The use of natural resources refers to the possibility of human use useful properties the natural environment - environmental, economic, cultural and health. Hence, the content of nature management includes its three forms: economic, ecological and cultural and health-improving (recreational).
The economic form of interaction between society and nature arises in the process of man using nature to satisfy his material and spiritual needs. The use of natural resources in the economic interests of society is the core economic form interaction between society and nature.
The ecological form arises in the process of society's activities for the protection of the natural environment. As part of ecological form interaction of society and nature, two types of this form of activity are distinguished:
- - reserved protection, i.e. creation and implementation of norms of legislation on protected nature protection, carrying out activities in this area;
- - recovery environment, i.e., carrying out various activities in this area.
The activities of the society for the protection of nature arose as a result of economic activity society. Pollution of the natural environment with industrial wastes that are harmful to human health and pose a danger, as well as the depletion of natural resources and the destruction of ecological ties, have given rise to the need to organize nature protection. Initially, activities for the protection of nature were in the nature of measures for the protection of natural monuments, but subsequently, as the consumption of natural resources grew, the growth of productive forces and harmful influence production on the environment, activities for the protection of nature began to bear the character of the rational use of natural resources.
The rational use of natural resources, unlike consumption, is a conscious form of public and state activity aimed at the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. Environmental protection includes a complex of both economic and administrative measures subordinated to the task of environmental protection.
Recreational nature management has three main functions: social, economic and environmental. social function recreational nature management is the satisfaction specific needs of the population in recreation, health improvement, communication with nature, which contributes to the strengthening of the physical and mental health of society. The economic function is mainly to restore the labor force. Thanks to recreation, working capacity increases, the working time fund increases, which contributes to the growth of labor productivity. To economic function also belong to the expansion of the scope of labor and the accelerated development of social and industrial infrastructure in areas of intensive recreational nature management. The environmental function is to prevent the degradation of natural recreational complexes under the influence of anthropogenic activities, including recreational.
Methodologically, recreational nature management should be considered as a unity of such processes as organizing recreation of the population using natural resources and conditions, predicting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of recreational activities, meet the needs of the population in natural recreational resources and restore the workforce.
As a rule, in the territorial production complex, its defining and primary element is the production structure. The non-productive sphere provides the conditions for the existence and functioning of the production one and is, as it were, secondary. Only in cases where the region has a recreational specialization, the non-productive sphere becomes the primary factor that determines the conditions for the development of the industrial sector. In this case, there is a need to create new forms of cooperation between enterprises and organizations within a single territorial complex in order to maximize and effectively provide recreational services.
One of them is the territorial-recreational complex (TRC). It is characterized by a single territory, which has a significant recreational potential, a set of recreational institutions, with close industrial relations, unity organizational forms boards that ensure the effective use of natural recreational resources and the socio-economic conditions prevailing in a given territory.
Forms of nature management are carried out in two types: general and special nature management.
General nature management does not require special permission. It is carried out by citizens on the basis of their natural (humanitarian) rights that exist and arise as a result of birth and existence (use of water, air, etc.).
Special nature management is carried out by individuals and legal entities on the basis of the permission of authorized state bodies. It has a target character and is divided into land use, subsoil use, forest use, water use, use of wildlife (wild animals and birds, fish stocks), use of atmospheric air according to the types of objects used. Special nature management is associated with the consumption of natural resources. In this part, it correlates through legal regulation with the sectoral natural resource legislation of the Russian Federation: Land Code, Fundamentals of Forest Legislation, Subsoil Law, water code, the Law on the Use and Protection of Wildlife, the Law on the Protection of Atmospheric Air.
The use of natural resources also refers to the totality various forms impact on natural resource potential- from its exploitation to conservation and restoration measures. With rational environmental management the involvement of natural resources in the sphere of human activity makes it possible to meet the needs of not only present, but also future generations. This can only be achieved through a comprehensive, cost-effective effective use resources in compliance with the requirements of nature protection.
Irrational nature management leads to the deterioration of the natural environment, which is accompanied by the phenomena of pollution, depletion and degradation of natural systems, violation ecological balance, destruction of biocenoses. In this case, there is a complete or partial loss of the functions of the natural environment, its economic, cultural and recreational potential. The challenges faced by environmentalists are:
- - development of the basic principles of interaction between production and non-production human activities with the environment;
- - optimization of relationships between natural resource base and socio-economic development of society;
- - search for management methods that take into account the natural balance of the environment and improve the natural potential;
- - development of a unified system of environmental legislation, standards and regulatory environmental requirements for economic activity and the state of the environment;
- - creation of new legislative economic relations in society, allowing for the restructuring of the national economy on the basis of resources and energy conservation, the introduction of more advanced environmentally friendly equipment and technologies;
- - transition to international environmental standards environmental quality, technological processes and manufactured products, ensuring the inclusion of the Russian Federation in the system of international economic cooperation;
- - formation of an effective system of state and regional government bodies in the field of ecology and nature management, designed to implement a unified state environmental policy countries.
There are general and special shape nature management.
General nature management does not require special permission. It is implemented by citizens on the basis of their natural rights (use of water, air, etc.).
Special nature management related to the consumption of natural resources. It is carried out by individuals and legal entities on the basis of the permission of authorized state bodies. This type of nature management is targeted and, according to the types of objects used, is divided into land use, subsoil use, forest use, water use, use of wildlife (wild animals and birds, fish stocks), use of atmospheric air. In this part, it correlates through legal regulation with the sectoral natural resource legislation of the Russian Federation, including the Land Code, the Forest Code, the Subsoil Law, the Water Code, the Law on the Fauna, the Law on Air Protection. Any activity in nature management is licensed.
