The Sovereign of All Russia, the twelve-year-old Tsar Peter II, upon his accession to the throne, immediately, long before the official coronation, ordered his subjects that in letters addressed to him and requests addressed to him, the “lowest slave” be placed before the signature of the bearer. no more and

Races Australian (Australoid) Asian-American (Mongoloid) American American Arctic Armenoid Atlanto-Baltic Balkan-Caucasian White Sea-Baltic Bushman Veddoid Grimaldian Far Eastern Eurasian

Which birds never land on the ground? These tiny, butterfly-sized birds are called hummingbirds. Hummingbirds are most commonly found in North America, where they are referred to as the "flying gem". This name is very suitable for these unusual birds, since

I have questions, why are there only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that match their area of ​​residence?

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First of all, we will examine the map of the settlement of the "Modern races of the world." In this analysis, we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how humanity appeared and its development proceeded, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma, be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter "A" on the map are the races that, according to the data contemporary research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter "Negroid race" or "Negroids");
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter "Australoid race" or "Australoids");
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as "Caucasoids");
Mongoloid races (hereinafter "Mongoloids").

2. Analysis of the modern mutual settlement of races.

Extremely interesting is the modern mutual settlement of the four main races.

Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the "suppliers" of the culture of the Stone Age - in South Africa there are still such areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton, Wilton) of the late Stone Age, common in South and East Africa. In some areas, it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, earthenware, beads from the shell of ostrich eggs; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, of course, indicates the fact that the origin of the Negroid race was originally in that part of Africa, which is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we do not consider the later “migrations” of the Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is an effect that is completely insignificant in the lengthy historical process in terms of time.

The Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, which is located integrally in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in the territory of India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so sparsely populated australoid races oh, that they can be neglected when inducing estimates of the entire focus of the distribution of the Australoid race. This focus, quite reasonably, can be considered the northern part of Australia. It should be noted here that the Australoids, as well as the Negroids, for reasons unknown to today's science, are located exclusively within the same common range. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the impact of Caucasoids are mainly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, in the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean Seas, in northern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should dwell on the consideration of the area of ​​​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

First, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in both Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in a not so distant historical time. The last “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the very history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of mankind in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in terms of the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, under the “territory of distribution of Caucasoids” we will understand only its Eurasian part and northern Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race reached the highest among existing races the flourishing of culture, science, art, etc. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasoid race was passed in the vast majority of areas 30 - 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature are made precisely by the Caucasoid race. You can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let's be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and they use, we must pay tribute - with success, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

The Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located integrally in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, to this day there are cultures of the Stone Age.
3. On the application of the laws of Organisms

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the settlement of races is that the areas of settlement of races do not mutually intersect in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although on mutual borders the adjoining races give the product of their intersection, called "transitional races", the formation of such mixtures is classified according to time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

To a large extent, this process of interpenetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply to the description of races and peoples the laws of Organisms, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with equal ease and accuracy, both with materials and with peoples and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to the law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: "Everything moves."

Namely, not a single race (now we will not discuss the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain without movement in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to work out the laws of motion of populations of organisms (nations).
4. Laws of motion of a population of organisms
Any people, any race, as, indeed, not only real, but also mythical (disappeared civilizations), always has a point of its origin, different from the one considered and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its population and its certain range, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors that describe:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such resettlement (one dimension);
…n. the values ​​of the mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; this includes both the numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious, and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account careful consideration of the map modern settlement races we can make the following observations.

First, even at the present historical time, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in terms of their distribution areas. Recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids of both Americas. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central "points" (regions) of the ancient racial regions remain quite "pure" in composition at the present time. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs exclusively only on the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixing of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, has mixtures with both Negroids and Mongoloids just at the points of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of the settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5 ° S, 20 ° E;

Caucasoid point - with. Batumi, extreme eastern point the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point - ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58°N, 126°E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E

Moreover, the points are also equidistant (and approximately at the same distance) central regions settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents.

