Lexical means
Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless).The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis.: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
Contextual (or contextual) antonyms -these are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:Mind and heart - ice and fire -That's the main thing that distinguished this hero.
Hyperbole - figurative expression exaggerating any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
Litotes - worst understatement: a man with a fingernail.Used to enhance the artistic impression.
Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms) -thanks to their novelty, they allow you to create certain artistic effects, to express the author's view on a topic or problems: ...how can we make sure that our rights do not expanded at the expense of the rights of others?(A. Solzhenitsyn)
Usage literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov.
Synonyms - These are words belonging to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:Love is love, friend is friend.Used Synonyms allow you to more fully express the idea, use. To enhance the feature.
Contextual (or contextual) synonyms −words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
Metaphor - hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:good people there were, are and, I hope, will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise disharmony would come in the world,it would have skewed...tipped over and sunk.Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.
Metonymy - transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
A) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch coming soon? asked the guest, turning toquilted vest;
b) from an institution to its inhabitants: Whole board recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This connection is logical incompatible concepts, which are sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic connotation:The sad fun continues...
personification -one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person:Trees leaning towards meextended thin hands. Even more often inanimate object actions that are permissible only to people are attributed: Rain slapped bare feetalong the paths of the garden.
Evaluative vocabulary -direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects: Pushkin is a miracle.
Paraphrase(s) - use description instead own name or names; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition: The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.
Proverbs and sayings,used by the author, make the speech figurative, apt, expressive.
Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, to create whole artistic pictures, to give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions:like, as if, as if, exactly, etc.but serves to figuratively describe the most various signs objects, qualities, actions. For example, comparison helps to give exact description colors: Like the night, his eyes are black.
A common form of comparison is expressed by a noun in instrumental: snake alarm crept into our hearts.There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using words:similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies are like flowers.
Phraseologisms -these are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author's attitude to events, to a person, etc.:people like my hero have divine spark. Phraseologisms have a stronger effect on the reader.
Quotes from other works they help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive: A.S. Pushkin, "like first love"will not forget not only"Russian heart" but also world culture.
Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is called artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinguishing feature. Anything can be an epithet. meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition to another:talker magpie,fatal hours. eagerly peers; listens frozen;but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in figurative meaning: half-asleep, tender, loving eyes.
Gradation - stylistic figure, which concludes in the consequent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).
Antithesis - stylistic device, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating an effect sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
Tautology - repetition (better, the author's words are the words of the author)
colloquial vocabularygives additional. Expressive-emotional. Coloring (put, deny, reduce) can give a playful, ironic, familiar attitude to the subject.
Historicisms- words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted (chain mail, coachman)
Archaisms - words that are in modern. Rus. The language is replaced by other concepts. (mouth-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)
In the works of the artist Lit. Help to recreate the color of the era, are the means speech characteristics, or can be used as a means of comic
Loans. The words -to create humor, a nominative function, give national. Coloring brings the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is described.
. Grammar means.
exclamation particles -a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text: O, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!
exclamatory sentencesexpress emotional relationship the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:Let's save our soul as a shrine!
Inversion - reverse order words in a sentence. At direct order the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the object after the control word, the circumstance of the mode of action is before the verb:The youth of today quickly realized the falsity of this truth.And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than it is set grammar rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!
Polyunion - rhetorical figure of intentional repetition coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional selection of enumerated concepts, the role of each is emphasized.: And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall to the ground, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!
Parceling - the technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.
Repeat - conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was sufferer, suffererin the full sense of the word.
Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations -a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.Who didn't curse stationmasters Who didn't fight with them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction?
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!
Syntactic parallelism -the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea:Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences with a variety of turnovershelps convey the pathos of the article, emotional mood author.
“1855. The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Castle fine arts… in central hall exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic ".
One-part, incomplete sentencesmake the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:Gioconda. A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.
Anaphora, or monogamy - it's a repetition individual words or turns at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
Epiphora - the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: I have been going to you all my life. I have believed all my life into you. I have loved all my life you.
water words are used to express confidence (of course), uncertainty (maybe), various feelings (fortunately), the source of the statement (according to words), the order of events (firstly), evaluation (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, understand, listen)
Appeals- is used to name the person to whom the speech is being addressed, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor (Dear and dear mother! - common appeal e)
Homogeneous Members suggestions -their use helps to characterize the object (by color, shape, quality ...), focus on some point
Sentence words - Yes! But how!Of course! Used in colloquial speech, express strong feelings motives.
