Western tradition (W. Lippman)

Found in stereotypes, and the concept itself has become firmly established in everyday language.

Saving effort

The area of ​​stereotyping ranges from delusional fantasies to the deliberate use by scientists of rounded calculation results. All human culture is mainly (in Lippmann's interpretation, of course) selection, reorganization, tracking different models environment. That is, the formation of stereotypes is an economy of one's own efforts, since an attempt to see all things anew and in detail, and not as types and generalizations, is tedious, but for busy person practically doomed to fail. In addition, cases of refusal of typings should be noted: in a close circle there is no way to replace an individualized understanding with something or somehow save on it. Those whom we love and admire, for the most part, are men and women, they know ourselves rather than the classification under which we can be summed up.

World markup

In addition to saving effort, stereotypes seem to serve another function: stereotype systems can serve as the core of our personal tradition, a way to protect our position in society. They represent an ordered, more or less consistent picture of the world. Our habits, tastes, abilities, pleasures and hopes are conveniently located in it. The stereotypical picture of the world may be incomplete, but it is a picture possible world to which we have adapted. In this world, people and objects occupy their designated places and act as expected. We feel at home in this world, we component his.

Therefore, it is not surprising that any change in stereotypes is perceived as an attack on the foundations of the universe. This is an attack on the foundations of our world, and when we are talking about serious things, it is really not so easy for us to admit that there is any difference between our personal world and the world in general.

The stereotype system is not just a way of replacing the lush variety and disordered reality with an orderly representation of it, only an abbreviated and simplified way of perceiving. Stereotypes serve as a guarantee of our self-respect; project into external world awareness of our values; protect our position in society and our rights, and therefore, stereotypes are filled with feelings, preferences, likes or dislikes, are associated with fears, desires, drives, pride, hope. The object that activates the stereotype is evaluated in connection with the corresponding emotions.

Stereotypes and prejudices

AT Everyday life it is the (a priori) judgment that precedes the receipt of the relevant data that contains the conclusion that these data most often confirm. Justice, forgiveness, truth do not enter into this judgment, because it precedes the receipt of factual data. Prejudice, of course, can be identified, taken into account and finalized. But since the life of a person is limited, he must, in the time allotted to him, receive all the information necessary for the development of a vast civilization, so he cannot do without prejudices.

In everyday consciousness and in the means mass communication stereotypes are widely regarded as an exclusively negative phenomenon. This is largely due to the fact that in world science most often studied negative stereotypes for example, ethnic minorities that have been discriminated against. However, the stereotype can be both negative and positive, therefore it is necessary to distinguish between a stereotype and prejudices, which are only negative (in the book of Gadamer G.G. "Truth and Method" an apology for prejudices was successfully carried out and it was shown that prejudices can also be positive).

Dynamics of stereotypes

The stereotype begins to act even before the mind turns on. This leaves a specific imprint on the data that is perceived by our senses even before these data reach the mind. Nothing is more resistant to education or criticism than a stereotype, since it leaves its mark on the actual data at the moment of their perception.

To a certain extent, external stimuli, especially spoken or printed ones, activate some part of the stereotype system, so that the immediate impression and the previously formed opinion appear in the mind at the same time.

In cases where experience conflicts with a stereotype, a twofold outcome is possible: if an individual has already lost a certain flexibility or, due to some significant interest, it is extremely inconvenient for him to change his stereotypes, he can ignore this contradiction and consider it an exception that confirms the rule, or find some error, and then forget about this event. But if he has not lost his curiosity or the ability to think, then the innovation integrates into the already existing picture of the world and changes it.

Sex stereotypes

Sex stereotypes are socially shared ideas about personal qualities and behavioral models of men and women, as well as the gender specificity of social roles.

Stereotype scheme

Awareness of the need to conceptualize the stereotype came in the course of experiments to develop conditioned reflexes on positive and negative sound and skin stimuli alternating through identical pauses. The revealed effect was that after the strengthening of such activity, new reflexes were developed very quickly, and in some cases arose from the very first application of new stimuli, while the previously formed rhythm of excitation and inhibition was reproduced, corresponding to the order of application of positive and negative signals.