An interesting fact is: if all four central points of the settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, then a line will be obtained that resembles a constellation bucket " Big Dipper”, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the areas of settlement of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

It does not seem legitimate and substantiated a possible theory that suggests the birth and resettlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual averaging of the races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when in cold water pour in some hot water. We understand that after some finite and quite estimated time hot water mixed with cold, and there will be an averaging of temperature. After that, the water will generally become somewhat warmer than cold before mixing, and somewhat colder than hot before mixing.

The situation is the same with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, form mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If four races were formed from one center, then we would not observe mixing now. Since in order for four entities to form from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersal, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And mutual cross-breeding, which is now taking place, is a clear proof of the reverse process - mutual diffusion four races. An inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some point in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, it is precisely the process of historical mixing of races that should be considered as a completely objective and normal process.

And this means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. The question of the force that could be engaged in such a process, we will leave open for the time being.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the very map of the distribution of races. As we have previously revealed, there are four conditional points of the initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by a strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

in the first place, each frontier of mutual contact of races serves only as a division between two races, and nowhere as a division between three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared with the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads to different sides.

Obviously, the races, each in its own way, but general form The settlement of races was quite the same - from the so-called distribution point of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the borders of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the ranges of races fully falls under the definition of the concept of "organismic center of organization", when there are patterns that describe such a spread of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself that there are four separate centers of origin of four different - ancient - races located on equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of "seeding" races are chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such a "seeding", we would come to the same variant. Therefore, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different regions of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of the races was artificial.

Row random coincidences in the distances and equidistance of the races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organismics says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse causal direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the causal relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate as follows: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value, can only be called a manifestation of intellect. In order for the distances to match, it is necessary to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “wonderful” distance between the points of origin of races, revealed by us, for some strange and inexplicable reason, is equal to the radius of the planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four seeding points of the races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we will get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Why in a seemingly chaotic world, clear geometric shapes?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

On the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's start the consideration of mutually pairwise settlement of races with a pair of Negroids-Caucasoids. Firstly, Negroids do not come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and the Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by the abundant distribution of lifeless deserts. That is, initially, the location of the Negroids relative to the Caucasians provided that these two races would have the least contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in part of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

In a pair of Caucasians-Mongoloids, there are also similar features. The same distance between the conditional centers of the formation of races is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is extremely frosty northern regions and Mongolian deserts.

The pair of Mongoloids-Australoids also provides for the maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6000 kilometers apart from each other.

Only in recent decades with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races became not only possible, but also assumed a mass character.

Naturally, in the course of our research, these conclusions may be subject to revision.
Final conclusion:

Everything shows that there were four points of sowing races. They are equidistant both between themselves and from the center of the planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before that the races were isolated. If there was an intent in the initial settlement of the races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they are as much as possible long time did not come into contact with each other.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem - which race will better adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

