Hunting belongs to the type of nature management. Control work Types and forms of nature management

Topic Main types and forms of nature management 2 hours.

Plan


  1. Forms and types of nature management

    1. General nature management

    2. Special nature management

  2. nature management

  3. Licensing of natural resources

    1. Natural resource license
Nature management is understood as the use of environmental, economic, cultural, health-improving, etc. properties that are beneficial to humans. Hence, the content of nature management includes its various forms - economic (leading), ecological, cultural and recreational.

Forms of nature management are carried out in two types of nature use: general and special nature management.

General nature management does not require special permission. It is carried out by citizens on the basis of their natural (humanitarian) rights that exist as a result of birth and existence (use of water, air, etc.).

It is carried out by individuals and legal entities on the basis of the permission of the authorized government agencies. It has a targeted character and the types of objects used.

The types of natural resources include:

1) land use;

2) water use;

3) forest management;

4) subsoil use;

5) use of wildlife;

6) use of flora;

7) use atmospheric air;

9) other types of nature management established by laws.

Special nature management associated with consumption natural resources. In this part, it is related to legal regulation with sectoral natural resource legislation Russian Federation: Land Code, Fundamentals of Forest Legislation, Subsoil Law, water code, the Law on the Use and Protection of Wildlife, the Law on the Protection of Atmospheric Air.

LAND USE - statutory or a historically established set of rules for the use of land as a means of production and for other purposes.

Land resources is a collection of areas earth's surface, which have specific natural conditions, natural resource properties that determine the possibility of their inclusion in human production activities.

Agricultural use of land resources allows limited exploitation of the territory for recreational and environmental purposes, as well as for some types of communications.

Underforest management understood meeting the material needs of society and its members in forest resources, determined by the level of socio-economic development, as well as the state and dynamics of forest resources.

Forestry use of land resources also has its own specifics. In it, as in agriculture, land fertility plays an important role. For many decades, the forestry use of land was assessed mainly by the production of forest raw materials, primarily wood.

Water use - it is a set of all forms and types of water resources use in the general system of nature management. Rational water use involves ensuring the full reproduction of the water resources of the territory or water body in terms of quality and quantity. If the water use system does not provide this to some extent, then sooner or later water resources will be exhausted.

Article 37. Purposes of water use

Water bodies are used for the purposes of drinking and domestic water supply, discharge of sewage and (or) drainage water, production of electrical energy, water and air transport, wood alloy and other purposes provided for by this Code.

Article 38. Types of water use

1. Based on the conditions for granting water bodies for use, water use is divided into:

1) joint water use;

2) isolated water use.

2. Separate water use may be carried out on water bodies or their parts owned by individuals, legal entities, water bodies or their parts, owned by the state or municipality and provided to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, other state or municipal needs, the provision of which excludes the use of water bodies or their parts by other individuals, legal entities, as well as for commercial fish farming.

3. According to the method of using water bodies, water use is divided into:

1) water use with the intake (withdrawal) of water resources from water bodies, subject to the return of water to water bodies;

2) water use with the intake (withdrawal) of water resources from water bodies without returning water to water bodies;

3) water use without withdrawal (withdrawal) of water resources from water bodies.

Article 35. Tasks of state regulation of relations subsoil use

The main task of state regulation of subsoil use relations is to ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base, its rational use and protection of mineral resources in the interests of present and future generations of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

State regulation of subsoil use relations is carried out through management, licensing, accounting and control.

The tasks of state regulation include:

Determining the volumes of extraction of the main types of minerals for the current period and for the future for the Russian Federation as a whole and for the regions;

Ensuring the development of the mineral resource base and the preparation of a reserve of subsoil plots used for construction underground structures not associated with mining;

Ensuring the geological study of the territory of the Russian Federation, its continental shelf, Antarctica and the bottom of the oceans;

Establishment of quotas for the supply of mined mineral raw materials;

Introduction of payments related to the use of subsoil, as well as regulated prices for certain types of mineral raw materials;

Establishment of standards (norms, rules) in the field of geological study, use and protection of subsoil, safe conduct of work related to the use of subsoil, as well as rational use and protection of subsoil.

Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004 amended Article 36 of this Law, which shall enter into force on the day of the official publication of the said Federal Law

If there is nature management carried out in some territory, then naturally, it must be carried out according to some rules and must comply with some standards. If so, then the concept of environmental management arises. “ Control- this is a function of organized systems, ensuring the preservation of their specific structure, maintaining the mode of activity, the implementation of its programs and goals. Thus, management is a conscious human impact on objects and processes, as well as on the people themselves in order to introduce order into their activities, obtain the desired result, give the controlled processes a certain state and direction.

Environmental management is a very specific area, consisting "ideally" in the regulation of human impact on natural objects and processes to meet their economic, cultural and other needs, subject to the conscious limitation of their needs in order to sustainable development society and nature conservation.

In other words, environmental management can be defined as a set of principles, methods, forms and means of organizing and rationally using and reproducing natural resources, preserving the natural environment in order to ensure environmental safety human population, as one of the objects of the natural environment, at all levels of the management hierarchy (from a citizen, an entrepreneur and an enterprise to the state and the international community).

Nature management is carried out according to a multi-level hierarchy. This is primarily interstate management, carried out on the basis of international treaties and conventions.

State management of nature management is carried out on federal level, regional management - is both under the joint jurisdiction of state and regional authorities, and under the jurisdiction of regional and local authorities the authorities of the subjects of the federation and, finally, the management of nature management, which is carried out directly by entrepreneurs and citizens, that is, the nature users themselves.

For example: Article 36. State management of subsoil use relations

State management of subsoil use relations is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, bodies executive power constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the federal management body of the state subsoil fund and state mining supervision bodies.

The federal body for managing the state subsoil fund and its territorial bodies cannot perform the functions of managing the economic activities of enterprises engaged in the exploration and development of mineral deposits or the construction and operation of underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals, and engage in commercial activities.

The main elements of the environmental management system (environmental protection) in Russia (limitation, licensing, certification, certification).

Limits on nature use is a system of ecological restrictions on territories. They represent the volumes of the maximum withdrawal of natural resources that are set for enterprises-users of nature for a certain period, as well as emissions or discharges of pollutants into the environment and disposal of production waste.

Based on the principle of limiting, a system of MPCs for harmful substances and its derivatives, MPC physical influences, restrictions on the impact of human production activities and the exploitation of natural resources. Limitation as a limitation mechanism also includes a system of production, industry and regional environmental standards. For water resources, this is the limitation of withdrawal and consumption, the norms of depletion and withdrawal of water, the size of water protection zones. In forestry, the norms for the age of logging and regeneration of forests, the norms for felling areas, etc. are basic. In most industries, norms of resource intensity are applied.

Licensing of natural resources- manifestation by administrative-legal way of regulating environmental relations by methods of prohibition, permission and authorization.

Natural resource license is a license to drive a certain kind activities related to the use of any natural resource. This license concentrates two functions: control over the legality, rationality of activities for the use and compliance with environmental and sanitary standards and the normalized consumption of the corresponding natural resource.

Licensing - activities related to the issuance of a license, re-issuance of documents confirming the availability of licenses, suspension and cancellation of licenses and supervision of compliance by licensees (relevant requirements and conditions. License- permission (right) to carry out a licensed type of activity when ( obligatory observance licensing requirements and conditions issued by the licensing authority to a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.