The brain reacts to a change in the external stereotype with a number of characteristic rearrangements that are reflected in individual links of the system, in the entire system, or, finally, in the entire higher system. nervous activity. External changes can lead to both improvement and deterioration higher functions up to the development of a deep neurosis. Pavlov drew attention to the fact that "the processes of setting a stereotype and breaking it are subjectively diverse positive and negative feelings."

In terms of content, the connection between Pavlov’s “dynamic stereotypy” and Lippmann’s stereotypes seems to be quite transparent (for both, it is important that a stereotype is a mold of the surrounding reality that allows one to adapt to diversity), although the difference in approaches to study is clear: Lippman focuses on the social nature of stereotypes and what meaning they play in the functioning of society and communities, and Pavlov - on the physiology of nervous activity.

Notes

Literature

• Lippman W. Public opinion/ per. from English. T. V. Barchunova, ed. K. A. Levinson, K. V. Petrenko. Moscow: Institute of the Public Opinion Foundation, 2004
• Sudakov K.V. Dynamic stereotypes, or Information fingerprints of reality. M.: PER SE, 2002
• Oslon A. Walter Lippman on stereotypes: extracts from the book "Public Opinion" // Social Reality, 2006, No. 4, pp. 125-141.

A stereotype is a variant of a personal attitude. An attitude is a kind of prism through which, under certain conditions or in relation to a certain object, a person perceives the world and behaves in only one way. Our world is saturated with stereotypes. You can't get away from them, as they are a product of public consciousness. Stereotypes are both good and bad.

The term "stereotype" was coined in 1922 by sociologist Walter Lippmann. The author interpreted it as "a picture in our head."

Social installation includes 3 components:

• knowledge about the object (cognitive element);
• emotions and evaluation in relation to the object (affective component);
• readiness to act concrete way(behavioral component).

Stereotype - social attitude with a lack of a cognitive component (lack of knowledge, fake information, outdated data). How the installation of a stereotype determines our behavior.

Stereotypical thinking is often limited. It is often guided by outdated, inaccurate, narrow, erroneous ideas about a person, social phenomenon, natural phenomenon and features of interaction with it.

Stereotypes have their pros and cons:

• On the one hand, this limits, prevents disclosure, or simply harms where the object of the stereotype has changed (minus).
• But on the other hand, stereotypes allow you to save time and effort where objects, situations and actions in relation to them are simple and unchanged (plus).
• Stereotypes are dangerous because they can form one expectation, and a person will have to face a completely different reality (minus). Well, if the reality is better. On the contrary, the person runs the risk of being in a state of frustration and maladaptation.
• Stereotypes help save nervous energy, allowing you to act in similar situations by inertia (plus).

Each person has an internal hierarchy of stereotypes. For example, popular stereotype that a woman, first of all, should be realized as a hostess, mother, wife, can be in the first place for one person and in the fifth for another.

Stereotypes are formed and fixed at the level of the psyche. Cognitive circuits, or a complex, arise in the brain neural connections, which provide the same response to repeated situations. For example, the whole personality can be seen as a cognitive schema, a schema of our personality.

Most often, stereotypes arise in relation to some groups differentiated by gender, age, nation, status, role. For example, the well-known statement that all women are the weaker sex. But stereotypes can speak about the norms of behavior, development, life. Then they are intertwined with values.

Most stereotypes are formed in childhood. The influence is exerted by the environment, any significant people. That is, stereotypes are the consequences of learning in the course of the socialization of the individual. I am sure that you or your entourage will have a couple of statements about any nation with representatives of which you have not even communicated personally.

Stereotypes are both positive and negative, but very often they contain an erroneous generalization.

