Neutral words examples. The order of analysis of phraseology

Neutral vocabulary- the most stable part of the vocabulary of the language, which forms its basis; can be used in any communicative situation, since it is devoid of any expressive-emotional coloring and, in fact, is a kind of standard, in relation to which all others are determined

functional layers of vocabulary. So, for example, the verb to die is neutral compared to such variants as die (book style), die (colloquial style) and die (slang); noun person - neutral in comparison with the words face (high style), physiognomy ( colloquial version) and erysipelas (a simple river word).

Neutral vocabulary includes the names of many objects and phenomena (house, book, wind, snow, etc.), actions and states (read, lie down, walk, etc.), signs (high, sad, green, etc.). Almost all pronouns, numerals and auxiliary words are stylistically neutral.

In some linguistic works neutral vocabulary is called interstyle.

Book vocabulary- vocabulary presented in scientific, fiction, journalism, official business documents. This category of words is usually used in writing and inappropriate in oral.

This group is dominated by words that do not express any emotional evaluation; quite often they denote those concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but they may not apply to scientific terminology(hypothesis, prevail, lofty). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, burden, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative).

Emotionally colored words are also found within the book vocabulary. One of them gives a positive assessment certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, predestinate, panacea), others - negative or disapproving (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism).

Inside the bookstore, high and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by a special solemnity, elation. It is often used in public speaking, especially in those cases when some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are affected. (accomplishment, sovereign, hoist, from now on). Poetic vocabulary also adjoins solemn, but it is more characteristic of fiction, sometimes - journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).

colloquial vocabulary- vocabulary, presented mainly in colloquial (oral) speech, focused on informal, relaxed communication. Against the background of neutral vocabulary, colloquial is more expressive, sometimes familiar and somewhat reduced in style.

Colloquial vocabulary is not homogeneous; several different layers can be distinguished in its composition: material from the site

literary and colloquial words (intellectual, on the sly, mindlessly, hack),
colloquial and professional (utility room, steering wheel, planning meeting),
colloquial terminological (troychatka, ascorbic acid, diabetic),
everyday household (joker, joker, chatter, canteen).

Inside colloquial vocabulary are presented as words devoid of any expressive shades (four, dad, celebrate [birthday], rush, get sick), and expressively colored (erysipelas, devilry, cheat).

colloquial vocabulary is part of literary language, adjacent to it located outside literary norm vernacular vocabulary is even more expressive and stylistically reduced (sure, bro, mug, there, sleep). The boundary between colloquial and colloquial words is quite indefinite and mobile, as evidenced by marks in various dictionaries.

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neutral and reduced vocabulary
the word belongs to the book vocabulary
colloquial book vocabulary
colloquial book and neutral vocabulary
book colloquial colloquial neutral

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is a bridge across the abyss between people different professions and strata of society. It is she who is the universal, enshrined in dictionaries, language of mutual understanding, so it is important to pay attention to its study.

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

The degree of imagery of a language is determined by the abundance of its vocabulary. The more diverse the layers of vocabulary, the richer the speech possibilities.

In the Russian language, colloquial, bookish and neutral vocabulary stands out - a fundamental layer of words that are not attached to any style of speech.

Words of interstyle vocabulary make up, according to scientists, three-quarters of the wealth of the Russian language. In dictionaries, such vocabulary, unlike, for example, bookish, is not marked with special symbols like (*), which immediately indicates the possibility of using such words in all styles without restriction.

"In the autumn meadows, the golden sun was sinking below the horizon." Fiction. Of the 8 words in the sentence, 7 are neutral and only 1 word “golden” refers to the bookish, high style.
"Petya, quickly go to the store for bread." An excerpt from the conversation. Of the 7 words, 6 are neutral. The word "cheshi" is also neutral, but in this text it has a different meaning and refers to the colloquial style.
"No catalyst is needed to carry out the reaction of sodium with water." Out of 10 words - 9 neutral and 1, "catalyst", special, scientific style.

