Navoi (Navoi Nizamaddin Mir Alisher)- the famous Uzbek poet, statesman, thinker. It is known that he was a native of Herat, where in 1441 he was born into the family of Giyasaddin Kichkin, who held an official post in the Timurid state. Navoi's father's house served as a meeting place for people directly related to the world of art and philosophy. Many of their relatives creative people. So, Muhammad Ali, who was Navoi's uncle, gained fame as a calligrapher and musician, Abu Said, also an uncle, hastily studied poetry.
Navoi himself became a famous poet at the age of 15. His works were written in Farsi and Turkic, and he was equally excellent at versification in these languages. He happened to study in three madrassahs located in Herat, Mashhad and Samarkand. One of Navoi's teachers was a man who later became his colleague and friend - Jami. Fate brought him together with Hussein Baiqara, the future ruler of Khorasan; they studied together in Herat. With young nails Alisher Navoi was brought up side by side with the children of noble families. His friendly relations with the heir to the throne, which began in childhood, were carried through his whole life.
During the years 1456-1469. Navoi lived in Samarkand, where he studied at a madrasah. When his childhood friend Hussein came to power, Navoi returned to his homeland. In 1469, he became under him the keeper of the seal (this was an official position), and in 1472 - the vizier, received the title of emir. While in this post, Navoi did a lot to ensure that new hostels, madrasahs, hospitals, bridges and roads appeared in Herat. So, he himself supervised the construction of libraries, khanakas, hospitals, etc. on the Injil Canal. Many people of art found in him a kind patron who helped morally and financially. Thinkers could also count on his support. Under him, a whole circle of enlightened, scientific, creative people was formed.
Being a humanist by conviction, an opponent of arbitrariness and despotism, Navoi stood up for the unjustly offended, defended before the Sultan ordinary people. He also fought with embezzlers, bribe-takers and amassed a lot of ill-wishers. Nevertheless, after resigning in 1476, he remained among those close to the Sultan; childhood friend still trusted him with various important matters.
In 1487, the poet was sent to the distant province of Astrabad, which he was to rule. It was an honorary exile, where Navoi went through the efforts of opponents who managed to cool down his relations with the Sultan. Seeing that hopes for the restoration of the unity of the state torn by civil strife, for changes in political situation, Navoi decides to leave the service and devote himself to creativity. So he did, returning in 1488 to his native Herat. At home great poet and died in 1501.
Navoi left behind a rich legacy. Peak it creative biography was the writing of the so-called. "Pyateritsy", which was a tradition for Eastern poets. During the years 1483-1485. he published the poems "Confusion of the Righteous", "Farhad and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun", "Iskander's Wall", "Seven Planets", composed in continuation of the traditions of Nizami's work. He left behind Navoi and works of a philosophical and journalistic nature, linguistic and historical treatises. His literary creativity played significant role for the development of Turkish-speaking national literatures. Handwritten works of Navoi are the property of the world's largest libraries in such countries as Iran, Turkey, England, Russia. His poems have been translated into various languages. Linguists showed such an ardent interest in his poetry and in his bright personality that navigational studies appeared as a separate area of scientific research.
Biography from Wikipedia
Alisher Navoi(Uzb. Alisher Navoiy; Uyg. Alshir Nava "and / ئەلشىر ناۋائى; Persian علیشیر نوایی;) (Nizamaddin Mir Alisher) (February 9, 1441, Herat - January 3, 1501, ibid.), philosopher of the Surfi direction statesman of Timurid Khorasan.
He created the main works under the pseudonym Navoi (melodic) in the literary Chagatai language, on the development of which he had a noticeable influence; under the pseudonym Fani (mortal) he wrote in Persian. His work gave a powerful impetus to the development of literature in the Turkic languages, especially Chagatai and the traditions of literature in the Uzbek and Uighur languages that adopted it.
In a number of Soviet and Russian historiography, Alisher Navoi is defined as an Uzbek poet, thinker and statesman. According to some Soviet and foreign scientists, he is a Uighur.
Artworks
The creative heritage of Alisher Navoi is huge and multifaceted: it includes about 30 major works - collections of poems (sofas), poems (dastans), philosophical and scientific treatises. Using centuries-old cultural traditions Muslim peoples Central Asia and the Middle East, Alisher Navoi creates quite original works.
Lyrics
"Treasury of Thoughts" - a page of Alisher Navoi's collection of poetry. Manuscript from the Library of Suleiman the Magnificent
The lyrical legacy of the poet is enormous. 3150 of his works in the ghazal genre are known, included in divans in Chagatai and Farsi.
"Treasury of Thoughts"- a poetic code compiled by the poet himself in 1498-1499 according to the chronological principle and includes four divans corresponding to the four periods of the poet's life: Curiosities of Childhood, Curiosities of Youth, Curiosities of Middle Ages, Edification of Old Age. The poems belong to different lyrical genres, among which the ghazals are especially numerous (more than 2600). The sofas also contain poems of other genres - mukhammas, musaddas, mestozadas, kyty, rubai and tuyugs dating back to Turkic folk art.
Lyrical poems are difficult to date, since responses to the facts of the poet's life known to us are caught quite rarely in them, and eventfulness is not characteristic of them at all. "The Treasury of Thoughts" is a lyrical confession of the poet, conveying the whole gamut of his experiences. Along with the external love plane, they have a higher one - spiritualized in a Sufi way and using traditional images of sensual lyrics in a metaphorical key. At the same time, Navoi's original metaphors are intertwined with the traditional ones he learned from rich tradition oriental poetry.
Love for Navoi is a simultaneously high, spiritual and exquisitely erotic, earthly feeling that subjugates a person to itself and deprives him of his freedom. And, at the same time, this does not give rise to pessimism in the poet, since Navoi understands love suffering as the basis of spiritual rebirth.
Navoi considered the development of the literary Chagatai language (Turks) as one of his main tasks. It was in the poet's lyrics that the Turkic verse reached the pinnacle of artistic expression: his gazelles amaze with filigree finishing of details, virtuoso compliance with formal rules, semantic play, freshness of images, allegories and metaphors. Thanks to the lyrics of Navoi, Farsi is losing the status of the only literary language. Once Babur in the book "Babur-name" said about the language of Navoi:
Babur: “Alisherbek was an incomparable person, since poetry has been composed in the Turkic language, no one else has composed them so much and so well”
The poet also composed the so-called "Sofa Fani"- a collection of lyrical poems in Farsi.
Forty Hadiths (Arbaeen Kirk Hadith)- a product of a different type. These are 40 quatrains in the Turkic language, written on the themes of the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. The basis of the work was Jami's work of the same name in Farsi (in essence, Navoi's work is a free translation).
Navoi collected his qasidas in Persian in two collections - "Six Necessities" ("Sittai Zaruriya") and "Four seasons of the year" ("Fusuli arbaa").
"Five"
The pinnacle of Navoi's creativity is the famous "Five", which includes five epic poems: didactic "Confusion of the Righteous" (1483) and plot heroic (dastans) "Leyli and Majnun" (1484), "Farhad and Shirin" (1484), "Seven Planets" (1484), "Wall Iskander" (1485).
"Five" is an "answer" (nazira) to the "Five" by Nizami Ganjavi and the Indo-Persian poet Amir Khosrov Dehlavi (wrote in Farsi). Navoi reproduces the plots of their works, some formal features, but often gives a different interpretation of the subject and plot situations, a new interpretation of events and images.
"Confusion of the Righteous"- the first poem of the cycle, a work of didactic and philosophical persuasion. It develops the motifs of Nizami's poem "Treasury of Secrets". It consists of 64 chapters, which deal with issues of religion, morality and ethics. The poem denounces feudal strife, the cruelty of state nobles, the arbitrariness of the beks, the hypocrisy of the sheikhs. The poet passionately affirms the ideals of justice.
"Layli and Majnun"- a poem based on the plot of a medieval Arabic legend (also developed by Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Khosrov, Jami) about the sad love of the young poet Qais for the beautiful Leyli. The piercing emotionality of the conflict and the exquisite poetic language poems made her widely popular with the Eastern reader. The poem had a great influence on the literature of the East and Uzbek folklore.