Isolation - used to highlight or clarify part of the statement. (At the fence, at the gate itself ...)
The table contains information about tropes, figures of speech, reveals the visual possibilities of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, as well as sound means of expression.
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"Preparation for the Unified State Examination - 9. Visual and expressive means of the language"
The expressiveness of Russian speech. means of expression.
Fine- means of expression language
TRAILS - use of the word in a figurative sense.
| List of trails | Term meaning | |
| Allegory | Allegory. Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image. | In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf. |
| Hyperbola | Means artistic image based on exaggeration | The eyes are huge, like searchlights (V. Mayakovsky) |
| Extreme exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character | Mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin. |
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| Where, smart, are you delirious head? (I. Krylov). |
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| Artistic medium based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole) | The waist is no thicker than the neck of a bottle (N. Gogol). |
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| Metaphor, expanded metaphor | Hidden comparison. A type of trope in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an extended poetic image | With a sheaf of your oatmeal hair You touched me forever.(S. Yesenin.) |
| Metonymy | A type of path in which words come together according to the contiguity of the concepts they denote. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the instrument of activity. There are many examples: the transfer from a vessel to the contents, from a person to his clothes, from locality to residents, from organization to participants, from author to works | When the shore of hell Will take me forever, When the Pen will fall asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.) On silver, on gold ate. Well, eat another plate, son. |
| personification | Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings with the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel | What are you howling about, wind night, What are you complaining about so much? (F. Tyutchev.) |
| Paraphrase (or paraphrase) | One of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech | King of beasts (instead of lion) |
| Synecdoche | A type of metonymy, consisting in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; the whole in the meaning of the part; singular in the meaning of the general; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a specific concept by a generic one | All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. We all look to Napoleones. |
| figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties | dissuaded by the grove golden birch cheerful language. |
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| Comparison | A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon | The ice is not strong on the icy river, as if it lies like melting sugar. (N. Nekrasov.) |
FIGURES OF SPEECH
A generalized name for stylistic devices in which the word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative sense. grammatical argument.
| Figure | Term meaning | Example |
| Anaphora (or monogamy) | Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences poetic lines, strof. | I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slim look… |
| Antithesis | Stylistic device of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms | And the new denies the old so much!.. It grows old before our eyes! Already shorter skirts. It's already longer! Leaders are younger. It's already older! Better manners. |
| gradation | (gradual)- stylistic device, which allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing importance | I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. |
| Inversion | permutation; stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech | He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps. |
| Lexical repetition | Intentional repetition of the same word in the text | I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold evil, I promise you, But only you, too, forgive me! |
| Pleonasm | The repetition of similar words and turns, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect. | My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick. |
| Oxymoron | A combination of opposite words that don't go together. | Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet grief, ringing silence. |
| Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal | Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not with the aim of getting an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader. Exclamations and appeals enhance emotional perception | Where are you galloping, proud horse, And where will you lower your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft. (F. Tyutchev.) |
| Syntax parallelism | Reception, which consists in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas. | I lookfor the future with fearI lookto the past with longing... |
| Default | A figure that allows the listener to guess and think for himself what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement. | You will go home soonLook...What? my fate, To tell the truth, very Nobody is concerned. |
| Ellipsis | Figure poetic syntax, based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning | We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.) |
| A stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of lines of poetry of a word or phrase | Dear friend, and in thisquiet Home. The fever hits me. Can't find a place for mequiet House near the peaceful fire. (A. Blok.) |
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY
Lexical argument
| Meaning | ||
| Antonyms, contextual antonyms | Words that are opposite in meaning. Contextual antonyms - it is in the context that they are opposite. Out of context, this contrast is lost. | Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire... (A. Pushkin.) |
| Synonyms contextual synonyms | Words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms - it is in the context that they are close. Out of context, intimacy is lost. | To wish - to want, to have a hunt, to strive, to dream, to crave, to hunger |
| Words that sound the same but have different meanings. | Knee - a joint connecting the thigh and lower leg; passage in birdsong |
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| homographs | Different words that match in spelling but not in pronunciation. | Castle (palace) - lock (on the door), Flour (torment) - flour (product) |
