Meaning of unpaired verbs in the dictionary of linguistic terms. Unpaired verbs

Meaning of UNPARALLED VERBS in the Dictionary linguistic terms

UNPAIRED VERBS

Imperfective or perfective verbs that do not have a corresponding aspect pair. Lie down, sing along, whistle. Rumble ^ blow, sleep off. see single aspect verbs.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Type and mode of verbal action.

The conceptual category of aspect in Russian is expressed, in particular, in the category of method verb action. The question of the relationship between the categories of type and mode of action is traditionally one of the debatable ones. According to the most common point of view in modern aspectology, modes of action are different classes of derivative verbs associated with the original verb by regular word-formation relations (for example, walk around represents a multiple mode of action denoted by the verb walk, make a noise- an initiatory way of action denoted by a verb make noise etc). The mode of action is not a grammatical category, since its expression in Russian is not necessary. We are speaking He often visited me(multiple mode of action) - if we want to specifically express the idea of \u200b\u200bmultipleness in the verb. But we can describe the same situation with the words He often visited me, leaving this idea unexpressed in the verb. The mode of action is the result of a certain semantic modification of the original verb, which is expressed by formal means - prefixes and suffixes. Yes, verbs scream, shout, shout, shout are different semantic modifications of the verb scream, each of which has its own formal index. Some of the types of modifications of the action of the original verb are very close, sometimes even identical, to some types of semantic relations in species pairs Oh. Therefore, it happens that one and the same verb is a specific correlate to some verb of the opposite type and at the same time one of the modes of action formed from it. So, for example, the verb please is also a species correlate to like and his initiatory mode of action. Type verbs jump, throw or bite are at the same time a single mode of action to jump, throw and bite and their species correlates. Although such combinations of functions are relatively rare, in principle such a possibility exists and is due to the similarity of the semantic relations between members of the aspect pair and between the motivating verb and its mode of action. In other words, the content side of the category of form and the category of mode of action are very close - in the sense that the set of meanings transmitted by both categories has large area intersections. The difference between them concerns the functional side.

Appearance as a grammatical category.

In Russian, as in others Slavic languages, available grammatical category kind, opposing two meanings: "perfect kind" and "imperfect kind". The expression of this opposition is obligatory for the Russian language: every verb used in an utterance in Russian has one or another meaning of the aspect category, i.e. is either a perfective or an imperfective verb. This applies, among other things, to the so-called two-part verbs: in sentences like I am getting married, where the verb can be understood in two ways - as the verb owls. species (future tense) and as a verb nes. form (present tense), there is a grammatical ambiguity generated by an external coincidence (homonymy) of different grammatical forms. This ambiguity is resolved in a wider context, cf. It's decided. I am getting married[nesov. view] on Marie and go with her to Paris and I am getting married[owl. view] on Irina, if she agrees to live with me in a hut.

Semantics of species opposition.

With the help of the aspect category in the Russian language, various semantic oppositions related to the conceptual category of the aspect can be expressed. It is customary to talk about the general meaning (semantic invariant) - of each of the types, as well as the specific opposition itself - and about the particular meanings of the species (particular meanings).

The aspectual system of the Russian language is based on certain way conceptualization of reality. Namely, the following fundamental categories are distinguished: event, process, state. A state is a state of affairs that remains unchanged over a period of time: Masha loves Petya; Vasya is shivering. When one state is replaced by another, it is conceptualized as an event. An event is a transition to a new state (at some point in time, one state took place, and at some subsequent point, another state took place): Masha fell out of love with Petya; Vasya got warm. Finally, a process is something that happens over time. The process consists of successive phases and usually requires energy to maintain it: boy walking and playing; they are talking; the fire is burning. The Russian aspectual system is designed in such a way that the verbs of sov. species always denote events, and verbs carry. species can denote any of three types of phenomena: primarily processes ( boils, talking with a friend, long writes letter) and states ( dies from impatience, ill, something waiting), but also events (suddenly understands, everyday comes).

