The civil war that took place in Russia from 1917 to 1922 was a bloody event where in a brutal massacre brother went against brother, and relatives took up positions along different sides barricade. In this armed class clash on the vast territory of the former Russian Empire, the interests of the opposing political structures, conventionally divided into "reds" and "whites". This struggle for power took place with the active support of foreign countries who tried to extract their interests from this situation: Japan, Poland, Turkey, Romania wanted to annex part of the Russian territories, while other countries - the USA, France, Canada, Great Britain expected to receive tangible economic preferences.

As a result of such a bloody civil war, Russia turned into a weakened state, the economy and industry of which were in a state of complete ruin. But after the end of the war, the country adhered to socialist course development, and this has influenced the course of history around the world.

Causes of the civil war in Russia

A civil war in any country is always caused by aggravated political, national, religious, economic and, of course, social contradictions. The territory of the former Russian Empire was no exception.

• Social inequality in Russian society has been accumulating for centuries, and at the beginning of the 20th century it reached its apogee, since the workers and peasants found themselves in an absolutely powerless position, and their working and living conditions were simply unbearable. The autocracy did not want to smooth out social contradictions and carry out any significant reforms. It was during this period that the revolutionary movement who managed to lead the Bolshevik Party.
• Against the backdrop of the protracted First World War, all these contradictions became noticeably aggravated, which resulted in the February and October revolutions.
• As a result of the revolution in October 1917, the state changed political system and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. But the overthrown classes could not reconcile themselves to the situation and made attempts to restore their former dominance.
• The establishment of Bolshevik power led to the rejection of the ideas of parliamentarism and the creation of a one-party system, which prompted the parties of the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks to fight Bolshevism, that is, the struggle between the “whites” and the “reds” began.
• In the fight against the enemies of the revolution, the Bolsheviks used non-democratic measures - the establishment of a dictatorship, repression, the persecution of the opposition, the creation of emergency bodies. This, of course, caused discontent in society, and among those dissatisfied with the actions of the authorities were not only the intelligentsia, but also workers and peasants.
• The nationalization of land and industry provoked resistance from former owners, which led to terrorist activities at both sides.
• Despite the fact that Russia ceased its participation in the First World War in 1918, a powerful interventionist group was present on its territory, which actively supported the White Guard movement.

The course of the civil war in Russia

Before the start of the civil war, there were regions on the territory of Russia that were loosely interconnected: in some of them, Soviet power was firmly established, while others (south of Russia, the Chita region) were under the rule of independent governments. On the territory of Siberia, in general, one could count up to two dozen local governments, not only not recognizing the power of the Bolsheviks, but also at enmity with each other.

When the civil war began, then all the inhabitants had to decide, that is, to join the “whites” or “reds”.

The course of the civil war in Russia can be divided into several periods.

First period: October 1917 to May 1918

At the beginning fratricidal war the Bolsheviks had to suppress local armed rebellions in Petrograd, Moscow, Transbaikalia and the Don. It was at this time that a white movement was formed from those dissatisfied with the new government. In March, the young republic, after an unsuccessful war, concluded the shameful Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Second period: June to November 1918

At this time, a full-scale civil war began: Soviet republic had to fight not only internal enemies, but also with interventions. As a result, most of the Russian territory was captured by enemies, and this threatened the existence of the young state. In the east of the country, Kolchak dominated, in the south Denikin, in the north Miller, and their armies tried to close the ring around the capital. The Bolsheviks, in turn, created the Red Army, which achieved its first military successes.

Third period: November 1918 to spring 1919

In November 1918, the First World War ended. Soviet power was established in the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Baltic territories. But already at the end of autumn, the Entente troops landed in the Crimea, Odessa, Batumi and Baku. But this military operation was not crowned with success, since revolutionary anti-war sentiments reigned in the troops of the interventionists. During this period of the struggle against Bolshevism, the leading role belonged to the armies of Kolchak, Yudenich and Denikin.

Fourth Period: Spring 1919 to Spring 1920

During this period, the main forces of the interventionists left Russia. In the spring and autumn of 1919, the Red Army won major victories in the East, South and North-West of the country, defeating the armies of Kolchak, Denikin and Yudenich.

Fifth period: spring-autumn 1920

The internal counter-revolution was completely destroyed. And the spring began Soviet-Polish war, which ended in complete failure for Russia. According to the Riga Peace Treaty, part of the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands went to Poland.

Sixth period:: 1921-1922

During these years, all the remaining centers of the civil war were liquidated: the rebellion in Kronstadt was suppressed, the Makhnovist detachments were destroyed, the Far East was liberated, the struggle against the Basmachi in Central Asia was completed.

The results of the civil war

• As a result of hostilities and terror, more than 8 million people died from hunger and disease.
• Industry, transport and agriculture were on the verge of disaster.

• The main result of this terrible war became the final assertion of Soviet power.

Civil War

Civil war poster.

Artist D. Moor, 1920

Civil War is an armed struggle of various social, political and national forces for power within the country.

When the event took place: October 1917-1922

The reasons

Irreconcilable contradictions between the main social strata societies

Features of the Bolshevik policy, which was aimed at inciting hostility in society

The desire of the bourgeoisie and the nobility to return to their former position in society

Features of the civil war in Russia

Accompanied by the intervention of foreign powers ( Intervention- forcible intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of other countries and peoples, may be military (aggression), economic, diplomatic, ideological).

Conducted with extreme cruelty ("red" and "white" terror)

Members

The Reds are a supporter of Soviet power.

Whites - opponents of Soviet power

Greens are against everyone

National movements

Milestones and events

First stage: October 1917-spring 1918

The military actions of the opponents of the new government were of a local nature, they created armed formations ( Volunteer army- creator and leader Alekseev V.A.). Krasnov P.- near Petrograd, Dutov A.- in the Urals, Kaledin A.- on the Don.

Second stage: spring - December 1918

March, April. Germany occupies Ukraine, the Baltic States, Crimea. England - landing in Murmansk, Japan - in Vladivostok

May. rebellion Czechoslovak Corps(these are captive Czechs and Slovaks who have crossed over to the side of the Entente and are moving on trains to Vladivostok for transfer to France). Cause of rebellion: the Bolsheviks tried to disarm the corps under the terms Brest Peace. Outcome: the fall of Soviet power throughout the entire Trans-Siberian Railway.

June. Creation of SR governments: Committee of members of the Constituent meetings in Samara Komuch, chairman of the Social Revolutionary Volsky V.K.), provisional government Siberia in Tomsk (chairman Vologodsky P.V.), Ural regional government in Yekaterinburg.