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary is represented by almost all parts of the speech of the Russian language - both independent and auxiliary. This once again confirms the fundamental nature of this layer in the language. The words of neutral vocabulary refer to parts of speech:

Nouns: "field", "table", "house", "wind", "friendship", "strength", "hour".
Verbs: "do", "go", "see", "experience", "create".
Adjectives: "blue", "gentle", "superfluous", "wooden", "northern".
Adverbs: "good", "dog-like", "very", "visible".
Pronouns: "our", "that", "you", "who", "she".
Numerals: "first", "five", "ten".
Service words:

unions: "as if", "that is", "a", "but";
particles: "already", "like", "like";
prepositions: "for", "about", "in", "thanks to".

Not included in common vocabulary

The only part of speech that cannot be a neutral word is an interjection. Examples: "great", "wow", "slap", "hello". These words are initially emotional.

There are also such concepts for which there are no words of neutral expression - these are cases of only high or only low style of speech. For example: "stupid", "talker", "idiot" or "tribunal", "oratorio". Can not imagine scientific article with the word "fool" put into context. Such words initially have a bright color, so they cannot be used in a different style of speech. Neutrals work in all styles.

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Neutral lexemes are used in all styles of spoken and written speech without exception. In scientific and journalistic articles, in textbooks, in fiction, in ordinary conversation - this vocabulary is the basis of the Russian language, the most stable part of its vocabulary. For example, the composition of the artistic author's text includes units for the most part from words of a neutral layer. For example, in the text of M. Prishvin, words that are not related to neutral vocabulary are highlighted.

The guys here don’t go with a star and don’t let anyone sing to the kliros, and since I saw in one shop on the window hooks are sold directly with fishing line and for any fish, very worthy, even there is one hook that will hold a pood catfish.
A. Chekhov "Vanka"

The word "letting go" is colloquial, "standing" - a phonetic distortion of the lexeme "standing", but fixed in this text in writing, can also be considered colloquial.

Interstyle vocabulary has thematic associations that make up an active vocabulary language:

Temporal value: "tomorrow", "yesterday", "century", "month", "morning", "day", "past", "present".
Meaning of place: "right", "behind", "there", "where", "home", "country", "island".
Negatives: "no", "no one", "none", "not", "neither".
Emphasis on the face: "he", "she", "you", "I".

Neutral vocabulary helps to keep oral and written speech from vulgarity, for example: "Girl, go to this checkout."

The word "pass through" high style, it unnaturally fits into the context of everyday colloquial speech.

It is necessary to remember about caution and reasonableness when combining words of different semantic coloring in one text.

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Style differences in the language can be seen only against the background of words with a neutral color. Neutral vocabulary is a white sheet on which the smallest shades of other colors are visible. Speech can be expressive, figurative, but in comparison with the expression of a book and conversational style coloration of interstyle vocabulary is not so noticeable. For example: "walk" is a neutral word, "tread" is a high style, "loite" is a colloquial style.

The authors of literary texts can achieve expressiveness and figurativeness without resorting to expressive-colored vocabulary. For example: "If you keep quiet in these rustling forests and listen to the sounds around you, you can hear mysterious quiet steps..."

In this passage, only words of a neutral style are used, but the imagery and colorfulness are not lost. True, creation artistic text only with the help of common vocabulary, not everyone can do it. The existence of emotionally rich layers of speech makes it possible to create texts of special figurativeness.

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

You also need to be careful when referring words to the neutral style. The same lexeme can have different meaning depending on the context and refer to different stylistic layers language. For example:

"In the distance there was a terrible squeal of brakes." - Here the word "brakes" means "mechanism for stopping" (neutral).
"Well, you guys and the brakes!" - In this text, "brakes" are used in figurative meaning- "people with a slow perception of information."

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

Fairy tale text can be built on the basis of neutral vocabulary - it will not be a folk tale, but an author's text.

For example: "In a faraway kingdom, in a faraway state, there lived a king and a queen, and they had a beautiful daughter, which cannot be said in a fairy tale or described with a pen. She sat in the room for days on end." The text has obsolete words: "king", "queen", "svetlitsa", there are also set expressions fairy-tale epic: "in a distant kingdom, in a faraway state", "to tell in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen."

canvas folk tale consists of words of increased figurativeness, the phenomena described in it often have nothing to do with real world, being the result of a flight of human fantasy, a reflection of the sensory perception of the world. Neutral vocabulary is beyond the power of such figurativeness.

The predominance of stylistically neutral vocabulary in author's fairy tales is appropriate, since such texts are usually calmer, non-expressive and more speculative.