"Farhad and Shirin"- a heroic-romantic poem based on an old story about the love of the hero Farhad for the Armenian beauty Shirin, which is claimed by the Persian Shah Khosrov. The plot was developed by Nizami Ganjavi, but Navoi's poem is different in that the author refocused his attention from Shah Khosrov to the hero Farhad, making him an ideal epic hero. This was possible due to the fact that Alisher Navoi used the techniques of folklore poetics and the traditions of folk tales (dastans).
"Seven Planets"- a poem that unites seven fairy-tale short stories in a common frame. In an allegorical form, the poem criticizes the entourage of Alisher Navoi, the rulers (Timurids), Sultan Hussein and his courtiers.
"Wall of Iskander"- the last poem of the cycle, written on a common semi-fantastic story about the life of an ideal just ruler-sage Iskander (Alexander the Great is known under this name in the East).
Philological treatises
The authors of the 15th century believed that the Turkic language was rude for poetry. Alisher Navoi refutes this opinion in the treatise "Judgment about two languages"(1499). It substantiates the cultural and artistic significance of the Chagatai language (Turks). Navoi writes:
Wealth Turkic language proven by many facts. Talented poets coming out of the people's environment should not reveal their abilities in the Persian language. If they can create in both languages, then it is still very desirable that they write more poetry in their own language. And further: “It seems to me that I affirmed the great truth before the worthy people of the Turkic people, and they, having learned the true power of their speech and its expressions, the excellent qualities of their language and its words, got rid of the scornful attacks on their language and speech by the constituents poetry in Persian.
Questions of the theory of literature and versification are raised in the treatise "Size scales". The theoretical provisions and the very work of Alisher Navoi had a huge impact both on the development of Uzbek and Uighur literature in the Chagatai language, and on the development of other Turkic-language literatures (Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Tatar).
Historical writings
Alisher Navoi is the author of biographical and historical books: "Five of the Confused"(1492) dedicated to Jami; anthology "Collection of the Refined"(1491-1492) contains brief characteristics of writers - contemporaries of Navoi; "History of Iranian Kings" and "History of Prophets and Wise Men", contains information about the legendary and historical figures East, about Zoroastrian and Koranic mythology.
Later writings about the state
At the end of his life, Alisher Navoi writes an allegorical poem "Language of Birds"(“Parliament of Birds” or “Simurgh”) (1499) and a philosophical and allegorical treatise "Beloved of Hearts"(1500), dedicated to the best arrangement of society. The book reveals the influence of the writings of Yusuf Balasaguni and Gulistan by Saadi. The book condemns cruel, ignorant and immoral rulers and affirms the idea of centralizing power in the hands of a just enlightened ruler. All his life, Alisher Navoi combined literary deeds with political ones. Being human high position, he made a significant contribution to the improvement of the socio-economic life of the country; patronage of science, art, and literature; always tried to establish peace and harmony.
Posthumous recognition
- The poet and writer Babur highly appreciated the work of Navoi and even tried to enter into correspondence with him.
- Suleiman the Magnificent highly appreciated the work of Navoi and had in his library manuscripts with his works “Treasury of thoughts”, “Pyateritsa” and “Dispute of two languages”.
- In honor of the 500th anniversary of Alisher Navoi in 1942, postage stamps were printed in the Soviet Union.
- The works of Alisher Navoi were included in the curricula of all schools and madrasas in Central Asia in the 16th - early 20th centuries.
- In 1941, the Uzbek writer Musa Tashmukhamedov wrote the novel Alisher Navoi.
- In 1947, the film "Alisher Navoi" was shot at the Tashkent film studio.
- In 1966 in Uzbek SSR the 525th anniversary of Alisher Navoi was celebrated and in connection with this, a delegation of scientists from the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan led by academician I.M. Muminov visited Herat, where materials related to A. Navoi were collected and it was proposed to create a museum of A. Navoi.
- In the 1980s, a 10-serial video film "Alisher Navoi" was filmed in Uzbekistan.
- A city in Uzbekistan and a region (Navoi region) are named after Navoi.
- In 1970, as part of the Far East shipping company a ship bearing the name of Alisher Navoi entered.
- The name was given to the Namangan Regional Uzbek Theater of Musical Drama and Comedy.
- Tashkent has the Alisher Navoi Bolshoi Theater, Alisher Navoi Avenue, Alisher Navoi metro station. In the walls of the hall of the metro station there are panels from the plots of "Khamsa" of Navoi and a bas-relief of Navoi.
- The National Library of Uzbekistan is named after Alisher Navoi
- State Museum of Literature named after Alisher Navoi of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
- In the USSR, the name was given to the State Museum of the History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan.
- Samarkand State University named after Alisher Navoi
- A crater on Mercury is named after Navoi.
- There are several monuments to Alisher Navoi in the world: in Moscow, Navoi, Osh, Tashkent, Samarkand, Baku, Tokyo. There are plans to erect a monument to the poet in Washington.
- One of the streets leading to the mountains in Alma-Ata is named after the poet. Also, one of the avenues in Kyiv and streets in Dushanbe, Baku and Ashgabat are named after the poet.
- named after Navoi former street Telman, city park and high school in the city of Osh.
- In 1991, on the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the poet, a Soviet commemorative ruble was issued with the image of Alisher Navoi.
- In April 2007, a conference "Alisher Navoi and his influence on the cultural development of the peoples of Central Asia" was held in Washington.
- A bas-relief in honor of Alisher Navoi was installed in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif in northern Afghanistan.
- Since 2009 in Astrakhan region annual cultural events are held in honor of Alisher Navoi.
Gallery
Alisher Navoi. Works in 10 volumes. - Tashkent: "Fan", 1968-1970. - T. 1-10. - 3095 p.About Alisher Navoi
- Abdullaev V. Navoi in Samarkand. - Samarkand, 1941.
- Bertels E. E. Navoi. Creative biography experience. - M. - L., 1948.
- Bertels E. E. Fav. works. Navoi and Jami. - M., 1965.
- Pulyavin A. A. Genius in the hearts, 1978.
- Boldyrev A.N. Persian translations of “Majalis an-Nafais” by Navoi // Uchenye zapiski Leningrad State University. - L., 1952. - Ser. 128. - Issue. 3.
- Zahidov V. World of ideas and images of Alisher Navoi. - Tashkent, 1961.
- Svidina E. D. Alisher Navoi. Bio-Bibliography (1917-1966). - Tashkent, 1968.
- Khayitmetov A. creative method Navoi. - Tashkent, 1965.
For more than five centuries, the brilliant creations of Navoi, singing the ideas of humanism, peace, high human feelings firmly occupy a worthy place in the treasury of world literature. The unique poetic world of the brilliant poet and thinker is a synthesis of universal ideas, thoughts and aspirations for happiness, therefore it is not surprising that his works still excite the minds and hearts of our contemporaries. They have become a source of spiritual strength, serve moral lesson the rising generations.
Navoi, Alisher Navoi Nizamaddin Mir Alisher (9.2.1441, Herat, ‒ 3.1.1501, ibid.), Uzbek poet, thinker and statesman. Born in the family of a Timurid official Giyasaddin Kichkin, whose house was the center of communication between people of art, including poets. Already by the age of 15, N. became known as a poet, composing poems in two languages (Central Asian Turks and Farsi). He studied in Herat, Mashhad and Samarkand. In 1469 he became the keeper of the seal under the ruler of Khorasan, Sultan-Hussein Baykar, with whom he studied together at the madrasah. In 1472 he was appointed vizier and received the title of emir. N. provided assistance to scientists, artists, musicians, poets, calligraphers, and supervised the construction of madrasahs, hospitals, and bridges.
A convinced humanist, a fighter against medieval despotism and arbitrariness, N. denounced the abuses of the nobles, the greed of bribe-takers, acted as a defender of the people before the Sultan and decided cases in favor of the unjustly offended. N.'s progressive positions aroused discontent at court. In 1487 N. was exiled to the remote province of Astrabad as a ruler. The collapse of hopes for the possibility of a political reorganization of the country and the establishment of peace in a state torn apart by the strife of the Timurids forced N. to leave the service. Returning to Herat in 1488, he spent the end of his life in intensive creative work.