July. Revolts of the Left SRs in Moscow, Yaroslavl and other cities. Suppressed.

September. Created in Ufa Ufa directory- "All-Russian government" chairman of the Social Revolutionary Avksentiev N.D.

November. Dispersed the Ufa directory Admiral Kolchak A.V.., who declared himself « supreme ruler Russia". The initiative in the counter-revolution passed from the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to the military and anarchists.

Actively acted green movement - not with reds and not with whites. Green color- a symbol of will and freedom. They operated in the Black Sea region, in the Crimea, in the North Caucasus and southern Ukraine. Leaders: Makhno N.I., Antonov A.S. (Tambov province), Mironov F.K.

In Ukraine - detachments father Makhno (created a republic walk-field). During the German occupation of Ukraine, they led the partisan movement. They fought under a black flag with the inscription "Freedom or death!". Then they began to fight against the Reds until October 1921, before Makhno was wounded (he emigrated).

Third stage: January-December 1919

The climax of the war. Relative equality of forces. Large-scale operations on all fronts. But foreign intervention intensified.

4 centers of white movement

Admiral's Troops Kolchak A.V..(Ural, Siberia)

Armed Forces of the South of Russia General Denikina A.I.(Don region, North Caucasus)

Armed Forces of the North of Russia General Miller E.K.(region of Arkhangelsk)

General's Troops Yudenich N.N. in the Baltics

March, April. Kolchak's attack on Kazan and Moscow, the Bolsheviks mobilize all possible resources.

End of April - December. Counteroffensive of the Red Army ( Kamenev S.S., Frunze M.V., Tukhachevsky M.N..). By the end of 1919 - complete defeat of Kolchak.

May June. The Bolsheviks barely repelled the offensive Yudenich to Petrograd. Troops Denikin captured Donbass, part of Ukraine, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn.

September October. Denikin advances to Moscow, reached Orel (against him - Egorov A.I., Budyonny S.M..).Yudenich the second time trying to capture Petrograd (against him - Kork A.I.)

November. Troops Yudenich thrown back to Estonia.

Outcome: by the end of 1919 - the preponderance of forces on the side of the Bolsheviks.

Fourth stage: January - November 1920

February March. The defeat of Miller in the north of Russia, the liberation of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

March-April. Denikin driven out to the Crimea and the North Caucasus, Denikin himself handed over command to the baron Wrangel P.N.. and emigrated.

April. Education DVR - Far Eastern Republic.

April-October. War with Poland . The Poles invaded Ukraine and captured Kyiv in May. Counteroffensive of the Red Army.

August. Tukhachevsky reaches Warsaw. Assistance to Poland from France. The Red Army has been pushed into the Ukraine.

September. Offensive Wrangel to southern Ukraine.

October. Treaty of Riga with Poland . Poland was given Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

November. Offensive Frunze M.V.. in the Crimea. Defeat Wrangel.

In the European part of Russia, the civil war is over.

Fifth stage: late 1920-1922

December 1920. The Whites captured Khabarovsk.

February 1922.Khabarovsk is liberated.

October 1922.Liberation from the Japanese of Vladivostok.

Leaders of the white movement

Kolchak A.V.

Denikin A.I.

Yudenich N.N.

Wrangel P.N.

Alekseev V.A.

Wrangel

Dutov A.

Kaledin A.

Krasnov P.

Miller E.K.

Leaders of the red movement

Kamenev S.S.

Frunze M.V.

Shorin V.I.

Budyonny S.M.

Tukhachevsky M.N.

Kork A.I.

Egorov A.I.

Chapaev V.I.- leader of one of the Red Army detachments.

Anarchists

Makhno N.I.

Antonov A.S.

Mironov F.K.

The most important events of the civil war

May-November 1918 . - the struggle of Soviet power with the so-called "democratic counter-revolution"(former members Constituent Assembly, representatives of the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, etc.); start of military intervention Entente;

November 1918 - March 1919 g. - the main battles on southern front countries (Red Army - army Denikin); the strengthening and failure of the Entente's direct intervention;

March 1919 – March 1920 - major military operations Eastern Front(Red Army - army Kolchak);

April-November 1920 – Soviet-Polish war; rout of troops Wrangel in Crimea;

1921–1922 . - the end of the Civil War on the outskirts of Russia.

National movements.

One of important features civil war - national movements: the struggle for the acquisition of independent statehood and separation from Russia.

This was especially evident in Ukraine.

in Kyiv after February Revolution, in March 1917, the Central Rada was created.

In January 1918. she entered into an agreement with the Austro-German command and declared independence.

With the support of the Germans, power passed to Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky(April-December 1918).

In November 1918, a Directory, in charge of - S.V. Petliura.

In January 1919 the Directory declared war on Soviet Russia.

S.V. Petliura had to confront both the Red Army and Denikin's army, which fought for a united and indivisible Russia. In October 1919, the "White" army defeated the Petliurists.

Reasons for the Reds' victory

The Reds were on the side of the peasants, as it was promised to implement the Decree on Land after the war. According to the agrarian program of the whites, the land remained in the hands of the landlords.

Single leader - Lenin, unified combat plans. Whites didn't have it.

attractive to the people national policy red - right nations for self-determination. Whites - the slogan "one and indivisible Russia"

The Whites relied on the help of the Entente - the interventionists, therefore they looked like an anti-national force.

The policy of "war communism" helped to mobilize all the forces of the Reds.

Consequences of the civil war

Economic crisis, devastation, a 7-fold drop in industrial production, and a 2-fold drop in agricultural production

demographic loss. About 10 million people died from hostilities, famine, epidemics

The establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, hard methods the controls used during the war years began to be regarded as quite acceptable in peacetime.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks marked the transition of civil confrontation into a new, armed phase - civil war. With the help of weapons, a new government was established in the Cossack regions of the Don, Kuban, Southern Urals. At the head of the anti-Bolshevik movement on the Don stood Ataman A.M. Kaledin. He declared the insubordination of the Don Cossacks to the Soviet government. Everyone dissatisfied with the new regime began to flock to the Don. At the end of November 1917 General M.V. Alekseev began the formation Volunteer army to fight the Soviet regime.