3.8.2. Licensing of the right to activity in nature management
Actions for licensing the right to activities in nature management in the Russian Federation are carried out within the framework of the state licensing system.
The state licensing system is a unified procedure for granting licenses, including information, scientific-analytical, economic and legal preparation of materials and their design.
The task of the state licensing system is to ensure:
practical implementation of state programs for the development of the country and protection of the security interests of the Russian Federation;
social, economic, environmental and other interests of the population living in the given territory and all citizens of the Russian Federation;
equal opportunities for all legal entities and citizens to obtain licenses;
development of market relations, implementation of antimonopoly policy in the field of subsoil use;
necessary guarantees to license holders (including foreign ones) and protection of their right to use subsoil.
Licensing of natural resources- this is an administrative-legal action carried out by regulating relations by the methods of prohibition, permission and authorization. The license for the right to activity in nature management is:
an act of the owner of a natural resource or its owner (fund holder);
the form of manifestation of state control over the rational use of natural resources;
means of environmental management.
When licensing certain types of activities in nature management, the following basic concepts are used:
license- a special permit to carry out a specific type of activity subject to the obligatory observance of licensing requirements and conditions, issued by the licensing authority to a legal or natural person (individual entrepreneur);
licensed type of activity - the type of activity for which a license is required on the territory of the Russian Federation;
licensing- activities related to the granting of licenses; suspension of licenses for violation of license requirements and conditions; renewal or termination of licenses; cancellation of the license by the licensing authorities, compliance by the licensees with the relevant requirements and conditions; maintaining registers of licenses with the provision of information from them and other information on licensing to interested parties in the prescribed manner;
license requirements and conditions - a set of requirements and conditions established by the regulations on licensing specific types of activity, the fulfillment of which by the licensee is mandatory when carrying out the licensed type of activity;
licensing authorities- federal authorities executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out licensing in accordance with the Federal Law;
licensee- entity or an individual entrepreneur who has a license to carry out a specific type of activity;
license applicant- a legal or natural person (entrepreneur) who applied to the licensing authority with an application for a license to carry out a specific type of activity;
register of licenses- a set of data on the granting of licenses, reissuance of documents confirming the availability of licenses, suspension and renewal of licenses or cancellation of licenses.
Basic principles for the implementation of licensing:
1. Suspension of the license. It is carried out by the licensing authority in a judicial proceeding in the event that a licensee is involved for violation of licensing requirements and conditions for administrative responsibility in the manner prescribed by the relevant code of the Russian Federation.
If such a decision is made, the licensing authority, within a day from the date this decision enters into force, suspends the license for the period of administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.
The license shall be renewed by the licensing authority from the day following the day of expiration of the period of administrative suspension of the licensee's activities, or from the day following the day of early termination of the execution of an administrative penalty in the form of an administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.
The validity period of the license for the period of suspension of its validity is not extended.
Cancellation of a license. The license is annulled by a court decision on the basis of consideration of the application of the licensing authority if, within the period established by the court, the licensee has not eliminated the violation of license requirements and conditions, which entailed the administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.
Termination of a license. The license is terminated from the date of making an entry in the unified state register of legal entities or the unified state register of individual entrepreneurs about the liquidation of the legal entity or the termination of its activities as a result of reorganization, as well as from the date the court decision on the annulment of the license comes into force.
Licensing authorities maintain registers of licenses. In the register of licenses and in the document confirming the existence of a license, indicate:
name of the licensing authority;
full and abbreviated (if any) name and legal form of the legal entity;
Surname, name and patronymic of the individual entrepreneur, his place of residence, addresses of the places of the licensed type of activity, data of the document proving his identity, the main state registration number of the entry on the state registration of the individual entrepreneur;
The type of activity to be licensed (indicating the work performed and the services provided in the course of carrying out the types of activity);
the term of the license;
taxpayer identification number;
license number;
the date of the decision to grant a license;
information about registration of a license in the register of licenses;
grounds, term for suspension and renewal of the license;
grounds and date of cancellation of the license;
the basis and term for the application of the simplified licensing procedure;
information about the addresses of the places of implementation of the licensed type of activity;
information on the issuance of a document confirming the existence of a license;
grounds and date of termination of the license;
other information determined by the provisions on licensing specific types activities.
The form of the document confirming the existence of a license was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 11, 2006 No. 208.
There are the following types of licenses (permits) in nature management:
license for the use of subsoil (Article 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" No. 2395-1 dated February 21, 1992, as amended on July 26, 2010 No. 186-FZ);
license for pharmaceutical activity;
license for the production of medicines;
a license for the circulation of wild animals belonging to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (Article 24 of the Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ “On the Wildlife”).
These licenses are issued by a specially authorized state body for environmental protection in the manner prescribed by the relevant resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.
As of October 1, 2010, some licenses that existed in the field of nature management at the legislative level, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in the period 1992-2010. have been abolished and replaced by permits for relevant activities.
The list of abolished licenses in nature management includes the following: natural resource license, license for the use of land, license for the use of waters, license for the use of wildlife, license for the use of atmospheric air. At the same time, the term "natural resource license" in nature management began to have a general character and have a collective meaning.
Currently, there is no license for land use in the Russian Federation.
The composition of the lands in the Russian Federation is defined in Art. 7 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation. Lands in the Russian Federation are divided into categories according to their intended purpose:
agricultural land;
lands of settlements;
lands of industry, energy, transport, communications, broadcasting, television, lands for space activities, lands for defense, security and lands for other special purposes;
lands of specially protected territories and objects;
forest fund lands;
water fund lands;
reserve land.