Human Origins. The most important stage in development geographical envelope The earth was the emergence of man. Bee humanity belongs to species Homo sapiens (reasonable man), a member of the family of hominids, order of primates, class of mammals. Other members of the hominin family are the ancestors of modern humans and are known only in the fossil state. The closest relatives of man in the animal world are modern great apes.
The order of primates, according to the most common point of view, includes three suborders - lemur-like (lemurs), tarsier-like (tarsiers) and human-like, that is, all higher and lower, monkeys and humans. The most ancient representatives of primates - lemurs and tarsiers - appeared in the fauna of the globe already in the first half of the Paleogene and widely settled on its surface. At the end of the Paleogene, monkeys began to appear on the continents of the Old World, and already in the Oligocene deposits the remains of higher narrow-nosed monkeys were found, from which the ancestors of modern man, the hominids, as well as the ancestors of modern anthropoid apes, anthropomorphic monkeys, subsequently emerged.
On the continents of the New World, monkeys also appeared in the Paleogene, but there they were represented by a special branch of humanoids - the lower broad-nosed monkeys. The narrow-nosed apes as a whole, and hence the great apes, are absent from both the fossil and modern fauna of America.
The fauna of Australia lacked not only all primates, but almost all higher mammals in general.
Particularly widespread and great variety great apes reached in the Miocene and Pliocene, and the area of ​​\u200b\u200btheir settlement covered Europe, a significant part of Africa and western Asia up to North India. Obviously, most of they were led by an arboreal way of life, like all other primates, but it is possible that even then certain types of monkeys living on earth appeared.
At the beginning of the Quaternary period, anthropoid apes were still very widespread, and in the structure of some of them there is a great similarity with humans and with modern anthropomorphic apes.
In the open, treeless expanses of South Africa, upright, bipedal monkeys apparently lived, which were distinguished by a particularly great resemblance to modern man. These fossil African apes, who lived in herds, are united in the Australopithecus subfamily. Their essential features were upright posture, the presence of pelvic bones, hips and the arrangement of teeth, very much reminiscent of human ones. Australopithecus can be considered the ancestors of hominids, and therefore of modern humans.
Transition certain groups anthropoid apes from an arboreal lifestyle to a terrestrial existence and bipedal walking contributed to the liberation of the forelimbs and the expansion of their functions, i.e. the appearance of hands and the transition to upright walking, as well as the herd lifestyle of our ancestors, creating the possibility collective defense and mutual support. In the process of the struggle for existence, Australopithecus developed the beginnings of labor activity, which in turn led to the development and improvement of the whole organism of our ancestors.
It was labor, as was proved by F. Engels in his famous work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man”, that was the main driving force evolution from apes to humans. In the process of labor and close communication of our ancestors with each other, the most important means of communication appeared - speech, with the development of which the brain and consciousness improved.
The transition of human ancestors to the manufacture of tools, i.e., to conscious labor activity, contributes to the transformation of the primitive herd of anthropoid apes into human society, the development of which takes place in the future not only according to biological laws, but also according to new, social laws.
The appearance of the first hominids - the oldest people or ape-people (proto- or archanthropes) - should be attributed to the very beginning of the Pleistocene (or the very end of the Neogene, according to other classifications). Findings of bone remains on the island of Java (Pithecanthropus), in northern China (Synanthropus), near Heidelberg in Germany (Heidelberg man), etc. refer to different stages of development of archanthropes and indicate their very wide distribution across the continents of the Old World from the river basin Huang He to the islands of the Malay Archipelago and from Western Europe to South Africa.
In many structural features, the most ancient people were still very close to anthropomorphic monkeys, but at the same time they were much closer to modern man than their ancestors, the Australopithecus. There is evidence that the earliest people used fire, although they did not know how to produce it.
The next stage of human evolution were ancient people (paleoanthropes), or, as they were originally called, Neanderthals (after the Neandertal valley near Düsseldorf, where the bone remains of human ancestors of this stage of development were first found).
Neanderthals lived between 200-300 millennia and 40-50 millennia BC, i.e., in the first half of the Pleistocene (the Lower Paleolithic era). They were widely distributed throughout Eurasia and Africa. Their bone remains were found on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in the Crimea, on the island of Java, in Palestine, in the area of ​​Lake. Victoria in Africa.
Neanderthals made tools not only from stone, but also from bone, knew how to make fire artificially, lived in caves, and obtained food by gathering and hunting. Time greatest flourishing Neanderthals coincides with the time of maximum glaciation, so the climate of most of the inhabited area was harsh, the animal world included a mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear and other large animals, the fight against which was difficult and dangerous.