This army marked the beginning of the white movement, so named in contrast to the red revolutionary. White color as a symbol of law and order. Simultaneously with the anti-Soviet speeches on the Don, the movement of the Cossacks in the South Urals began. Ataman A.I. stood at its head. Dutov. In Transbaikalia, the fight against the new government was led by ataman G.S. Semenov. However, protests against the Soviet regime, although they were fierce, were spontaneous and scattered, did not enjoy mass support from the population and took place against the backdrop of a relatively quick and peaceful establishment of the power of the Soviets almost everywhere. Therefore, the rebellious chieftains were defeated fairly quickly. The civil war is a clash of different political forces, social and ethnic groups, individuals defending their claims under the banners of various colors and shades. Causes of the defeat of the white movement. The leaders of the white movement failed to offer the people a sufficiently constructive and attractive program. In the territories they controlled, the laws of the Russian Empire were restored, property was returned to its former owners. In addition, one of the reasons for the defeat was moral decay army, the use of measures against the population that did not fit into the white code of honor: robberies, pogroms, punitive expeditions, violence. One of the main provisions of the Bolshevik doctrine was the statement about the inseparable connection between the revolution and the civil war. January 15, 1918 Decree of the Council of People's Commissars proclaimed the creation Workers' and Peasants' Army. On January 29, a decree was adopted on the organization of the Red Fleet. In July 1918 published the Decree on General conscription male population between the ages of 18 and 40. In September 1918 a unified command and control structure for fronts and armies was created. In the first half of May 1919, when the Red Army won decisive victories. The real danger for the Bolsheviks was Denikin's Volunteer Army, which captured by June 1919. Donbass, a significant part of Ukraine, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn. In July, Denikin's offensive against Moscow began. In September, the "whites" entered Kursk and Orel, occupied Voronezh. The critical moment for the Bolshevik power has come. Another wave of mobilization of forces and means began under the motto: "Everyone to fight Denikin!" Big role the First Cavalry Army of S.I. played in changing the situation at the front. Budyonny. Significant assistance to the Red Army was provided by insurgent peasant detachments led by N.I. Makhno, who deployed a "second front" in the rear of Denikin's army. The rapid offensive of the "Reds" in the fall of 1919. led to the division of the Volunteer Army into two parts - Crimean and North Caucasian. February-March 1920 its main forces were defeated and the Volunteer Army itself ceased to exist. A significant group of "whites" led by General Wrangel took refuge in the Crimea. In November 1920 troops of the Southern Front under the command of M.V. The Frunze crossed the Sivash and, breaking through the defensive forces of Wrangel on the Perekop Isthmus, broke into the Crimea. The last battle between the "Reds" and "Whites" was especially furious and cruel. The remnants of the once formidable Volunteer Army rushed to the ships of the Black Sea squadron concentrated in the Crimean ports. Almost 100 thousand people were forced to leave their homeland. The civil war ended with the victory of the Reds.

32. The policy of "war communism" and its consequences.

Social economic policy Soviet power in the period 1918-1920. has undergone significant changes due to the need to concentrate all material and human resources to defeat enemies. December 2, 1918 Decree on the dissolution of the committees was promulgated. The dissolution of the committees of the rural poor was the first step towards the policy of appeasing the middle peasantry. January 11, 1919 Decree "On the allocation of bread and fodder" was issued. According to this decree, the state reported in advance the exact figure of its needs for grain. Then this number was distributed (distributed) among the provinces, counties, volosts and peasant households. The implementation of the grain procurement plan was mandatory. Moreover, the surplus appraisal proceeded not from the capabilities of peasant farms, but from very conditional "state needs", which in fact meant the seizure of all surplus grain, and often the necessary stocks. In 1920 surplus appropriation extended to potatoes, vegetables and other agricultural products. In the field of industrial production, a course was taken for the accelerated nationalization of all branches of industry. Having proclaimed the slogan "Who does not work, he does not eat", the Soviet government introduced universal labor service and labor mobilization population to perform works of national importance: logging, road, construction, etc. In order to ensure the existence of the worker, the state tried to compensate for wages "in kind", giving out food rations, food stamps in the canteen, and basic necessities instead of money. Then the payment for housing, transport, utilities and other services was abolished. The logical continuation of the economic policy of the Bolsheviks was the actual abolition commodity-money relations. First, the free sale of food was prohibited, then other consumer goods, which were distributed by the state as naturalized wages. Such a policy required the creation of special super-centralized economic bodies in charge of accounting and distribution of all available products. The totality of these emergency measures was called the policy of "war communism." "Military" - because this policy was subordinated to the only goal - to concentrate all forces for military victory over their political opponents, "communism" - because the measures taken by the Bolsheviks miraculously coincided with the Marxist forecast of some socio-economic features of the future communist society.

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The leaders of the Red Army during the Civil War - Vatsetis, Kamenev / Tukhachevsky, Frunze, Blucher, Yegorov, Budyonny. The head of the Revolutionary Military Council during the Civil War was Trotsky. Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense during the Civil War - Lenin. Leaders Western states who advocated active intervention in the civil war in Russia - Lloyd George (UK), Clemenceau (France), Wilson (USA), Pilsudski (Poland). The leaders of the white movement in the period gr. war - Kolchak, Denikin, Miller, Yudenich, Wrangel, Alekseev, Kornilov, Shkuro. In the 20s - 30s. Kalinin served as chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. After Lenin, A. M. Rykov was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Bukharin - Soviet Party statesman, academician. In 1917-1918 he was the leader of the "Left Communists". Ideological views: against the curtailment of the NEP, the sharp forcing of collectivization, he considered it necessary to support the individual economy, regulate the market through flexible purchase prices, and actively develop light industry. Soviet leaders who surrounded Stalin in the 1920s: Molotov, Beria, Kuibyshev, Kaganovich. The leaders of the opposition of the CPSU (b) in the 20s: Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Rykov. During the Second World War, Stalin held the following positions: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the State Defense Committee of the USSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Outstanding Soviet generals period of the Second World War: Zhukov, Konev, Vasilevsky, Rokosovsky, Chuikov. During the Second World War, Shvernik headed the Evacuation Council. Leaders partisan movement during the Second World War: Kovpak, Ponomorenko, Fedorov. Three times heroes of the USSR who received this award for military exploits during the Second World War: Pokryshkin, Kozhedub. On behalf of the Soviet Supreme High Command, Zhukov signed the act of surrender of Germany. From 1953 to 1955 Malenkov was the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, since 1955 the minister of power plants. The name of Khrushchev is associated with criticism of Stalin's personality cult. After Khrushchev, Brezhnev was at the head of the country. From 1964 to 1980 Kosygin was chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, Gromyko was Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the death of Brezhnev, Andropov took over the leadership of the country. Gorbachev was the first president of the USSR.

Sakharov - Soviet scientist, nuclear physicist, creator hydrogen bomb. Active fighter for human and civil rights, pacifist, Nobel Prize winner, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Founders and leaders of the democratic movement in the USSR in the late 80s: A. Sobchak, N. Travkin, G. Starovoitova, G. Popov, A. Kazannik.