These lands are used in accordance with the intended purpose established for them. Any type of permitted use from the territories provided for by zoning is selected without additional permits and approval procedures. The types of permitted use of land plots are determined in accordance with the classifier approved by the federal executive body responsible for developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of land relations.
Today in the Russian Federation there is also no license for the use of water. In this type of nature management, the authorized executive body of state power or body local government on the basis of the application of persons, makes a decision on granting a water body for use (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2006
"Natural resource" licenses and permits formalize obligations between the state - the owner of natural resources and the applicant for a license, which implies the agreement of a number of conditions for nature management at the stage of obtaining permits.
The difficulty in determining the legal status of permits is that the legal status of "natural resource" licenses and permits in the current legislation is not clearly defined due to the lack of a single regulatory act on the types and procedure for their provision.
In the forest industry of Russia, according to the current legislation, there is no term "license for the use of forests (forest declaration)" and its definition. Here the forest declaration is statement, on the use of forests in accordance with the forest development project. Every year, applications are submitted to state authorities, local governments within their powers by persons to whom forest plots are provided for permanent (perpetual) use or for rent (parts 1, 2 of article 26 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). So, for example, a permit according to a forest declaration to carry out work on the geological study of the subsoil on the lands of the forest fund without providing a forest plot is issued if the performance of such work does not entail felling forest plantations (part 3 of article 43 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). The issuance of permits for the performance of work on the geological study of subsoil on the lands of the forest fund is carried out by authorized state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (clause 3, part 183 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). In other cases, the type of permitted use of the forest area is indicated in the project documentation and forestry regulations (part 4 of article 69, part 4 of article 7, paragraph 1 of part 5 of article 87 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation).
In accordance with Art. 29 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to harvest timber in excess of allowable cutting area(permissible volume of wood removal), as well as with violation of age cuttings.
The concept of main and secondary types of forest use is also excluded from the Forest Code, while the following possible types of forest use are established:
timber harvesting;
preparation of resin;
harvesting and collection of non-timber forest resources;
harvesting food forest resources and collecting medicinal plants;
implementation of activities in the field of hunting;
farming;
implementation of research and educational activities;
implementation of recreational activities;
creation of forest plantations and their exploitation;
cultivation of forest fruit, berry, ornamental plants, medicinal plants;
performance of works on geological study of subsoil, development of mineral deposits;
construction and operation of reservoirs and other artificial water bodies, as well as hydraulic structures and specialized ports;
construction, reconstruction, operation of power lines, communication lines, roads, pipelines and other linear facilities;
processing of wood and other forest resources;
carrying out religious activities;
other types defined in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 6 of the Forest Code.
Forests can be used for one or more purposes. The type of permitted use of the forest area is indicated in the project documentation and forestry regulations.
After January 1, 2008, all leshozes must be transformed in accordance with civil law into forestnichestva OK forest parks.
In the field of wildlife use, as noted above, a license is valid within the framework of a limited circulation of wild animals. Permits for relevant activities are valid for other areas of use of the animal world.
The federal law "On the Fauna" defines the following types of permitted activities: fishing, hunting for birds and animals, the use of waste products and useful properties of animals, the use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, educational, aesthetic purposes.
The following types of use of wildlife can be carried out by legal entities and citizens:
Hunting, fishing, including the extraction of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals;
Extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as hunting and aquatic biological resources;
the use of useful properties of the life of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental orderlies, pollinators of plants, biofilters and others;
study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat;
extracting the useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental sanitation, plant pollinators, biofilterers and others;
Obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world.
Laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation also provide for other types of use of wildlife.
The use of the animal world is carried out by removing objects of the animal world from their habitat or without it.
There is a list of objects of the animal world, the removal of which from their habitat without special permission is prohibited.
Issuance of permits for the use of objects of the animal world, with the exception of objects located in specially protected natural areas of federal significance, as well as
objects of the animal world, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, is carried out by authorized bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation (in in accordance with the Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ "On the Fauna").
Instead of a license for the use of atmospheric air, the current legislation introduced permission on emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and on harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air. They are issued by the territorial departments of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out state administration in the field of environmental protection, in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation (Article 14 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air") .
The essence of this permission system is as follows:
emissions inventory harmful substances production facility;
determination of maximum allowable emission standards for hazardous substances for the facility;
establishment of a daily, annual limit of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere for a specific facility;
issuance of an emission permit, which indicates the limit and rate of emissions of harmful substances, its validity period. Emission limits and standards for the facility are set by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources. Their failure or violation entails administrative or criminal liability.
The number of normative acts that regulate the sphere of nature management (including establishing the procedure for issuing relevant permits, determining the authorized bodies that issue or cancel these permits) includes the following:
Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil”;
Federal Law No. 96-FZ of 04.05.1999 “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”;
Decree of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1992 No. 3314-1 “On the Procedure for Enacting the Regulations on the Procedure for Licensing the Use of Subsoil” (as amended by Federal Law No. P8-F3 of June 26, 2007);
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2006 No. 844 “On the procedure for preparing and making a decision on providing a water body for use”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.01.2001 No. 31 “On Approval of the Regulations on State Control over the Protection of Atmospheric Air”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 847 “On the procedure for limiting, suspending or stopping emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical effects on atmospheric air»;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.03.2000 No. 183 “On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it”, etc.
Control and supervision in the field of nature management is carried out by federal Service Rosprirodnadzor.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
KURGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Department ______________________________ _____________________
______________________________ _____________________________
Option № 1
Topic: “TYPES AND FORMS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT.
PROTECTION OF THE BIOSPHERE GENE POOL.
