Yu.N. Smooth - Economic and social geography of foreign countries

Yu.N. Smooth - Economic and social geography foreign countries

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Yu.N. GLADKY, V.D. SUKHORUKOV
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
GEOGRAPHY OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Textbook

Recommended
Educational-methodical association in the specialties of pedagogical education
as a textbook for students
higher educational institutions, students
majoring in Geography
ASABEM "A
Moscow
Publishing Center "Academy" 2008

G522

Reviewers:
doctor geographical sciences, Professor V. M. Razumovsky (St. Petersburg State University economics and finance);
candidate of geographical sciences N. N. Rogoten
(Department of Economic and Social Geography
Moscow Pedagogical State University)
Gladky Yu. N.
G522 Economic and social geography foreign countries: a textbook for students. higher ped. textbook institutions / Yu. N. Gladkiy, V. D. Sukhorukoe. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 464 p.
IZBN 978-5-7695-4195-7
The textbook highlights the principles and methods of regionalization of the modern socio-economic space, provides an overview and detailed characteristics of the main regions and countries of the foreign world.
For students of higher pedagogical educational institutions.
UDC 911.63 (075.8) LBC 65.04ya73

original layout this edition is the property
Publishing Center "Academy", and its reproduction in any way
without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited
© Gladky Yu.N., Sukhorukoye V.D., 2008 © Educational and Publishing Center "Academy". 2008 978-5-7695-4195-7 © Design. Publishing Center "Academy", 2008

Foreword

This textbook is a logical continuation of the previously published textbook "General economic and social geography of the world" (M.: ITs "Academy", 2006). It is dedicated to the characteristics of the largest cultural and historical regions of the world and individual states.
The well-known coryphaeus of Russian humanitarian geography N.N. Baransky (1881 -1963) noted that the regional part this course in geography textbooks, as well as in scientific regional studies monographs, should occupy at least 70% of the total volume. Of course, this proportion is rarely observed, especially if we take into account the rapid diversification of social geography, the emergence of more and more "fashionable" trends in it. Nevertheless, the country (state) remains the main taxonomic unit in humanitarian geography, and in this regard, regionalism in geography should be expressed as clearly as possible.
an independent problem is the very content of regional geography. In the Soviet years, the so-called regional studies essentially turned into economic geography more precisely, in the geography of material production. Characteristics performed at that time individual regions(including allied and autonomous republics) abused economic and geographical subjects.
The absurdity of such a "structuring" of courses regional geography became especially evident in the post-industrial era, when in the advanced countries of the world the vast majority of the internal gross product(GDP) began to be created in the service sector.
It became finally clear that showing the diversity of the geography of cultures and peoples should no longer and cannot be replaced by a presentation of "dry" production schemes (inter-industry relations, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes, etc.). In other words, the change in the ratio of the scale of the characteristics of the world occurs in favor of the political, social, cultural and ecological geography(with the preservation, of course, of economic and geographical subjects).
Another "pain point" of regional geography is the contradiction between the principle of the complexity of the analysis of the country (region

On) and the meaning of the analyzed elements, on the one hand, and the limited volume of any textbook, on the other.
The authors of this textbook proceed from the premise that complexity should not turn into encyclopedic, element-by-element characterization of the state. So, for example, any city has a "bakery" or "dairy plant", and it is not at all necessary to always reflect these artifacts when characterizing states and regions.
The main thing is to show the features of the territories that are stable over time, their uniqueness, to form the reader's idea of the world through the prism of the individuality of the regions that compose it.

There is no need for any other universal postulates, except for the universal law of geography, which states that all regions are unique.
R. Hartshorne (England)