| Paronyms | Words that are similar in sound but different in meaning | Heroic - heroic, double - dual, effective - real |
| Words in a figurative sense | Unlike direct meaning words, stylistically neutral, devoid of imagery, figurative - figurative, stylistically colored. | Sword of justice, sea of light |
| Dialectisms | A word or phrase that exists in a certain area and is used in speech by the inhabitants of this area | Draniki, shanezhki, beetroots |
| jargon | Words and expressions outside literary norm belonging to some jargon - a type of speech used by people united by a common interest, habits, activities. | Head - watermelon, globe, saucepan, basket, pumpkin... |
| Profession-isms | Words used by people of the same profession | Caboose, boatswain, watercolor, easel |
| Words intended to denote special concepts of science, technology, and others. | Grammar, surgical, optics |
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| Words specific to writing and having special stylistic coloring. | Immortality, incentive, prevail... |
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| colloquial | The words, colloquial use, characterized by some roughness, reduced character. | Doodle, flirtatious, wobble |
| Neologisms (new words) | New words emerging to denote new concepts that have just emerged. There are also individual author's neologisms. | There will be a storm - we'll bet And let's have fun with her. |
| obsolete words(archaisms) | Words ousted from modern language others denoting the same concepts. | Fair - excellent, diligent - caring, foreigner - foreigner |
| Borrowed | Words transferred from words in other languages. | Parliament, Senate, MP, consensus |
| Phraseologisms | Stable combinations of words, constant in their meaning, composition and structure, reproduced in speech as whole lexical units. | To prevaricate - to be hypocritical, to beat the buckets - to mess around, in a hurry - quickly |
EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY
| Conversational. | Words that are somewhat reduced compared to neutral vocabulary stylistic coloration characteristic of spoken language emotionally charged. | Dirty, screamer, bearded man |
| Emotionally colored words | Estimated character, both positive and negative. | Adorable, wonderful, disgusting, villain |
| Words with suffixes of emotional evaluation. | Cute little hare, little mind, brainchild |
ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY
grammatical argument
| 1. Expressive usage case, gender, animation, etc. | Something air it is not enough for me, I drink the wind, I swallow the fog... (V. Vysotsky.) We rest in Sochah. How Plushkins divorced! |
| 2. Direct and portable use verb tense forms | I'm coming i went to school yesterday see announcement: "Quarantine". Oh and rejoiced I! |
| 3. Expressive use of words different parts speech. | happened to me most amazing story! I got unpleasant message. I was visiting at her. The cup will not pass you by this. |
| 4. Use of interjections, onomatopoeic words. | Here is closer! They jump ... and into the yard Yevgeny! "Oh!"- and lighter shade Tatiana jump into other canopies. (A. Pushkin.) |
AUDIO EXPRESSION
| Means | Term meaning | |
| Alliteration | Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of consonant sounds | hiss foamy glasses And punch flame blue .. |
| Alternation | Sound alternation. The change of sounds occupying the same place in a morpheme in different occasions its use. | Tangent - touch, shine - flash. |
| Assonance | Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of vowel sounds | The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.) |
| sound recording | The technique of enhancing the figurativeness of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture | For three days it was heard how on the road a boring, long The joints were tapping: to the east, east, east ... (P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of carriage wheels.) |
| Onomatopoeia | Imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature | When the mazurka thundered... (A. Pushkin.) |
ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES
grammatical argument
| 1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal. | When empty and weak a person hears a flattering review about his dubious merits, he revels with your vanity, arrogant and quite loses his tiny ability to be critical of his deeds and to your person.(D. Pisarev.) |
| 2. Offers with introductory words, appeals, separate members. | Probably, there, in native places just like in my childhood and youth, kupava blooms in the marsh backwaters and the reeds rustle, who made me with their rustle, with their prophetic whispers, that poet, who I have become, who I was, who I will be when I die. (K. Balmont.) |
| 3. Expressive use of sentences different type(complex subordinate, compound, unionless, one-component, incomplete, etc.). | They speak Russian everywhere; it is the language of my father and my mother, it is the language of my babysitter, my childhood, my first love, almost every moment of my life, which entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality. (K. Balmont.) |
| 4. Dialogical presentation. | - Well? Is it true that he is so handsome? - Surprisingly good, handsome, one might say. Slender, tall, blush all over the cheek ... - Right? And I thought he had a pale face. What? What did he look like to you? Sad, thoughtful? - What do you? Yes, I have never seen such a mad one. He took it into his head to run into the burners with us. - Run into the burners with you! Impossible!(A. Pushkin.) |
| 5. Parceling - a stylistic device for dividing a phrase into parts or even separate words in order to give speech intonational expression by means of its jerky pronunciation. Parceled words are separated from each other by dots or exclamation marks, while observing the remaining syntactic and grammatical rules. | Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. Nobody. Nobody. Not equal. Never.(A. Volodin.) He saw me and frozen. Numb. Stopped talking. |
| 6. Non-union or asyndeton - the intentional omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, swiftness. | Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there is a war. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. |
| 7. Polyunion or polysyndeton - repeating unions serve to logically and intonationally emphasize the members of the sentence connected by the unions. | The ocean was moving before my eyes, and it swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity. I will either sob, or scream, or faint. |
Lexical means
Antonyms- different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
Contextual(or contextual) antonyms- these are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
Hyperbola- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
Litotes- an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.
Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms)- thanks to their novelty, they allow creating certain artistic effects, expressing the author's view on a topic or problem: ... how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)
The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, another image: Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov.
Synonyms- these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend. The use of synonyms allows you to more fully express the idea, is used to enhance the feature.
Contextual (or contextual) synonyms- words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands exactly what similarity the semantic connection between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on: There were, are and, I hope, always will be more good people in the world, than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would have set in in the world, it would have warped ... capsized and sank.
Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.
Metonymy- transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to any of his external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic coloring: Sad fun continued ...
personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: Rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden.
Paraphrase(s) - using a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition: The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.
Proverbs and sayings, used by the author, make speech figurative, label, expressive.
Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.
Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case: Anxiety has crept like a snake into our hearts. There are comparisons that are included in the sentence with the help of words: similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies look like flowers.
Phraseologisms- these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author's attitude to events, to a person, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God. Phraseologisms have a stronger effect on the reader.
Quotes from other works help the author to prove any thesis, position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive: A.S. Pushkin, "like first love", will not be forgotten not only by "Russia's heart", but also by world culture.
Epithet- a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another: the chatterbox forty, the fatal clock, eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.
gradation- a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world! Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).
Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
colloquial vocabulary gives an additional expressive-emotional coloring (positive, negative, diminutive), can give a playful, ironic, familiar attitude to the subject.
historicisms-words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted (chain mail, coachman)
Archaisms- words that are replaced by other concepts in modern Russian (usta-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)
In works fiction help to recreate the color of the era, are a means of speech characteristics, or can be used as a means of comic
Borrowed words- to create humor, a nominative function, give a national color, bring the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is described.
Syntactic phenomena for argumentation ( grammatical means).
1) Exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a technique for creating emotional pathos of the text: Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!
2) Exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration): An ugly attitude! How can you save happiness! Exclamatory sentences also express an impulse to action: Let's save our soul as a shrine!
3) Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence.
In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the addition after the control word, the circumstance of the mode of action is before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!
4) Multi-union- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of composing unions for the logical and emotional selection of the enumerated concepts, the role of each is emphasized: And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall to the ground, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!
5) Parceling- the technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.
6) Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, the concept: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.
7) Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position. Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction?
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!
8) Syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
9) Combination short simple and long complex or complicated by various turns proposals helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.
“1855. The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.
10) One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text: Mona Lisa. A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No swabs. How alive.
11) Anaphora, or monogamy- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
12) Epiphora - the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.
13) Water words are used to express confidence (of course), uncertainty (maybe), various feelings (fortunately), the source of the statement (according to words), the order of events (firstly), evaluation (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, understand, listen)
14) Appeals used to name the person to whom the speech is being addressed, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor (Dear and dear mother! - a common appeal)
15) Homogeneous members of the proposal- their use helps to characterize the object (by color, shape, quality ...), focus on some point
16) Sentence Words- Yes! But how! Of course! Used in colloquial speech, express strong feelings of motivation.
17) Detached Members suggestions- used to highlight or clarify part of the statement. (At the fence, at the gate itself ...)
18) SSP and SPP with various subordinate clauses