LICENSING AND TYPES OF LICENSE.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ITS FUNCTIONS.»
TEST
STUDENT: Baskakova Fiala Ivanovna
GROUP: ________________
DISCIPLINE: ______________________________ _______________________
SPECIALITY: Journalism
CHECKED Fedorova Tatyana Alexandrovna
Kurgan, 2008.
Content
| Introduction | 3 | |
| 1 | Types and forms of nature management | 4 |
| 1.1 The concept of "nature use" | 4 | |
| 1.2 Types and forms of nature management. | 5 | |
| 1.3 Legal regulation of nature management in Russia | 7 | |
| 2 | Protection of the gene pool of the biosphere. | 8 |
| 2.1 The concept of "gene pool". Human influence on nature | 8 | |
| 2.2 Biosphere | 8 | |
| 2.3 Technological forms of human impact on the biosphere | 10 | |
| 2.3.1 Pollution of the biosphere | 10 | |
| 2.3.2 Operation biological resources | 12 | |
| 2.4. Legal basis for the protection of the gene pool of the biosphere in Russia | 14 | |
| 3 | Licensing and types of licenses. | 15 |
| 3.1 The concepts of "license" and "licensing" | 15 | |
| 3.2 Types of licenses | 16 | |
| 4 | Environmental management and its functions | 18 |
| 4.1 The concept of "management" | 18 | |
| 4.2 Environmental management | 19 | |
| 4.2.1 The concept of "environmental management" | 19 | |
| 4.2.2 Subject environmental management | 20 | |
| 4.3 Functions of environmental management. System | 23 | |
| 4.4 Main directions of environmental management | 23 | |
| 4 | Bibliography | |
| 5 | Applications |
Nature is the world around us in all its diversity of manifestations. Natural objects are both living organisms and inanimate environment, as well as phenomena and processes that accompany the interaction of bodies and substances: electric, electromagnetic, gravitational fields, tides, wind, etc.
In nature, everything is connected and interdependent, its characteristic feature is continuous change, development.
Man is a product of nature, a part of it, belongs to it, according to F. Engels "with flesh, blood and brain", is "inside it". Along with the development of nature comes the development of man. To ensure his existence, he receives everything necessary from nature: the air he breathes, water, food, clothing, not to mention the satisfaction of higher needs - spiritual and aesthetic. Man, thus, enters into a purposeful, conscious interaction with nature, acting as a consumer of its riches.
In the early stages of development, this interaction was territorially limited and changes in the natural environment were insignificant. So, in a primitive society, the main types of trade were hunting, fishing, collecting wild plants and fruits. Later, when man learned to farm and livestock, the transformations became more extensive. People plowed up large areas, occupied large areas for pastures, cut down forests.
The progress of science and technology that accompanies development human society in the second half of the 14th and especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, they allowed a person to significantly overcome dependence on nature and meet growing needs, but, on the other hand, the impact on the natural environment increased dramatically. At present, to meet its own needs, humanity receives from the bowels of the planet 25 tons of various raw materials per year, not counting 1 inhabitant. For agricultural needs, about 25-30% of the land is used, and together with productive forest - 50-55%, that is, practically all the convenient lands of the planet have been mastered by man, while the consumption of commercial fish resources in the world's oceans is approaching the limits of biological capabilities.
Along with this, more and more various harmful substances enter the environment, as a result of various accidents and disasters, irreparable damage is caused to nature ...
Thus, we see that modern human society, which has the secret of nuclear energy and regulation at the cellular level, has become a powerful creative force, but at the same time one that can cause irreparable damage to the further existence of all life on earth. The most severe necessity forced a person to look for ways of reasonable interaction with nature: a special field of activity arose, called nature conservation.
- TYPES AND FORMS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT
- The concept of "nature management"
Natural resources (natural resources), components of nature used by man. The main types of natural resources can be classified:
- on the basis of their genesis - mineral resources, biological resources (flora and fauna), land, climatic, water resources;
- according to the method of use - in material production (in industry, agriculture and other sectors), in the non-productive sphere;
- in terms of exhaustibility - exhaustible, including renewable (biological, land, water, etc.) and non-renewable (mineral), practically inexhaustible (solar energy, intraterrestrial heat, flowing water energy).
Huge amounts of natural resources involved in modern human activity have exacerbated the problems of their rational use and protection and have acquired a global character.
nature management - there is a sphere of social and industrial activity of a person aimed at meeting his needs with the help of natural resources; this is a scientific direction that studies the principles of rational use of natural resources, including the analysis of anthropogenic impacts on nature and their consequences for humans.
The use of natural resources is also understood as the use by a person of the beneficial properties of the natural environment - ecological, economic, cultural, health-improving.
Nature management is a multi-level system of interaction of various natural conditions and forms of life of human groups with economic, environmental and social results. social labor.
Nature management is considered as specific, that is, characteristic exclusively for social person, a way of interacting with the environment. In some cases, a boundary is drawn between nature management itself and production activities: production activities include technological processes "under the roof", which are connected with the environment only by channels for the supply of raw materials and the removal of products and waste.
Thus, there are three main projections for the analysis of nature management:
1) as an activity aimed at creating conditions for the existence of society;
2) as a universal trend in the development of society;
3) as a special property and ability of a social person, a specific form of his life activity.
- Types and forms of nature management
- alienates from the natural environment different kinds resources and increases its power supply;
creates means of production and life from raw materials;
consumes them, that is, disperses them into natural environment;
returns waste products to the environment;
- Coordinates all of the above activities.
In the content of nature management, the following forms are distinguished: economic (main), ecological, cultural and recreational.