Introduction
Main question preceding any regional work: which regions should be taken as a basis? In the human geography of the world, the easiest and simplest solution is to stick to the established political boundaries. In this case, it would be necessary to analyze separately about 200 states - self-governing, self-proclaimed (unrecognized) and non-self-governing (colonies, dominions, protectorates, trust territories, condominiums, overseas departments, associated states, etc.).
However, this path would inevitably lead to an "accounting" description of many territories, indicating countless details and nuances that are impossible to remember, systematize and generalize.
The most suitable basis for the “non-violent” division of the world is not only states, but also historical-cultural (cultural-historical) regions, which are more or less integral geographic worlds. Of course, their integrity is relative, especially since within some of them conflicts that are by no means bloodless periodically flare up, casting doubt on their unity. However, the reality of such regions is indisputable.
Anyway we are talking about regional studies - a geographical discipline that deals with comprehensive study countries (including their totality), systematizing and summarizing heterogeneous data on their nature, population, economy, culture and social organization.
Comparison of regional studies with a “dome” over all geography (N.N. Baransky, 1933) reflects its functions of synthesis (“secondary synthesis” according to S.V. Kalesnik) of particular geographical characteristics specific country. This circumstance, on the one hand, has won recognition of the important "mission" of geography in the creation of vivid and deep geographic images *, on the other hand, it often causes attacks on regional studies due to the fact that it, des-

* Suffice it to recall in this connection the outstanding series: “Russia. A complete description of our fatherland” by P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, “New World Geography” and “Earth and People”, ed. E. Reclus and others.

Katya, is gradually "outliving its usefulness", since the function of describing the territory has long been exhausted.
It is significant that the "arrows of criticism" at the same time spare the regional geography. It is undeniably more difficult for opponents of regional studies to fight it, because if we exclude it from the sphere big science, then the whole geography will sharply narrow the field of its activity and will obviously limp when moving towards main goal- scientific understanding of the face of the Earth as a territorially differentiated whole” (V. A. Pulyarkin, 1998). But given the fact that the concepts of "regional studies" and "regional geography" lie in the same systematic and logical plane, attempts to discredit them are unlikely to bring success to anyone.
Of course, country studies does not claim to be a “special science”, but is only a “form of combining heterogeneous knowledge about a particular country” (N.N. Baransky, 1946). This often condemned statement of an authoritative scientist (who can hardly be suspected of the absence of "geographical patriotism") can be understood in such a way that one should not exaggerate the scientific potential of complex regional studies - a typical educational and cognitive branch of knowledge intended not only for geographers. “External consumers of country studies products are so diverse that it is difficult to formulate a single social order, based on the implementation of which regional studies could unambiguously develop” (V.A. Pulyarkin, 1998). New ideas are “accumulated” mainly in private branches of geographical science, and the “dome” of geography is usually “mounted” from ready-made structural forms.
At the same time, the statement of N. N. Baransky should not be regarded as a complete denial scientific principles in regional studies. Take, for example, the so-called problematic regional studies, which can be considered as a kind of counterbalance to educational and cognitive, “elementary” regional studies. The essence of the concept of such regional studies is to move away from the all-encompassing characteristics of territories divided into separate plots according to a rigidly set scheme, and the key problems of the territory are “resource availability, the nature of the use of the territory, nature management, the “quantity” and “quality” of the population, specialization and combinations various structures economy (with an emphasis on the territorial structure), infrastructural equipment of the territory, territorial organization society, development and the role of districts” (Ya. G. Mashbits, 1998). Problems that have a scientific content, in the first approximation, can be combined into three large groups:
1) problems having universal character and inherent in almost all countries of the world;

2) problems of primary interest to the country is defined
type ( the developed countries with traditional market economy
whoa, new industrial countries, transition states
economy, developing countries etc.);
3) problems are unique or individual, characteristic
rather for specific territories than states (Ya. G. Mash
bits, 1998).
Agreeing with these programmatic thoughts of a prominent Russian geographer regarding the content of problematic complex regional studies, we note the lack of attention to the key issues of physical and geographical regional studies - in particular, to the laws of physical and geographical differentiation, the allocation of regional geosystems, taking into account zonal and azonal factors, etc.
How should a country be characterized in a comprehensive country-specific analysis? In "Geographic encyclopedic dictionary» (1988) is given rough plan complex geographic characteristics: geographical position, configuration of the territory, relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world, mineral and other resources, population and economy, their territorial organization and internal differentiation.
The scheme of the enlarged "large block" characteristics of the country (as a state unit) traditionally includes the following main positions:
1) originality (generalized and concentrated characteristics of the object, which can serve as a kind of visit
card);
2) territory, geographical and geopolitical position
(with an analysis of the role of the territory as a "theater of people's life");

