rivers, the direction of sea currents, etc.
With the shape of the Earth and its rotation around its axis, such concepts as belt and the local time, as well as changing dates and a calendar. (Remember what time zones, local and standard time are?).
Depending on the position of the Earth relative to the Sun, illumination zones are distinguished on the globe (Remember how many and which illumination zones are distinguished on Earth?)
The Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon. The moon has a decelerating effect on the speed of the Earth's rotation, which affects the magnitude of the Coriolis force and, first of all, on moving media (water, air masses). Under the influence of the Moon and partially the Sun, the intensity of the Earth's processes changes, including tectonic processes (mountain building, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions), and the magnitude of its polar compression decreases. It has been proven that the Moon affects the biological rhythms on Earth, and through them the health of humans and animals.
The intensity of the influence of the Moon on Earth processes depends on the relative position of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon and the phase of the Moon. different forms The part of the Moon illuminated by the Sun that we see from Earth is called the phases of the Moon. There are four of them: a new moon, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun; the first and last quarters, when the Moon is visible from the Earth at an angle of 90 o from the east and west of the Sun; full moon when the moon is in the direction opposite to the sun. (Remember from astronomy the duration of the lunar phases)
The influence of the Sun on terrestrial processes is determined by the phenomena occurring in the bowels of the Sun, i.e. from solar activity. A huge amount of energy that the Sun radiates into outer space is formed in its depths as a result of a thermonuclear reaction of the conversion of hydrogen into helium. Despite the fact that only one two-billionth of this energy hits the Earth, the Sun is the main source of energy for all processes occurring in the geographic envelope.
Signs of the manifestation of solar activity are sunspots, areas of increased brightness (torches) and explosive energy emissions (flares) on the surface of the Sun (Recall from astronomy the reasons for their formation). An increase in solar activity is reflected in the geophysical processes of the Earth. There are 11-year, 33-year and 98-year cycles of increased solar activity. During these periods, the influence of the Sun on the Earth increases.
Solar activity has a great influence on such terrestrial processes as auroras, magnetic storms, earthquakes, growth and productivity of plants, reproduction and migration of insects, epidemics of human diseases (influenza, typhoid, cholera, etc.).
The influence of solar activity on the Earth's climate is exceptionally great. The fluxes of solar radiation that increase during solar storms affect the ozone content in the upper atmosphere. This, in turn, changes the intensity of heat and moisture exchange on Earth.
One of the factors solar influence to Earth is sunny wind» - streams of protons and electrons that propagate from the Sun in all directions. A very small part of the substance of the "solar wind" falls on the Earth, but its influence on the magnetic properties of our planet is enormous.
As you know from astronomy, all the planets of the solar system are in a state of gravitational interaction. The interaction of the Sun, Moon and Earth is seen in the example of the formation of tidal processes in the Earth's hydrosphere. The moon plays a major role in the formation of tides. The influence of the Sun, despite its huge mass, due to its great distance (149.5 million km), is 2.71 times less than the influence of the Moon. highest height The tide in the oceans is observed when the Earth, Moon, Sun are on the same line and their tide-forming forces are summed up. Such a tide is called syzygy (from the Greek syzygia - connection, conjugation). The smallest tide is quadrature (from the Latin guadratura - square shape), when the Moon and the Sun are at right angles to the Earth.
Exists close connection. It has such a character, as if the satellite is not an independent heavenly body, and is one of the continents of the blue planet. For example, in one of the craters of the eternal cosmic brother, a glow of gases is observed, and after a day powerful earthquake in Japan. So it can be argued that there is a certain influence of the Moon on the Earth.
Long-term observations show that unusual phenomena on the lunar surface follow earthly cataclysms. This happens all the time, so it cannot be considered a coincidence or accident. Lunar phenomena are activated, and our planet immediately responds with volcanic eruptions and ground vibrations.
What is the reason for such phenomena? Here it must be said that before the start of the cataclysm, hidden processes are activated in the earth's crust. By the way, many animals feel great about them. This applies to fish in aquariums, cats, dogs. Our smaller brothers begin to rush about and worry for no reason. It is entirely possible that space satellite also perceives perturbations of the earth's crust even before the start of tremors. And this is expressed in the form of various phenomena on a lifeless surface.
This is one point of view, but there is another. Various luminous phenomena on the lunar surface arise as a result of some hidden processes that take place in the bowels of the satellite. They provoke earthquakes in the earth's crust. As paradoxical as it sounds, many experts believe that it is the Moon that is the culprit of powerful tremors on Earth.
By the way, Russian scientists have studied the historical records of a wide variety of natural disasters over the past 900 years. The most powerful geological catastrophes have been found to occur during the full moon.
But the influence of the Moon on the Earth is not limited to geological processes. Our eternal cosmic brother has a certain effect on living beings. British scientists studying circulatory system black cockroach, found in it a substance that speeds up the work of the heart. Within a few weeks, its concentration was measured. And it was found that it is directly dependent on the lunar phases.
Research from beautiful graceful insects was transferred to rodents, and then to humans. Blood tests in these cases showed the same relationship. Moreover, it was found that the content of the substance reached a maximum two days after the new moon and full moon, and then began to fall.
Was installed chemical composition substances that speed up the work of the heart. These are acetylcholine and serotonin. Their content is not constant and fluctuates in accordance with the daily cycle. And after the new moon and the full moon, norepinephrine appears in the blood. All these chemical compounds are known to be involved in the transmission nerve impulses. That is, they are directly related to the brain, psyche and nervous system.
Thus, it can be assumed that the influence of the Moon on the Earth is also carried out through the named chemical substances. In this case, the entire living world of the blue planet is affected, since the satellite exerts direct influence on cellular control mechanisms. Therefore, space takes active participation in all processes that go in an endless succession to sublunar world No wonder it's called that.