The named forms of nature management are carried out in two types
use of nature: general and special nature management.
General nature management does not require any special permission. It is carried out by citizens by virtue of their natural rights that arise and exist as a result of its birth and existence (use of air, water, etc.).
Special nature management is recognized as such, which is implemented by citizens and business entities on the basis of permits from the competent authorities of the state. It has a target character and is subdivided into land use, subsoil use, forest use, water use, use of wildlife, use of atmospheric air according to the types of objects used.
Special nature management is associated with the consumption of natural
resource and is regulated by sectoral natural resource legislation. The most common forms of special nature management are licensing, limitation and contract.
Licensing- sale of a permit for nature use in a certain amount and in a certain way. The license for the total use of natural resources must include the rights to use land, subsoil, water, forests, wildlife and atmospheric air.
Limitation. Limits on nature use are a system of environmental restrictions on the territories and represent the volumes of the maximum use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and disposal of production waste established for enterprises - users of natural resources for a certain period. Limits on nature use - marginal norms on the use and consumption of natural resources. Together with the license, they act as one of the effective means of protecting the environment. As well as licensing, limiting the use and consumption of the natural environment is due to the limited reserves of natural resources and the need for their rational use and reproduction.
Nature management can be carried out in two directions: - withdrawal natural substance from nature; - the introduction of anthropogenic substances into nature. Hence, the limitation of nature use is divided into two types:
- Extremely allowable norms seizures, seizures of natural substances from
natural environment.
- Maximum allowable standards for emissions, discharges of harmful substances into the environment, waste disposal
The purpose of establishing such limits is twofold: environmental and economic - collecting fees for the normative and excess consumption of resources. The funds received from payment for the consumption of resources are used for their reproduction and rational use.
Maximum allowable emissions, discharges, disposal of harmful substances are also a type of nature management. This limitation solves environmental problems through economic incentives for the source of pollution to reduce waste and through the use of environmental funds that accumulate funds received for emissions and discharges of harmful substances. Increasingly widespread is negotiable form of nature management. Modern civil legislation makes it possible to regulate relations on the issue of nature management using lease agreements, concessions, and agreements on integrated nature management. The following areas of nature management are distinguished:
1. Production: factory; mining land, underground and sea (on the shelf); waste dump; housing and storage; energy supply; water supply; building; reclamation and reclamation; agricultural and forestry; hunting, land and sea.
2. Transport: water - sea, river and lake; aviation; railway; road; horse-drawn and pedestrian; energy transfer nature management.
3. Communal: residential, scientific and educational, sports and recreational, medical and health resort, recreational.
4. Environmental protection: subdivided according to the types of natural environments. An example is measures to preserve species diversity and the gene pool of wildlife.
These directions are forms of human development of the environment.
-
Legal regulation environmental management in Russia
- The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted on December 12, 1993.
Codes of the Russian Federation:
- water (1995);
- forestry (1997);
urban planning (1997);
land (2001).
- Federal Laws:
- "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999);
"On payment for land" (1991) with amendments and additions as of December 3, 1997;
"On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies" (1994);
- "On natural healing resources and health-improving areas and resorts" (1995);
"On Specially Protected Natural Territories" (1995);
"About the Animal World" (1995);
"On the Continental Shelf" (1995);
"On Ecological Expertise" (1995);
"On Radiation Safety of the Population" (1996);
"On Safe Handling of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" (1997);
"On land management" (2001);
- "On Environmental Protection" (2002) and others.
Specific requirements for the organization and implementation of environmental management are given in the following types of regulatory documents: the state system of standards (GOST), building codes and regulations (SNiP), sanitary standards (SN), sanitary standards and rules (SanPiN), guidelines (R), guidelines (RD), etc.
- PROTECTING THE GENE POOL OF THE BIOSPHERE
- 2.1 The concept of "gene pool". Human influence on nature
Man has long influenced nature, influencing both certain types plants and animals, and the community as a whole. But only in the last century, population growth, and mainly a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, led to the fact that anthropogenic impacts, in terms of their significance for the biosphere, reached the same level as natural factors on a planetary scale.
The transformation of landscapes into cities and other human settlements, into agricultural lands and industrial complexes, has already covered more than 20% of the land area. The consumption of oxygen in industry and transport on the scale of the entire biosphere is about 10% of the planetary production of photosynthesis; in some countries, man-made oxygen consumption exceeds its production by plants. Today, human impact on natural systems is becoming the guiding force for the further evolution of ecosystems.
The greatest influence of man on renewable resources(related to exhaustible). This group includes all forms of living and bio-inert matter: soils, vegetation, wildlife, microorganisms, etc. The totality of renewable resources is nothing but global ecosystem Lands (or gene pool); it exists on the basis of the fundamental laws of ecology. In order for the exploitation of biological resources to be reasonable and contribute to the actual progress of the social, cultural, scientific and technical life of mankind, it is necessary to clearly understand the mechanisms of influence various parties human activities on natural systems, to know the patterns of reaction of biological objects to anthropogenic impacts and, on this basis, to proceed to the management of ecosystems in order to maintain their sustainability and productivity.
2.2 Biosphere
Biosphere
(from the Greek. bios - life and sphere), the area of active life, covering lower part atmosphere, hydrosphere and upper part lithosphere. In the biosphere, living organisms (living matter) and their habitat are organically connected and interact with each other, forming an integral dynamic system.
The term "biosphere" was introduced in 1875 by E. Suess.