Respectively, general meaning species opposition is that owls. view, always expressing eventfulness, is opposed to nonsov. species unmarked in this respect, i.e. capable of expressing both processuality or stativity, as well as eventfulness. This invariant semantics of species opposition is realized different ways depending on the context. This refers to the context in a broad sense, which includes the type of lexical meaning of the verb itself (since the semantics of aspectual opposition is different for verbs of different semantic classes), the meaning of grammatical categories (primarily tense and mood), the presence in the sentence of some special indicators, in particular negation and deictic words (such as this), type of speech act(message, question, request, etc.) etc. There are two fundamental various types contexts. In some, the opposition of aspectual forms expresses exactly the difference that exists in a given semantic type of aspectual pairs, for example, “an action developing towards its limit” - “reaching the limit”, as in a pair of sentences Last summer we built dacha("engaged in construction") - Last summer we built dacha("finished construction"), i.e. we are talking about different situations. In other contexts, both aspectual forms describe the same situation of reality, and the aspectual opposition expresses only different ways its conceptualization (cf. This house built my grandfather - This house built my grandfather). The most studied contexts of the second type are the opposition of owls. species and carry. general factual in the past tense (cf. above) and the use of species in the imperative ( Tell me what happened there - Well, tell me what happened there).

private values.

The perfect form has a small spread of private values. The main meaning of owls. type is called concrete-actual ( Ivan left abroad). There are also a number of peripheral values: visual and exemplary ( Will see homeless dog on the street say her sweet Nothing and will go your way); the same meaning is sometimes called the usual, potential ( You, Vasya, and the dead stir up ), total ( Seven times try on, one cut off ) and some others. The imperfect aspect has a richer range of particular meanings; however, some of them are possible only for verbs of certain semantic classes. The brightest meaning of neses. type is actual-long, which is also called concrete-process. Ness verb. type in the actual-continuous meaning describes a process or state lasting at the moment of observation ( When I entered my wife covers on the table, and the son lay on the sofa and was reading book). A kind of actual-continuous meaning is a cognitive one, i.e. try value ( consoled but not consoled; decided but didn't decide).

Actual-long (it is also concrete-process) meaning is far from all verbs of nons. type; moreover, the presence or absence of an actual-continuous meaning in a verb is its important semantic characteristic. Namely, this meaning cannot be expressed by verbs describing situations that are not actual (concrete) or are not long-term (process). The first category consists of verbs denoting stable states, properties and relationships, devoid of the sign of processivity, flow in time ( know, understand, assume, suspect, be in love, exist, be present, absent, correspond, mean, have etc.). Such verbs can be called non-actual state verbs. Another group of verbs that are not capable of actual long-term use are verbs denoting the type of activity ( lead, govern, reign, steal, teach, trade, fish, carpentry, widow etc.). The verbs of the multiple and intermittent softening method also do not have an actual-long meaning ( walk, sit, visit, read, beat etc.), in which the irrelevant nature of the action is included in the lexical meaning.

In addition, the actual-continuous meaning is absent in the so-called "instant" verbs ( find, reach, arrive etc.), which can indicate only the moment of achieving the goal, but not the process leading to it: so, one cannot say *Climbers reached the summit for three hours, *It took me a long time to find my lost wallet.

In addition to the actual long-term, the Ness. species emit the following values. Usual: denoting a habitual, constantly repeated action (cf. He smokes, dine in a restaurant, sleeps with an open window,on Saturdays he washes in the bath); potential: the value of skill, the ability to do something ( She speaks French= "can speak"; crocodiles don't fly the bridge can withstand a hundred tons). Special mention among the meanings of nes. kind deserves the value of multiplicity, or iterative. His special place in the system of partial values of nons. type is determined not even so much by the fact that the designation of a repetitive action is historically the primary function of nons. type (and formal indicators of imperfection are initially indicators of iterativization), how many by those that carry. view here can be used to denote events - instead of owls. of the form that would be used to refer to the same event, but which happened once, cf. In the morning he brewed tea for yourself and He every morning brews tea for yourself. The need for such a replacement underlies the criterion for establishing species pairing (see below).