Licensing requirements andconditions- a set of requirements and conditions established by regulatory legal acts, the fulfillment of which by the licensee is mandatory when carrying out the licensed type of activity.

Carrying out activities related to the industrialproduction, resource use and waste managementproduction and consumption, in accordance with the license mustcomply with strict rules and regulations. That is why the licensing process should be attributed to one of the mechanisms environmental regulation that performs two important functions:

preventive - by establishing in the license the norms for the use of natural resources, the limits of chemical, physical and biological impacts, other environmentally significant conditions based on data on the scale and types of activities;

control - is expressed in the implementation of control over the activities of the nature user-licensee by the state authorized body.

Licensing in the field of environmental protection is currently reduced to nature management and is represented by special licenses for the right to use (extraction, withdrawal, use without withdrawal) natural resources and objects, as well as permits for the right to emit, discharge pollutants and dispose of waste. In addition, a federal license is required for activities related to the disposal, storage, movement, burial, destruction of industrial and other waste, materials, substances (except for radioactive ones).

Licensing of certain types of activities for the exploitation of natural resources was transferred to the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with environmental legislation various forms of documents that perform the functions of a license are used. Along with the actual licenses, permits (for emissions, discharges and waste disposal), logging tickets, etc. are also used. All of them are covered by the concept of "licensing".

Certification - is carried out in order to control the safety of products for the environment, life and health of the population. Sometimes it is considered as a form of licensing.

CERTIFICATION- the form of confirmation of compliance of objects with the requirements of technical regulations, the provisions of standards or the terms of contracts, carried out by the certification body. In accordance with the Federal Law "On technical regulation" dated December 27, 2002, a certification body may be a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, accredited in the prescribed manner to perform certification work. The objects of certification are products, services and other objects, including processes, works, quality systems, etc. Certification can be both voluntary and mandatory

Certification is aimed at achieving the following goals:

Assistance to consumers in the competent choice of products (services);

Protection of the consumer from the dishonesty of the manufacturer (seller, contractor);

Safety control of products (services, works) for the environment, life, health and property;

Confirmation of product quality indicators (services, works) declared by the manufacturer (executor);

Creation of conditions for the activities of organizations and entrepreneurs in the single commodity market of Russia, as well as for participation in international economic, scientific and technical cooperation and international trade.

GOST R Certificate of Conformity

This is a special document that confirms that the products are of high quality and meet Russian standards (GOST, TU, etc.)
A feature of certificates of conformity is that it is not always necessary to conduct product tests to obtain them. And it is this moment that is regulated by product certification schemes.

Certificates of conformity are issued by certification bodies accredited in the GOSSTANDART system. The basis for issuing a GOST R certificate of conformity is a protocol drawn up based on the results of tests in an accredited laboratory.

There are two types of certificates of conformity:

"yellow" - certificate of conformity for objects of mandatory certification;

The list of products subject to mandatory standardization, as well as its parameters, indicators and characteristics are determined in accordance with the current in the country normative documents and legislation...

"blue"- a certificate of conformity for all other products that are not included in the Lists of products subject to mandatory certification. It can be certified on a voluntary basis.

GOST R ISO 9001:2008 (ISO 9001:2008)

Certification of the quality management system, works and services.

Certification of the quality management system, works and services, will allow your company to gain an advantage over competitors when participating in contract tenders, because the tender documentation provides for a certificate of compliance with GOST R ISO 9001:2008 standards.

GOST R ISO 14001-2005

Environmental Management System in an organization

The key concept of the ISO 14 000 series is the concept of an Environmental Management System in an organization.

Environmental Management System - part common system administration with organizational structure, the system of planning and distribution of responsibility, the developed methods and procedures, the availability of resources necessary for the implementation of environmental policy.

The requirements for the environmental management system are established by GOST R ISO 14001-2005 "Environmental Management Systems. Requirements and Application Guide".

The environmental management system according to GOST R ISO 14000-2005 provides:

Optimization of enterprise management systems and prevention harmful effects on the environment

Saving energy resources through the effective implementation of environmental management

Reducing the risks of environmental disasters. Improvement environmental situation in the region
The GOST R ISO 14000-2005 certificate, being an official confirmation of compliance with the rules and regulations in the field of ecology, is required for:

Fulfillment of the requirements for Russian enterprises by the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Formation of the image of the organization in the field of compliance with environmental requirements

Enterprise output to international market

Gaining priority over competitors in the organic markets

Attracting a highly skilled workforce

Passportization - this is the compilation of environmental (environmental) passports for individual objects, resource units, sources of emissions, treatment systems in order to optimize their use, determine the impact on the environment and the role of compliance with environmental standards and rules.

http://www.leadnet.ru/city/chapter1.htm

Arustamov E.A. Nature management Str 94-101 2000

Nature management - is one of the forms of exploitation natural potential and environmental protection.

Nature management includes:

  • 1. Extraction and processing of natural resources, their restoration and renewal
  • 2. Use and protection of the natural environment
  • 3. Save ecological balance(equilibrium) ecosystems
  • 4. Nature management - scientific discipline, which studies the laws, principles and methods of interaction between eco-nature, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

The subject of nature management is the optimization of the interaction between man and nature.

The task of nature management as a science:

  • 1. Research
  • 2. Development of scientific and general principles, forms and methods of carrying out human activities in the use of natural resources, the main results should be recommendations for rationalizing the use of resources, reproducing natural resources and improving the natural environment for human life.

The main laws of nature management include:

  • 1. The law of optimality
  • 2. Law of internal dynamic balance of ecosystems
  • 3. The law of increasing the turnover of involved natural resources
  • 4. The law of increasing impact of society on the environment
  • 5. The law of reducing the efficiency of nature management
  • 6. Law limiting resources

Basic principles of nature management:

  • 1. Principle systems approach(systems approach)
  • 2. Principle of nature management optimization
  • 3. The principle of advancing the types of harvesting of the extraction of raw materials by the rate of output of useful products. Abstract by Kosygin 1975
  • 4. The principle of payment (you have to pay for everything)
  • 5. The principle of priority, protection of human life and health. Ensuring conditions.

The essence of the principle is that it is an instrument of reflection and manifestation of an objective law. public policy, i.e. is the instrument of accounting and implementation of the objective law of state policy.

Types of nature management

  • 1. General and special p / p (licensing and certification)
  • 2. Resource-industry
  • 2. Natural resources of the world and their classification

Natural resources - elements of nature, part of the totality of natural conditions and essential components natural environment that are used (or can be used) in given level development of productive forces to meet the diverse needs of society and social production.

The classification of natural resources is understood as the division of a set of objects, objects and phenomena of the natural environment into groups according to functional significant features. Given the natural origin of resources, as well as their great economic importance, the following classifications of natural resources have been developed.

Natural (genetic) classification - classification of natural resources by natural groups:

Ecological classification of natural resources - based on signs of exhaustibility and renewability of resource reserves. The concept of exhaustibility is used when taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volume of their possible economic withdrawal. Allocate by given feature resources:

  • 1. Inexhaustible - the use of which by man does not lead to a visible depletion of their reserves now or in the foreseeable future (solar energy, intraterrestrial heat, water, air energy);
  • 2. Drawable non-renewable - the continuous use of which can reduce them to a level at which further exploitation becomes economically unfeasible, while they are incapable of self-recovery in a time commensurate with the time of consumption (for example, mineral resources);
  • 3. Drawn renewable - resources that are characterized by the ability to recover (through reproduction or other natural cycles), for example, flora, fauna, water resources. In this subgroup, resources with extremely slowly resume ( fertile lands, forest resources with high quality wood).