Leaders of the most influential factions in the modern State Duma: V.V. Zhirinovsky, G.A. Yavlinsky; G.A. Zyuganov; V.I.Anpilov.

US leaders who participated in Soviet-American negotiations in the 80s: Reagan, Bush.

Leaders European states, contributed to the improvement of relations with the USSR in the 80s: Thatcher.

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The documents

Report: V. I. Chapaev the hero of the Civil War

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich(1887-1919), hero of the Civil War. Since 1918 he commanded a detachment, a brigade and the 25th rifle division, which played a significant role in the defeat of the troops of A. V. Kolchak in the summer of 1919. He died in battle. The image of Chapaev is captured in the story of D. A. Furmanov ‘Chapaev’ and the film of the same name.

H Apaev Vasily Ivanovich, hero of the Civil War 1918-20. Member of the CPSU since September 1917. Born into the family of a poor peasant. Since 1914 - in the army, participated in the 1st World War 1914-18. Awarded for courage 3 St. George's crosses, a medal, received the rank of lieutenant. In 1917 he was in a hospital in Saratov, then moved to Nikolaevsk (now the city of Pugachev Saratov region), where in December 1917 he was elected commander of the 138th reserve infantry regiment, and in January 1918 he was appointed commissar of internal affairs of the Nikolaevsky district. At the beginning of 1918, he formed a Red Guard detachment and suppressed the kulak-SR rebellions in the Nikolaev district. From May 1918 he commanded a brigade in battles against the Ural White Cossacks and White Czechs, from September 1918 the head of the 2nd Nikolaev division. In November 1918 he was sent to study at the Academy of the General Staff, where he stayed until January 1919, and then, at his personal request, he was sent to the front and appointed to the 4th Army as commander of the Special Alexander-Gai Brigade. From April 1919 he commanded the 25th Infantry Division, which distinguished itself in the Buguruslan, Belebeev and Ufa operations during the counteroffensive. Eastern Front against Kolchak's troops. On July 11, the 25th division under the command of Ch.

liberated Uralsk. On the night of September 5, 1919, the White Guards suddenly attacked the headquarters of the 25th division in Lbischensk. Ch. with his associates courageously fought against the superior forces of the enemy. Having shot all the cartridges, the wounded Ch. tried to swim across the river. Ural, but was hit by a bullet and died. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The legendary image of Ch. is reflected in the story "Chapaev" by D. A. Furmanov, who was the military commissar of the 25th division, in the film "Chapaev" and other works of literature and art.

It's all bullshit!" - so succinctly and specifically reviewed the book by Dmitry Furmanov "Chapaev" and the film of the same name by the Vasilyev brothers, former associates of the division commander. And they delegated historical justice to Moscow to demand the offended relatives of the military leader - the widow and children. Those, having found the address of the commissar-writer, came to him right at home, on the Arbat, and ... forgot all the insults. Adopted by the generous, hospitable and powerful Furmanov, who fed and watered the family and procured 20 rubles of pension each (at that time - very decent money), they did not tell the world about the real Chapaev. Surely Furmanov explained to the visitors that not a single newspaper, even a lousy one, would publish their revelations. Indeed, in those days, society was given examples of heroism and high morality, trying to hide the homespun truth behind fiction. “Behind nonsense,” the real Vasily Ivanovich would say. No, the real would have used a stronger word.

So, it was decided - we are talking about Chapaev the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Based on the documents of the Central State Archive of the Red Army and on the evidence of the daughter of divisional commander Claudia Vasilievna, who survived until the time of glasnost. But first, let's look at the Chapaev Museum, which is open in Cheboksary (in the homeland of the hero).

cock shepherd

There, in the Chuvash village of Budaika - Tmutarakan with 22 yards - on January 28, 1887, Vasilek was born. He lived here only the first years of his childhood, but the memory of them is carefully preserved by the entire Chuvash people. The Chapaev Museum, for example, was opened.

Vasin's father Ivan Stepanovich was the poorest peasant in the village: no cows, no horses - only sheep and chickens. There was one pair of shoes for five children. So soon the Chapaevs, having sold everything they could, went to look for a better life to the large commercial and industrial village of Balakovka (Saratov region).

I don’t know if it’s worth believing the recollections of Vasya’s teacher with the rock and roll surname Grebenshchikov (they sound very characteristically soviet), but, alas, history has not preserved other characteristics of the young Chapai: “Vasyatka greedily reached for knowledge. Back then, there were no special textbooks. Sometimes, you give the task to read something at home from newspapers, magazines, Vasyatka was the first to raise his hand and tell in detail where and what he managed to read ... "

Other museum relics are sustained in the same spirit, so let's not delve into the childhood and youth of the hero, let's plunge into the passion of the fiery days.

Vasya's dad is strong in mate...

And we will immediately pay tribute to Vasya's parent, who all his life brought up a real man in his son with a whip and a belt. Yes, so intensely that I did not notice how quickly the guy matured. Chapaev's daughter Claudia recalls: “Once dad, already a divisional commander, returned from the battle and left carts in the yard. My grandfather Ivan Stepanovich Chapaev went with other old men to unharness the horses (he worked as a groom or something in the division?). He returned and let's whip the father's whip. Barely relieved. Due to the fact that felt sweaters were not put under the saddles, iron rods took off the skin of the horses. Chapaev knelt before his father, buried his forehead in his felt boots:
“Daddy, I’m sorry, I overlooked…”
The answer, you see, is a worthy man.

Even fists in a fist

Ask, who entrusted Chapaev, who really did not finish either gymnasiums or academies, with the command of an entire division? Who trusted Makhno? Yes, history is unfair to its sons. He elevates one to heaven, the other lowers nowhere below. Both Chapaev and Makhno (this one in the Urals, that one in Ukraine) beat the White Guards, dispossessed kulaks, each created his own freemen, both were courageous commanders, outstanding strategists, even anarchists at one time were listed. And the popular rumor calls one a hero, and another a bandit.

Just like Nestor, Vasily made an armed formation out of fellow villagers and relatives, to which later the lads from neighboring villages pulled themselves up. But not in order to rob and kill, but to protect themselves and their wives from white, green, German marauders-marauders.

No doubt, in some way this guard resembled a gang. And try to keep in your fist the eternally drunk, armed daredevils, and besides, your guys are on the board. But Chapai, spitting on kindred feelings, held on as best he could. Strongly. (By the way, he himself never took alcohol in his mouth and did not even smoke.) We read his orders stored in the “Red Army archive”: “For playing toss for money ... demoted to the rank and file. For playing cards fined ... a hundred rubles. For going to fornication in a neighboring village ... 40 lashes. For looting and extortion of money ... shoot!”

