Public (social) sciences- sciences about society (society); a major classification group corresponding to:
b) in the context of the utilitarian tasks of managing and planning the educational process, the organizational structure of educational institutions, categorization and rubrication of areas of science for applied needs (for example, bibliography, see UDC) - a certain set disciplines, compiled on the basis of the object (subject) of study: attitude towards society, its social groups and individuals.
Main Social sciencies: jurisprudence, economics, psychology, philology, linguistics, rhetoric, sociology, history, political science, pedagogy, cultural studies, geography, anthropology.
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Attribution to the social sciences may vary depending on the difference between tasks (fundamental, utilitarian-applied) and, in part, objects (areas covered by the knowledge of mankind in the course of the general civilizational process, on the one hand, and discipline in the educational and academic understanding, on the other) .
Methodology and principles underlying this or that utilitarian classification, may differ for reasons: state-specific, religious-cult, historical (opportunistic), subjective-authorial, etc. At the same time, regardless of the wording presupposed for such lists of sciences, when comparing them one should bear in mind the inevitable influence of utilitarian and / or highly specific tasks of the "customer" and / or "consumer" of a particular classification.
Remaining correct in the context of the conditions of its appearance and the tasks facing it, none of the variants of the utilitarian classification can claim absolute objectivity. Pairwise comparison of options can be useful, for example, in terms of improving a particular national-state classification system. However, beyond this goal-setting, disputes over “which classification is more correct” are most often unscientific and scholastic. cannot lead to positive result and attempts to oppose any of the utilitarian classifications with fundamental epistemological ones: the latter is formulated at a qualitatively different philosophical level, which implies an abstraction not only from the national-cultural, but also from, in in a certain sense, historical specifics (simultaneously covering the entire history of knowledge, from the undivided philosophy of antiquity to the deeply differentiated system of modern sciences).
The place of philosophy in the system of scientific knowledge
Most a prime example collisions of fundamental and utilitarian approaches - determining the place of philosophy in the system scientific knowledge.
As can be seen from the list below, utilitarian classification philosophy by subject placed in the category of social sciences along with with other social sciences. However, when solving the issue of classification of sciences in its fundamental The science of science distinguishes between two principles: objective(when the connection of sciences is derived from the connection of the objects of study themselves), and subjective when the classification of sciences is based on the features of the subject. At the same time, methodologically, the very principles of classification are distinguished according to how the connection between the sciences is understood (as external- when the sciences are only placed next to each other in a certain order, or as internal, organic - when they are necessarily derived and developed from one another).
The question of the relationship between philosophy and particular sciences is a kind of core of the whole history of the classification of sciences. There are three main stages in this history, corresponding to: 1) undivided philosophical science antiquity (and partly the Middle Ages); 2) differentiation of sciences in the XV-XVIII centuries. (analytical division of knowledge into separate branches); 3) reintegration (synthetic reconstruction, linking sciences into single system knowledge), celebrated since the 19th century. According to these stages, the search for the very principles of the classification of science is also being carried out.
Taking, as an example, the so-called. an encyclopedic series compiled by Saint-Simon and developed by Comte (here the sciences are classified according to the transition from simpler and more general phenomena to more complex and particular ones, and the mechanics of earthly bodies is included in mathematics, psychology is included in physiology, and sociology Comte is one of the creators of this science - takes away special place):
we see that philosophy, on the one hand, as if absorbed by sociology, but on the other hand, it is present in mathematics in the form logic. Later, as the reintegration (and the realization of its necessity came in the 20th century due to the emergence of many sciences that are “at the junction” of previously differentiated categories) of scientific knowledge, the coil closed dialectically, and science of science came to the need to single out philosophy - not so much as “historically the first”, how much as a backbone, into a separate category.
Soviet science of science adhered to this principle as well. The table below ( source: TSB, article "Science") is one of options linear forms of representation of the hierarchy of sciences (it corresponds to a complex two-dimensional scheme, where many connecting lines are drawn that are not reflected here, demonstrating the relationship between sciences).