Economic classification of natural resources - when natural resources are classified into various groups in terms of economic use:

  • a) according to the technical possibilities of exploitation, natural resources are distinguished:
    • 1. Real - used at a given level of development of the productive forces;
    • 2. Potential - established on the basis of theoretical calculations and preliminary work and including, in addition to precisely established technically available reserves, also that part that cannot currently be developed due to technical capabilities.
  • b) classification of natural resources according to the economic feasibility of replacement - distinguish between replaceable and irreplaceable resources.
  • 1. Replaceable include fuel and energy resources (they can be replaced by other energy sources).
  • 2. Indispensable resources include atmospheric air, fresh water, etc.
  • c) depending on the geological knowledge mineral resources are divided into the following categories:
    • 1. Reserves that have been explored and studied with the utmost detail, accurate boundaries of occurrence, and which can be put into operation.
    • 2. Reserves that have been explored and studied in detail, providing the identification of the main conditions of occurrence, without an accurate display of the spatial position of the deposit.
    • 3. Reserves explored and studied in detail, providing a clarification in general terms of the conditions of occurrence.
    • 4. reserves, explored, studied and estimated preliminary on single samples and specimens.
  • d) according to economic importance, minerals are divided into:
    • 1. balance sheet, the operation of which is expedient at the moment;
    • 2. off-balance, the operation of which is impractical due to the low content beneficial substance, great depth, specific working conditions, etc., but which can be developed in the future.
  • e) among the classifications of natural resources, reflecting their economic significance and economic role, classification by direction and types of economic use is especially often used.

The main criterion for the division of resources in it is their assignment to various sectors of material production or non-productive sphere. On this basis, natural resources are divided into industrial and agricultural production resources:

  • 1. The group of industrial production resources includes all types of natural raw materials used by industry. Due to the diversified nature of industrial production, the types of natural resources are differentiated as follows:
  • 1.1. Energy, which include various types of resources used at the present stage for energy production: combustible minerals (oil, gas, coal, bituminous shale, etc.):
    • - hydropower resources (energy of river waters, tidal energy, etc.);
    • - sources of bioenergy (fuel wood, biogas from agricultural waste.);
    • - sources nuclear energy(uranium and radioactive elements).
  • 1.2. Non-energy resources representing raw materials for various industries industry or participating in the production according to its technical features:
    • - minerals that do not belong to the group of caustobioliths (ore and non-ore);
    • - water used for industrial production;
    • - land occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure facilities;
    • - forest resources of industrial importance;
  • 1.3. biological resources industrial value.

There are general and special shape nature management.

General nature management does not require special permission. It is implemented by citizens on the basis of their natural rights (use of water, air, etc.).

Special nature management related to the consumption of natural resources. It is carried out by individuals and legal entities on the basis of the permission of authorized state bodies. This type of nature management is targeted and, according to the types of objects used, is divided into land use, subsoil use, forest use, water use, use of wildlife (wild animals and birds, fish stocks), use of atmospheric air. In this part, it correlates through legal regulation with the sectoral natural resource legislation of the Russian Federation, including the Land Code, the Forest Code, the Subsoil Law, the Water Code, the Law on the Fauna, the Law on Air Protection. Any activity in nature management is licensed.

8.2. Licensing of the right to activity in nature management

Actions for licensing the right to activities in nature management in the Russian Federation are carried out within the framework of the state licensing system.

The state licensing system is a unified procedure for granting licenses, including information, scientific-analytical, economic and legal preparation of materials and their design.

The task of the state licensing system is to ensure:

    practical implementation government programs development of the country and protection of the security interests of the Russian Federation;

    social, economic, environmental and other interests of the population living in the given territory and all citizens of the Russian Federation;

    equal opportunities for all legal entities and citizens to obtain licenses;

    development of market relations, implementation of antimonopoly policy in the field of subsoil use;

    necessary guarantees to license holders (including foreign ones) and protection of their right to use subsoil.

Licensing of natural resources- this is an administrative-legal action carried out by regulating relations by the methods of prohibition, permission and authorization. The license for the right to activity in nature management is:

    an act of the owner of a natural resource or its owner (fund holder);

    the form of manifestation of state control over the rational use of natural resources;

    means of environmental management.

When licensing certain types of activities in nature management, the following basic concepts are used:

      license- a special permit to carry out a specific type of activity subject to the obligatory observance of licensing requirements and conditions, issued by the licensing authority to a legal or natural person (individual entrepreneur);

      licensed type of activity - the type of activity for which a license is required on the territory of the Russian Federation;

      licensing- activities related to the granting of licenses; suspension of licenses for violation of license requirements and conditions; renewal or termination of licenses; cancellation of the license by the licensing authorities, compliance by the licensees with the relevant requirements and conditions; maintaining registers of licenses with the provision to interested persons in the prescribed manner of information from them and other information on licensing;

      license requirements and conditions - a set of requirements and conditions established by the regulations on licensing specific types of activity, the fulfillment of which by the licensee is mandatory when carrying out the licensed type of activity;

      licensing authorities- federal authorities executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out licensing in accordance with the Federal Law;

      licensee- a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur licensed to carry out a specific type of activity;

      license applicant- a legal or natural person (entrepreneur) who applied to the licensing authority with an application for a license to carry out a specific type of activity;

      register of licenses- a set of data on the granting of licenses, reissuance of documents confirming the availability of licenses, suspension and renewal of licenses or cancellation of licenses.

Basic principles for the implementation of licensing:

1. Suspension of the license. It is carried out by the licensing authority in a judicial proceeding in the event that a licensee is involved for violation of licensing requirements and conditions for administrative responsibility in the manner prescribed by the relevant code of the Russian Federation.

If such a decision is made, the licensing authority, within a day from the date this decision enters into force, suspends the license for the period of administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.

The license shall be renewed by the licensing authority from the day following the day of expiration of the period of administrative suspension of the licensee's activities, or from the day following the day of early termination of the execution of an administrative penalty in the form of an administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.

The validity period of the license for the period of suspension of its validity is not extended.

    Cancellation of a license. The license is canceled by a court decision on the basis of consideration of the application of the licensing authority if, within the period established by the court, the licensee has not eliminated the violation of license requirements and conditions, which entailed the administrative suspension of the licensee's activities.

    Termination of a license. The license is terminated from the date of entry into the Unified State Register of Legal Entities or the Unified State Register individual entrepreneurs records on the liquidation of a legal entity or termination of its activities as a result of reorganization, as well as from the date of entry into force of a court decision on the annulment of a license.

Licensing authorities maintain registers of licenses. In the register of licenses and in the document confirming the existence of a license, indicate:

    name of the licensing authority;

    full and abbreviated (if any) name and legal form of the legal entity;

Last name, first name and patronymic of the individual entrepreneur, his place of residence, addresses of places where the licensed type of activity is carried out, details of the document proving his identity, the main state registration number of the entry on the state registration of the individual entrepreneur;

Type of activity to be licensed (indicating the work performed and services rendered in the course of carrying out the types of activity);

    the term of the license;

    taxpayer identification number;

    license number;

    the date of the decision to grant a license;

    information about registration of a license in the register of licenses;

    grounds, term for suspension and renewal of the license;

    grounds and date of cancellation of the license;

    the basis and term for the application of the simplified licensing procedure;

    information about the addresses of the places of implementation of the licensed type of activity;

    information on the issuance of a document confirming the existence of a license;

    grounds and date of termination of the license;

    other information determined by the provisions on licensing specific types activities.