The doctrine of the biosphere as an active shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms (including man) manifests itself as a geochemical factor of planetary scale and significance, was created by V. I. Vernadsky (1926). IN AND. Vernadsky extended the concept of the biosphere not only to organisms, but also to the environment. He revealed the geological role of living organisms and showed that their activity is the most important factor transformations of the mineral shells of the planet. He wrote: "On the earth's surface there is no chemical force more constantly acting, and therefore more powerful in its final consequences, than living organisms taken as a whole." It is more correct, therefore, to define the biosphere as a shell of the Earth, which is inhabited and transformed by living beings.
The biosphere is divided into:
- living matter formed by a combination of organisms;
biogenic substance that is created during the life of organisms ( atmospheric gases, coal, limestone, etc.);
inert matter formed without the participation of living organisms (basic rocks, lava of volcanoes, meteorites);
bioinert substance, which is a joint result of the vital activity of organisms and abiogenic processes (soil).
- the development of our planet as a cosmic body and the chemical transformations taking place in its depths;
- biological evolution of living organisms;
- the development of human society.
The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by the factors of the earth's environment, which make it impossible for living organisms to exist. The upper boundary runs approximately at an altitude of 20 km from the surface of the planet and is delimited by a layer of ozone, which delays the life-damaging short-wave part of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Thus, living organisms can exist in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In the hydrosphere of the earth's crust, organisms penetrate the entire depth of the World Ocean - up to 10-11 km. In the lithosphere, life occurs at a depth of 3.5-7.5 km, which is due to the temperature of the earth's interior and the level of water penetration into liquid state. (See Appendix No. 1)
The main function of the biosphere is to ensure the circulation of chemical elements, which is expressed in the circulation of substances between the atmosphere, soil, hydrosphere and living organisms.
Modern man was formed about 30-40 thousand years ago. Since that time, a new factor, the anthropogenic factor, began to operate in the evolution of the biosphere.
The first human-made culture was the Paleolithic stone Age) lasted approximately 20-30 thousand years; it coincided with a long period of glaciation. The economic basis of the life of human society was the hunting of large animals: red and reindeer, woolly rhinoceros, donkey, horse, mammoth, tour. Numerous bones of wild animals are found at the sites of Stone Age man - evidence of a successful hunt. Intensive extermination of large herbivores has led to a relatively rapid reduction in their numbers and the extinction of many species. If small herbivores could make up for losses from persecution by hunters due to high birth rates, then large animals, due to evolutionary history, were deprived of this opportunity. Additional difficulties for herbivores arose due to changes in natural conditions at the end of the Paleolithic. 10-13 thousand years ago there was a sharp warming, the glacier retreated, forests spread in Europe, large animals died out. This created new living conditions, destroyed the existing economic base of human society. The period of its development, which was characterized only by the use of food, has ended. purely consumer attitude to the environment.
In the next era - the Neolithic - along with hunting (for a horse, wild sheep, red deer, wild boar, bison, etc.), fishing and gathering (mollusks, nuts, berries, fruits), the process of food production is becoming increasingly important . The first attempts were made to domesticate animals and breed plants, and the production of ceramics was born. Already 9-10 thousand years ago there were settlements, among the remains of which wheat, barley, lentils, bones of domestic animals - goats, sheep, pigs are found. In different places of the Front and Central Asia, Caucasus, Southern Europe, the beginnings of agricultural and cattle breeding are developing. Fire is widely used - both for the destruction of vegetation in conditions of slash-and-burn agriculture, and as a means of hunting. Development begins mineral resources metallurgy is born.
Population growth, a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology over the past two centuries, especially today, have led to the fact that human activity has become a factor on a planetary scale, the guiding force for the further evolution of the biosphere.
The modern system, which includes economics and ecology, considers the types of nature management as a form of metabolism associated with both the natural environment and industrial processes and the activities of society.
General terminology
Analyzing the concept and types of nature management, it is necessary first of all to formulate an exact definition of this term. Under nature management, modern ecologists and economists understand such a cumulative activity that combines a wide range of economic activities. Together, all this greatly affects the natural environment surrounding humans. The concept and types of environmental rights are in close relationship With industrial development and features of the formation of the non-productive sphere. In addition, the area of legislation responsible for nature management regulates the possibilities of agriculture.
The main goal of the types and forms of nature management is a complex impact on the environment in which a person lives, which leads to an increase in social production. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the needs of the population and conduct activities in accordance with their adjustments.
Targets and goals
The task that is set before the main types of nature management is to satisfy public needs. A person needs natural resources, and it is this area of law, economics and ecology that allows them to be given to him in the right way. At the same time, the types of environmental management practiced by modern authorities and society make it possible to create conditions in which natural resources can be reproduced in a normal or expanded mode, which leads to better productivity and efficiency of the environment around civilization.
Modern activities of nature management are aimed at the minimum expenditure of social labor. This is achieved by optimizing the use of natural resources. If a we are talking about non-renewable resources, then nature management obliges to use substances rationally, as economically as possible. Also, the types of nature management include measures to transform landscapes, which should only be purposeful, justified, and the need for such activities has been proven. It's set existing laws aimed at conserving natural resources.
Principles of nature management
A general description of the right of nature management, types of nature management is impossible without the formulation of clear principles that govern this activity. In particular, the techniques used in the production, social processes that affect nature, their character must correspond to the conditions of a strictly defined area. The task of society is to predict the result of the impact on nature and to prevent negative impact on the environment, as far as possible.
The modern idea of the types of general nature management regulates the increase in the activity of the process of development of resources provided by nature. At the same time, objects of aesthetic or scientific value must be protected in a special way in order to prevent damage. When talking about the types of nature management, they always mention that they are obliged to determine the order of the use of resources, justified by economic feasibility.