• For example, what do most people imagine when they hear a woman call herself a housewife? A plump lady with curlers on her head, in a greasy apron, with an exhausted look, not working. In fact, every woman can be called a housewife, and the era of the Internet allows many to work within the walls of the house.
• Or why many people associate the birth of a child with the inevitable collapse of the figure and "launching themselves." In fact, this is an individual choice for each woman.
• There is a popular opinion that old age = wisdom, mind. No, they are not synonyms. As well as respecting a person for one age is impossible. Old people, like teenagers, youth, adults are different. Among them, there are also unpleasant, selfish, asocial personalities.

It can be said that the prejudices of previous generations, the society in which the person was brought up, are collected in personal stereotypes.

Features of stereotypical perception

Thinking through stereotypes is characterized by the following features:

• The projection effect, the essence of which is that when communicating, we endow people with our shortcomings that are unpleasant to us, and with our advantages - pleasant ones.
• Effect average error, which implies averaging the pronounced features of another person.
• The effect of order, in which in communication with unfamiliar person we give more trust to primary information, and when communicating with an old acquaintance, to fresh data.
• The halo effect, or judgment of a person based on one of his actions (good or bad).
• The effect of stereotyping, or endowing a person with characteristic (stereotypical) features for a certain group, for example, focusing on a person's profession.

Types and forms of stereotypes

Stereotypes characterize both individual personality traits and external signs of people. For example, the stereotype about the emotionality of women and the rationality of men (individual-personal characteristics) is alive. There is also a popular stereotype that tattoos are applied only to disadvantaged or socially disadvantaged people. dangerous people, or frivolous (external stereotypes). Or the stereotype that black in clothes is a sign of depression and internal discord.

There is no single classification of stereotypes:

• In one, such types are distinguished (V.N. Panferov): anthropological, social, emotionally expressive.
• Domestic psychologist Artur Alexandrovich Rean singled out anthropological, ethno-national, social-status, social-role, expressive-aesthetic, verbal-behavioral stereotypes.
• O. G. Komarova identified 3 types of stereotypes: ethnic, professional, sex-role.

Thus, the phenomenon of stereotypes can be considered from several positions:

• content;
• adequacy (often based on a true fact);
• the origin of stereotypes (conditions and factors of occurrence);
• the role of stereotypes in human life, the perception of other people and the functioning of society.

Adequate, that is, truthful stereotypes are useful and necessary, since ours also needs to rest. But the influence of inadequate stereotypes should be limited. An adequate stereotype becomes inadequate when the truthful data becomes obsolete due to a change in the object of the stereotype.

How to get rid of stereotypes

We cannot control the process of stereotyping, but we can consciously reduce their influence on our behavior and perception of people. It is impossible to completely get rid of stereotypes.

Based on the fact that a stereotype is a stable and categorical, simplified idea, a judgment about something that is common in the environment of a person who adheres to it, it can be argued that correcting the influence of stereotypes will allow:

• change of environment;
• expansion of knowledge about the stereotype object.

With the first, everything is clear: to leave the country, make new friends, and so on. What about the second point?

Stereotypes are stamps, labels. How to get rid of them? Be critical and selective to incoming information. At a minimum, do not accept any fact until you personally encounter it. It is important not to succumb to the provocations of the media, the pressure of society (even parents and older comrades). Learn to double check information. It's a matter of practice. They heard some fact, doubted it, found several sources, if the information does not diverge, then you can believe it.

Find source

Afterword

Thus, stereotypes can be broken from two positions:

• other people's beliefs through personal example and actions, the search for inner harmony;
• their beliefs through the activity of cognition of the external world.

For example, at a young age it can also be poor health. If you accept this in yourself and others, then already minus one stereotype. On weekends, it is not necessary to run away from home to a cafe or club, you can enjoy the comfort of home. So the second stereotype is broken. There must be children in a marriage, but you have not yet reached your plans for self-realization, are you not ready to take care of children, although your marriage is strong and tested for years? So, no need to have children yet. Know yourself and create the appropriate conditions around.