N.'s literary heritage is great and multifaceted: about 30 collections of poems, major poems, prose works, and scientific treatises, which comprehensively reveal the spiritual life of Central Asia in the 15th century. N. creatively used the centuries-old artistic experience literature of the peoples of Central Asia and the Middle East. The Treasury of Thoughts is a set of poems collected and arranged by the poet himself in 1498–99 chronographically in four collections-divans, corresponding to the four stages of the poet’s age: “Curiosities of Childhood”, “Rarities of Youth”, “Curiosities of Middle Ages”, “Edifications of Old Age” . This collection includes poems of various lyrical genres, especially numerous ghazals (more than 2,600), N.'s favorite genre, distinguished by amazing integrity. The poet also left "Fani's Divan" - a collection of poems in Farsi. The pinnacle of N.'s work is the famous "Five", the theme of which was suggested by Jami: "Confusion of the Righteous" (1483), "Leyli and Majnun" (1484), "Farhad and Shirin" (written 1484), "Seven Planets" (1484) , "Iskandarov wall" (1485). By sustainable Eastern tradition N.'s "Five" was a "response" (Nazira) to the "Five" by Nizami Ganjavi and the Indo-Iranian poet Amir Khosrov Dehlavi, who wrote in Farsi. Turning to the plots of their writings, assuming some formal features, N. gave a completely different ideological and artistic interpretation of the themes and plot situations, a new interpretation of images and events. "Confusion of the Righteous", the first poem of the cycle, consists of 64 chapters and is philosophical and journalistic in nature, covering the most significant issues of the then reality; the poem sharply denounces feudal strife and cruelty of the nobles, the arbitrariness of the beks, the hypocrisy and hypocrisy of Muslim sheikhs and lawyers, and the ideals of justice are affirmed. The poem outlines the main features of N.'s worldview, his ethical and aesthetic views. “Leyli and Majnun” is a poetic elaboration of the popular ancient Arabic legend about the tragic love of young Qays for the beautiful Leyli. humanist pathos, emotional tension conflict, the power of artistic impact on the reader were the reason for the huge influence of the poem on many oriental literatures and Uzbek folklore. “Farhad and Shirin” is a heroic-romantic poem about the love of the hero Farhad for the Armenian beauty Shirin, which is claimed by the Iranian Shah Khosrov. The poem differs from previous works that developed this plot in that its central image is not Shah Khosrov, but Farhad, a fighter for truth and justice, whose heroic deeds are opposed to the shah's cowardice. The image of Farhad has become a household name, embodying the social and aesthetic ideal of the people. N. used the techniques of folklore poetics, the traditions of the folk heroic epic. "Seven Planets", the fourth poem of the cycle, consists of seven fairy-tale short stories, united by a common frame. The poem contains allegorical allusions that criticize the real environment of N., the rulers - the Timurids, Sultan Hussein himself, his courtiers, and others. "Iskandarov Wall" is the final poem of the cycle, its hero is an ideal just ruler, a highly moral sage Iskandar.
The book The Five Confused (1492) is dedicated to Jami. In order to study the history of Uzbek and Persian-Tajik literature and their interrelationships, the anthology “Collection of the Refined” (1491–92)—brief descriptions of the writers of the N. era, “History of Iranian Kings” and “History of Prophets and Wise Men”—containing information about the legendary and historical figures of Central Asia and Iran, about Zoroastrian and Koranic mythology. Important questions theories of literature, especially versification, are covered in the treatise "Scales of Dimensions". At the end of his life, N. wrote the allegorical poem "The Language of Birds" (1499) and the philosophical and didactic essay "Beloved of Hearts" (1500) - about best device human society. A well-known influence on the book of N. had the works of Yusuf Balasaguni and "Gulistan" Saadi. The main idea of the book is the condemnation of "cruel, ignorant and depraved kings", the desire to establish a strong centralized power of a just ruler at the head of a prosperous country. This was the poet's lifelong dream. Tragically realizing the impossibility of realizing his political ideals, he nevertheless believed in the final victory of the bright beginning. Hence the optimism and life-affirming power of his creations.
In the literature of that time there was an opinion that the language of the Turks was rude for poetry; N. in the treatise "The Dispute of Two Languages" (1499) theoretically substantiated the cultural and artistic significance of the old Uzbek language, called Turki. N. influenced the development of not only Uzbek literature, but also the development of Uighur, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Tatar, and other Turkic-language literatures. The outlook and creativity of N. is not devoid of ideological contradictions, social illusions. But the pathos of N.'s creativity is in his humanism and democratic aspirations, in asserting the dignity of man, his right to happiness. N.'s work was of great importance for the development of the progressive romantic creative method in Eastern literature.
The bright figure of N., the artistic power of his poetry aroused great interest among orientalists. A special area of scientific research has emerged - navigation. Known works of Russian and Soviet scientists: V. V. Bartold, E. E. Bertels, A. Sharafutdinov, Aibek, V. Zakhidov, I. Sultanov, A. N. Boldyrev, A. A. Semyonov, A. Yu. Yakubovsky , H. Suleiman, A. Khaitmetov, A. Abdugafurov, P. Shamsiev and others. Big job is held in the Uzbek SSR for the preparation of scientific and popular publications by N. His poems have been translated into many languages. N.'s manuscripts are stored in the largest libraries in the world.
Cit.: Asarlar, vol. 1–15, Tashkent, 1963–1968; in Russian per. - Poems and poems, M., 1965; Soch., vol. 1–10, Tash., 1968–70.
Lit .: Bertels E. E., Navoi. Experience of a creative biography, M. - L., 1948; his own, Fav. works. Navoi and Jami, M., 1965; Boldyrev A.N., Persian translations of "Majalis an-Nafais" Navoi, "Scholarly Notes of Leningrad State University", 1952, ser. 128, c. 3; Zahidov V., World of ideas and images of Alisher Navoi, Tash., 1961; Khayitmetov A., Creative method of Navoi, Tash., 1965; Abdugafurov A., Navoi satirasi, whale. 1–2, Tashkent, 1966–72; Sulton I., Navoining kalb daftari, Tashkent, 1969; Svidina E. D., Alisher Navoi. Bio-bibliography (1917‒1966), Tash., 1968.
MESSAGES OF ALISHER NAVOI TO DESCENDANTS
for more than five centuries, the brilliant creations of Navoi, singing the ideas of humanism, peace, high human feelings, firmly occupy a worthy place in the treasury of world literature. The unique poetic world of the brilliant poet and thinker is a synthesis of universal ideas, thoughts and aspirations for happiness, therefore it is not surprising that his works still excite the minds and hearts of our contemporaries. They have become a source of spiritual strength and serve as a moral lesson for the younger generations.
Aziz Kayumov, a well-known Navoi scholar, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, who devoted many years to studying the poet's manuscripts, said that the scrolls that Navoi himself once held in his hands have long become an integral part of his life. And until now, he talks with excitement about the surprisingly deep thoughts of the poet, passes on his precepts to the younger generation.
Navoi was on public service and usually composed at night. As he writes, the night for him was the best time of the day. In the morning the calligraphers were already copying the poetic lines. It is a real happiness that the manuscripts of all 32 works of Alisher Navoi have come down to us in in full. Moreover, the manuscripts were copied during the life of the poet in the 15th century by the best palace calligraphers of that era, which he held in his hands, making notes. Among them, the main work is “Khamsa” (“Five”), consisting of five poems: “Confusion of the Righteous”, “Farhad and Shirin”, “Leyli and Majnun”, “Seven Wanderers” and “Iskander Wall” - 51260 poetic lines. Two lifetime manuscripts of four sofas "Treasury of Thoughts", a collection of poems and other works that became the basis for the publication of a twenty-volume collected works of the poet on Uzbek. They are stored at the Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan in Tashkent, - says the academician.
Why are the works of Alisher Navoi attractive today?
According to scientists, Navoi is, first of all, the greatest lyric poet, glorifying people's feelings and, most importantly, love. Cleansing, ennobling, raising a person to the highest level of intellect and culture. The poet writes about the feelings that are born of spiritual beauty. In his works there is no opposition between earthly and divine love. They form a whole, he says. In the poem “Confusion of the Righteous,” Navoi writes: “Divine love is like the sun that rises in the East. And earthly human love is like the morning dawn, which gives rise to the sunrise.