Philosophical Sciences Dialectics Logics Mathematical Sciences mathematical logic and practical mathematics, including cybernetics Maths Natural and technical sciences Astronomy and astronautics Astrophysics Physics and technical physics Chemical physics Physical chemistry Chemistry and chemical-technological sciences with metallurgy Geochemistry Geophysics Geology and mining physical geography Biology and s.-x. science human physiology and medical sciences Anthropology Social sciencies Story Archeology Ethnography public geography Socio-economic statistics Base and superstructure sciences: political Economy, sciences of state and law, art history and art criticism, etc. Linguistics Psychology and pedagogical science The conflict lies in the fact that, recognizing philosophy as a special place in the entire system of scientific knowledge within the framework of fundamental classification, upon transition to utilitarian schemes Soviet science scholars - like modern systematizers - were forced to place philosophy to one system group With political economy, scientific communism, etc. curricula, organizational structure In universities, this group appeared under the name of the departments of social sciences (KON; in technical schools and vocational schools - commissions on social sciences). This, we repeat, is not a contradiction, but functional difference due to utilitarian necessity; both approaches - both fundamental and utilitarian - have equal right to exist in the context of the tasks they aim to solve.
Comment: the term "Social sciences" is used in the original source as a synonym for "social sciences" (partly due to the need to formally avoid this conflict). The descriptive term "Sciences of the basis and superstructures" roughly corresponds to modern political science. The didactic and illustrative task was the main one in compiling the table, and therefore general list The sciences indicated in it do not claim to be exhaustive. At the same time, some of the names corresponding to well-known independent sciences, used as a collective, under which supposed whole groups of "sub-sectors" - for example, astronautics.
Antagonistic collisions
Antagonistic, i.e. unresolvable contradictory friend (see Laws of Philosophy) collisions in the classification of certain sciences (including social Sciences) bring to the sensitive issues of the relationship between the concepts of "science" and "pseudoscience". Some examples of such antagonism are generated fundamental differences basic forms worldview: idealistic and materialistic. Taking a detached position, it is impossible to give a positive answer to the question whether some of the disciplines studied in religious educational institutions, to the category social sciences? Is the discipline "Scientific Communism", which appears in the diplomas of tens of millions of students, a social science? Soviet specialists With higher education? Based on the principle of respect for the personal right of everyone to own worldview, protected by the rules of Wikipedia, here are these (and similar ones) aggressive opposition on ideological and worldview grounds should be recognized as inappropriate. Leaving behind everyone choice the “correct” answer - in the literature of the corresponding worldview direction, where this answer is properly substantiated in the system of those categories of world knowledge that this or that current of social thought operates with.
The above collisions should be distinguished from attempts to supplement the "official" list of social sciences with categories designed for purely commercial purposes of extracting income from the sale of knowledge from an allegedly "new" field of science. An example of this is euphemisms, which hide a set of disciplines previously sold under other "brand names": marketing, PR, NLP, etc. Spamming their paid courses under the guise of articles about the relevant "sciences" climbs with enviable persistence on the pages of Wikipedia. Without giving specific names, here we can recommend an effective litmus indicator that allows you to distinguish true science from pseudoscience: study the list (and origin) of publications displayed search engines when entering a disputed name in English or another common foreign language.
Other collisions
A number of collisions, that is, inconsistencies or, conversely, unjustified intersections in the definitions and interpretations of the concept of "social sciences" and its accompanying categories, are due to the following main groups of reasons: a) linguistic, b) cross-cultural, c) subjective-academic.
Linguistic center around the concepts public" and " social". Historically, the term "social sciences" came to Russian from European languages, where most often it is formed on the basis of the Latin proto-forms scientia = knowledge, and soci(etas) = society (cf. English social sciences, fr. sciences sociales, etc.). Simultaneous introduction in the 19th century into the Russian language, along with " public", concepts " social» was not conditioned objective necessity(for example, descriptions of a qualitatively new object, previously unknown to this language culture). Despite the obvious harm (unjustified confusion with cognate Latin terms from the series " socialist”), the term “ social” has not gone out of circulation. In a number of cases, with his participation, new concepts were formed at the end of the 20th century, for example. "social sphere".