And here is a later report to Moscow: “29 Red Army soldiers were shot for refusing to go on the offensive. After that, a heated speech was made by comrade. Chapaev ... after which the entire male population of Nizh. Pokrovki up to 50 years old inclusive joined our ranks and rushed to the attack. Over 1000 White Cossacks were killed. After the battle among the prisoners German soldiers, Czechoslovaks and Hungarians organized a communist cell. Refuseniks were shot."

This is how the Chapaev Guard grew, and, apparently, at all times the people were scrapped to fight.

Chapaev was reputed to be tough, but fair. He came up with a "cash of comradely mutual assistance", into which the Red Army soldiers "threw off" their salaries, and the funds were spent on medicines and payments to the families of the dead. He created his own state: with yards-factories for the repair of auto and household appliances, bakery mills, furniture factories and even schools.

With the hands of the ataman, the checkers and the lives of his people, who faithfully served the commander, the communists defeated the enemy in the Urals. The time has come to drive the people into holes and change the Chapaev power to the Soviet one.

CHAPAEV VASILY IVANOVICH

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich (1887, the village of Budaika, Kazan Province - 1919, the Ural River, approx. Lbischensk) - a participant in the civil war.
Genus. in the family of a peasant carpenter. Together with his father and brothers, he worked as a carpenter, working for hire, he was able to learn to read and write.
In 1914 he was called up for military service. After graduating from the training team, Chapaev rose to the rank of non-commissioned officer. For his courage in the battles of the First World War, he was awarded three St. George's crosses and the St. George medal. In the summer of 1917 he was elected a member of the regimental committee, in December. - Regiment commander.
A member of the RSDLP (b) since 1917, Chapaev was appointed military commissar of the city of Nikolaevsk. In 1918 he suppressed a number of peasant uprisings, fought against the Cossacks and the Czechoslovak Corps. In November 1918 he began to study at the Academy of the General Staff, but already in January. 1919 was sent to Vost. front against A. V. Kolchak. Chapaev commanded the 25th Infantry Division, for the successful leadership of hostilities he was awarded the order Red Banner. During a sudden attack by the White Guards on the headquarters of the 25th division in Lbischensk, the wounded Chapaev died while trying to swim across the river. Ural.
Thanks to the book YES. Furmanov "Chapaev" and set according to this book. the film in which Chapaev was brilliantly played by the actor B.A. Babochkin, Chapaev's rather modest role in the civil war was widely known.

Used materials of the book: Shikman A.P. Figures national history. Biographical guide. Moscow, 1997 Literature: Biryulin V.V. People's commander: On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Chapaev. Saratov, 1986.

GO TO THE ORIGINS

THE DECISION HAS BEEN ADOPTED TO GIVE THE MUSEUM OF THE HISTORY OF THE RIVER THE CHUSUAL STATUS OF CITY AND REGIONAL

He was afraid of this event, and waited ... And he believed, and did not believe.
I was afraid because I was used to not really trusting the authorities and even sponsors. Everyone, he says, imagines himself a patriot of his region, city, and when it comes down to it, 17 thousand rubles for just installing a telephone in the Astafyev House (bless his memory) - take it out and put it down. And where to get them?

There is another danger, they will allocate some money, and then they will start to command: this is possible, this is not. Although he, a rock, is accustomed to the fact that the opportunistic guiding "sleeves" poked, poked at his "cliffs", and also flowed past him.
The chapel, which now houses the Yermak Museum, that is, Vasily Alenin, a resident of the Nizhnechusovskie Gorodki, he, for example, brought across the Arkhipovka River, to his Postnikov-grad, even under the communists.
There were leading wise men who demanded that the crosses crowning her be cut down - they say, you, Leonard Dmitrievich, made a mistake. Boris Vsevolodovich Konoplev unexpectedly helped to save them (the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU, if anyone does not know). Having visited the school of the Olympic reserve, where Postnikov was the director, he regally said: “Don’t stop there, keep going, otherwise we will be misunderstood.”
And the Yermak Museum itself was saved - you won't believe it ... - Chapaev. “Why create a memory of some robber,” Postnikov was taught. “Choose another worthy candidate.” “Have you watched the film“ Chapaev ”? So there, before the last fight, the fighters of Vasily Ivanovich sing a song about Yermak, ”he wriggled out.
The Postnikovsky Museum (everyone notes) is good because it does not have museum sterile preservation. In a rural trading shop, pot-bellied two-bucket samovars, cast-iron sledges upholstered in velvet can be touched, you can hold them in your hands. In the museum of wooden toys - pull the strings of funny hares and bears. That is, the spirit of the original, native (as one of the guests quoted, “you can’t squeeze a village out of a person”) lives here freely among antiquities.
And Postnikov cherishes this freedom. And yet, his museum has long gone beyond the framework of amateur performances and required a serious foundation, including financial ones: in order to preserve what he had collected, in order to develop further. The city deducts some money for the maintenance of the already created city. But the status of a city and a regional one promises support from two budgets. This means that his work will live on. Only for this, it seems, he agreed to a public celebration of the 20th anniversary of the museum, which, with the support of the sponsors of the Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant, was organized by his friends and friends of his hospitable miracle city.
It was obvious that being on stage was a real torment for him: he wanted to go to his beloved world - to the wise cat Klava, the museum church of St. George the Victorious under construction, to his beloved Don Quixote and Chapaev's biography, which he is now passionate about. But anyway, thanks to everyone: fellow countrymen, who are somehow transformed in a special way motherland.
Moscow critic Valentin Kurbatov handed out gifts from a bag. Poet Yuri Belikov - administered. The mayor of Chusovoy, Viktor Buryanov, admitted that he had to “reach out” to his noble countrymen.
And vice-governor Tatyana Margolina “chirped” so sweetly with dissident from Ukraine Dmitry Stus that he was surprised for a long time that, it turns out, he was talking with a representative of the authorities, in relations with whom he always tried to stay away.
Such are the miracles in Chusvenskaya land.

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The economic policy of whites and reds during the Civil War

During the years of the Civil War, whites and reds by any means sought to achieve power and total destruction enemy. The confrontation was not only on the fronts, but also in many other aspects, including in the economic sector. Before the economic policy of the Whites and the Reds during the years of the Civil War is analyzed, it is necessary to study the main differences between the two ideologies, the confrontation of which led to the fratricidal war.

Key Aspects of the Red Economy

The Reds did not recognize private property, they defended the belief that all people should be equal both legally and socially.