In three poems - "Farhad and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun" and "Seven Wanderers" - Navoi showed how omnipotent love is. For example, the hero of "The Seven Wanderers" Bakhrom, who fell in love with his slave Dilorom, asks himself the question: what is more important to him - power or a girl? And I understood what love is, only
losing her.
Even the richest person, a talented scientist or a successful official cannot be happy without love, says the poet. O unrequited love, suffering Navoi knew firsthand. He himself remained faithful to the feeling that once pierced his heart for the rest of his life. On the advice of his teacher Jami soul feelings, as well as the sublime image of his beloved, he displayed in the poem "Farhad and Shirin".
Shirin writes to Farhad:
Oh, if fate, whose craft -
To create violence, to sow evil in the world,
My hot touched by prayer
Would not separate me from you!
I would be both a companion and a friend,
Would always delight your leisure;
How the sun would light up your day
I would be with you at night, like a shadow.
A needle would pierce your foot, -
I would take my eyelashes out ...
Farhad's letter to Shirin:
Love, you again burned my soul of separation with lightning,
You turned the body into dust and raised the ashes to the sky.
But don't call the sparks of this fire stars,
They, rising to heaven, burned the angels to the ground ...
Bows at your door puts, as before, Navoi,
Although you have already driven from your street more than once.
At the end of 1499, Alisher Navoi created the poem "The Language of Birds". What kind of suffering her hero did not endure, but remained true to his feelings. At the end of the work, the poet admits that he loved no less, and promises to write a poem about his love. “Those who read it carefully will understand that my words are pure truth,” he writes. A year later, the poet was gone.
There is a lot of sadness, feelings connected with one's own destiny in the gazelles of Navoi. Nevertheless, he exalts love, arguing that without it there is no happiness. “Every person, if he is happy with what he can love, should cherish this,” the poet writes. In these lyrical lines, everyone finds something that is clear and close only to him.
Another lesson taught by the great poet is love for the motherland. Navoi was very fond of his native city of Herat, did a lot for its improvement and devoted inspirational lines. In one of his appeals to his compatriots, the poet writes: “Do not leave your homeland for a minute and do not expose yourself to the bitterness of separation from it.”
Lisher Navoi bequeathed to love his country, devote himself to its improvement and prosperity. The poet teaches us that we need to live in peace and friendship, cherish them: “People of the world, know that enmity is a bad thing. Live in peace with each other, there is no better destiny.
He condemned wars of conquest. The desire for dominance over the whole world called the "fear of madness." This idea can be traced in the poem "Iskander's Wall", which even today can serve as a warning to those who claim to world domination. Its protagonist sought to conquer all land, islands, oceans and even its bottom. Before his death, he realizes the futility of his aspirations and writes to his mother: “Bad thoughts have taken possession of me. I aspired to conquer the whole world and thought that this was my destiny in life. All this was wrong. Aspirations prevailed over the mind, and I did these crazy things. I would be dust at your feet and consider this a kingdom over the whole world!
The poet devoted many beautiful lines to the theme of motherhood. He compares strength maternal love with the sea, which is subject to turn a drop of rain that has fallen into a shell into a pearl.
Another of Alisher Navoi's commandments, addressed to posterity, is humanism and philanthropy: “You make me happy by making my wish come true. And my desire is that you achieve your desire.” All the work of the poet, his life is aimed at making the people around him happy, whom he calls to take care not only of his own good. “If you are fully provided for and in such a wonderful state you spend a thousand years all your life, it is not worth one moment that you gave to achieve the goal of another person.” His edification not only surprises with the depth of thought, but also makes you think.
Academician Kayumov read in his life a large number of lectures on the great poet. To one of the frequently asked questions: “But don’t you idealize Navoi?”, he answers with the words of his teacher Yevgeny Eduardovich Bertels: “Navoi was such a person who cannot be idealized!”
“You ask who is the best person? I will answer you, and you will reject all doubts. by the most the best person is the one who the greatest benefit brings to the people,” is one of the forty sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, translated by Navoi into their native language and arranged in poetic form. He, the second person in the country, gave all his fortune in the middle of his life in favor of the state and people. He left for himself exactly as much, "as much as is enough for one person for clothes and food."
We have not yet known even a thousandth part of the creative heritage of Alisher Navoi, - Aziz Pulatovich Kayumov is convinced. - For this you need to do some work. In order for young people to study Navoi's work in depth, it is necessary to republish a dictionary in four volumes for his works. It would be great to create a center for literary source study or source study of Uzbek literature. Many manuscripts have come down to us, several catalogs have been published, and we need to compile critical texts, compare lists, indicating discrepancies, in order to have the original text of Navoi. Navoi's works should be widely disseminated. Promote his work all over the world.
In 1991, when the 550th anniversary of Alisher Navoi was widely celebrated in the Republic of Uzbekistan, there were discussions about how to be a new monument worthy of the memory of a brilliant poet and thinker. The idea was then supported by Islam Abduganievich Karimov, who headed the government commission for the celebration of the anniversary. It was he who suggested that at the site of the erection of the monument to break national park and give him the name of a great ancestor Uzbek people. It is very symbolic that the park named after Alisher Navoi was founded in the first year of Uzbekistan's independence. Today this place is one of the most beloved in our country. The most important holidays are held here, respectable elders, youth and guests of the capital come to lay flowers at the monument. Issued on the initiative of the President of the country complete collection works of the great poet in 20 volumes.
“People cannot live forever, but the one whose name will be remembered is happy,” Navoi wrote. And today, five centuries later, a new generation of independent Uzbekistan is learning spirituality and morality from his works. And scientists around the world continue to decipher the literary and philosophical heritage of the great poet. They have to unravel many more secrets hidden in poetic texts and instructions.
… What epithets Alisher Navoi has not been honored with over the past centuries! But Aziz Pulatovich Kayumov is convinced that there is no higher epithet than the very name of the poet.
Alisher Navoi
APHORISMS
Who studied the sciences, but did not apply them to business, as if he dug a ditch, but did not sow the field, or sowed, but did not use the harvest.
When self-interest sounds in words, do not believe
Neither the flattery of a woman, nor the intrigues of a man.
If you want to bloom in spring, become the earth. I was the earth. I am a wind.
Anyone who has no friend in the world
He is a shell, but a kingless pearl.
Nothing can be accomplished by a single person.
Can a lonely person be considered a person?
What is alive who did not know the saint of friendship?
It is like an empty pearl.
Truthfulness of speech is good and smoothness,
But how beautiful is the brevity of truthful words.
The swagger of the tongue reproaches itself,
It gives rise to hundreds of troubles, misfortunes and insults.
Words can prevent death
Words can revive the dead.
Whoever devotes his life to the service of science, his name will be immortal even after death.
The book is a teacher without pay and gratitude. Every moment she gives you revelations of wisdom. This is an interlocutor with a brain covered with skin, silently speaking about secret things.
There is no sweeter friend in the world than a book.
Whoever is a real person must also have a real person as a lover.
To go through the world and remain imperfect is the same as to leave the bathhouse unwashed.
For a small sin, do not reproach cruelly and do not endure the mortal judgment before the deadline.
I have seen so much grief from friends
And so many troubles and torments washed away with tears,
That in the hour of death it is better to die,
Than to survive and live with friends again.
You can't clap your hands with one hand.
Those with patience are able to create silk from leaves and honey from rose petals.
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The name of Alisher Navoi is associated with a period of prosperity in ancient state Turkestan. At the beginning of the 15th century, the nearby territories, Maverannahr and Mesopotamia, were in the most friendly relations with this state, so there was an intensive exchange of culture and art. The great poet and philosopher Navoi is one of the figures who invested in the development of Turkic culture largest contribution.
Brief biography of Alisher Navoi
The poet was born in 1441 in the city of Herat, which is now in Afghanistan. The nationality of the poet is the subject of the most heated discussions. Some consider him a barlas, others consider him a chagatai. However, it is safe to say that he was of Turkic origin. One of his friends Jami writes about this fact: "Despite the fact that I was a Persian, and he was a Turk, we were the closest friends."
If you turn to historical facts, you can find that as a nationality, the Uzbeks were formed in early XIV. The Golden Horde Khan Uzbek (1312-1342) became related to Muhammad Taragai, known to the world as Ulugbek, and united his people and the Turkic population into a single nation, calling it by its own name - Uzbek. Alisher Navoi is also ranked among this people, and since the Soviet Union he has been presented precisely as an Uzbek poet and philosopher.