In the course of work and mutual communication there was a development of articulate speech, which in turn contributed to the rapid improvement of the brain. “First work, and then articulate speech along with it, were the two most important stimuli, under the influence of which the brain of a monkey gradually turned into a human brain ...”. The development of the brain and brain activity entailed the improvement of methods for obtaining food and protection from enemies, as well as the change and improvement of the entire organism of ancient man. The Neanderthals were replaced by modern humans. By the name of the village of Cro-Magnon (Central Massif of France), where the main finds of fossil people of the modern type were discovered, they are often called Cro-Magnons. Currently, the term "neoanthrope" has become widespread.
The first finds of bone remains of modern humans date back to the beginning of the 19th century. in Western Europe. These remains, found in the deposits of the end of the Ice Age (Pleistocene) on the border between the Lower and Upper Paleolithic, testify to the high development of the Cro-Magnons, to significant differences in their structure from the Paleoanthropes and almost complete similarity with modern people. At the same time, it should be noted that people of the neoanthrope stage who lived in different areas of the globe, had fairly pronounced racial differences.
Ancestral home of man. polycentrism and monocentrism. At present, most anthropologists recognize that humanity belongs to one biological species and its origin from one species of animal ancestors.
He also causes controversy and the fact that a person could appear only on the continents of the Old World.
Neither America nor Australia, which did not have the closest relatives and ancestors of man in their animal world, could be the ancestral home of mankind. Also excluded is the north of Eurasia, which was covered with continental ice just in the period during which the formation of a modern type of man took place. Consequently, the areas of human origin could only be located in southern half Eurasia or Africa.
However, there is still no consensus on the question of whether this entire territory was the scene of the emergence of man through the gradual evolution of all groups settled over it, or whether man arose from any one group of paleoanthropes, within a limited area.
The first theory - the theory of polycentrism - is popular in the West and is also supported by some Soviet anthropologists. The majority Soviet researchers belongs to the number of supporters of monocentrism, i.e., the theory of the emergence of man within one limited area. The location of this area is still controversial. Many data give reason to believe that it was located in the southern half of Africa. However, there are suggestions in favor of Central and South Asia.
human races. Within a single biological species to which all mankind belongs, there are pronounced physical differences.
People inhabiting different regions of the globe differ from each other in the color of their skin, hair and eyes, in the features of the structure of the skull, soft parts face and many other physical traits that are inherited and called racial traits. Historically formed groups of people united by a common origin, expressed in a common hereditary traits body structures are called human races.
The formation of racial differences took place at the early stages of the formation and development of man under the influence of various environmental conditions and isolation large groups people from each other. The beginning of the formation of modern races dates back to the Upper Paleolithic. Findings of bone remains of people of a modern species in the deposits of that time in different parts of the globe indicate the existence of pronounced physical differences among them.
In the course of the development of human society, large groups of people spread throughout the globe and adapted to natural conditions. At present, racial traits have lost their adaptive significance and have survived only as hereditary traits. It is customary to distinguish three main, so-called large races: Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Equatorial, or Negro-Australoid.
The characteristic features of the Mongoloid race are the yellowish skin color (therefore they used to say the “yellow” race), black straight hard hair, protruding cheekbones, and a somewhat oblique slit of the eyes. The upper eyelid of many Mongoloids extends beyond the lower, forming a special fold (epicanthus) that protects the eyes from strong wind and dust. This sign developed among the Mongoloids because this race was formed in the desert and steppe regions of Asia with a dry climate, strong winds and dusty air.
For most representatives of the Caucasoid ("white") race, whitish skin is characteristic. Ho people living in warmer countries, the skin is swarthy. The hair is light, dark and even black, straight or wavy, the nose is straight, the face is narrow.
A characteristic feature of people of the equatorial race is a dark (sometimes almost black) skin color. On this basis, earlier this race was called "black". Dark color skin depends on the content of a special coloring matter in it - melanin, which weakens the effect of sunlight (especially ultraviolet) rays on the human body. The equatorial race was formed in the hottest regions of the globe, located close to the equator. In addition to dark skin, representatives of the equatorial race are characterized by black wavy or curly hair, a wide nose, and thick lips.
Branches are distinguished within the large races, and within them so-called small races.
Part of the Mongoloids 25-30 thousand years ago moved through the northeast of Asia to America, forming the American branch, which, in a number of physical features, is close to the Caucasoid race.