Another important particular meaning of neses. type - general factual. It includes a group of meanings, the main one in which is the general factual resultant when the verb is not. of the form denotes an action that has achieved a result ( Winter Palace built Rastrelli- means "built"). Important role of this value in the aspectual system of the Russian language is determined by the fact that here the so-called competition of species arises, since nonsov. view in the general factual effective meaning can be used to refer to those situations of reality that can also be called the verb sov. species in a concrete-factual sense (cf. You showed this letter to her? and You showed this letter to her?). There is always, however, a difference between a perfect and imperfect view at the level of interpretation, a way of seeing the same event of reality, the essence of which boils down to the fact that the general factual meaning is not. species focuses on the fact itself, and the concrete-actual meaning of owls. species on its relevant consequences.

In addition to the effective value, the following varieties are distinguished in the general actual effective value: general actual bidirectional (the result was achieved, but canceled by the oppositely directed action: Someone came to you= "came and left"), ineffective (the action did not achieve a result: I begged her to come back), non-limiting (the value of the terminated state or process ( As a child, Masha was afraid of mice; There was a picture on this wall).

The concept of a species pair.

Why is the concept of a species pair needed? First of all, because the aspect pairs are actively used by native speakers in their daily speech activity. The point is that many language rules require, in certain contexts, the replacement of the perfect form of the verb with the imperfect. Thus, all foreigners studying Russian are told the rule according to which in sentences with an imperative, when a negation is added, the perfective form is replaced by the imperfective (cf. call wife - no call wife). There are other similar contexts. One of them is the narration in the so-called present historical, when the story of past events is conducted in the present tense, as if they were happening before our eyes, for example: And then Spartak turns south and gets to Syracuse in three days. If we were narrating in the past. time, we would say: turned and got, restoring that owl. view, which, when translating the narrative into present. historical was replaced by an imperfect one. Another such context is a story about recurring events, cf.: Having met a black cat on his way, Nikolai gets scared every time, spits over his left shoulder and, just in case, turns back. If we were talking about a single event, we would say: frightened, spat, turned. In all such cases, a native speaker can easily cope with such a replacement, and thus with the task of finding a specific correlate - since as an imperfect substitute for this verb, sov. of the species, naturally, not an arbitrary verb nesov can act. kind, namely single verb nesov. species that forms a species pair with it.

This is the basis for the criterion of species correlation proposed by Yu.S. Maslov in 1948 (which was appreciated only in the 1970s and largely determined further development aspectological science). A specific pair is formed by two verbs of the opposite form (they are called, respectively, a perfective and an imperfective member of the specific pair), if given verb nesov. species can be used instead of this verb owl. view when translating the narrative into the form of present. historical and in the context of multiplicity. So, for example, verbs open and open form a species pair, because along with the sentence Coming home, I opened window in Russian there are sentences like I come home yesterday open window… on the one hand, and Every day when I come home I open window- with another; while in both sentences with the verb nes. kind open this verb denotes the same event as the verb owl. kind open. Maslov's criterion also allows us to establish more non-trivial cases of species correlativity, for example, it shows that the pair search – find is not specific (as opposed to semantically close catch – to catch). So, for example, the proposal He went out into the yard caught butterfly and brought it home in present historical will look like He goes out into the yard catches butterfly and bring it home(here form catches indicates a process that has achieved a result, i.e. = "caught"). However, a similar replacement found on the looking for- for example, in a sentence He found on the road purse and picked up it cannot be produced: looking for a wallet in Russian cannot mean the same thing as found a wallet. The last sentence in present. historical should be passed as He finds wallet on the road and picks it up– whence it follows that the species pair to find is a verb find.