Having a long history of using social" as a synonym for Russian " public" (in conjunction with " sciences”) makes it impossible to oppose one another, forming on their basis qualitatively different categorical series. Such attempts would be far-fetched and their results counterproductive. Without denying the equality of categories " social Sciences" and " Social sciencies", apparently, preference should be given to Russian" public» - due to the above-mentioned intersection with other categorical series, ascending to the same Latin soci (etas).
Cross-cultural collisions, as a result of the national-state isolation of the processes of formation of systems of scientific knowledge, are observed in Wikipedia. Comparing the Russian, English, Italian versions of this page with each other, it is easy to see that the lists of “social sciences” given on them as sets are by no means congruent; they are only "largely overlapping." Blindly copying from one national page to another, or taking any of them as a model, is unacceptable. Seeming “omissions” are most often the result not of an oversight, but of the national specifics of the formation of lists academic disciplines for utilitarian purposes. The expediency of their unification, bringing them under a single "world standard" (in fact, the transition to someone else's, already existing) is also doubtful: the fight against the national specifics of the processes of scientific world knowledge would mean de facto recognition of the anti-scientific hypothesis of the presence of a "monopoly on truth" (which also goes contrary to the democratic right to the uniqueness of philosophical and ideological positions, especially at the aggregate level of the sovereign state components of modern civilization).
Subjective academic conflicts arise, as a rule, between the developments of competing scientific schools, although sometimes the authors of disputed classifications can also be individual scientists seeking to say a new word in science. It is unscientific and unproductive to evaluate these attempts a priori (especially in the system of emotional-subjectivist criteria of "ambition" of one side and "inertia" of the other side). Ascertaining the absence of a monopoly on truth and democratic freedoms, and based on the presumption of scientific good faith, it is possible to compare them with each other, for example, on the basis of ultimate expediency. Like other sciences, social sciences do not stand still, in their development they inevitably invade the field of previously “alien” sciences, causing, sooner or later, the need for differentiation or, conversely, integration.
Correlation of categories of social and human sciences
Use of the phrase " humanitarian disciplines» in Russian is limited to a highly specific area of organization educational process in classical universities, that is, educational institutions, which include faculties of both "natural" (physics, chemistry, biology) and other sciences - philosophy, linguistics, geography, etc.
What does social science study?
The object of study of social science is society. Society is a very complex system that obeys various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies any one side of the development of society: the economy, social relations, development paths, and others.
Social science - a generalizing name for the sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.
Every science hasobject and subject.
Object of science - phenomenon of objective reality, which is studied by science.
The subject of science - A person, a group of persons, cognizing an object.
The sciences are divided into three groups.
Science:
Exact sciences
Natural Sciences
Public (humanitarian)
Mathematics, computer science, logic and others
Chemistry, physics, biology, astronomy and others
Philosophies, economics, sociology and others
Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).
The main difference between the social sciences and humanities:
Social Sciences
Humanitarian sciences
The main object of study
Society
Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:
archeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.
Archeology- a science that studies the past according to material sources.
Economy- the science of the economic activity of society.
Story- the science of the past of mankind.
Culturology- a science that studies the culture of society.
Linguistics- the science of language.
Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.
Psychology- the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.
Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development social systems, groups, individuals.
Right - a set of laws and rules of conduct in society.
Ethnography- a science that studies the life, culture of peoples and nations.
Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of the development of society.
Ethics- the science of morality.
Aesthetics - the science of beauty.
Sciences study societies narrow and broad sense.
Society in narrow sense:
1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.
2. historical stage development of mankind (feudal society, slave-owning society).
3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).