The poet's family and childhood
Navoi was born into an aristocratic family, his father and grandfather were well-known privileged Barlas bakhadurs (officials) who served the Timurid state. Thanks to his noble origin, Alisher managed to enter the best madrasah (school at the mosque). There he became friends with the young Khusain Baykara, who later became the sultan of the Khorasan possession of the Timurids. School comrades became close friends and remained close friends all their lives.
Being at such a young age, Alisher gained great popularity due to his talent for writing poems. A little later, he moved to Samarkand, where he devoted his later life science and poetry. The famous scientist, linguist and jurist Fayzulla Abulais Samarkandi was his teacher and rector.
Political activity
In 1469, when Husayn Baiqara became the ruler of Herat, he invited Navoi to the capital of Khorasan and took him to the post of keeper of the seal, and then appointed him as his first vizier. In the initial period of Husain's reign, Alisher Navoi played key role in political life country, upholding a fair policy and showing concern for the common people. So, for example, he came up with a new irrigation system, and also organized the construction of the Turukband reservoir in the Chashmagul region, located in the upper part of the Tus oasis.
To maintain peace in the state, he fought against enemy emirs and suppressed treacherous uprisings. When enmity broke out between the ruler and his eldest son Badiuzzaman, Alisher used all the power of his influence to prevent bloodshed.
Friends and associates
Alisher's honesty and straightforwardness, as well as his friendship with the ruler, did not please the court nobility. Due to the fact that he openly opposed bribe-takers and despotic officials, intrigues and various denunciations began at court against him. Alisher Navoi was sent away from the capital and appointed the first governor in Astrabad.
However, thanks to his patronage of novice poets, musicians and scientists, he developed friendly relations with many prominent people of that era. Navoi was a member of the sacred order "Nakshbandi", so he has many associates who professed this teaching of the Sufi order. One of his closest friends is the famous poet of Persian origin Abdurakhman Jami. It was he who became a patron and teacher for Alisher Navoi in his literary activity.
Philosophy of "Naqshbandi"
Speaking of the poet, one cannot fail to mention the Nakshbandi ideology, which arose long before the birth of Navoi. This philosophy appeared in Maverannahr as early as the 14th century and was built on the basic ideas of the religious teachings of Sufism. The founder of this philosophy is Sheikh Baha al-Din Naqshband, who wrote many works and laid the foundations of his teaching in them. These ideas about achieving spiritual perfection through education, work and worship spread throughout Maverannahr, Khorasan and Khorezm.
The followers of the teaching called for purity, diligence, help to the needy and modesty. Alisher Navoi, like any member of this order, could not have a wife and children. It was believed that there is only one love - to Allah.
The most famous works and works
The literary heritage of the poet is great: about 3,000 works of various genres. Alisher Navoi, whose poems have been translated into many languages, wrote not only lyrics, but also large works. He devoted many works political topics, revealing in them their views on the principles of government. Basically, the poet wrote in the Chagatai language, constantly improving its structure.
His most famous work"Pyateritsa" includes 5 stories about love and social inequality. In the works "The homeless man is dressed in rags ..." and "Two frisky gazelles .." the poet raises the eternal philosophical questions about the meaning of life. Alisher Navoi believes that happiness and complete satisfaction can only be tested when the soul is cleansed of sins, and for this it is necessary to do good, help the poor, comfort those who are in grief, and be sure to preach the all-forgiving love of the Most High.
One of his most scandalous works is called "The Parliament of Birds or the Language of Birds. Semurg". It is a satire on all famous rulers who, because of their ignorance and stinginess, have destroyed peoples, destroyed states, and themselves found themselves in a deep abyss.
The poet's contribution to Turkic culture
Speaking about Alisher Navoi, whose books do not lose their relevance even today, one should mention not only his political activities, but also creative life. In his greatness and talent, he can be compared with Pushkin. After all, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin did as much for the development of the Russian language as Alisher Navoi did for the Uzbek language.
In honor of this great figure in Uzbekistan is named whole city- Navoi. It is located in the valley of the beautiful Zarafshan River, a little south of the capital of the republic. Main Library country, which is located in the city of Tashkent and is the largest library, is also named after Alisher Navoi.
In Uzbekistan, everyone is familiar with the biography of the poet, parks and museums, numerous streets and avenues in the most different cities countries bear the proud name of this great man. Everyone remembers him as political figure with open liberal views and as a great poet who gave talent to his people.
In Moscow, almost in the very center there is a small square, which can be reached from the Dobryninskaya metro station. Here stands a beautiful monument to Alisher Navoi, which was presented to Moscow in 2002 on behalf of the Uzbek people. The monument is almost 5 meters high and depicts the poet in his favorite chapan with a book in his hands. There are many benches for rest in the blooming green square, so anyone can come, sit on one of them and honor the memory of Alisher Navoi by reading the poet's poems in this quiet, cozy atmosphere.
Name: Alisher Navoi (Nizomiddin Mir Alisher)
Age: 59 years old
Activity: poet, philosopher, public figure and statesman
Family status: not married
Alisher Navoi: biography
Alisher Navoi is a great Turkic poet, thinker, public and statesman of the 16th century. He left a mark in history as an outstanding writer who wrote in Persian (Farsi) and Turkic languages. Thanks to the Turkic-speaking creativity, Navoi is considered the ancestor of the literature of many Central Asian peoples. For example, in Uzbekistan Navoi is the founder of the national literary language.
Childhood and youth
Nizomiddin Mir Alisher was born on February 9, 1441 in Herat. In those days, Herat was the capital of Khorasan (now the territory of modern Uzbekistan and Iran) - a province within Maverannahr, a state created by Amir Timur.
There are still scholarly discussions about the origin of Alisher Navoi. Two versions are considered disputable: according to the first, he is a descendant of the Uyghur bakhshi (narrators), according to the second, his belonging goes back to the Mongol tribe of the Barlas, of which Timur himself came.
Hence the privileged position of his father - Giyasiddin Kichkin, who served as an official at the court of the Timurids, was an enlightened man, from an educated dynasty. One of Alisher's uncles was a poet, the other was a musician and calligrapher.
Being the son of a courtier, the boy grew up in the palace of the ruler of Khorasan, where he became friends with Prince Hussein Baiqara, the grandson of Omar Sheikh, the second son of Timur. Later, the friends studied together at the Herat Madrasah, where both showed love for humanities especially poetry and literature.
Sources write that already at the age of 15 Alisher wrote magnificent poems. One of the teachers of Navoi was the famous Persian poet-mystic, Sufi Jami. In 1466-1469, the talented young man studied at the madrasas of Mashhad and Samarkand, the capital of the Timurid state, learned philosophy, logic, mathematics and other sciences. Then he returned to his native Herat at the call of his childhood friend Hussein Baykara, who by that time had occupied the throne of Khorasan.
State activity
Sultan Hussein brought his beloved friend closer to him by appointing him vizier and bestowing the title of emir in 1472. Baikara appreciated the talent and abilities of Navoi, whom he now wanted to put at the service of the state. Alisher supported the ruler in many reforms, but his support was most clearly manifested in the heyday of the cultural life of Herat. In this, Baykara was in solidarity with Navoi, he himself wrote poetry under the pseudonym Husaini and encouraged the activities of scientists and creative people.
It was during the Navoi era that a community of poets (Navoi, Jami), historians (Mirkhond, Khondamir), musicians, calligraphers, artists (Kamaliddin Behzod) and others was organized in Herat.
Under Navoi, more than 20 mosques, 10 khanakas (a abode for Sufis), 20 reservoirs, 16 bridges, dams, and mausoleums were built in Khorasan. There are many restorations of old buildings. So, among the merits of Navoi is the restoration of the Herat Cathedral Mosque of the 13th century. Intensive construction entails the flourishing of architecture, buildings are decorated with ligature by the best calligraphers of that time.
The vizier develops crafts: weaving, carpet weaving, pottery and jewelry. Herat has become a flourishing cultural and craft center of the East. A number of objects, according to historians, the vizier built at his own expense and performed many charitable acts for the poor: he distributed clothes, arranged dinners for the needy.