Types of nature management and tasks of the sphere
Modern ecology, economics and legal sciences oblige to use the resources provided to humanity by nature, comprehensively. This allows you to create a reasonable, economical, productive workflow within the national economy. It is important to constantly modernize equipment and technologies so that the process of mining, enrichment, processing of the obtained substances is accompanied by minimal losses of valuable material or even the absence of them.
Modern types of nature management are tied to the idea of greening production processes humanity. To do this, it is necessary to apply all available measures and resources, methods and tools.
Nature management: classification
One of the main types of nature management is the consumption of resources. Within this category, there are three types of activities. First of all, this is the extraction of a resource, which involves the discovery of such, the research process, preparatory measures and the actual extraction. The next option is use that is not accompanied by the extraction of the resource. Finally, there is the possibility of using the surrounding areas as a place for collecting waste from consumer, production processes.
Another type of nature management is constructive adjustment. Within the framework of these events, they talk about comprehensive programs that allow transforming the environment in which a person lives. At the same time, some properties can be improved - for example, enrich territories or create artificial systems glaze. Nature management is also the protection of the territory from the elements, as well as the elimination of the results of human activity on a certain piece of land.
Reproduction and protection
The aspect of recreating the resources used by a person within the framework of the life of society is an important topic, quite for a long time did not attract the attention of the masses at all. Currently, it is being raised quite actively, including by environmentalists, so the types of environmental rights associated with recovery processes, consider three main options: restoration, creation of conditions in which resources can be restored independently, and reproduction of resources. Restoration involves the cleansing of the territory, the reclamation of sites. In order for resources capable of self-renewal to be able to do this, as a rule, it is necessary to introduce laws and regulations for the protection of sites. Direct restoration involves the artificial formation of biogeocenoses. Society must plant forests, in some cases desalination is required.
There are also types of environmental rights related to the protection of resources and the environment. They are aimed at preventing negative influence consumer, production processes occurring in society, on the surrounding space. At the same time, it is necessary to protect some areas - as a rule, this is done by conservation. The task of society is to preserve the genetic diversity of life on our planet, and this is precisely what the norms of nature management are aimed at.
Control and follow
In order for the practiced activities within the framework of reasonable nature management to meet legal standards, economic, moral, and social requirements, constant monitoring of this area is necessary. Currently, accounting of natural resources is practiced with regular inventory and control over the safety of the territory. A person assumes obligations to correct the state of the resource, the environment.
Within the framework of understanding the idea of nature management, the human community is responsible for managing the processes of using environmental resources. The technical, scientific revolution, which has so significantly increased production volumes all over the planet, has made the relationship between man and nature much more complicated than it was several centuries ago. By virtue of this fact, at present, a person must actively participate in the reproduction processes of natural resources. Many experts draw attention to the fact that it is now more than ever necessary to comprehensively adjust the natural environment so that, with the preservation of diversity and resources, society can use the useful components on the planet with the maximum level of efficiency.
We don't stand still
AT old times nature management was a rather narrow concept. As a rule, only the idea of consuming a resource produced by nature was included in it. At present, the topic has become much broader, since it is necessary to protect the environment and control the processes of its expenditure. All these industries are closely interconnected. Human activity to transform the nature of the planet is closely related to the protection of the environment and the problems faced by ecologists.
The consequences of the transformation of the environment often provoke the need to urgently take measures to preserve the disturbed ecological balance. Characteristic, good example- reservoirs, created by man in abundance all over the planet. The formation of such objects and their use in human activities creates an increased need for protection water resources. Polluting factors - great amount. This and stocks from different objects, and Agriculture, and industry. Reservoirs are very low ability clean up on their own (which is especially noticeable in comparison with rivers), but it is from reservoirs that they usually feed big cities. This requires especially careful attention to the problem.
Play responsibly
A modern reasonable approach to the responsible reproduction of environmental resources involves a number of activities that allow you to protect nature and resources. It's about cleaning Wastewater, exhaust air. AT last years land reclamation is on the rise. This allows to some extent reduce the pollution of water and air. At the same time, it cannot be said that these are measures only for the protection of nature, since they follow from the protection and represent the elimination of negative human influence on the environment.
Reproduction, on the other hand, is closely linked to and controlled by environmental protection. So, if a zone for the protection of water resources is allocated, one hundred hectares of forest plantations of such a territory can save eighty and a half thousand water in a clean state. The formation of a ton of dry wood during photosynthesis is associated with the consumption of almost three tons carbon dioxide and producing one and a half tons of oxygen. A hectare of pine plantations creates three dozen tons of oxygen per year, including ozone.
Nature management: a different approach to the term
An alternative understanding of this term involves the allocation of three types of activities: economic, cultural (health), environmental. At the same time, they share special nature management, general. On a general basis, no special permission is required to be obtained - citizens exercise this right all the time. Even natural needs - breathing, eating, using water - this is already a realization general view nature management.
Under a special type it is customary to understand such consumption, which is carried out by a certain legal entity, individual. To conduct business, you must first obtain permission from the state authority according to the established model. nature management special kind always has specific purpose specified in the permit. A division into varieties is provided when taking into account the object used in the industrial process. This may be the use of land, air, fauna, water, forests. In our country, a number of codes and federal laws have been adopted to regulate the nature of nature management, including in specific industries. Without a license, special use of natural resources is illegal and punishable in accordance with the norms of legal acts.
land use
This term is used to define the rules of law, as well as the relations that they initiate and are designed to regulate the procedure and conditions for the rational use of land resources. Every citizen has the right to run a farm and personal subsidiary farm and realize through this land use. It is possible to build a dwelling, maintain it, breed gardening or pets. It is possible to build a dacha - this is also land use carried out by private individuals. You can use the land for the implementation of crafts traditional for the area. The rights are received by those to whom they are inherited, as well as those who buy a residential building. The use is temporary, but you can get a permanent right.