3) historical and geographical stages of development (it seems
peculiar " genetic code» territory, «connecting thread
times");
4) nature and nature management (a concise statement of the role
natural environment in the life of the population, a characteristic of the degree
"comfort" of the environment);

5) population and culture (“the core of complex country-specific characteristics, their core”);
6) economy (with an emphasis not on technological and organizational and managerial structures, but on specialization, level
development and forms of placement);
7) resettlement (creation of an idea of a kind of “support
“nom frame” of the territory);
8) society (we are talking about reflection specific traits social way of life, political stratification of the population);

"images" of composite
9) regions (creating memorable parts of the country);
10) the state of the natural environment (analysis of geoecological situations);
11) prospects (forecast of trends in the development of the territory)
Of course, such a scheme is just a methodological "landmark" that does not take into account the identity of the region, its distinctive qualities that make it truly unique.

The textbook highlights the principles and methods of regionalization of the modern socio-economic space, provides an overview and detailed characteristics of the main regions and countries of the foreign world.
For students of higher pedagogical educational institutions.

Regions: concept, types, hierarchy.
Region or district? The traditional use in Russian of these two related terms has tangled history. At the same time, the attempts made to displace the term "region" as a foreign language turned out to be as unsuccessful as they were unjustified. First, the seemingly Russian term "district" is actually of foreign origin. It is especially used in French and Spanish. Secondly, over many decades of use*, each of the terms has acquired its own irreducible specificity (although elements of commonality still prevail, which allows them to often be used as synonyms). A more universal and, accordingly, less strict term is “district”, the range of meanings of which varies quite widely: from the expression “European district” to such phrases as “district vegetable base”, “district clinic”, “district library”, etc. A characteristic attribute of many of its meanings is its link to the political and administrative division of Russia, where it performs "monopoly" functions.

The term "region" in Russian is used to denote fairly large physical-geographical, economic-geographical, geopolitical and other territorial taxa and is unthinkable in such expressions as, for example, a regional vegetable base. Of course, in some cases, regions can even unite several grassroots administrative regions, but this is rather an exception to general rule. In line with the deeply rooted last years tradition, the minimum administrative-territorial area in terms of territory, called a region, is a subject of the Russian Federation.

Table of contents
Preface 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of regionalization of the world 9
1.1. Regions: concept, types, hierarchy 9
1.2. Regionalization in humanitarian geography 15
Chapter 2 Western Europe: "cradle" of the industrial revolution in early XXI at 26
2.1. Western Europe as a cultural and historical region 26
2.2. Western Europe: countries and regions 56
2.2.1. Germany 71
2.2.2. UK 84
2.2.3. France 95
2.2.4. Italy software
2.2.5. Second tier countries 124
2.2.6. Microstates of Europe 141
2.2.7. Eastern Europe- "artificial" region? 152
Chapter 3. Post-Soviet region (without the Baltic States): formational transformations
3.1. Russian Federation 165
3.2. Western "facade": Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova 183
3.3. Countries of the Caucasus 191
3.4. Countries Central Asia 199
Chapter 4 East Asia: the center of world economic power in the 21st century? 215
4.1. general characteristics region 215
4.1.1. Chinese People's Republic 230
4.1.2. Japan 250
Chapter 5 South Asia: in the grip of a population boom 273
5.1. General characteristics of the region 273
5.1.1. India 281
Chapter 6 Southeast Asia: between two giants 301
6.1. General characteristics of the region 301
6.1.1. Republic of Indonesia 311
Chapter 7 Southwest Asia and North Africa: the "second wind" of Islamic civilization 316
7.1. Southwest Asia 316
7.2. African Mediterranean 330
Chapter 8 high road"? 341
8.1. Countries Tropical Africa 341
8.1.1. Western and Central Africa 358
8.1.2. Eastern and South Africa 367
Chapter 9 Anglo-Saxon America: Post-Industrial Transformation 385
9.1. United States of America 385
9.2. Canada 401
Chapter 10 Latin America: stabilization programs and harsh reality 411
10.1. General characteristics of the region 411
10.1.1. Caribbean: Mexico 422
10.1.2. South America: Brazil 433
Chapter 11
11.1. Australian Union 441
11.2. Oceania 452
References 459.