Within the Asian branch of the Mongoloid race, in turn, a number of small races stand out: Northern Mongoloids, Eastern Mongoloids, etc.
Big equatorial race in the process of its formation, it was divided into two branches - oceanic and African. Races are distinguished in each branch: in the Oceanian - Australian, Vedoid, Melanesian, etc.; in African - Negro, Bushman-Hotentot and Negril.
The large Caucasoid race is also subdivided into two branches - northern and southern.
In the process of development of human society and its settlement on the continents, geographical isolation gradually disappeared. individual groups people, the communication of races increased. As a result of this, a process of mixing of races took place, the result of which are transitional and mixed anthropological types.
In modern racial classifications, mixed forms of ancient origin are distinguished, then mixed forms formed in the Middle Ages and modern times.
The first category of transitional and mixed race formed at an early stage human history mainly as a result of contacts between big races. This category includes, for example, the Dravidian race, formed as a result of contacts between Caucasoids and Australoids, the Ethiopian race - in the area of ​​​​contacts between Negroids and Caucasoids, etc.
In the Middle Ages, some anthropological types of Asia were formed (for example, Central Asian, South Siberian), Africa (Sudanese), etc.
The mixed types of modern times include the mestizo population, which was formed as a result of the settlement of representatives of Caucasians on the continents of the Western Hemisphere. These mixed types include the mestizos and mulattoes of North and South America, the "colored" population of South Africa, and some others.
At the present time, not all peoples can be fully attributed by their physical type to any one large race. In the composition of one nation, you can meet representatives of various races and anthropological types, and some physical types only with with great difficulty can be attributed to one race or another.
Equivalence of races and criticism of racism. Detailed study features of the physical structure of a person in general and the features of the structure of representatives of various human races confirms the fact that all mankind belongs to one biological species and its occurrence in one center. According to the main, most significant features of the structure of the body, all races of man are very close to each other and in the same degree significantly different from their original form - anthropomorphic monkey. Similar features common to all representatives of the Homo sapiens species are, firstly, those that provide upright posture - the length of the foot in relation to the length of the thigh, the structure of the foot, the structure of the muscles of the legs, etc. Further, the structure belongs to the category of similar features hands, larynx and brain. All of the listed signs of body structure are associated with social labor activity people and are the most essential features of man, distinguishing him from his ape-like ancestor and apes.
In addition, all human races similar to each other in many other, less significant features. All this points to the same level of development of all races, to their biological equivalence and to the same adaptation to labor activity.
The differences that exist between races (color of the skin, hair and eyes, hair shape, height, structure of the skull and soft parts of the face, etc.) belong to minor, insignificant features of a person and do not enter into the category of signs that distinguish a person from monkeys. Therefore, belonging to one or another race cannot be considered as evidence of a more or less high level of development, more or less closeness to the ape-like ancestor of man. It has also been established that all races also have features similar to monkeys, and that these features are more or less evenly distributed among all races. All of these data serve as a refutation pseudoscientific theories about the inequality of races and the superiority of some races over others, propagated by some representatives of bourgeois science. In an effort to justify the imperialist policy of oppression of some peoples by others, reactionary bourgeois scientists preach the biological superiority of the "higher" (Caucasoid) race over the "lower" (Mongoloid and Equatorial). Proclaiming the thesis about the "inferiority" of the equatorial and Mongoloid races, about the inability of the peoples belonging to these races to independent comprehensive development, they point to the supposedly great biological proximity of these races to monkeys, and also argue that different races descended from different ancestors. It is characteristic that at present there are almost no supporters of racism among bourgeois anthropologists.
Soviet science stands on the point of view that all human races are equally capable of progress and that the inequality in the level of development of different peoples that exists to this day is due to the uneven development of human society and does not in the least depend on the racial affiliation of this or that people. . The backwardness of many peoples of Asia and Africa is explained by their difficult colonial past.
Language. Racial characteristics, although they are a consequence public history, in modern society are only of secondary importance.
the most important distinctive feature Man in comparison with animals is the language - the main means of communication between people. "Being brought to life by the needs of people's communication in the process of labor, language arises and develops along with thinking, penetrating into all aspects of the activity of human society."
The similarity of the language is the most important condition for the formation of tribes, nationalities, nations, i.e. those ethnic communities into which the modern population of the Earth is subdivided.