Make a list of the most popular stereotypes for you and go to destruction. Check them out in person. Self-knowledge and knowledge is the basis for getting rid of stereotypes. In both cases, you will find yourself and be able to control stereotyped behavior and thinking, and not vice versa.

Exist different kinds stereotypes.

They are influence on our thinking, actions, social behavior.

How can people be manipulated? Learn about it from ours.

Concept definition

What is a stereotype? stereotype in broad sense — established pattern of behavior, stamp, prejudice.

Often stereotypes have nothing to do with reality, they are created by people's thinking based on superficial data.

The word consists of two: "stereo" - "solid" and "tipos" - "imprint", literally imprint in our brain a certain concept.

Beliefs may concern a certain group of people, for example, the presence of a specific trait in race, behavior, traditions. Often lead to misperceptions.

The difference from prejudice

These two concepts are similar, but meanwhile they have differences.

The first term, stereotype, is a kind of generalization, often wears collective character , that is, a group of people is convinced of the existence of a certain phenomenon.

For example: all Russians are lazy. A person may not even understand why he agrees with certain stereotypes, but he believes and accepts them.

Prejudices wear more personal, often appear after the individual has gone through difficult events.

The individual may be aware of having specific prejudices and be critical of them.

Effect of stereotyping

Stereotyping What is it in psychology? The term means the process of forming a stable idea or image. They relate to phenomena, events or people.

Based own experience, a person evaluates events or a phenomenon, as a result, a certain idea is formed, which is fixed in the brain. A stereotype is an already formed attitude towards an object or phenomenon.

When a person encounters something unfamiliar, his brain starts scan and look for something familiar. The resulting image is certain group phenomena, so it is much easier to classify information and, if necessary, pull it out of memory cells.

Stereotypical thinking and behavior

think stereotypes- what does it mean?

Such thinking means that a person thinks mainly in patterns.

It does not seek and analyze new information, filling the brain with experience, but compares with what is in his memory.

It's easier, it seems that the world is subject to a certain order.

The program can be inculcated from childhood. These are attitudes, rules of conduct, reaction to events, evaluation of people and events.

Predominantly stereotyped thinking hinders the full development of the individual. Loss of independence in views and behavior.

stereotyped behavior- what is this? This is a patterned behavior encouraged by society. The personality lives like everyone else, does not stand out, tries to merge with total weight. She is so comfortable and. Template behavior provides calmness, merging with society.

Stereotypes allow you to bring actions to automatism, but they also slow down development and do not allow you to look at the situation from a different angle. With stereotypical behavior, there is an attitude: to do only this way and not otherwise.

stereotypical person- what is he? This is a completely ordinary, typical representative of society. His behavior is due to built-in attitudes, skills, traditions.

It is difficult for such a person to deviate from patterns, and she perceives something new critically and even aggressively, because it violates inner harmony and tranquility. He has a model of behavior, and he acts and thinks according to it.

Pros and cons

pros:

Disadvantages of stereotypical behavior more:

• lack of freedom of action and thinking;
• low rate of self-development;
• pattern action that interferes with perception new information and training;
• mistakes if the situation deviates from the usual, and the person is not able to move away from patterns;
• reliance on information, lack of critical analysis, the perception of the data received, as it is, only because the majority thinks so.

Who is considered the author of this theory?

The term was coined in the 1920s. The author is a journalist Walter Lippman.

He borrowed it from printing. Initially, the word "stereotype" denoted the printed form. It allowed the text to be reproduced many times.

Auto believed that stereotypes:

• not produced by man, but imposed from outside;
• they are false;
• simplify the perception of reality;
• exist for a long time, tightly fixed in the minds of people.

What is the difference between higher and lower human needs? find out right now.

Types and examples

What are the stereotypes? Researchers, psychologists and sociologists distinguish different types of stereotypes:

• social stereotype;
• ethnic stereotypes;
• perception stereotypes;
• stereotypes in communication;
• gender stereotypes in modern society;
• heterostereotypes;
• age stereotypes;
• sex-role stereotypes;
• modern stereotypes;
• common stereotypes;
• public stereotypes.