The form of the document confirming the existence of a license was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 11, 2006 No. 208.

There are the following types of licenses (permits) in nature management:

    license for the use of subsoil (Article 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" No. 2395-1 dated February 21, 1992, as amended on July 26, 2010 No. 186-FZ);

    license for pharmaceutical activity;

    license for the production of medicines;

    a license for the circulation of wild animals belonging to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (Article 24 of the Federal Law of 04.24.1995 No. 52-FZ "On the Wildlife").

These licenses are issued by a specially authorized state body for environmental protection in the manner prescribed by the relevant resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.

As of October 01, 2010, some licenses that existed in the field of nature management at the legislative level, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in the period 1992-2010. have been abolished and replaced by permits for relevant activities.

The list of abolished licenses in nature management includes the following: natural resource license, license for the use of land, license for the use of waters, license for the use of wildlife, license for the use of atmospheric air. At the same time, the term "natural resource license" in nature management began to have a general character and have a collective meaning.

Currently, there is no license for land use in the Russian Federation.

The composition of the lands in the Russian Federation is defined in Art. 7 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation. Lands in the Russian Federation are divided into categories according to their intended purpose:

    agricultural land;

    lands of settlements;

    lands of industry, energy, transport, communications, broadcasting, television, lands for space activities, lands for defense, security and lands for other special purposes;

    lands of specially protected territories and objects;

    forest fund lands;

    water fund lands;

    reserve land.

These lands are used in accordance with the intended purpose established for them. Any type of permitted use from the territories provided for by zoning is selected without additional permits and approval procedures. The types of permitted use of land plots are determined in accordance with the classifier approved by the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of land relations.

Today in the Russian Federation there is also no license for the use of water. In this type of nature management, the authorized executive body of state power or body local government based on the application of persons, makes a decision on granting a water body for use (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2006

"Natural resource" licenses and permits formalize obligations between the state - the owner of natural resources and the applicant for a license, in which the agreement of a number of conditions for nature management is seen at the stage of obtaining permits.

The difficulty in determining the legal status of permits is that the legal status of "natural resource" licenses and permits in the current legislation is not clearly defined due to the lack of a unified normative act about the types and order of their provision.

In the forest industry of Russia, according to the current legislation, there is no term "license for the use of forests (forest declaration)" and its definition. Here the forest declaration is statement, on the use of forests in accordance with the forest development project. Every year, applications are submitted to state authorities, local governments within their powers by persons to whom forest plots are provided for permanent (perpetual) use or for rent (parts 1, 2 of article 26 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). So, for example, a permit according to the forest declaration to perform work on the geological study of the subsoil on the lands of the forest fund without providing a forest plot is issued if the performance of such work does not entail felling forest plantations (part 3 of article 43 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). The issuance of permits for the performance of work on the geological study of subsoil on the lands of the forest fund is carried out by authorized state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (clause 3, part 183 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation). In other cases, the type of permitted use of the forest area is indicated in the design documentation and forestry regulations (part 4 of article 69, part 4 of article 7, paragraph 1 of part 5 of article 87 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with Art. 29 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to harvest timber in excess of allowable cutting area(permissible volume of wood removal), as well as with violation of age cuttings.

The notion of main and secondary types of forest use is also excluded from the Forest Code, while the following possible types of forest use are established:

    timber harvesting;

    preparation of resin;

    harvesting and collection of non-timber forest resources;

    harvesting of food forest resources and collection of medicinal plants;

    existence of activities in the field of hunting;

    farming;

    implementation of research and educational activities;

    implementation recreational activities;

    creation of forest plantations and their exploitation;

    cultivation of forest fruit, berry, ornamental plants, medicinal plants;

    performance of works on geological study of subsoil, development of mineral deposits;

    construction and operation of reservoirs and other artificial water bodies, as well as hydraulic structures and specialized ports;

    construction, reconstruction, operation of power lines, communication lines, roads, pipelines and other linear facilities;

    processing of wood and other forest resources;

    carrying out religious activities;

    other types defined in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 6 of the Forest Code.

Forests can be used for one or more purposes. The type of permitted use of the forest area is indicated in the project documentation and forestry regulations.

After January 1, 2008, all leshozes must be transformed in accordance with civil law into forestnichestva OK forest parks.

In the field of wildlife use, as noted above, a license is valid within the framework of a limited circulation of wild animals. Permits for relevant activities are valid for other areas of use of the animal world.

The federal law "On the Fauna" defines the following types of permitted activities: fishing, hunting for birds and animals, the use of waste products and useful properties of animals, the use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, educational, aesthetic purposes.

The following types of use of wildlife can be carried out by legal entities and citizens:

Hunting, fishing, including the extraction of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals;

Extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as hunting and aquatic biological resources;

    the use of useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental sanitation, plant pollinators, biofiltrators and others;

    study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat;

    extracting the useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental orderlies, pollinators of plants, biofilters and others;

Obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world.

Laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation also provide for other types of use of wildlife.

The use of the animal world is carried out by removing objects of the animal world from their habitat or without it.

There is a list of objects of the animal world, the removal of which from their habitat without special permission is prohibited.

Issuance of permits for the use of objects of the animal world, with the exception of objects located in specially protected natural areas of federal significance, as well as

objects of the animal world listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation are carried out by authorized state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in in accordance with the Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ "On the Fauna").

Instead of a license for the use of atmospheric air, the current legislation introduced permission on emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and on harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air. They are issued by the territorial departments of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out state administration in the field of environmental protection, in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation (Article 14 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air") .

The essence of this permission system is as follows:

    inventory of emissions of harmful substances by a production facility;

    determination of maximum allowable emission standards for hazardous substances for the facility;

    establishment of a daily, annual limit of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere for a specific facility;

    issuance of an emission permit, which indicates the limit and rate of emissions of harmful substances, its validity period. Emission limits and standards for the facility are set by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources. Their non-fulfillment or violation entails administrative or criminal liability.

The number of normative acts that regulate the sphere of nature management (including establishing the procedure for issuing relevant permits, determining the authorized bodies that issue or cancel these permits) includes the following:

    Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil”;

    Federal Law No. 96-FZ of 04.05.1999 “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”;

    Decree of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1992 No. 3314-1 “On the Procedure for Enacting the Regulations on the Procedure for Licensing the Use of Subsoil” (as amended by Federal Law No. P8-F3 of June 26, 2007);

    Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2006 No. 844 “On the procedure for preparing and making a decision on providing a water body for use”;

    Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2001 No. 31 “On Approval of the Regulations on State Control over the Protection of Atmospheric Air”;

    Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 28.11.2002 No. 847 "On the procedure for limiting, suspending or stopping emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical effects on the air";

    Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.03.2000 No. 183 “On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it”, etc.

    Control and supervision in the field of nature management is carried out by federal Service Rosprirodnadzor.

8.3. Limitation of nature use

Limits on nature use - it is a system of ecological restrictions on territories. They represent restrictions on the volumes of maximum withdrawal of natural resources that are set for enterprises using natural resources for a certain period, as well as restrictions on emissions or discharges of pollutants into the environment and disposal of production waste. These limits are set for enterprises-users of natural resources by state environmental protection authorities, taking into account the need for a phased achievement of standard volumes when using natural resources. 86

Limits, as well as licenses, are one of the effective measures for environmental protection. As well as licensing, limitation is due to the limited reserves of natural resources and the need for their rational use and reproduction.