For the Reds, the tsar was not an authority, they despised wealth and intelligentsia, and the working class, in their opinion, should have become the leading structure of the state. Religion was regarded by the Reds as the opium of the people. Churches were destroyed, believers were mercilessly exterminated, atheists were held in high esteem.

White beliefs

For whites, the sovereign-father, of course, was the authority, imperial power is the basis of law and order in the state. They not only recognized private property, but also considered it the main milestone of the country's welfare. The intelligentsia, science and education were held in high esteem.

Whites could not imagine Russia without faith. Orthodoxy is the foundation. It was on it that the culture, self-consciousness and prosperity of the nation were based.

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Visual comparison of ideologies

The polar policy of the Reds and Whites could not but lead to confrontation. The table clearly demonstrates the main differences:

The social, cultural and economic policies of the whites and reds had their supporters and ardent enemies. The country was divided. Half supported the Reds, the other half supported the Whites.

White politics during the Civil War

Denikin dreamed of the day when Russia would again become great and indivisible. The general believed that the Bolsheviks must be fought to the end and, as a result, completely destroyed. Under him, the "Declaration" was adopted, which retained the right to land for the owners, and also provided for the interests of the working people. Denikin canceled the decree of the Provisional Government on the grain monopoly, and also developed a plan " land law”, according to which the peasant could buy the land from the landowner.

The priority direction in Kolchak's economic policy was the allocation of land to small-land peasants and those peasants who had no land at all. Kolchak believed that the seizure of property by the Reds was arbitrariness and looting. All the loot must be returned to the owners - manufacturers, landowners.

Wrangel created political reform, according to which large-scale landownership was limited, increased land allotments for the middle peasants, and also provided for the provision of peasants with industrial goods.

Both Denikin, and Wrangel, and Kolchak canceled the Bolshevik "Decree on the Land", but, as history shows, they could not come up with a worthy alternative. non-viability economic reforms white regimes was the fragility of these governments. If not for the economic and military assistance of the Entente, the white regimes would have fallen much earlier.

Red policy during the Civil War

During the Civil War, the Reds adopted the "Land Decree", which abolished the right of private ownership of land, which, to put it mildly, did not please the landlords, but was good news for the common people. Naturally, for the landless peasants and workers, neither the reform of Denikin, nor the innovations of Wrangel and Kolchak were as desirable and promising as the decree of the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks actively pursued the policy of "war communism", according to which the Soviet government set a course for the complete nationalization of the economy. Nationalization is the transition of the economy from private to public hands. A monopoly on foreign trade was also introduced. The fleet was nationalized. Partnerships, large entrepreneurs suddenly lost their property. The Bolsheviks sought to centralize the management of the national economy of Russia as much as possible.

Many innovations did not please the common people. One of these unpleasant innovations was the forced introduction of labor service, according to which unauthorized transfer to a new job, as well as absenteeism, was prohibited. Subbotniks and Sundays were introduced - a system of unpaid work, mandatory for everyone.

Food dictatorship of the Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks put into practice the monopoly on bread, which at one time was proposed by the Provisional Government. Control was introduced Soviet government behind the rural bourgeoisie, which hid grain stocks. Many historians emphasize that this was a forced temporary measure, since after the revolution the country lay in ruins, and such a redistribution could help survive in the hungry years. However, serious excesses on the ground led to the massive expropriation of all food supplies in the countryside, which led to severe famine and extremely high mortality.

Thus, the economic policy of whites and reds had serious contradictions. A comparison of the main aspects is given in the table:

As can be seen from the table, the economic policies of whites and reds were directly opposite.

Cons of both directions

Politics of whites and reds civil war was radically different. However, none of them were 100% effective. Each strategic direction had its disadvantages.

"War Communism" was criticized even by the communists themselves. After the adoption of this policy, the Bolsheviks expected unprecedented economic growth, but in reality everything turned out differently. All decisions were economically illiterate, as a result, labor productivity was reduced, people were starving, and many peasants saw no incentive to overwork. The output of industrial products has decreased, there has been a decline in agriculture. Hyperinflation was created in the financial sector, which did not exist even under the tsar and the Provisional Government. People were crippled by hunger.

The big disadvantage of the white regimes was their inability to pursue an intelligible land policy. Neither Wrangel, nor Denikin, nor Kolchak worked out a law that would be supported by the masses represented by the workers and peasants. In addition, the fragility of white power did not allow them to fully realize their plans for the development of the state's economy.

It is very difficult to reconcile the “whites” and “reds” in our history. Every position has its own truth. After all, only 100 years ago they fought for it. The struggle was fierce, brother went to brother, father to son. For some, the heroes of Budennov will be the First Cavalry, for others, the volunteers of Kappel. Only those who, hiding behind their position on the Civil War, are wrong, they are trying to erase a whole piece of Russian history from the past. Anyone who draws too far-reaching conclusions about the “anti-people character” of the Bolshevik government, denies the entire Soviet era, all its accomplishments, and in the end slides into outright Russophobia.

***
Civil war in Russia - armed confrontation in 1917-1922. between different political, ethnic, social groups and state entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire that followed the Bolsheviks' coming to power as a result of October revolution 1917. The Civil War was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War, economic devastation, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war on a national scale between Soviet and anti-Bolshevik armed forces. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

The main struggle for power during the Civil War was between armed formations Bolsheviks and their supporters (Red Guard and Red Army) on the one hand and armed formations white movement (white army) - on the other hand, which was reflected in the stable naming of the main parties to the conflict as "red" and "white".

For the Bolsheviks, who relied primarily on the organized industrial proletariat, the suppression of the resistance of their opponents was the only way to retain power in a peasant country. For many participants in the White movement - the officers, the Cossacks, the intelligentsia, the landowners, the bourgeoisie, the bureaucracy and the clergy - the armed resistance to the Bolsheviks was aimed at returning the lost power and restoring their socio-economic rights and privileges. All these groups were the pinnacle of the counter-revolution, its organizers and inspirers. Officers and the rural bourgeoisie created the first cadres of white troops.