Stereotypes happen superficial, formed external evaluation. For example, the stiffness of the English, a bright disposition southern peoples, laziness of Russian people.

Superficial stereotypes change depending on the international situation, the development of society and other factors.

deep more stable, passed down from generation to generation. For several centuries, samovars, furs, nesting dolls have been considered an obligatory companion of Russian traditions.

These stereotypes are hard to break.

Attributes that are no longer part of social life, can still be used as examples cultural heritage or commercial purposes.

Deep stereotypes can form driven by historical events.

The special conditions of the origin of Great Britain led to the creation of stereotypes that the people of this country have a developed logical thinking, prudence, pragmatism.

Examples of stereotypes:

• women are evil;
• a successful career is possible in the presence of "blat";
• Jews are a cunning people;
• a man promised - he is obliged to do;
• boys are not allowed to cry;
• you can’t take a woman on a ship - to trouble;
• high price means high quality;
• bears walk the streets of Russia;
• The French are great lovers.

There are many such examples in our life, and often we do not even notice that we think in stereotypes, they become part of our perception of the surrounding reality.

How are they formed?

stereotypes passed down from one generation to the next which is why it's so hard to defend against them.

Already in early childhood adults lay the principles of behavior in the child, inspire how to act, react, and think correctly.

The influence of society and a particular country of residence is great.

If stereotypes are formed for the benefit of society, then they are moral norms that are customary to adhere to. Behavior patterns help to adapt in society. The child is sent to school, explaining the rules of behavior, the need for training.

However, the inharmonious development of the personality leads to the fact that it is easier and calmer for a person to act and think in stereotypes than to take risks and create something new.

Those who deviate from the rules achieve much more.

How have they changed with the development of society?

Changes a little with every generation gender behavior and the stereotypes associated with it. What used to be unacceptable, now considered commonplace. If earlier marriage and had it importance, now many couples live without signing, and divorces happen much more often.

And changed. She is increasingly striving for a career, taking positions that were previously considered male. At the same time, the stronger sex goes along the opposite development towards the acquisition of female features.

Previously, a woman was the keeper of the hearth, a mother, now she, along with a man, provides for the family. Furthermore, modern society more respect for working women than housewives.

What applies to social needs human? you will find on our website.

Functions

Researchers and psychologists identify various functions social stereotypes.

W. Quasthof describes the following:

1. . Occurs when it is necessary to organize information. If something new is being studied, for example, the culture of another people, then some stereotypes can be replaced by others.
2. affective- distinguishing among other people "one's own" and "alien".
3. Social. Education social structures, selection of categories.

There are also other functions of social stereotypes:

• communication installation. When interacting with a person a stranger, the brain reads the information, compares it with what is stored in memory, and decides how to continue communication. For example, a person will talk differently with a general and a beggar.
• association in social groups, when its members of the community and strangers are separated:
• simplifying the analysis of incoming information, reducing the time of its processing.

Role in human life

For effective activity, a person needs to analyze information, systematize it. It is important to be "among your own". Stereotypes allow you to classify things in one group.

Behavior patterns are of great importance in the formation of society, they unite a social group, fix its main features.

However, the danger is that stereotypes are most often formed false, based on primary or superficial data.

They are associated with tradition, are passed on from older generations to younger ones, in some cases it is no longer possible to know the source of their origin, but they are the basis of national thinking.

Unfortunately, stereotypical thinking severely limits a person's abilities.

Therefore, for the breadth of horizons, you need to learn correctly analyze the incoming information.

If you are traveling to another country and you have a certain pattern of perception and evaluation of the nation and culture, it is better to check the information and communicate more deeply with representatives of the nationality in order to dispel or strengthen the presence of a certain stereotype in your mind.

Pattern-based behavior also makes life easier, but is often the reason one misses great opportunities, does not see prospects, makes mistakes in assessing the situation and other people.