So, aspectual correlativity takes place if and only if the verb is not. species can denote the same event as the verb sov. kind. However, the verb usually included in the aspect pair is nes. of the form denotes, in addition, some other process or state associated with this event. Depending on what the verb nesov means. species (in a non-event meaning), there can be different semantic relationships between members of a species pair. The most characteristic is the limiting ratio: the verb is not. species denotes an action that develops towards its inner limit (completion), and the verb owl. of the species signifies the achievement of this limit, cf. build – build, write – write, rewrite – rewrite, do – do etc. In a sense, the limit ratio is exemplary, paradigmatic for the entire category of species (in particular, in that it served as a source for designating species - respectively, "imperfect" and "perfect"). However, it is by no means the only possible one. Gradational pairs differ from limit pairs ( rise – rise, increase – increase), in which there is no internal limit: here the process is limited from the outside, by the very moment of observation. On the other hand, in Russian there is a rather extensive class of aspect pairs in which the imperfective member denotes a certain state (usually - internal state person), and the perfect one is the transition to this state; e.g. verb understand denotes the state that occurred as a result of the event described by the verb understand. Wed also: see - see, hear - hear, feel - feel, want - want, to be upset - to be upset,to be surprised - to be surprised etc. Such a semantic relation is called perfect. Semantic relation in type pairs go - go,run - run called aggressive (or initiatory). The class of semelfactive species pairs is very extensive. (throw - throw,wave - wave), in which the imperfective member describes some activity, and the perfective indicates a single "quantum" of this activity. There are other types of semantic relations. Even such a "degenerate" case is possible, when the imperfective member of the species pair has no eigenvalue: it can only act as a “substitute” for the verb owls. species in those contexts where the rules of Russian grammar require the replacement of owls. view of the carrier; such pairs are called trivial; these include, for example: find – find, come – come, eat – eat, reach – achieve, turn out to be – turn out.

Morphologically, the ratio between members of a species pair can also be different. The most common is such a formal relationship in which the verb is not. species is morphologically derived from the verb owls. of the form, namely, is obtained by adding an imperfective suffix: -yva-/-willow- (rewrite - rewrite, lace up - lace up view - view), -and I- (to decide - to decide, to replace - to replace, to accuse - to accuse),-a-/-va- press - press, attack - attack; open - open, kill - kill), -Eve- (eclipse - eclipse, get stuck - get stuck). Ness verb. species can be obtained from the verb owls. form by cutting off the suffix present in it -well- : and simultaneous attachment of an imperfective suffix -and I- or -yva-/-willow- , for example: shout - shout, wave - wave, smile - smile, rest - rest, die - die, look back - look back etc. In other cases, on the contrary, the verb sov. kind is obtained from the verb nes. type by adding a prefix (such pairs are called prefix - in contrast to suffix, obtained by adding a suffix): feel – on feel, cook – With cook, want – per want, go blind – about go blind, be frightened – is be frightened. There are, in addition, the so-called suppletive pairs, i.e. formed from different bases (take - take, put - put, to catch - to catch, to say - speak), as well as various mixed types (buy - buy, plant - plant, crack - crack and etc.). Finally, a separate formal type of aspect pairs are two aspect verbs ( marry, order, execute, promise, investigate, liquidate, emigrate, qualify etc.), which, from the point of view of their functioning in the system, are nothing more than pairs of homonymous (formally indistinguishable) verbs of the opposite form. The class of two-part verbs in Russian is a peripheral phenomenon. It is constantly replenished through borrowings, but as they are mastered, these verbs begin to be formally differentiated due to the fact that either the perfective member of the pair is marked with a prefix (cf. about inform, from restore), or the imperfective suffix ( arrests ywa be, organizations ywa be).

Unpaired verbs.

Not all Russian verbs are included in aspect pairs. They exist as unpaired verbs of owls. species (perfectiva tantum), and unpaired verbs nes. species (imperfectiva tantum). These two classes are organized differently. To unpaired verbs of owls. types include, for example: wake up, find yourself, rush, gush, burst out, collapse, be lucky, choke, thwart, take place; in addition, this also includes verbs of some modes of action, namely: inchoative ( cry), delimitative ( play), distributive ( open up). Prohibition on the formation of neses. form from verbs such as wake up or rush, is associated with morphology and, generally speaking, does not have an absolute character: if necessary, forms such as wake up or rush. The impossibility of perfecting the verbs of the listed modes of action has more systemic character. As for the class of unpaired verbs nes. species, then, firstly, it is more extensive, and secondly, the absence of a species correlate in these verbs is directly due to their semantics: these are verbs denoting various states, properties and relations ( have, to mean, cost, belong, consist, correspond, know, be in love, afraid and etc.), which cannot denote any event - and thus cannot be included in a species pair.

The aspect category belongs to one of the most complex categories of Russian grammar; many issues of aspectological theory remain debatable. The category of species causes particular difficulty in the study of the Russian language, since the choice of species in a particular utterance is the result of a multitude of interacting factors.