Limitation of nature use is carried out in accordance with those areas in which nature management itself is carried out, namely: natural substance from nature; introduction of anthropogenic substances into nature. Hence, limits can be set on the maximum allowable rates of withdrawal, extraction, use of natural substances from the natural environment or on the maximum allowable rates of emissions, discharges of harmful substances into the environment, waste disposal.

Limits on the withdrawal of natural substances when using the natural environment are established and implemented under the general concept of the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. They are distributed according to certain objects:

    by lands there are norms for land acquisition for automobile and railways, airports, main pipelines, reclamation systems, gas and oil wells, fisheries enterprises, communication lines, power networks. For the above objects, the norms for land acquisition are approved by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation. In addition, the norms of the free transfer of land to the ownership of citizens for agriculture have been established and are in force, subsidiary farm, gardening, and housing construction ;

    for water bodies the water consumption limits approved by the water authorities for irrigated agriculture, livestock complexes, industrial consumption, and the operation of public utilities (water supply and sewerage) are applied;

    in the field of protection, use and reproduction of forests the main limiting indicator is the estimated cutting area, which determines the equality between the amount of annual forest growth and the amount cut down in the order of timber harvesting. There are also other limit indicators set by the forestry authorities, such as the number of citizens staying in the forest at the same time; the number of one or another population of animals on which the state of the forest depends (for example, elk eating young green shoots, wild boars destroying tree roots in search of fruits, etc.);

    in the field of protection and use of wildlife limits are being developed for shooting, catching animals, birds and fish. Limits are approved for the season, individual periods of hunting or fishing, in general for a reservoir or hunting grounds, for individuals or hunting, fishing farms.

The purpose of establishing these and similar limits is twofold - environmental and economic (collection of fees for standard and excess consumption of resources). The funds received from the resource consumption duty are used for their reproduction and rational use.

Actions to control the maximum allowable discharges, emissions, disposal of waste (harmful substances) are also a type of nature management. In this case, limiting solves environmental problems by economic incentives for the source of pollution to reduce waste (the use of environmental funds that accumulate funds received for emissions, discharges, and disposal of harmful substances).

8.4. Contractual forms in nature management

Contractual forms in nature management include:

    lease relations in the field of nature management;

    contractual relations in the market of environmental services;

    contracts for integrated nature management;

    contractual services.

The essence of these forms of contracts in nature management is to specify the rights and obligations of the land user, owner and landowner, for example, on the intended use of the land plot, the timing of the start and completion of construction work, the improvement of the territory, etc. The same functions are preserved during temporary land acquisition for different purposes.

AT last years contracts as a form of nature management are increasingly wide application and play an independent role as the economization of environmental protection, wider introduction of economic methods of regulation into environmental relations. At the same time, in the field of ecology, where the content, rather than the form of relations, plays a special role, innovative type agreements are most often used. For example, in economic relations, the parties have the right to conclude any contract in the use of natural resources, if it does not contradict the current legislation.

The most developed type of contract known to civil law is rent. In land relations, it first appeared in the field of nature management. Renting then gave way to more efficient and attractive forms such as ownership and ownership. In others, for example, in the service sector in nature management, rent is still making its way with difficulty.

bowels, waters, forests and animal world continue to remain state property under sectoral legislation. The difference is that, in contrast to the exclusive Soviet property, modern state ownership has become multi-level, i.e. property of the Federation, its subjects or municipalities.

Following the lease, which is still developing in the field of forest management, fishing and hunting, and recreation, other types of contracts are indicated. Thus, the Subsoil Law provides concessions- an agreement on the transfer to operation for a certain period of natural resources and other objects belonging to the state. There is a prospect of providing various kinds of environmental services on a contractual basis.

But, despite the fact that the contractual system persistently penetrates into the sphere of environmental relations, the contract will not occupy an independent place. As before, the basis for the emergence of a natural resource relationship will be considered a license, and the contract - a means of concretizing and fulfilling it.

The subject of lease relations in the field of nature management is the nature of the use of land, water, forest, recreational and other resources. In accordance with the contract for the lease of natural resources, one party - landlord- undertakes to transfer to the other party - tenant- for the targeted economic use of specifically defined types of natural resources (land, forest, health-improving, water, fisheries, hunting, etc.) for the period established by the contract. The tenant undertakes to pay the rent stipulated by the contract and to comply with the rules for the rational use and protection of natural resources.

In a lease agreement for natural resources, the owner or owner of natural resources acts as a lessor. Such in our country can be the Federation, its subjects, autonomous entities, cities and districts (municipalities).

A lessee in a natural resources lease agreement can be any legally capable individual or legal entity: state, cooperative, public enterprises, organizations, citizens, joint ventures, international organizations and associations, associations, peasant and collective farms, etc.

Since the contract for the lease of natural resources is not limited solely to the economic exploitation of resources, it can pursue not only economic, but also environmental, health-improving, recreational and other goals.

Despite the diversity of natural resources as objects of the contract and differences in the purposes of their use, all rights and obligations of the lessee are as follows:

    intended use of resources;

    rational use of resources;

    the implementation of measures stipulated by the contract for the protection and reproduction of the resource, the suppression of its possible depletion and destruction;

    compliance with environmental requirements;

    respect for the rights and interests of neighboring (adjacent) nature users;

    compensation for damages;

    timely payment for the use of the resource.

It should be noted that the practice of lease relations in the field of nature management tends to unanimity of the participants of the parties regarding the procedure for concluding an agreement, which in turn provides for the obligatory fulfillment of the following conditions:

    filing an application by an interested organization, a citizen, indicating the purpose of the lease of natural resources;

    studying the possibilities of using natural resources for the designated purposes (here, environmental expertise is not excluded);

    study of the applicant's possibilities to realize this Goal on the terms of the contract;

    holding a competition or auction;

    registration of an application based on the results of a tender or auction and the conclusion of an agreement.

In lease relations in the field of nature management, there has not been a rule for establishing uniform terms for the validity of contracts. So, for forest and water leases, the license validity period

is 1 year, and hunting grounds lease is concluded for a period of 2 to 5 years.

At the same time, the landlord has the right to terminate the lease agreement ahead of schedule if the tenant fails to fulfill its conditions (in particular, in case of misuse of resources, failure to take measures for their protection and rational use, violations of environmental protection requirements).

As well as objective reasons termination of the contract, for example, the withdrawal of a natural resource by decision of a state body, as a result of the liquidation of the legal entity that concluded the contract, subjective reasons are also applied in practice. The tenant is liable for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract.

The practice of lease relations in the field of nature management is only developing on a legal basis. For example, in the field of wildlife, recreation of forests and waters, there are still departmental methodological developments.

The desire to create a market for natural resources without harming the state of the environment and with the hope of its possible improvement has given rise in recent years to a whole series of innovations in the field of nature management.

In literature long time ideas are discussed environmentally friendlymarketing, the essence of which is to ensure that measures to protect the environment become an object of profit or, conversely, the profit received from the use of natural resources would simultaneously ensure the protection and reproduction of these resources.