The decisive factor in the course of the Civil War was the position of the peasantry, which accounted for more than 80% of the population, which ranged from passive waiting to active armed struggle. The fluctuations of the peasantry, reacting in this way to the policy of the Bolshevik government and the dictatorships of the white generals, radically changed the balance of power and, ultimately, predetermined the outcome of the war. First of all, we are certainly talking about the middle peasantry. In some areas (the Volga region, Siberia), these fluctuations raised the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to power, and sometimes contributed to the advancement of the White Guards into the depths of Soviet territory. However, with the course of the Civil War, the middle peasantry leaned towards Soviet power. The middle peasants saw from experience that the transfer of power to the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks inevitably leads to an undisguised general dictatorship, which, in turn, inevitably leads to the return of the landowners and the restoration of pre-revolutionary relations. The strength of the swings of the middle peasants in the direction of Soviet power was especially manifested in the combat readiness of the White and Red armies. White armies were essentially combat-ready only as long as they were more or less homogeneous in terms of class. When, as the front expanded and moved forward, the White Guards resorted to mobilizing the peasantry, they inevitably lost their combat capability and fell apart. And vice versa, the Red Army was constantly strengthened, and the mobilized middle peasant masses of the countryside staunchly defended Soviet power from the counterrevolution.

The basis of the counter-revolution in the countryside was the kulaks, especially after the organization of the Kombeds and the beginning of a decisive struggle for grain. The kulaks were only interested in liquidating large landlord farms as competitors in the exploitation of the poor and middle peasants, whose departure opened wide prospects for the kulaks. Fist fight with proletarian revolution took place both in the form of participation in the White Guard armies, and in the form of organizing their own detachments, and in the form of a broad insurrectionary movement in the rear of the revolution under various national, class, religious, up to anarchist, slogans. A characteristic feature of the Civil War was the willingness of all its participants to widely use violence to achieve their political goals (see "Red Terror" and "White Terror")

An integral part of the Civil War was the armed struggle of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire for their independence and insurgency broad strata of the population against the troops of the main opposing sides - the "red" and "white". Attempts to declare independence were rebuffed both by the "whites", who fought for a "united and indivisible Russia", and by the "reds", who saw the growth of nationalism as a threat to the gains of the revolution.

The civil war unfolded under the conditions of foreign military intervention and was accompanied by military operations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, both by the troops of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance and the troops of the Entente countries. The motives for the active intervention of the leading Western powers were the implementation of their own economic and political interests in Russia and assistance to the whites in order to eliminate the Bolshevik government. Although the possibilities of the interventionists were limited by the socio-economic crisis and political struggle in the Western countries themselves, intervention and material assistance to the white armies significantly influenced the course of the war.

The civil war was fought not only on the territory of the former Russian Empire, but also on the territory of neighboring states - Iran (Anzelian operation), Mongolia and China.

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Nicholas II with his wife in Alexander Park. Tsarskoye Selo. May 1917

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Daughters of Nicholas II and his son Alexei. May 1917

Dinner of the Red Army at the fire. 1919

Armored train of the Red Army. 1918

Bulla Viktor Karlovich

Civil War refugees
1919

Distribution of bread for 38 wounded Red Army soldiers. 1918

Red squad. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Exhibition of trophies of the Civil War near the Kremlin, dedicated to the II Congress of the Communist International

Civil War. Eastern front. Armored train of the 6th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps. Attack on Maryanovka. June 1918

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Red commanders of the regiment of the rural poor. 1918

Fighters of the First cavalry Budyonny at the rally
January 1920

Otsup Petr Adolfovich

Funeral of victims of the February Revolution
March 1917

July events in Petrograd. Soldiers of the Scooter Regiment, who arrived from the front to suppress the rebellion. July 1917

Work on the site of a train wreck after an anarchist attack. January 1920

Red commander in the new office. January 1920

Commander-in-Chief Lavr Kornilov. 1917

Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. 1917

Commander of the 25th Rifle Division of the Red Army Vasily Chapaev (right) and commander Sergei Zakharov. 1918

Sound recording of Vladimir Lenin's speech in the Kremlin. 1919

Vladimir Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars. January 1918

February Revolution. Checking documents on Nevsky Prospekt
February 1917

Fraternization of the soldiers of General Lavr Kornilov with the troops of the Provisional Government. 1 - 30 August 1917

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Military intervention in Soviet Russia. The command structure of the White Army units with representatives of foreign troops

Station in Yekaterinburg after the capture of the city by parts of the Siberian army and the Czechoslovak corps. 1918

Demolition of the monument Alexander III at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Political workers at the staff car. Western front. Voronezh direction

Military portrait

Date of shooting: 1917 - 1919

In the hospital laundry. 1919

Ukrainian front.

sisters of mercy partisan detachment Kashirin. Evdokia Aleksandrovna Davydova and Taisiya Petrovna Kuznetsova. 1919

Detachments of the Red Cossacks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin in the summer of 1918 became part of the consolidated South Ural partisan detachment of Vasily Blucher, who raided the mountains of the Southern Urals. Having united near Kungur in September 1918 with units of the Red Army, the partisans fought as part of the troops of the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front. After the reorganization in January 1920, these troops became known as the Army of Labor, whose goal was to restore National economy Chelyabinsk province.

Red commander Anton Boliznyuk, wounded thirteen times

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Grigory Kotovsky
1919

At the entrance to the building of the Smolny Institute - the headquarters of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. 1917

Medical examination of workers mobilized into the Red Army. 1918

On the boat "Voronezh"

Red Army soldiers in the city liberated from the whites. 1919

Overcoats of the 1918 model, which came into use during the civil war, originally in the army of Budyonny, have been preserved since small changes before military reform 1939. The machine gun "Maxim" is mounted on the cart.

July events in Petrograd. The funeral of the Cossacks who died during the suppression of the rebellion. 1917

Pavel Dybenko and Nestor Makhno. November - December 1918

Employees of the supply department of the Red Army

Koba / Joseph Stalin. 1918

On May 29, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR appointed Joseph Stalin responsible in the south of Russia and sent him as the extraordinary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the procurement of bread with North Caucasus to industrial centers.

Defense of Tsaritsyn - military campaign"Red" troops against "White" troops for control of the city of Tsaritsyn during the Civil War in Russia.

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR Lev Trotsky greets soldiers near Petrograd
1919

Commander of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia General Anton Denikin and Ataman of the Great Don Army Afrikan Bogaevsky at a solemn prayer service on the occasion of the liberation of the Don from the troops of the Red Army
June - August 1919

General Radola Gaida and Admiral Alexander Kolchak (left to right) with officers of the White Army
1919

Alexander Ilyich Dutov - ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army

In 1918 Alexander Dutov (1864–1921) announced new power criminal and illegal, organized armed Cossack squads, which became the base of the Orenburg (southwestern) army. Most of the White Cossacks were in this army. For the first time the name of Dutov became known in August 1917, when he was an active participant in the Kornilov rebellion. After that, Dutov was sent by the Provisional Government to the Orenburg province, where in the fall he fortified himself in Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk. His power lasted until April 1918.

homeless children
1920s

Soshalsky Georgy Nikolaevich

Homeless children transport the city archive. 1920s

The Civil War is one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of the Russian people. For many decades, the Russian Empire demanded reforms. Seizing the moment, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country by killing the tsar. Supporters of the monarchy did not plan to cede influence and created the White movement, which was supposed to return the old state system. The fighting on the territory of the empire changed further development country - it has become a socialist state under the rule of the communist party.