Anna Zaliznyak

Literature:

Isachenko A.V. Grammar Russian in comparison with Slovak, vol. II. Bratislava, 1960
Bondarko A.V., Bulanin L.L. Russian verb. L., 1967
Rassudova O.P. The use of verb types in Russian. M., 1968
Bondarko A.V. Type and tense of the Russian verb. M., 1971
Avilova N.S. Verb aspect and verb word semantics. M., 1976
Glovinskaya M.Ya. Semantic types aspectual oppositions of the Russian verb. M., 1982
Maslov Yu.S. Essays on Aspectology. L., 1984
Paducheva E.V. Semantic research . Part I: Semantics of time and form. M., 1996
Bulygina T.V., Shmelev A.D. Language conceptualization of the world(based on Russian grammar). Part I: Ontology of Phenomena and the Russian View. M., 1997
Zaliznyak Anna A., Shmelev A.D. Introduction to Russian aspectology. M., 2000

/ Rosenthal D.E. "Dictionary of linguistic terms" / Letter H

unpaired verbs. Imperfective or perfective verbs that do not have a corresponding aspect pair. Lie down, sing along, whistle. Rumble ^ blow, sleep off. Cm. monotonous verbs.

unpaired consonants. 1. Consonants, devoid of correlation in deafness-voicedness. Unpaired voiced consonants: [l, l '], [m, m '], [n, n '], [p, p '], [j];

unpaired deaf consonants: [x], [x '], [c], [h],[sh]. 2. Consonants, devoid of correlation in hardness-softness. Unpaired hard consonants” [g], [w], [c]; unpaired soft consonants: [h '], [w '], [j].

intransitive (intransitive) Verbs. Verbs that cannot be carried direct object, t; e. not combined with the accusative case without a preposition, naming the object to which the action completely passes. These grammatical feature associated with their lexical meaning: intransitive verbs denote action and position in space, physical and moral state (run, lie, get sick, cry, rest, be sad etc.). With intransitive verbs, controlled accusative without a preposition, but only with the meaning of space or time. Troops march day and night(Pushkin). For a kilometer and a half they crawled almost over the sleeping Germans(Kazakevich). Intransitive verbs associated with certain types of verb word formation. So, denominative verbs with suffixes are intransitive - no-cha (th) (lazy, locksmith), -e (t) (turn pale, darken), -stva(s)(hello, be zealous). The formal indicator of the intransitiveness of the verb is the affix -sya.

Imperfective or perfective verbs that do not have a corresponding aspect pair. Lie down, sing along, whistle. Rumble ^ blow, sleep off. cm. monotonous verbs.

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Meaning of unpaired verbs in the dictionary of linguistic terms. Unpaired verbs

Meaning of UNPARALLED VERBS in the Dictionary linguistic terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what UNPAIR VERBS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Type and mode of verbal action.

Appearance as a grammatical category.

Semantics of species opposition.

private values.

The concept of a species pair.

Unpaired verbs.

/ Rosenthal D.E. "Dictionary of linguistic terms" / Letter H

"unpaired verbs" in books

From nouns to verbs

Stage 2 Learn verbs

Verbs

65 Verbs

Existence verbs

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Verbs for generalization and quotation

6.58. Impersonal verbs

Don't complicate the verbs!

Indefinite verbs

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images of verbs

ONE VERBS

Portal for the student. Self-training

Meaning of UNPARALLED VERBS in the Dictionary linguistic terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what UNPAIR VERBS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Type and mode of verbal action.

Appearance as a grammatical category.

Semantics of species opposition.

private values.

The concept of a species pair.

Unpaired verbs.

/ Rosenthal D.E. "Dictionary of linguistic terms" / Letter H

"unpaired verbs" in books

From nouns to verbs

Stage 2 Learn verbs

Verbs

65 Verbs

Existence verbs

#2: Use Strong Verbs

Verbs for generalization and quotation

6.58. Impersonal verbs

Don't complicate the verbs!

Indefinite verbs

Verbs

INFINITE VERBS

VERBS OF ETERNAL LIFE NATAN DUBOVITSKY VERBS OF ETERNAL LIFE NATHAN DUBOVITSKY Alexander Prokhanov 04.07.2012

images of verbs

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