The issue of developing the market for environmental services on the basis of broad contractual relations with the involvement of private capital and the expansion of private entrepreneurial activity is being debated.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" provides for a new type of contract in the field of nature management - treatyon integrated environmental management. Integrated nature management is one of the principles of environmental protection, and the conclusion of such an agreement is dictated by the need to implement the fundamental principles of nature management.

Under integrated nature management understand the actions for the use of one or more natural resources simultaneously, taking into account the rules of environmental protection and compliance with the requirements for the rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

Contractual obligations in the design of integrated nature management are due to the fact that almost always the use of some natural resources inevitably affects the interests of the protection and rational use of others.

For example, licenses for the development of subsoil for the purpose of extracting minerals do not yet regulate the issues of protecting land, water, and forests. And these issues should be addressed when deploying mining operations, otherwise this kind of economic activity will inevitably lead to the destruction of the natural environment. Therefore, agreements on integrated nature management eliminate this gap.

As a subject of contractual services, the concept of "environmental services" began to come into use. The list of these services includes such activities as environmental insurance, environmental legal support, the activities of environmental funds, educational and advisory work, publishing, regulation and assessment of the quality of the environment, etc.

The parties to such an agreement may be the administrative bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, acting as a customer, or state, cooperative, public, private, foreign, international natural resource users, acting as a customer, and enterprises providing environmental services, acting as contractors. .

A contractor can also be an individual individual who undertakes under a contract to perform a specific service, including giving a lecture, writing a methodological development, drafting a normative act, writing a textbook, etc.

Based on the license, the user of natural resources raises the issue of concluding an agreement with the environmental protection authorities. The Ecology Committee of the city, district, subject of the Russian Federation examines all documents characterizing the nature user's intentions to exploit the natural resource, and appoints ecological expertise.

The conclusion of contracts is carried out by the executive authorities of the city, district, subject of the Federation, depending on who owns the natural resources. The executive authority can only dispose of those resources in respect of which it exercises the powers of the owner or possessor.

The agreement imposes on the user of natural resources the responsibility for the rational use of natural resources and compliance with the requirements of environmental protection, as well as environmental safety standards. For non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract or violation of them, the user of natural resources bears responsibility and is obliged to compensate for the harm caused.

8.5. Ecological expertise of nature management projects

The purpose of environmental expertise is to assess the impact of the use of a natural resource (dumping or ejection of waste products) on the state of the environment.

Environmental impact assessment is a preventive measure to prevent harmful activities on the part of the user of natural resources. It is carried out in the form of a preliminary check of the compliance of economic decisions, activities and its results with the requirements of environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, as well as the requirements of the environmental safety of society.

However, not any preventive work on the above compliance with the requirements can be considered an environmental impact assessment. The preliminary check may take the form of a theological examination if it was carried out by a special

commission.

There are the following types of expertise:

    state ecological expertise is appointed by the authorized body of the state in the field of environmental protection. Its conclusions have the force of a subordinate document, binding. The procedure for conducting state expertise is determined by the Regulations on conducting state expertise, adopted by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1008/00 dated October 27, 2000 and Federal Law No. 174-FZ (as amended on May 8, 2009) “On Environmental Expertise” (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation 07/19/1995) ;

    departmental ecological expertise can be carried out by order of the relevant department. Its results remain valid within the relevant departmental structure, if they do not contradict the conclusions of the state environmental review;

    public ecological expertise is organized on the initiative public associations and is carried out by non-government agencies. Its conclusion is in the form

    scientific ecological expertise is carried out on the initiative scientific institutions or higher education institutions. It can be carried out on the initiative of individual scientists or research teams. Its conclusion is informational.

Environmental expertise includes the collection of information, its generalization, consideration of materials by the commission, evaluation of the materials of the expertise and drawing up a conclusion.

The basic principles of ecological expertise are formulated in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection". Despite the fact that they belong to the state expertise, they must be used in any environmental expert activity. The state ecological expertise should be based on the principles of obligation, scientific validity, independence and outside departments with wide publicity and public participation.

The principle of obligation state environmental expertise has two meanings: firstly, the obligation to conduct it in those programs, projects, facilities that are able to provide Negative influence on the environment or human health. This means that financing and implementation of work on these projects and programs can be allowed by higher authorities only after a positive conclusion of the state expertise. Secondly, the obligatory fulfillment of those instructions contained in the conclusion of the examination.

The principle of scientific validity means that the conclusions of the environmental review must be clearly reasoned, based on the provisions of environmental protection and, above all, on a scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests that ensure the priority of protecting human life and health, real guarantees of human rights to a healthy and favorable environment for life.

Ecological expertise in nature management is carried out on a legislative basis. For its implementation, the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection”, the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Ecological Expertise”, departmental instructions of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, which are mandatory for all ministries and departments, are used.

Independence environmental expertise is designed to ensure the freedom of conclusion of the environmental expert commission. It should be guided only by the facts, the scientific principles of their justification and the laws in force. Ecological expertise in nature management should defend the main provisions of environmental protection, and not the interests of a separate department or group of people.

Wide publicity about activities dangerous object, the appointment of an environmental review on it are the responsibility of state bodies for the protection of the environment. It is also obligatory for these bodies to inform the population about the ecological situation on a wide and timely basis. The availability of environmental information is also closely linked with public involvement to participate in the environmental review. The forms of such participation can be different: consideration of proposals from citizens or public associations to conduct an environmental review of a potentially hazardous facility; inclusion of representatives of the public, the press in the composition of expert commissions; familiarization of the public (population) with the results of environmental expertise; holding referendums. The legislative basis for the participation of the public and citizens in the appointment and conduct of an environmental review is laid down in the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" .

The subjects of the state environmental review should be three parties: the customer, the contractor, and the consumer.

Reserve is a state structure endowed with the right to appoint such an examination - the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and its territorial bodies, and, if necessary, the executive authorities of the Russian Federation or its subjects. Contractor is the executor of the assignment for environmental expertise. The examination is carried out by a commission consisting of experts selected and appointed by the competent authority.

consumer in this system of social relations, an enterprise or organization is the owner of the object that has become the subject of expert analysis.

The objects of environmental expertise can be documents reflecting the course of previous economic activities that have a negative impact on the natural environment, the above-mentioned activity itself and its products.

A detailed list of industrial facilities subject to state expertise has been established in a special order.

Environmental substantiations of licenses and certificates, projects of normative technical and instructive-methodical documentation in terms of environmental protection and the use of natural resources are also subject to mandatory state expertise.

All environmentally hazardous types of economic activity that require special attention, special studies, additional scientific and design work. Among them: nuclear industry; energy; metallurgy; petrochemistry; oil and gas processing; chemical industry; mining; transportation of oil and gas, products of their processing; production of pulp, paper and cardboard; production, storage, transportation and disposal of ammunition, explosives and rocket fuel; transportation, storage, disposal, burial of toxic and poisonous waste; livestock complexes; poultry farms; ameliorative systems; large warehouses for the storage of petroleum, chemical products, pesticides and pesticides.

In the standards for new technology, technology, materials, substances, manufactured consumer products, environmental requirements are established in order to prevent harm to the environment, health and human genetic fund. Checking the compliance of these objects with environmental requirements is the task of environmental expertise.

A special object of environmental expertise is a person, his life and health in relation to the natural environment. Such an examination is called ecological and sanitary. Its task is to establish a causal relationship between the state of human health (with its changes) and the harmful effects of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activities. Conducting an environmental and sanitary examination is of fundamental importance for resolving the issue of compensation for harm to the health of citizens from the adverse effects of the environment.