There are many contradictions in the biography of Navoi. So, for example, certain events in his life are interpreted differently. So, there is information that, unable to withstand the burden of state affairs, the official resigns and devotes himself exclusively to creativity. Other sources say that, having resigned, Navoi still remains a loyal subject of the Sultan at court and continues to help him in governing the country.
Bust of Alisher Navoi It is also known that Alisher Navoi was appointed governor of the Astrabad region of Khorasan in 1487. However, a number of experts interpret this as a reference to a remote province on the basis of cooling between the ruler and his faithful vizier. Others, on the contrary, present this decision in the light of the Sultan's special trust in his childhood friend.
One way or another, in 1488 the poet finally retired from public affairs and settled in Herat to nurture his literary talent.
Creation
The poet's work is known in two languages - Turkic under the pseudonym Navoi (which means "melodious", from the word navo - "music") and Persian under the name Fani (which means "mortal"). During his life, Navoiy wrote over 3,000 ghazals ( lyric poems), which were then combined into special collections - sofas.
by the most famous work Navoi is "Khamsa", or "Five" - a collection of 5 poems, written by the author as a tribute to the work of the classic Persian poetry Nizami Ganjavi, who created his "Five" in the XII century.
The “Khamsu” of Navoi includes the poems “Confusion of the Righteous”, “Leyli and Majnun”, “Farhad and Shirin”, “Seven Planets”, “Iskander’s Wall”, written in different time. The poet wrote the first work of the cycle in 1483, it can be called socio-philosophical. Navoi describes the events taking place in the state: the arbitrariness of the nobility, feudal wars, the oppression of the poor, and also gives a moral assessment to this.
Quotes and aphorisms of Alisher NavoiIn 1484 the author writes romantic poems"Leyli and Majnun" and "Farhad and Shirin", using the motifs of folk tales. In these works, the poet sings not only the feelings of lovers, but also the problems of religion, social inequality, and the poor. Also during this period, the poem "Seven Planets" was written, in which, in an allegorical form, the author criticizes individual representatives of the ruling Timurid clan.
And, finally, the fifth poem was "Iskander's Wall" about the life of the famous commander and conqueror of Central Asia, known in the East as Iskander Zulkarnayn. The end of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s were marked by work on historical works. Navoi writes "History of the rulers of Ajam", "History of Iranian kings" and "History of prophets and sages" about the famous figures of the East. The poet also creates a biography of his teacher Jami - "Five of the Confused" (1492).
As a result of his biography, Navoi compiles the “Treasury of Thought” sofa, which contains four cycles: “Miracles of Childhood”, “Rarity of Youth”, “Wonders of Middle Ages” and “Edification of Old Age”. This work, which collected over 2600 gazelles, is considered a vivid example of Navoi's lyrics, which gave rise to many popular expressions, quotations and aphorisms. Navoi's statements are striking in their beauty, poetry and figurativeness.
“The heavens are enveloped in fire, that torch is not lightning,
And the flame of your clear eyes - the sun cannot be compared with it.
And how straw burns without a trace from lightning,
I am incinerated by love, my soul smokes.
No less capacious is the work of Navoi in Farsi. 3 collections of poems in Persian are known: "Six Necessities", "Four Seasons of the Year" and "Fani's Divan". The last works of Navoi were the poems "The Language of Birds" (1499), a philosophical and allegorical work, and the treatise "Beloved of Hearts" (1500), praising the ideal, from the point of view of the poet, ruler.
Personal life
Alisher Navoi belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order, was a pious person and voluntarily accepted austerity - he was not married, did not know the joy of having children. As the Timurid poet and ruler Zahireddin Babur said about him in the epic poem "Baburname":
“Without a son, without a daughter, without a wife, he passed his way beautifully in the world, alone and light.”
There is, however, one legend about the poet's personal life, which says that in their youth Alisher Navoi and Hussein Baykara fell in love with the same girl - Guli. The noble Navoi could not hurt his friend and persuaded the beauty to become Hussein's wife. It is believed that the poet carried his love for Guli through his whole life.
In his own poems, the poet condemns loneliness and even wrote wonderful lines:
"Who has chosen his own fate in loneliness -
Not a man: he robbed his fate.
He is alone with people, all his days are bitter:
Has anyone heard the clapping of a single hand?
Alisher Navoi's contemporaries called him a difficult character, quick-tempered and even arrogant.
"He was a man in a high degree subtle mind and an excellent upbringing, - characterizes Alisher Babur, - and demanded that all people behave in the same way, and therefore it was difficult for him to get along with them.
Portraits of the poet, according to historians, convey the essence of the writer's character.
Death
Alisher Navoi died on January 3, 1501 in Herat, weakened from a long illness. Before his death, he moved away from worldly fuss and lived as a hermit in a cell near the mausoleum of his Sufi teacher.
The man left, leaving behind a rich literary heritage: about 30 works - poems, poems, treatises. His works have been translated into dozens of languages of the world, and his books and manuscripts are stored in the largest libraries in the world.
Monuments to the poet have been erected in Tashkent, Moscow, Baku, Shanghai, Washington and other cities of the world. In 1991, on the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the poet, a ruble coin was issued with the image of Alisher Navoi.
Quotes
The hand, crushing coal layers, becomes black,
The soul, being friends with the evil people, becomes dirty.
To give everything away, depriving oneself, is generosity beyond measure,
To do the same, only silently, is an example of courage.
Two worlds to reconcile in ourselves, O friend, we are not given:
You grab two boats over the sides - you drown anyway.
The blind man who sought eternity among worldly cares,
A fool who sought fidelity among human hearts.
Bibliography
- 1483 - "Farhad and Shirin"
- 1483 - "Leyla and Majnun"
- 1483 - "Seven Planets"
- 1485 - "Wall of Iskander"
- 1488 - "History of the rulers of Ajam"
- 1498 - "Treasury of Thoughts"
- 1499 - "The language of the birds"
- 1500 - "Beloved of Hearts"
The most reliable source of the biography of Alisher Navoi is the work of the historian Giyasiddin Khondamir, "The Book of Noble Qualities". According to this book, Navoi began attending school at the age of 4, he showed great abilities, curiosity, and exceptional talent. At the age of 15 (1456), Alisher became known as a poet under the pseudonym Navoi (which means "melodious" in translation).
The founder of the Uzbek literary language, Navoi, signed his poems in Farsi with the pseudonym Fani (mortal). At that time, Farsi was considered the language of poetry, and Turkic, i.e. old Uzbek, was unreasonably deprived of literary rights.
Despite this, however, in this language were created greatest works- gazelles Lutfi, Atai, qasida Saqqaqi, masnevi Amiri, Khajandi and others. One of the poetic creeds of Navoi is the establishment of the old Uzbek literary language.
Nizamaddin Alisher Navoi (Navoi is the literary pseudonym of the poet, in Uzbek means “melodious”, “melodious”) was born on February 9, 1441 in Herat. Coming from a noble family, Navoi's father was close to court affairs, and literary interests were not alien to him.
Literature was highly valued in the Alisher family. His uncle, Abu Said, wrote poetry under the pseudonym Kabuli. Abu Said's brother, Mahammad Ali was a good musician, famous calligrapher and poet (pseudonym Gharibi), in such an atmosphere of love and worship of poetry the boy grew up.
AT school years, greatly carried away by Faridaddin Attor's poem "The Logic of Birds", Navoi decides to become a dervish, which was prevented by his parents. No matter how they forbade the boy to read Attor's poem, it was useless - he knew it by heart, and read it from memory.
And in his declining years, Navoi, already a famous poet, returns to Attor's poem and creates the poem “The Language of Birds” based on her motives.
Navoi has always sought to help those in need. He tried to create all the conditions for creativity for scientists and poets. At the same time, the poet created himself. He creates amazing lyrical works, a number of literary works, treatises on linguistics. The pinnacle of his genius was "Khamsa" ("Five"), which he creates under the influence of his mentor - Jami.
The influence of Jami on the poet is described in the book “The Five Confused”, which Navoi dedicated to the memory of his teacher. “Khamsa”, in which Navoi condemned debauchery and robberies, displeases the beks, Hussein Baykara sends him to the exile of Astrabad.