4. Association of people for any purpose (club of animal lovers, society of soldiers
mothers).
5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).
6. Ways of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)
Society in broad sense - detached from nature, but closely related to it material world, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their association.
Where to go to study? Become social educator or choose humanitarian profession? But how to decide if the possibilities are huge, but it is quite difficult to understand what is what? Questions, questions, questions... And they concern many young people, and not only them. We will try to answer them and give the main indicators of how the humanities differ from the social sciences.
Definition of Humanities and Social Sciences
Humanities - if you describe them plain language, then they study a person from the point of view of his spiritual, cultural, moral, social and mental sphere. There are also certain intersections with the social sciences, while at the same time being opposed to the exact or natural. If specificity and accuracy are necessary in mathematics, physics or chemistry, then in literature, psychology, ethics, etc. there are clear definitions, but at the same time the subject is given in all possible versatility and interpretation. So that each person can find something of their own in this. Among the humanities are: literature, law, history, pedagogy, aesthetics and many others.
Social sciences - there are certain similarities and intersections with such subjects as history, pedagogy, psychology, but the subject of study is presented from a slightly different position. In this group of academic disciplines, it is important to study aspects of a person's being in projection on his social activities. That is, not just in such and such a year such and such events occurred, but how exactly what happened affected a person’s life, and a person influenced events. What happened in the worldview, what were the shifts, conclusions and subsequent actions.
Social science is a subjective understanding of the issue for each person, despite the existence of clear definitions. And like the humanities cycle, they are very different from the exact disciplines with their specificity and objectivity.Comparison between humanities and social sciences
First of all, it is worth noting the undoubted similarity of the social and humanitarian. One can even say that the social sciences are a kind of subsection of the humanities with their own specific features.
The social sciences are focused on society and specific people. The existence of a person and how it is connected with society is studied. In the same time humanitarian cycle involves the study of disciplines not necessarily related to specific people in terms of public activity. Here it is more important to consider the issue in such a way that each person can find something of his own.
Sociology is not only a theory, but also a practice - various studies, surveys, testing personal qualities person. humanitarian subjects in more degree theoretical, and where practice is required, there is no clear orientation to society, and abstract concepts are often considered.TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between the humanities and the social sciences is as follows:
The social sciences are oriented towards man in terms of his social activities, and the humanities often pursue abstract goals and consider abstract concepts.
In the social sciences, there are practical tools that are focused on the study of society and the individual, while in the humanities this is often not required.Articles are being accepted for a new (world's first) strictly scientific journal exact sciences about the person: http://aleksejev.ru/nauka/.
The social sciences are the sciences of society about society, main part goblin sciences, non-normative sciences.
The leading part of the doctrine of the trinity, in which society corresponds to the Father (see the doctrine of the trinity).
Social scientists are the apologists for the social sciences.
Social sciences - a monument, an example of the Eastern mentality.
Characteristic feature of the social sciences
The position that any person must be a member of some society, and being such a member, he as a separate being is not interesting. Social sciences like to talk about human rights and freedoms, but they are opposed to specific proposals in the form of legal norms, since all sciences of the GUM are non-normative. Again under individual social sciences always and everywhere imply some ideal model member of society.
Distinguishing features of the social sciences
- extralegal, authoritarian approaches. Research of the current legislation, introduction specific proposals it is minimal and random. The total predominance of references to authoritative judgments,
- they study not all people, but some aggregates or models of people (separate, randomly taken, and most importantly, any and every person is not included in the scope of these sciences),
- the main "object" of research is relationships. Therefore, they study not so much people as what they should learn or have learned.
Differences from the normative sciences that study people as a set of impersonal units
Differences from the exact sciences
Anthropology, biology, medicine, etc. also study not all people, but some populations or models of people. The main difference between these and the social sciences is that the task of the former is to exact description of the object under study, while the task of the latter does not include an exact description.