Stereotypes - part of our society but don't blindly follow them. Narrow thinking, stereotyped lead to the fact that a person stops in his social, personal and economic development.

Stereotypes, however, can be fought by opening the mind to new and interesting information.

Gender stereotypes - what is it? Learn about it from the video:

It is no secret that society lives in a world of stereotypes and conjectures that arise due to a trivial lack of information (and in some cases, knowledge). This article will talk about the origin of this term and what social stereotypes exist.

Stereotype: what is it

Stereotype is a term from social psychology. AT broad sense words are certain beliefs that relate to a category of people, as well as a certain model of behavior that is used to define the entire group of such people or their behavior as a whole. A stereotype is a concept that has much in common with such terms as "custom" and "tradition".

These thoughts or beliefs do not always accurately reflect reality. In psychology and other sciences, there are various concepts and stereotype theories that have common features, and also contain contradictory elements.

Origin of the term

Need to know the etymology given word to understand its essence. "Stereotype" comes from Greek wordsστερεός (stereo) - "solid, hardened" and τύπος (typos) - "impression", therefore, this word can be translated as, "a solid impression of one or more ideas/theories".

This term was originally used mainly in typography. It was first used in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that replicated any printed matter. A duplicate of a printed form, or a stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original. Outside the context of typography, the first use of the word "stereotype" dates back to 1850. It was used in the sense of "perpetuation without change." However, it was not until 1922 that the term "stereotype" was first used in modern psychological sense American journalist Walter Lippmann in his Public Opinion. Gradually this term comes into use and is constantly used as in speech ordinary people as well as in the media.

Types of stereotypes

Social stereotypes can be divided into main subspecies:

• Stereotypes relating to peoples and entire races (for example, stereotypes about Russians and Jews).
• About the rich and the poor.
• Concerning men and women.
• About sexual minorities.
• Age (how a person should behave at a particular age).
• Stereotypes related to any profession.

These are just some of the prejudices that affect social norms and behavior of people.

Stereotype functions

First Scientific research asserting that stereotypes are used only by rigid and authoritarian people. This idea has been refuted by modern research, which suggests that stereotypes of society exist everywhere.

It has also been proposed to consider stereotypes as a kind of belief of some group of people, meaning that people belonging to the same social group have the same set of stereotypes. Modern research argue that a full understanding of this concept requires considering it from two complementary points of view: both divided within a particular culture / subculture, and formed in the mind of an individual.

Gender studies

Gender bias is one of the most dominant in the public mind. For this reason, gender differences between men and women have been studied by experts from various scientific directions for a very long time. For a long time main goal scientists who studied the differences between men and women were to find scientific evidence gender stereotypes and thereby provide credible justification for stereotypes about gender roles.

But given task has not been resolved: most studies have found much more similarities than differences between the two opposite sexes, and the small differences that are detected usually have an obviously social basis. For example, men, in contrast to the fair sex, according to the traditional gender role, report that they are not too emotional and sensitive. However, measurements physiological reactions and their facial expressions have shown more than once that the differences are directly in emotional reactions between opposite sexes does not exist.

Other scientific evidence confirms once again that men feel anger, sadness and anxiety just as often as women, but at the same time express anger and suppress others more often. negative emotions, while women, on the contrary, suppress anger and express sadness and fear.

This once again confirms that these are the stereotypes of the perception of our society, which make it very difficult to see the objective reality.

Impact of gender bias

Like other social stereotypes, gender prejudices perform the function of justifying social, namely sexual, inequality. This type stereotyping interferes with both women and men. For example, stereotypes that prescribe women to be gentle and condemn the display of aggression and assertiveness often contribute to discrimination against the fair sex in the workplace.

Most stereotypes are attributed to women positive properties: sensuality, intuitiveness and care. According to experts, in societies with such stereotypes, such character traits are not valued as much as rationality and activity, which are inherent in stronger sex. Thus, these stereotypes create and perpetuate androcentrism - the belief that men are the norm, regarding which the female gender is, in fact, a deviation.