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HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Yu.N. GLADKY, V.D. SUKHORUKOV

ECONOMICAndSOCIAL

GEOGRAPHYFOREIGNCOUNTRIES

educational- methodical associationon specialties pedagogical education

in quality textbook for students

higher training establishments, students

on specialties "Geography"

Publishing Center "Academy" 2008

UDC 911.63 (075.8) LBC 65.04ya73

Reviewers:

doctor of geographical sciences, professor AT. M. Razumovsky(St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance);

candidate of geographical sciences H. H. grunt

(Department of Economic and Social Geography

Moscow Pedagogical State University)

SmoothYU. H.

G522 Economic and social geography of foreign countries: a textbook for students. higher ped. textbook institutions / Yu. N. Gladkiy, V. D. Sukhorukoe. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 464 p.

IZBN 978-5-7695-4195-7

For students of higher pedagogical educational institutions.

UDC 911.63 (075.8) LBC 65.04ya73

Original- layout given publications is property

Publishing center "Academy", and his reproduction any way

without consent copyright holder prohibited

Foreword

The well-known coryphaeus of Russian humanitarian geography N.N. Baransky (1881-1963) noted that the regional part of this course in geography textbooks, as well as in scientific regional studies monographs, should occupy at least 70% of the total volume. Of course, this proportion is rarely observed, especially if we take into account the rapid diversification of social geography, the emergence of more and more "fashionable" trends in it. Nevertheless, the country (state) remains the main taxonomic unit in humanitarian geography, and in this regard, regionalism in geography should be expressed as clearly as possible.

An independent problem is the very content of regional geography. In the Soviet years, the so-called regional studies essentially turned into economic geography, more precisely, into the geography of material production. The characteristics of individual regions (including the union and autonomous republics) carried out at that time abused economic and geographical subjects.

The absurdity of such a "structuring" of courses in regional geography became especially obvious in the post-industrial era, when in the advanced countries of the world the vast majority of the gross domestic product (GDP) started in the service sector.

It became finally clear that showing the diversity of the geography of cultures and peoples should no longer and cannot be replaced by a presentation of "dry" production schemes (inter-industry relations, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes, etc.). In other words, the change in the ratio of the scale of the characteristics of the world occurs in favor of political, social, cultural and environmental geography (with the preservation, of course, of economic and geographical subjects).

Another "pain point" of regional geography is the contradiction between the principle of the complexity of the analysis of the country (region

on) and the meaning of the analyzed elements, on the one hand, and the limited volume of any textbook, on the other.

The authors of this textbook proceed from the premise that complexity should not turn into encyclopedic, element-by-element characterization of the state. So, for example, any city has a "bakery" or "dairy plant", and it is not at all necessary to always reflect these artifacts when characterizing states and regions.

The main thing is to show the features of the territories that are stable over time, their uniqueness, to form the reader's idea of the world through the prism of the individuality of the regions that compose it.

There is no need for any other universal postulates, except for the universal law of geography, which states that all regions are unique.

R. Hartshorne (England)

“There is no need for any other universal postulates, except for the universal law of geography, which states that all regions are unique,” once noted the famous American geographer R. Hartshorne, referring to the regions of the various types: physical-geographical, economic, ethnic, cultural-historical, political, etc. An unprecedented surge of interest in regional studies in Russia (and in the whole world) in recent decades can be explained by the fact that the knowledge of any country and each people is unthinkable without the study of individual regions. It is difficult to cognize the globalizing world, proceeding from ideas about the region only of one's own residence. (It is not for nothing that ethnographers say: “He who knows one people does not know a single people.”) A textbook written by authoritative Russian authors, gives not only a comprehensive understanding of regional studies and factors of regional differentiation modern world, but also introduces the specifics of the cultural and historical macro-regions of the world, the basics of Russia's regionalization. The book will be indispensable for students of many fields of study (geographers, political scientists, culturologists, historians, economists, etc.) and will be useful a wide range readers - from teachers and university professors to citizens who are going on a trip abroad.

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