Close to her environmental regulatory examination, the task of which is to investigate compliance with environmental safety requirements with environmental quality standards, maximum permissible concentrations, emissions and discharges of harmful substances, maximum permissible levels of radiation exposure, exposure to noise, vibration, magnetic fields. In the process of such an examination, the compliance with the norm of environmental quality indicators in terms of human health and the protection of its genetic fund is checked.

Takes on its own importance environmental and legal expertise. Its object is laws, decrees, government resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adopted by them within the assigned competence.

The subjects of the Federation in the regulations adopted by them have the right to establish their own types of objects of environmental expertise, due to the specifics of local conditions.

The use of natural resources always affects economic relations.

Knowledge of these relations, as well as the rights to nature management in its various forms, allows not only to increase the efficiency of enterprises, but also to reduce the harm caused to the natural environment.

Questions and tasks for self-control of the level of knowledge on topic 8

    Specify the forms of nature management.

    How is the procedure for licensing certain types of nature management implemented?

    Indicate the actual problems of nature management regulation.

    What are the forms of nature management?

    What are the main responsibilities of natural resource users and landlords?

    How is the market for environmental services being formed in Russia?

    What are the main requirements for the rational use of natural resources.

    List and justify the main principles in the state environmental review.

    List the types of licenses in nature management.

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

General information…………………………………………………………………...4

Types and types of nature management…………………………………………………6

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….13

List of used sources……………………………………………... 14

Introduction

The relevance of the problems of modern nature management is due to the interest of society in the conservation High Quality natural environment, wider and more rational use of natural resources. great attention, which is now being paid to the issues of rational nature management, is confirmed by the appearance of a special section in the report of the Government of the Russian Federation "State Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation" for the conference in Johannesburg (2002) and the inclusion of nature management in the list of priority scientific areas for the coming years.

The purpose of the abstract is to consider such a science as nature management. Main tasks: to identify types and types of nature management.

General information

For many millennia, humanity has used a variety of natural resources to meet its needs without disturbing the natural evolutionary processes in the biosphere. Scientific and technological revolution of the XX century. caused radical changes in energy-material flows in the "nature-society" system, which manifested themselves in significant anthropogenic changes natural landscapes and development of socio-ecological crises. So, at present, about 15% of the territory of Russia belong to areas with unfavorable environmental conditions. This area exceeds the territory of Western and Central Europe and destabilizes global processes in the biosphere.

Nature management as a special type of activity is carried out in order to:

Using the energies of the natural environment;

Alienation of renewable and non-renewable natural resources

Creation of means of production and human life support from natural materials;

Disposal of production and life waste in the environment;

Arrangement of the natural environment in order to create favorable conditions for the existence and development of man;

Organization of the natural environment for the purpose of its sustainable development;

Manage all of the above.

By the middle of the XX century. the urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between the economic and natural systems in the process of consumption or exploitation of certain natural resources, i.e., in the process of nature management, became obvious. The results of such an analysis are required for the ecological, economic and social optimization of environmental management systems, which ideally should become sustainable natural resources. Such nature management, along with other factors, ensures sustainable development. Synthesis of the results of research in the natural and human sciences, aimed at planning and optimizing various types of nature management, implements a new direction of science that originated in last quarter XX century. - rational environmental management. The object of study of this science is the process of interaction between natural and economic systems, which predetermines the need for a synthesis of geographical, economic, environmental, social knowledge characterizing this process.

Nature management, being a synthetic science, is based on geographical knowledge. This is explained by the fact that geography studies both natural and socio-economic territorial systems and the relationships between them. The study of the spatial patterns of the functioning of natural and socio-economic systems in the framework of geographical research is Starting point all research in the field of nature management. It is the geographers V. A. Anuchin, I. P. Gerasimov, K. K. Markov, V. S. Preobrazhensky, as well as the ecologist N. F. theoretical foundations this new scientific direction, which combine the doctrine of the principles and methods of using natural resources and conditions, including the analysis of human impact on the natural environment, measures for its restoration and conservation. The term "natural resource management" in the middle of the XX century. was introduced by Yu. N. Kurazhkovsky (1958), who called the use of natural resources by people for economy and health care, but only after the publication of the book of this author "Essays on nature management" in 1969, this term began to be widely used.

The main goal of nature management as a scientific direction is to find and develop ways to optimize the relationship between society and nature, which should contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for human life and economic activity. This is especially true for modern Russia, which faces the task of transitioning to sustainable development. Over a long period, the extensive development of the country's economy, the departmental (monopoly) nature of the use of natural resources, their inadequate economic assessment formed a system of environmental management that does not meet the criteria for sustainable development. The natural resource potential of Russia, i.e., that part of natural resources that can be involved in economic activity with the existing technical and socio-economic capabilities of society, provided that normal conditions of human life are maintained, is used irrationally. The further civilized use of Russia's natural resources is an important socio-economic and environmental task, the solution of which is directly aimed at preserving nature as the basis of life on our planet.

Types and types of nature management

Nature management is divided into:

1.rational;

2.irrational.

With rational nature management, the fullest possible satisfaction of the needs for material goods is carried out while maintaining the ecological balance and the possibilities of restoring the natural resource potential. The search for such an optimum of economic activity for a particular territory or object is an important applied task of the science of nature management. Achieving this optimum is called "sustainable development".

With irrational nature management, the ecological degradation of the territory and the irreversible exhaustion of the natural resource potential occur.

Natural resources are the bodies and forces of nature that are used by man to maintain his existence. These include sunlight, water, air, soil, plants, animals, minerals and everything else that is not created by man, but without which he cannot exist, either as a living being or as a producer.

They are used as:

    • direct commodities (drinking water, oxygen
    • air, wild edible and medicinal plants, fish, etc.);
    • means of labor, with the help of which social
    • production (land, waterways and etc.);
    • energy sources (hydropower, reserves fossil fuels,
    • wind energy, etc.).

In addition, natural resources are used for recreation, health improvement and other purposes.

Classification of natural resources according to the following criteria:

1. according to their use:

    • production (agricultural and industrial);
    • healthcare (recreational);
    • aesthetic;
    • scientific.

2. by belonging to the components of nature:

    • land;
    • water,
    • mineral,
    • animal and plant world.

3. by substitutability:

    • replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced
    • wind, solar energy);
    • essential (breathing oxygen or fresh water for drinking replace
    • nothing);

4. by exhaustibility:

    • exhaustible;
    • inexhaustible.

The division on the basis of use is very conditional, since the same resource, for example, water in a lake, can be used for both industrial, agricultural and recreational purposes, or have a great aesthetic value.

Of great interest to science is the division of natural resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Inexhaustible resources include sunlight, atmospheric air, water, wind energy, falling water, etc. However, not only the quantity is important, but also the quality of these resources: for example, not water in general, but water suitable for drinking; not air in general, but breathable air, and so on.

Thus, a part of even quantitatively inexhaustible resources may become unusable due to a change in its quality under the influence of human activity.

Exhaustible natural resources are divided into renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable.

Non-renewable resources are resources that are not restored at all or are restored many times slower than used by man. These include minerals found in the bowels of the earth. The use of these resources leads to their exhaustion. The main economic task is to regulate the use of this type of resource over time.

Relatively renewable natural resources include soil and natural resources that have the ability to self-renewal, but this process takes place over decades and even centuries.