As many scientific data show, adherence to these prevailing stereotypes and patriarchal views on the roles of men and women is one of the main characteristics of men who commit domestic and sexual abuse towards women. Domestic violence is always closely related to the desire of the stronger sex to dominate.

Prejudice also harms men who, for one reason or another, are not in strong position. For example, men who have experienced sexual violence, due to the pressure of these stereotypes, very rarely ask for help, and even if they ask, they often do not receive it, since doctors and police do not believe that men could become a victim of this type of violence. Society is gradually recognizing that these stereotypes are very often far from reality.

Glass ceiling

All these factors create the effect of the so-called "glass ceiling". This concept comes from the psychology of sex, which was introduced in the mid-1980s to describe the barrier in career growth). This "ceiling" limits the movement of the female career ladder for reasons unrelated to their level of professionalism. Subsequently, the term was extended to representatives of other social groups and minorities ( ethnic minorities, representatives of non-traditional orientation, etc.). Of course, this ceiling does not officially exist, since it is unspoken.

Career implications

According to women's rights organizations, women still face this invisible ceiling today. Thus, about 80% of the leaders of America's top 500 companies are men, despite the fact that women make up a significant proportion of all workers at the grassroots levels in firms.

This barrier, according to experts, exists because of the established stereotypes about the female gender and other social groups that are oppressed. In this category of persons, the appearance of the so-called fear of success is even possible. According to modern researchers, the main obstacles on the way of women to high and responsible positions are the traditional personnel policy of firms, which believes that a woman is not suitable for the role of a leader.

national prejudices

Almost any nationality has developed one or another stereotype. For example, all Jews are pragmatic and greedy, Germans are born pedants, and Italians are the most passionate men.

One of the most important prejudices about Russians is the opinion about the general alcoholism of the Russian population.

However, according to world statistics on the consumption of alcoholic beverages by country, Russia is far from the first place. It should be recognized that this is a stereotype that has no real basis. The first places in this rating belong to Moldova, Ireland and Hungary.

Another stereotype about Russia is that supposedly Russians are a gloomy and unfriendly people. Of course not in Russian tradition smile at every passerby. But there is hardly another such nation in Europe that treats other people's grief or worldly difficulties so responsibly. In some settlements in Russia, even now you can knock on the door and ask for an overnight stay. Uninvited guest, of course, they will feed you and let you stay overnight.

There are also stereotypes about Russian women. For example, it is believed that Russian ladies are the most beautiful and feminine among all European women. However, other Slavic women can boast of their attractive appearance. Polish and Ukrainian women are also famous in the bride market in Europe.

Of course, stereotypes about Russia great multitude. They are mainly distributed in Western countries who have always feared a mighty and big Russia.

Every questionable fact is worth checking for authenticity. Very often it turns out that this is a stereotype, just someone's opinion, which has nothing to do with reality.

Used for printing machines.

The realization of the need to conceptualize the stereotype came in the course of experiments on the development of conditioned reflexes to positive and negative sound and skin stimuli alternating through identical pauses. The revealed effect was that after the strengthening of such activity, new reflexes were developed very quickly, and in some cases arose from the very first application of new stimuli, while the previously formed rhythm of excitation and inhibition was reproduced, corresponding to the order of application of positive and negative signals.

The brain reacts to a change in the external stereotype with a number of characteristic rearrangements, which are reflected in individual links of the system, in the entire system, or, finally, in the entire higher nervous activity. External changes can lead to both improvement and deterioration in the flow of higher functions up to the development of a deep neurosis. Pavlov drew attention to the fact that "the processes of setting a stereotype and breaking it are subjectively diverse positive and negative feelings."

In terms of content, the connection between Pavlov’s “dynamic stereotypy” and Lippmann’s stereotypes seems to be quite transparent (for both, it is important that a stereotype is a mold of the surrounding reality that allows one to adapt to diversity), although the difference in approaches to study is clear: Lippman focuses on the social nature of stereotypes and what meaning they play in function