Colloquial, stylistically neutral and book vocabulary complement each other. Stylistically colored words allow you to express shades of feelings, the realities of knowledge. narrow circle of people. Neutral vocabulary is what brings accuracy, certainty and comprehensibility to everyone into speech.

Neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary. In every developed literary language vocabulary distributed stylistically. There are neutral words, that is, those that can be used in any genre and style of speech (in oral and written speech, in oratory and in telephone conversation, in a newspaper article and in poetry, in fiction and in scientific text etc.). These are, first of all, the words of the main vocabulary in direct meanings: forehead, eye, earth, mountain, river, house, table, dog, horse, homeland, eat, work, sleep. Compared to such neutral, stylistically uncolored words, other words can be either “high style” (brow, eyes, womb, homeland, horse, eat, rest), or "low" (clothing, burkaly, bowler hat, belly, eat, squabble, junk, shandarahnut, the other day).

Thus, Lomonosov's "theory of three calms" is not only historically justified in relation to the Russian literary language of the 18th century, but also contains a very important theoretical grain: styles of speech are correlative, and any style is primarily correlated with neutral, zero; other styles diverge from this neutral in opposite sides: some with “coefficient” plus as “high”, others with “coefficient” minus as “low” (cf. neutral there is, high eat and low eat etc.).

Within the limits of one or another style (except neutral!) There may be subdivisions: in the "high" - poetic, rhetorical, pathetic, "academic", special-technical, etc.; in "low" - colloquial, familiar, vulgar, etc.

For each language, there are different sources for completing the vocabulary of "high" and "low" styles.

In the Russian literary language, the sources of the "high" style can be, first of all, Slavicisms or similar words (not forehead, a brow, not lips, a mouth, not died, a reposed, not homeland, a motherland, not watchman, a guard, not gates, a gate, not city, a hail, not nipples, a nipples, not I suffer a suffering etc.); in addition, in other genres, this role can be played by Greek-Latin and other international words (not world, a space, not invader, a occupant, not import and export, a import and export, not criminal, a criminal, not abscess, a abscess, not component, a ingredient etc.).

The sources of the "low" style can be their original Russian words, if the place of the corresponding neutral word replaces Slavicism (not clothes, a clothes, not Evdokia, a Ovdotya or Avdotya 1) if the neutral word is one’s own, Russian, then the words of the “low” style are taken from vernacular, dialects and jargons (not again, a back, not hut, a hut, not young woman, a girl, not young man, a boy, not there is, a shamat, not eyes, a Zenki, not steal, a whistle, slam, steal, not scattered person, a dishevel etc.).

Accordingly, for example, in the English literary language neutral style form primarily words of Anglo-Saxon origin, words of French and Greek-Latin origin appear in the “high” style, and words from slang appear in the “low” style, professional speech and dialectisms.

For French 16th century the source of the "high" style was Italian language, and for German language XVII–XVIII centuries - French. Norms of Russian literary language XVIII in. regarding the distribution of words by style are described in detail by Lomonosov in "Discourse on the Usefulness of Church Books in the Russian Language" 1 .

All of the above allows us to draw some conclusions about the system in the vocabulary.

1) It is impossible to describe the vocabulary system by the objects that it names. Vocabulary can name phenomena of nature, and phenomena of technology, culture, mental life of people; that's why there is vocabulary in the language, so that the native speaker given language could name whatever he needed in his social and even personal practice. But the system of the named should disperse into the areas of the called, this is a system of subjects of different sciences: geology, botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, etc. Moreover, many objects can have several names (synonymy), but these names, as words, will not represent the language system.

2) The same should be said about the system of concepts, although concepts are not just objects of reality, but “casts” in the minds of people, reflecting the system of objects of objective reality, but these are also not words. The study of a system of concepts, their relations and their elements is very important task science, but by no means the subject of linguistics.

3) Thus, “the lexical system of a language has nothing to do with the ordering of the vocabulary of a given language into subject (extralinguistic) categories, as is done in “subject”, “thematic” and “ideological” dictionaries. It cannot be reduced to a system of "semantic fields" or "lexico-semantic groups", since the latter are only one (though quite important) of structural elements"lexical system" 1 .