Enemies constantly weave intrigues around Alisher, inform the Sultan about imaginary conspiracies, trying to persuade him to massacre Alisher. On January 3, 1501, all of Herat was awakened by the news of the death of Navoi, all the people of Herat went out to see the poet off on his last journey.
Here is how Z. Babur wrote about Navoi in his book “Baburname” “Alisherbek was an incomparable person. Since poems have been composed in the Turkic language, no one else has composed them so much and so well ... Without a son, without a daughter, without a wife and without a family, he passed beautifully (his path) in the world lonely and light.”
“Khamsa” (“Five”) by Alisher Navoi
The main poetic work of Navoi is “Khamsa” (“Five”). The Hamsa genre arose in the 12th century, its founder was the great Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1209). He combined into a single work five poems, five independent art units: “Treasury of Secrets”, “Khosrov and Shirin”, “Leyli and Majnun”, “Seven Planets”, “Iskandar-name”. They are different in event content, but united ideological content, with a single pathos.
Nizami laid the foundations for the tradition of creating "Khamsa": the first poem is moral and didactic, the second, third and fourth are love-romantic, and the fifth is a conditional biography of A. Macedonsky, nicknamed Iskander in the East. Nizami's followers were Amir Khosrov Dehlavi and Jami.
Under the direct influence of Jami, A. Navoi creates his own “Khamsa”. The poet expressed in it his life and creative experience as an artist, thinker, politician. Unlike his predecessors, he tried to bring the reader closer to real perception of the world, to instill in him an “earthly taste”.
Studying the craftsmanship of his predecessors, Navoi sought to bring his creation closer to life and its demands: “These legends are the fruit of hoary ages
Nizami and Khosrov wrote about them.
Taking the basis, I rebuilt them:
I poured more life into their heroes.”
It took him two and a half years (from 1483 to 1485) to create this literary marvel. The manuscript of “Khamsa” of Navoi has come down to us, there are even lifetime copies at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences in Tashkent.
"Confusion of the Righteous"
The first poem "Khamsa" by A. Navoi consists of an introduction (9 parts), 20 chapters-conversations (mulokat), an epilogue. The poet touches upon the problems of morality, religion, philosophy, public life. Each chapter is illustrated with a parable.
“Confusion of the Righteous” is a philosophical poem, its pathos is in the glorification of the idea of goodness and legality, justice, freedom, love, friendship, fidelity, sincerity.
In modern art form, through a system of vivid, concrete and living images, Navoi reveals the ulcers and vices of contemporary society. Criticizing the tyranny of the rulers and the hypocrisy of the clergy, the greed and greed of the rich, the deceit and hypocrisy of their entourage, at the same time he gives an idea of the ideal person.
In the poem, Navoi gives a lively, visual picture of the era and contemporaries. Addressing the reader, Navoi calls them to serve the people, the people:
“The high rank of a person is worthy to be called the one,
Who has never relaxed his worries about the people.
Entire chapters of the poem are devoted to issues of education, mercy, etc. Each theoretical statement is illustrated by a parable, which achieves a huge impact on the perception of the reader. The parables about Hotam Thai, about the turach bird, about Imam Fari Razi, about Caliph Ayyub, about Iskander's testament, the first part, according to tradition, begins with the praise of the power of Allah.
Navoi, describing the beauty of the world, comes to the following conclusion:
“There is no number of wealth in your treasury,
But of all riches, the highest is man.”
So, all the blessings of the world exist for man. Man is destined for the best of all jewels.
The introduction is followed by chapters of confusion, there are three of them: about the beauty of the earth, the universe, the perfection of man. Appointment of personality sees the poet in the reasonable use of all things. The greatest disaster, unacceptable evil, according to Navoi, is tyranny, despotism, violence, hypocrisy. Cruel condemnation causes Navoi moral decay upper strata of society. The whole poem is imbued with the humane idea of justice, as a guarantee of the prosperity of the country and people.
Farhad and Shirin
The second poem of the "Pyateritsa" - "Farhad and Shirin" is an inspired hymn to work, pure, independent love, philanthropy and fidelity. In the process of working on the poem, Navoi significantly changes the traditional storylines of the story. The main character of the poem is Farhad - a man endowed with remarkable diligence, courage and dedication. The son of the Chinese ruler Farhad later becomes a skilled builder, a wonderful craftsman. Farhad embodies those wonderful qualities that the poet wrote about with such enthusiasm and conviction in Confusion of the Righteous.
Inspired by a great and bright feeling for the beautiful Shirin, Farhad performs heroic deeds in the name of uniting with his beloved. In his path, the forces of evil erect countless obstacles, but even they cannot break Farhad. However, the hero still dies, deceived by the false news of Shirin's marriage. Upon learning of the death of Farhad, Shirin also dies.
The humanist, educator, patriot A. Navoi in his worldview stepped far ahead in comparison with his time. In "Farhad and Shirin" Navoi affirms the ideas of internationalism, and this is especially valuable, because the era of the poet is the time of the dominance of feudal ideology. Favorite heroes of Navoi are representatives of various nations. Farhad is the son of the Khakan of Chin, Shirin is an Armenian princess, Shapur is the son of Yemen. All of them are endowed with the most beautiful qualities of the human soul. And if the images of Farhad and Shirin are called to sing the greatest love in the poem, “ strong unity souls”, then the images of Farhad and Shirin serve to reveal the greatness of an equally wonderful feeling - friendship.
Navoi appears in the poem about Farhad and Shirin as a master of a psychologically subtle, logically complete character. And an example of this is not only goodies poems, but also negative images. Khosrov Parviz and his closest associates and assistants are forever branded by the inspired pen of the poet, who turned them into a symbol of deceit, evil, violence. In the face of Khosrov, Navoiy debunked not only despotism, but also the policy of the supporters of the war. Navoi's thoughts that war cannot be a means of resolving contentious issues that war is “a villainy of villains”, the greatest disaster for the people, in recent times sound more than modern.
"Layli and Majnun"
The third part of “Khamsa” by Navoi “Leyli and Majnun” is dedicated, like the second one, to the theme of love. It was created based on the legend about Majnun and Leyli, popular in the East.
Known throughout the East, the love story of Kais and Leyla, written by Navoi, turns into a hymn to the great feeling of love, into a passionate appeal for humanity, goodness and justice, in protest against traditional attitude to a woman, excluding any freedom of the individual.
Kais was the only and long-awaited son of the leader of the tribe. The soul of Kais, naturally sensitive, was already marked with a “star of love” at birth. The meeting with Leyli at school was, as it were, a natural outcome, predetermined by fate for Kais. The love that broke out between them immediately was forever. The young man was powerless before the power of love.
O great power True and deep love is also spoken by Qays's letter to Leyli. Majnun is clearly aware of the hopelessness of his position in his contemporary society and sometimes, with his characteristic meekness, somewhat shirks responsibility, explaining everything with his “madness”. His image is created by A. Navoi in a truly romantic manner, using hyperbole and grotesque. Kais's love knows no boundaries, no limits - it goes beyond traditions and foundations. Therefore, not everyone can understand the greatness of Kais, therefore many seek to return Majnun to the “common stream”. Kais, who has gone so far along the “path of love”, can no longer live like everyone else “reasonably”. Love elevated the spirit of Kais above the little things of life, above the vanity of vanities. subduing all the petty human passions. He is the hero of "one, but fiery passion”, the soul is romantic, nature is extremely charming.
With extraordinary force of artistic impact, Alisher Navoi painted the scenes of the meeting of heroes: in the steppe, after the wedding feast and at the end of the poem. The first scene is undoubtedly a masterpiece of Navoi intimate lyrics, its pathos is expressed in the lines:
“A lover must always be pure:
Love is alien to dirty desire”
The final meeting of the lovers and their eternal reunion gives the poem a special quality. artistic phenomenon, which is called "optimistic tragedy". Love triumphs, not broken by human inertia, moreover, Navoi shows that in the minds of people there are changes in concepts under its influence.
"Seven Planets"
The fourth part of the "Five" of Navoi is called "Seven planets", which means seven planets and seven wanderers at the same time. The symbolic number seven is included in the name according to tradition, and the seven planets - eternal wanderers in the universe - also correspond to traditional ideas about the planets - the patrons of people, their destinies, characters. When creating, the method of “framing”, which is widespread in the literatures and oral art of many peoples, that is, the use of inserted stories, was used. The protagonist of the poem, the Iranian Shah Bahram Gur (V century), is in love with the beautiful Dilaram, a skilled singer and musician.