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Civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) in 1917-1922.

In short, the Civil War is a turning point that changed fate forever Russian people: its result was the victory over tsarism and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.

The civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) took place between 1917 and 1922 between two opposing sides: supporters of the monarchy and its opponents, the Bolsheviks.

Features of the Civil War consisted in the fact that many foreign countries also took part in it, including France, Germany and Great Britain.

Important! The participants in the hostilities - white and red - during the Civil War destroyed the country, putting it on the verge of a political, economic and cultural crisis.

The civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) is one of the bloodiest in the 20th century, during which more than 20 million military and civilians died.

Fragmentation Russian Empire during the period of the Civil War. September 1918.

Causes of the Civil War

Historians still do not agree on the causes of the Civil War, which took place from 1917 to 1922. Of course, everyone is of the opinion that main reason consists of political, ethnic and social contradictions which have not yet been resolved during mass actions protest of Petrograd workers and military in February 1917.

As a result, the Bolsheviks came to power and carried out a number of reforms, which are considered to be the main prerequisites for the split of the country. On the this moment historians agree that The key reasons were:

• liquidation of the Constituent Assembly;
• way out by signing the Brest peace treaty, which is humiliating for the Russian people;
• pressure on the peasantry;
• nationalization of all industrial enterprises and the liquidation of private property, which caused a storm of discontent among people who lost their property.

Background of the Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) (1917-1922):

• the formation of the Red and White movement;
• creation of the Red Army;
• local skirmishes between monarchists and Bolsheviks in 1917;
• execution of the royal family.

Stages of the Civil War

Attention! Most historians believe that the beginning of the Civil War should be dated 1917. Others deny this fact, since large-scale fighting began to take place only in 1918.

Table the generally recognized stages of the Civil War are highlighted 1917-1922:

War periods	Description
	During this period, anti-Bolshevik centers are formed - the White movement. Germany sends troops to eastern border Russia, where small skirmishes with the Bolsheviks begin. In May 1918, an uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps takes place, against which the commander-in-chief of the Red Army, General Vatsetis, opposes. During the fighting in the fall of 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps was defeated and retreated beyond the Urals.
Stage II (late November 1918 - winter 1920)	After the defeat of the Czechoslovak Corps, the coalition of the Entente countries begins hostilities against the Bolsheviks, supporting the White movement. In November 1918, the White Guard Admiral Kolchak launched an offensive in the East of the country. The generals of the Red Army are defeated and in December of the same year they surrender the key city of Perm. By the forces of the Red Army at the end of 1918, the offensive of the Whites was stopped. In the spring, hostilities begin again - Kolchak conducts an offensive towards the Volga, but the Reds stop him two months later. In May 1919, General Yudenich was advancing on Petrograd, but the Red Army once again managed to stop him and oust the Whites from the country. At the same time, one of the leaders of the White movement, General Denikin, seizes the territory of Ukraine and prepares to attack the capital. The forces of Nestor Makhno begin to take part in the Civil War. In response to this, the Bolsheviks open a new front under the leadership of Yegorov. In early 1920, Denikin's forces are defeated, forcing the foreign monarchs to withdraw their troops from the Russian Republic. In 1920 a radical fracture occurs in the Civil War.
Stage III (May - November 1920)	In May 1920, Poland declares war on the Bolsheviks and advances on Moscow. The Red Army in the course of bloody battles manages to stop the offensive and launch a counterattack. "Miracle on the Vistula" allows the Poles to sign a peace treaty on favorable conditions in 1921. In the spring of 1920, General Wrangel launched an attack on the territory of Eastern Ukraine, but in the autumn he was defeated, and the Whites lost Crimea. Red Army generals win on the Western front in the Civil War - it remains to destroy the grouping of the White Guards in Siberia.
Stage IV (late 1920 - 1922)	In the spring of 1921, the Red Army begins to advance to the East, capturing Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. White continues to suffer one defeat after another. As a result, the commander-in-chief of the White movement, Admiral Kolchak, is betrayed and handed over to the Bolsheviks. A few weeks later the Civil War ends with the victory of the Red Army.

Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) 1917-1922: briefly

In the period from December 1918 to the summer of 1919, the Reds and Whites converge in bloody battles, however until neither side gains an advantage.

In June 1919, the Reds seized the advantage, inflicting one defeat after another on the Whites. The Bolsheviks carry out reforms that appeal to the peasants, and therefore the Red Army gets even more recruits.

During this period, there is an intervention from countries Western Europe. However, none of the foreign armies manage to win. By 1920, a huge part of the army of the White movement was defeated, and all their allies left the Republic.

In the next two years, the Reds advance to the east of the country, destroying one enemy grouping after another. Everything ends when the admiral and supreme commander Kolchak's white movement is captured and executed.

The results of the civil war were catastrophic for the people

Results of the Civil War 1917-1922: briefly

I-IV periods of the war led to the complete ruin of the state. The results of the Civil War for the people were catastrophic: almost all enterprises lay in ruins, millions of people died.

In the Civil War, people died not only from bullets and bayonets - the strongest epidemics raged. According to foreign historians, taking into account the reduction in the birth rate in the future Russian people lost about 26 million people.

Destroyed factories and mines brought industrial activity to a halt in the country. The working class began to starve and left the cities in search of food, usually going to the countryside. The level of industrial production fell by about 5 times compared to the pre-war level. Production volumes of cereals and other agricultural crops also fell by 45-50%.

On the other hand, the war was aimed at the intelligentsia, who owned real estate and other property. As a result, about 80% of the representatives of the intelligentsia class were destroyed, a small part took the side of the Reds, and the rest fled abroad.

Separately, it should be noted how results of the civil war loss by the state of the following territories:

• Poland;
• Latvia;
• Estonia;
• partly Ukraine;
• Belarus;
• Armenia;
• Bessarabia.

As already mentioned, main feature Civil War is intervention foreign countries . The main reason why Britain, France and others interfered in the affairs of Russia is the fear of a world socialist revolution.

In addition, the following features can be noted:

• during the hostilities, a confrontation unfolded between various parties that saw the future of the country in different ways;
• fighting took place between different sections of society;
• the national liberation character of the war;
• anarchist movement against reds and whites;
• peasant war against both regimes.

Tachanka from 1917 to 1922 was used as a means of transportation in Russia.