Yu. D. Apresyan develops this idea in a more constructive way: “... the semantic content of the word is not something self-sufficient. It is entirely due to the relationships that develop in the network of oppositions. given word another word of the same field. According to the idea and terminology of F. de Saussure, it has not meaning, but significance”, “... in order to return to linguistics ... unity, semantic fields should be obtained not on a conceptual, but on a linguistic basis, not from the side of logic, but from the side of linguistics ... "1

4) All of the above needs clarification. First, what is meaning and what is significance? The meaning of a word is the relation of the word to the object or phenomenon it designates, i.e. the relation of the fact of language to the extralinguistic fact (thing, phenomenon, concept), significance is the own, linguistic property of the word, received by the word because the word is a member lexical system language.

The importance of words like 1) there is, 2)face, 3) scream is determined by their ratios:

1) for eat: eat, eat, eat, burst, crack, shamat;

2) for face: face, physiognomy, muzzle, mug, muzzle, snout, mug, image, ryoshka;

3) for to shout: to shout, to yell, to yell, to roar.

The significance of a word is determined in the same way as the significance of other units of the language (phonemes, morphemes...), by correlation in the same row.

A row for determining the significance of a word is called lexical field one . The lexical field is not an area of homogeneous objects of reality and not an area homogeneous concepts, and the sector of vocabulary, united by the relations of parallelism (synonyms), contrast (antonyms) and accompaniment (metonymic and synecdochic connections of words), and most importantly, various kinds of oppositions. Only within the limits of the lexical field can a word acquire its significance, just as a phoneme can acquire its significance in its own. In no case should one confuse the concept of context (see above, § 20) and field. The context is the area of the use of a word, speech, and the field is the sphere of its existence in the language system.

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Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle)

From a stylistic point of view, all common Russian vocabulary (except for dialect and slang words, as well as highly specialized terms) can be divided into three large groups:
1. Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle);
2. Vocabulary oral speech;
3. Vocabulary of written speech.
Neutral (interstyle) words are used in any kind of speech: in a casual conversation and in a speaker's speech, in all genres fiction and journalism. Therefore, this vocabulary is called interstyle or neutral, that is, serving all styles of speech. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of special expression, emotions.
Neutral vocabulary is the basis of the vocabulary of the language, which includes various parts of speech: head, tree, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, one hundred, I, mine, etc.
Neutral, interstyle vocabulary is represented by the background against which the words belonging to written speech and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external signs (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but nevertheless they are easy to find among other style layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words: dunce, birch, consolidation, spiritualized, sign, prerogative, conversation, smirk, good, watch, shantrapa stand out for their neutrality of the word: birch, sign, conversation, good, watch.
Stylistically neutral words make up most common lexicon. This includes a significant number of words belonging to various parts speeches:
1) Nouns: Day, lecture, window, work, radio, table;
2) Adjectives: Paper, deep, Russian, southern;
3) Verbs: Ride, hate, organize, smile;
4) Adverbs: Fun, very, in our opinion;
5) Pronouns: Who, ours, ours, this, I;
6) Service words(prepositions, conjunctions, particles):
In, on, and, if, would, same.
All numerals belong to interstyle words. Interjections are not interstitial words, and there are such styles, genres and varieties of speech where interjections do not occur:
1) Science articles(scientific and journalistic style);
2) Official documents (official business style);
3) business papers(international diplomatic style);
4) Information in the media mass media(newspaper-journalistic style).

Meaning of NEUTRAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

NEUTRAL VOCABULARY

Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms(bookish, colloquial, colloquial), against which they are deprived stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and colloquial stagger, wander; future - in comparison with the book future; glance - in comparison with the gaze; eyes - in comparison with the eyes. cf. also (in the first place a stylistically neutral synonym is given): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;

eat - eat, eat; to complain - to complain;

take care - take care; delay - delay, delay; curly - curly; to lie - to lie; hinder - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; deceive - cheat; duel - single combat; death - death; to die - to die; to bury - to bury. cf. : commonly used interstyle vocabulary.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Portal for the student. Self-training

Neutral words examples. The order of analysis of phraseology

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Not included in common vocabulary

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle)

Meaning of NEUTRAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Portal for the student. Self-training

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Not included in common vocabulary

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

Vocabulary is neutral (interstyle)

Meaning of NEUTRAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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