By common origin from one language, the main modern languages are combined into groups, and related groups - into linguistic families. At the same time, the linguistic kinship of peoples does not reveal organic connection with the division of mankind into races, although in some cases there is a coincidence of the distribution areas of some racial types and certain language families and groups.
Due to the fact that language is of great all-round importance in the formation of ethnic communities, the modern classification of the peoples of the world in Soviet enthography is based on linguistic, i.e. linguistic, belonging, and all peoples are united into families and groups corresponding to linguistic families and groups.
The most common are the 10 languages ​​of the world, which are spoken by almost 60% of all mankind: Chinese (690 million people), English (270 million people), Russian (150 million people), Spanish (150 million people). ), Hindi and Urdu (150-180 million people), Japanese (95 million people), German (90 million people), Arabic (85 million people), Portuguese (85 million people) , French (60 million people).
Number, distribution and population density. As of the beginning of 1965, approximately 3,200 million people live on the globe. Throughout human history, not only the population has changed, but also the rate of its growth.
According to available scientific data, at the beginning of the Neolithic (10-15 thousand years ago), only a few million people lived on the globe and the population increased very slowly. By the beginning of our era, the population of the Earth was approximately 200 million people, in 1000 - 300 million people.
With the growth of productive forces and the decrease in the dependence of human society on nature, the rate of population growth increased more and more. In 1500, the world's population was already about 500 million people, in 1800 - more than 900 million, and by the beginning of the 20th century. - more than 1600 million people. Over the past century and a half, the rate of population growth, despite devastating wars, has been particularly rapid. To date, compared with 1900, the world population has doubled. Recently, the world's population has been increasing by an average of 60 million a year.
The rapid increase in the rate of population growth is associated with the development of productive forces, economic and cultural progress, first of all in Europe, and then in other parts of the world. The development of health care and the fight against epidemics have led to a sharp reduction in mortality, first in Europe, and in recent decades in developing countries Asia and Africa. While maintaining a high birth rate, especially characteristic of the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, population growth rates are continuously increasing, and, according to the calculations of the UN Demographic Service, the world population by the year 2000 should exceed 6 billion people.
English reactionary economist Malthus ( early XIX c.) argued that the population of the world tends to grow faster than the means of subsistence, and that this must inevitably lead to an absolute overpopulation of the world. Some modern bourgeois followers of Malthus are trying to prove that the rapid growth of the population, supposedly obeying only biological laws, is the main cause of the plight of working people, especially economically. backward countries, and will inevitably lead to a shortage of means of consumption to provide for the population of the whole world. By this they, by the way, seek to justify imperialist wars that reduce population growth. However, the classics of Marxism-Leninism proved that population growth does not depend on the laws of nature, but on the laws of the development of society. Under the conditions of the advanced socialist system, the level of development of the productive forces is so high that the growth of the output of social production outstrips the growth of the population and must fully ensure a high standard of living for the people.
The distribution of population across the globe is extremely uneven. Over 85% live in Eastern Hemisphere, moreover, Eurasia accounts for more than 2400 million people, i.e. 77% of the total population of the globe, Africa - more than 260 million people, Australia and Oceania - 17 million people. About 420 million people live on both American continents.
With an average population density of inhabited continents of 24 people per 1 sq. km. km average density in foreign Europe per 1 sq. km. km - 86, in Asia (without Russia) - 67, in Russia - 10, in America - 10, Africa - 9, Australia and Oceania - about 2 people per 1 sq. km. km.
About 10% of the land is completely devoid of a permanent population. Such territories include Antarctica, the polar islands of America and Asia, some desert regions of Central Asia and Africa.
The distribution of the population within the inhabited land also has great differences, depending on the interaction of a number of factors: natural conditions and related types economic activity people, the age of settlement of a particular territory and the level of social development of the people within a particular country.
In the fertile lowlands ancient centers agricultural culture, on the coasts of the seas and oceans, where important trade routes pass, or in areas with the most highly developed industry, the population density is sometimes tens of times higher than the average population density of inhabited land, reaching 500, 600 and even 1000 people per 1 sq. km. On the other hand, areas that have only recently begun to be settled or backward in economic terms, unfavorable in their natural features for development - tundra, dry steppes and deserts, taiga or rainforests have a low population density, barely reaching 1 person per 1 sq. km or even less.