Use of subsoil and forest
Within the framework of this right, several norms have been issued that regulate rationality: the conditions that must be met, the procedure for using the resource. It is possible to work with subsoil only if a license has been obtained in advance, and the grounds for issuing it must comply with constitutional standards and the points specified in codes and federal laws.
The use of the forest requires compliance with a number of legal norms state level. They spell out the multi-purpose essence of the implementation of the right to use, which is closely related to the processes of restoring forest plots and preserving those already existing in the country. Forest users have certain statutory rights, but they also have obligations arising from the responsible use of natural resources.
All types of human activity and sectors of the economy in varying degrees use materials and products of natural origin, and then return their waste to the natural environment, therefore, environmental problems have universal meaning and should be considered as single system practical human activity, taking into account the specifics of economic sectors.
According to the properties and functions used, as well as the nature of dependence on nature, two main branches of the economy are distinguished. This makes it possible to determine two main types (types) of nature management (in natural-in-kind terms). In the first case, we are talking about the use of natural territory. In the second, we are talking about the use of matter and energy extracted from nature and forming the exchange of matter and energy extracted from nature and forming the exchange between man and nature.
| Branches of nature management | The nature of the relationship with nature |
| 1. Industries closely related to nature | |
| 1.1. Natural resource sectors - agriculture, forestry, water management, hydropower, mining, industries that use nature as a source of resources (soil and land, forest, water, mineral, etc.). | Nature acts as a source of objects of labor and consumption and a means of production. At the same time, natural areas are a kind of "deposit" where a person unfolds his activities. |
| 1.2 Branches of landscape management - resort and recreational activities, tourism, recreation, mountain, water, "landscape" sports, nature conservation, research activities that use nature as required condition their placement, contributing to their development in this particular place. | Nature is used and preserved in a less altered, more natural state than in industries of the type 1.1. Only in a number of cases is it “adapted” - roads and communications are laid, watercourses are arranged, and soils are strengthened. This is done within the minimum change natural properties territory and preserving its beauty, uniqueness and diversity. |
| 2. Industries less closely connected to nature | |
| 2.1. Industries related to nature indirectly, through industries of the type 1.1. These are the so-called basic industries - metallurgy, energy, chemical and construction industries, oil refining, processing of natural and associated gases, hard coal, wood, agricultural raw materials. | Nature is used primarily as a source of raw materials and a receptacle for production waste. It is important how much matter can be taken from nature, and how much it can take back waste, disturbed matter and substances that have no analogues in nature; assimilate them, disperse, purify. |
| 2.2. Industries that process, consume and redistribute raw materials and energy mainly in processed form. These are the "upper floors" of the manufacturing industry, as well as transport and other infrastructure. | Nature is the least significant for these types of industries, but they themselves affect the environment quite strongly, as they create substances that have no analogues in it. |
Thus, the nature of the impact on nature, its quantity and quality, as well as the interest in preserving or transforming the properties of the environment depends on the type of nature management. The degree of interest in preserving the properties of the environment for each user of natural resources is different. The more it is aimed at preserving "its" resources, the more efficient and rational nature management.
There are other approaches to the allocation of types of nature management and their classification. Of these, the following are the most common:
1. General and special nature management. General nature management does not require any special permission. It is carried out by citizens by virtue of their natural rights arising from their birth and existence. Special nature management is carried out by citizens and economic entities (enterprises, firms, organizations) on the basis of laws, regulations and permits of the competent state bodies. It is targeted and subdivided into land use, subsoil use, water use, forest use, as well as the use of wildlife resources and atmospheric air.
2. By types of resources used - is based on the allocation of the main types of natural resources as objects of nature management. It makes it possible to assess the scope and nature of the use of natural resources, their state, to detect conflicts and contradictions between different users of the same natural resource source, to identify violators of the state of resource sources.
Use of mineral resources– mining and processing of mineral raw materials and different types fuel.
Forest management- harvesting of timber, wild plants (mushrooms, berries, medicinal herbs), organization of recreation and tourism, hunting, conservation management, nature conservation forests and forest belts, forest plantations.
Water use– industrial, domestic, agricultural water consumption, organization water transport, hydropower, fisheries, recreation and tourism in reservoirs and watercourses.
land use- the use of land for the placement of production, the resettlement of people, the construction of cities and communications, i.e. "as a spatial basis" of life and activity; the use of land in agriculture, forestry, fishing - as a means of production; land use for waste disposal.
3. Economic approach, based on the allocation of human activities that use natural resources and the properties of the environment for their own purposes, i.e. for the purposes of subjects of nature management. This approach makes it possible to assess the cumulative impact of economic sectors on the PR and conditions used in the course of their activities, to identify the largest in terms of impact and the most environmentally hazardous activities.
Industrial environmental management in the mining and processing industries.
Agricultural nature management in agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts.
Communication nature management - in surface and groundwater, air sports transport and other communications (oil, gas and product pipelines, water supply and sewerage, power lines, etc.)
4.Environmental approach based on estimates of the nature and size of pollution sources and negative consequences arising in the natural environment and natural resources under the influence of certain nature users or their combinations.
nature management, predominantly polluting the environment and natural resources.
nature management, predominantly violating the environment and resources.
nature management, predominantly quantitatively exhausting resources and environmental conditions.
nature management, which has a complex, multilateral impact, causing general degradation of the environment and natural resources.