Renewable resources are resources that can be restored through reproduction or other natural cycles (eg, precipitation) in a time period commensurate with the time of their consumption. These include vegetation, wildlife and some mineral resources that are deposited on the bottom of lakes and sea lagoons.

A man armed with technology and striving for maximum consumption has become the most dangerous living creature on planet Earth. He not only destroys other species of animals and plants, but also invents more and more destructive weapons. mass destruction, including nuclear, bacteriological, chemical, tectonic, climatic, etc.

The need to change the behavior of mankind leads to the emergence of a new "ecological" style of thinking and the greening of the entire knowledge system. Ecology is being introduced not only into the natural sciences or technical disciplines, but also into the humanities.

Ecologization of the economy has led to the formation of several new areas of study corresponding to different stages of the process of nature management.

Thus, there is an economics of natural resources that studies the problems effective use natural resources under conditions various types economies and various natural and climatic zones of the Earth. This area studies the economics of the first stage of the process of nature management - the stage of extraction and processing of natural resources.

The second area - the economics of pollution (the economics of waste disposal), explores the processes of using such a special natural resource as the assimilation (absorbing) potential of nature. It is important how much pollution causes minimal damage to nature and what economic mechanisms can be used to optimally use its absorbing potential. Research in the field of the economics of pollution deals with the second stage of environmental management - the disposal of production waste.

The third area of ​​research - the economics of prenatal restoration and environmental protection - studies the economic features of the third stage of nature management, associated with the restoration and protection of natural resources.

The purpose of nature management: the implementation of a comprehensive impact on the environment in order to gradually increase the efficiency of social production, meet the needs of the population.

The main tasks of nature management are:

1) meeting the growing needs of society in natural resources;

2) creating conditions for the expanded reproduction of natural resources, increasing the productivity of the natural environment;

3) saving social labor by increasing the efficiency of resource use;

4) rational economical use of non-renewable natural resources;

5) targeted transformation of landscapes.

The most important principles of rational nature management:

1) compliance of the nature and methods of using natural resources with specific local conditions;

2) anticipation and maximum possible prevention of negative consequences of nature management;

Description of work

The relevance of the problems of modern nature management is due to the interest of society in maintaining the high quality of the natural environment, wider and more rational use of natural resources. Much attention now paid to the issues of rational environmental management is confirmed by the appearance of a special section in the report of the Government of the Russian Federation "State Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation" for the conference in Johannesburg (2002) and the inclusion of environmental management in the list of priority scientific areas for the coming years.

Under nature management is understood the possibility of using by a person the beneficial properties of the natural environment - environmental, economic, cultural and health. Hence, the content of nature management includes its three forms: economic, ecological and cultural and health-improving (recreational).

The economic form of interaction between society and nature arises in the process of man using nature to satisfy his material and spiritual needs. The use of natural resources in the economic interests of society is the core of the economic form of interaction between society and nature.

The ecological form arises in the process of society's activities for the protection of the natural environment. As part of ecological form interaction of society and nature, two types of this form of activity are distinguished:

  • - reserved protection, i.e. creation and implementation of norms of legislation on protected nature protection, carrying out activities in this area;
  • - improvement of the environment, i.e., carrying out various activities in this area.

The activities of the society for the protection of nature arose as a result of the economic activity of the society. Pollution of the natural environment with production wastes that are harmful to human health and pose a danger, as well as the depletion of natural resources and the destruction of ecological ties, have given rise to the need to organize nature protection. Initially, activities for the protection of nature were in the nature of measures for the protection of natural monuments, but subsequently, as the consumption of natural resources grew, the growth of productive forces and harmful influence production on the environment, activities for the protection of nature began to bear the character of the rational use of natural resources.

The rational use of natural resources, in contrast to consumption, is a conscious form of social and state activities aimed at the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. Environmental protection includes a complex of both economic and administrative measures subordinated to the task of environmental protection.

Recreational nature management has three main functions: social, economic and environmental. The social function of recreational nature management is satisfaction specific needs of the population in recreation, health improvement, communication with nature, which contributes to the strengthening of the physical and mental health of society. The economic function is mainly to restore the labor force. Thanks to recreation, working capacity increases, the working time fund increases, which contributes to the growth of labor productivity. To economic function also belong to the expansion of the scope of labor and the accelerated development of social and industrial infrastructure in areas of intensive recreational nature management. The environmental function is to prevent the degradation of natural recreational complexes under the influence of anthropogenic activities, including recreational.

Methodologically, recreational nature management should be considered as a unity of such processes as organizing recreation of the population using natural resources and conditions, predicting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of recreational activities, meeting the needs of the population in natural recreational resources and restoring the workforce.

As a rule, in the territorial production complex, its defining and primary element is the production structure. The non-productive sphere provides the conditions for the existence and functioning of the production one and is, as it were, secondary. Only in cases where the region has a recreational specialization, the non-productive sphere becomes the primary factor that determines the conditions for the development of the industrial sector. In this case, there is a need to create new forms of cooperation between enterprises and organizations within a single territorial complex in order to maximize and effectively provide recreational services.

One of them is the territorial-recreational complex (TRC). It is characterized by a single territory, which has a significant recreational potential, a set of recreational institutions, with close industrial relations, unity organizational forms management, ensuring the efficient use of natural recreational resources and socio-economic conditions prevailing in the area.

Forms of nature management are carried out in two types: general and special nature management.

General nature management does not require special permission. It is carried out by citizens on the basis of their natural (humanitarian) rights that exist and arise as a result of birth and existence (use of water, air, etc.).

Special nature management is carried out by individuals and legal entities on the basis of the permission of authorized state bodies. It has a target character and is subdivided into land use, subsoil use, forest use, water use, use of wildlife (wild animals and birds, fish stocks), use of atmospheric air according to the types of objects used. Special nature management is associated with the consumption of natural resources. In this part, it correlates through legal regulation with the sectoral natural resource legislation of the Russian Federation: the Land Code, the Fundamentals of Forest Legislation, the Subsoil Law, the Water Code, the Law on the Use and Protection of Wildlife, the Law on the Protection of Atmospheric Air.

The use of natural resources also refers to the totality various forms impact on natural resource potential- from its exploitation to conservation and restoration measures. With rational environmental management the involvement of natural resources in the sphere of human activity makes it possible to meet the needs of not only present, but also future generations. This can only be achieved through an integrated, cost-effective use of resources in compliance with the requirements of nature protection.

Irrational nature management leads to the deterioration of the natural environment, which is accompanied by the phenomena of pollution, depletion and degradation natural systems, violation of the ecological balance, destruction of biocenoses. In this case, there is a complete or partial loss of the functions of the natural environment, its economic, cultural and recreational potential. The challenges faced by environmentalists are:

  • - development of the basic principles of interaction between production and non-production human activities with the environment;
  • - optimization of the relationship between the natural resource base and the socio-economic development of society;
  • - search for management methods that take into account the natural balance of the environment and improve the natural potential;
  • - development unified system environmental legislation, standards and regulatory environmental requirements for economic activity and the state of the environment;
  • - creation of new legislative economic relations in society, allowing for the restructuring of the national economy on the basis of resources and energy conservation, the introduction of more advanced environmentally friendly equipment and technologies;
  • - transition to international environmental quality standards, technological processes and manufactured products, ensuring the inclusion of the Russian Federation in the system of international economic cooperation;
  • - formation effective system bodies of state and regional management in the field of ecology and nature management, designed to implement a unified state environmental policy countries.

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