As in the two previous poems, in "Seven Planets" Navoi speaks of love. But if the love of Farhad and Kais exalts them, calls to protest against evil, then Bahram's love is of a slightly different nature, for it brings suffering to others and the death of the beloved.
The poem is structured as a story about Bakhrom and Dilaram, in which seven inserted stories are woven. Bahram seeks to subdue Dilaram to his arbitrariness, but, meeting an unexpected rebuff from the proud beauty, punishes her - throws her bound into the desert. Soon he repents of his cruelty and gives the order to find her. But the search does not give any result, and Bahram, out of despair, falls into deep anguish.
For the entertainment of the sick shah, seven palaces of seven different colors are built, corresponding to the allegorical colors of the seven planets. In the evenings, random wanderers are brought to him, and for seven days they tell him fascinating legends. These legends, skillfully inserted into the main narrative, are distinguished by great skill and occupy the main place in Navoi's poem, since they carry the motifs of glorifying the high moral qualities person.
Navoi convincingly conveyed the evolution of Bahram's character from despotic to self-sacrificing. In this part of the poem, Bahram appears before us in a completely different capacity. Truly, love, having ennobled his soul, performed a miracle. Bahram's letter to the Dilars in Khorezm testifies to the rebirth of the hero's character: “He wrote to the beauty with the blood of tears, He sacrificed all of himself to her...”
The finale of the work is a tribute to the traditional plot. Navoi renounced any mysticism and rationally explains the death of Bahram. Knowing no limits to his feelings and desires, the shah arranges a grandiose hunt, during which so much innocent blood was shed that the earthly creature turned into a swamp that swallowed everything and everything:
“People created death on the hunt.
But they themselves found death in the swamp.
Navoi and in this part of "Khamsa" does not get tired of appealing to humanity, again and again reminds that there is a limit to any human life, that the purpose of a person is to do good, to love and bring joy to people with his love. The poet himself, as the conclusion to the poem confirms, devoted himself and even his leisure to serving the people.
"Wall of Iskander"
The fifth and final poem “Khamsa” by Navoi is a socio-philosophical work. It tells the legendary biography of A.Macedonsky, nicknamed Iskander in the East. His campaigns, appearance and personality were produced on the inhabitants of the East great impression and was surrounded by numerous traditions and legends. Navoi refers to the image of Iskander already in the first part of "Khamsa", in "Confusion of the Righteous", where he conveys the popular parable in the East about the conqueror's palm. The essence of the parable was a reminder of the frailty of life, and the futility of the wealth of power, and in the end - a call to this cardinal idea of the entire "Five".
The poem is written in the form of a dialogue between Iskander and Arastu (Aristotle), the latter, according to legend, was a fellow student, and then a mentor and adviser to the shah. Navoi, through the image of Iskander, solves social and philosophical issues. Among them, two stand out, the most pronounced in the poem: - the problem of power and the problem of the meaning of human life.
The theme of power, its manifestations and purpose, one way or another, was touched upon in “Khamsa”. Power and love, the tragedy of their incompatibility is one of the main ones in the "Seven Planets". In the fifth poem, Navoi explores the influence of power on the personality of Iskander, on the evolution of his character. The poet emphasizes the degrading influence of power on the individual. The once young Iskander strove for knowledge, had significant success in mastering the sciences, showed great promise, subsequently devotes all his talent, resourcefulness and mind to bloody wars. Iskander, having subjugated many lands of the West and East, visited many countries. In the Maghreb (North Africa), in order to protect the people from the attack of the wild Yajuja tribes, they erect a wall, which is a symbol of powerful feudal power, saving the people from troubles and protecting peace and quiet in the state.
On his deathbed, Iskander begins to see clearly, as once Bahram Gur from the filth of power, realizes the frailty of wealth and power, the pricelessness of goodness and spiritual treasures.
In a letter to his mother, he appears sincerely repentant that he has devoted his life to the chimeras of power and wealth, instead of living with his mother, and asks her to take a philosophical attitude to death.
Navoi again speaks of the insignificance of power and wealth, and if so, then one must live according to the laws of goodness and justice. He emphasizes that you need to leave a good name behind, for a great and true purpose person. The meaning of life is in the act of goodness and truth for the benefit of people.
Thus, in the last poem "Khamsa", as in all previous ones, the main humanistic idea, and everything in the "Pyateritsa" is subordinated to her service.
Navoi passionately wants to convey to a wide range readers the ideals of goodness and truth, and therefore he dedicates his work to his native people:
“My work! Start your journey in your native country,
Be desirable to my people
To be able to light people's hearts
My Truthful Speech"
Lyrical and prose works of Alisher Navoi
Navoi started writing early. Initially, he collected his poems in two sofas (collection of poems): "Amazing Beginnings" and "Rare Endings". And only towards the end of his life, he collected all the poems that appeared in two sofas, as well as later written ones, into a single collection “Treasury of Thoughts”, which consists of 4 sofas.
Each of them is named in accordance with the period of writing included in the collection of poems:
1. "Miracles of childhood".
2. "Rarities of youth".
3. "The curiosities of the middle age."
4. “Helpful Hints old age."
All genres are presented in the collections of Navoi lyric poetry East: gazelles, rubais, tuyugs, qasidas, kytas, mukhammas, etc.
Navoi managed to organically combine the traditional with the new that he could not but bring from himself: plot, images, content, bold and refined metaphors. Some Navoi gazelles are distinguished by a certain plot, i.e. connectedness of bayts, the sequence of developed thoughts, compositional completeness. In them, in addition to the traditional love theme, the themes of friendship, landscape sketches, philosophical reflections on poetry, society, man and his purpose were reflected.
The lyrics of A. Navoi are a kind of code of morality. The poet glorifies simplicity and modesty, the desire for knowledge and spiritual perfection, constant concern for the people and attention to their needs. The lyrical heritage of the poet had strong influence on the subsequent development of Turkic poetry.
Lyrics is a genre that Navoi developed throughout his conscious life- gave the poet the opportunity to practically prove the merits and poetic powers of his native language, to develop the literary old Uzbek language to classical perfection.
Prose works, works on philology, history and economics Navoi did not limit himself to the development of the lyrical poetic genre, long years dominated in the literature of the East, he also worked in the genre of prose, paying special attention to science.
The most famous were his treatises and monographs: “Judgments about two languages”, “Collection of the refined”, “Beloved of hearts”. The treatise "Judgment about two languages" in the history of Turkic-speaking culture has no equal in value and role in its development. In the treatise, Navoi not only limited himself to practical proof of the poetic merits of his native language, but did more - he substantiated this theoretically. Comparing two languages (Turkic and Persian), he proves the superiority of the Turkic language, both in lexical and morphological aspects.
In the “Collection of the Refined,” Navoi talks about the poets he encountered in one way or another in his life. Reviews about them are very concise, accurate, objective.
"Beloved of Hearts" - latest book, where in a concise form reflected the richest spiritual world poet, reflections on society, views on life, people.
In addition to “Khamsa”, Peru Navoi owns the poem “Language of Birds” - the last of the poems he created, a tribute to his youthful passion for Attar's poem “The Logic of Birds”.
“The Language of Birds” is a work about the moral self-improvement of a person. This is a philosophical and symbolic poem that tells about the fate of a flock of birds, led by a hoopoe, which, in search of the king of birds, Simurg, overcomes various difficulties and trials. Small chapters of the poem consist of theoretical statements and parables-illustrations. Here Navoi again raises the problem of the purpose of a person and the meaning of his life.
The personality of A. Navoi combined a brilliant poet and an outstanding politician. The rare unity of the Muse and Politics, apparently, determined the features of the work of the great educator and thinker.
In the works of Navoi, amazing, so unusual for the literature of the Middle Ages, realistic depiction of characters, logical consistency and deep psychologism of images are amazing. In a vast creative heritage all the genres existing in the literature of that time, both small and large, found their place.
Approving the most progressive ideas of the time, A. Navoi moved into the ranks of the outstanding minds of the era and brought Uzbek literature to the world stage. He is rightfully considered the ancestor of Uzbek classical literature.