Differences from legal sciences
Paraphrasing the words of the outstanding memoid M.M. Bakhtin, it can be said that
The combination of social and legal (legal) sciences into one whole "is called mechanical,
if its individual elements are connected only in space and time external communication, but not
infused internal unity meaning. Parts of such a whole, although they lie side by side and
touch each other, but in themselves they are alien to each other.Legal sciences also study not so much people as what people should learn or have learned, namely laws and norms.
The text on legal science is written on the basis of direct research legislation in order to improve it. The text of the social sciences is usually written without any regard for the current legislation in order to give a parallel interpretation of the words, terms, and concepts adopted in the legislation. This feature is very remarkable for cultural studies, because each author of a textbook, lectures tries to come up with his own interpretation of the concept of "culture".
The main difference between the legal and social sciences is that the task of the former is the logical systematization of norms in the form of laws, codes and constitutions, and the task of the latter is illogical dogmatics based on misinterpretation of words and confusion of concepts.
List of social sciences
The social sciences should include all sciences that contain political, sociological, culturological teachings, teachings about personality, etc. The list of social sciences thus includes the following sciences:
- History (in the part in which it contains cultural studies, political science, etc.)
- Pedagogy
- Psychology (in the part in which it contains the doctrine of personality, etc.)
- Regional studies (in the part in which it contains cultural studies, etc.)
1. natural and social sciences and humanities
natural and social and humanitarian sciences study man. His biological nature study natural science, and social qualities human - public.
Natural and social sciences differ markedly from each other.
natural study nature that has existed and can exist independently of man. Public sciences cannot study society without studying the activities of the people living in it, their thoughts and aspirations. If in natural sciences object and subject are different, then in public- object and subject are the same => public sciences cannot be objective.
Similar to other areas scientific research, social sciences are aimed at comprehending the truth, discovering the objective laws of the functioning of society, the trends of its development.2. Classification of social sciences and humanities
- historical sciences(National history, General history, archeology, ethnography, etc.)
- Economic Sciences (economic theory, Accounting, statistics, etc.)
- Philosophical Sciences(history of philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics, etc.)
- Philological sciences(linguistics, literary criticism, journalism, etc.)
- Legal Sciences(story legal teachings, constitutional law, etc.)
- Pedagogical Sciences (general pedagogy, history of pedagogy and education, etc.)
- Psychological sciences (general psychology, personality psychology, etc.)
- Sociological Sciences(theory, methodology and history of sociology, demography, etc.)
- Political science(theory of politics, political technologies, etc.)
- Culturology(theory and history of culture, museology, etc.)
Sociology- the science of general and specific social laws and patterns of development and functioning of historically defined social systems, about the mechanisms of action and forms of manifestation of these laws in the activities of people, social groups, classes, peoples.
In other words, sociology is the science of society as complete system, about the laws of its formation, functioning and development.
Political science (in the narrow sense) - one of the sciences that studies politics, namely - general theory politics, exploring the specific patterns of relations social subjects about power and influence special type interactions between the ruling and the ruled, the rulers and the ruled.
Political science (in the broadest sense) includes all political knowledge and is a complex of disciplines that study politics: the history of political thought, political philosophy, political sociology, political psychology, etc.
In other words, in this interpretation, political science acts as a single, integral science that comprehensively studies politics. She relies on applied research which use various methods, including those existing in sociology and other social sciences.
Social Psychology - studies the patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the factor from inclusion in social groups, as well as psychological characteristics these same groups.
4. Specificity of philosophical knowledge
Eternal problems of philosophy - the questions posed human thought for a long time, they retain their value.
Philosophy is always turned to history. The new philosophical systems being created do not cancel the previously put forward concepts and principles, but continue to coexist with them in a single cultural and cognitive space, therefore philosophy is always pluralistic, is diverse in its schools and directions.
Philosophizing- This is a kind of speculative activity. Philosophy is different from science. Philosophical knowledge is multilayered. Within philosophy, relatively independent areas of knowledge were formed quite a long time ago: the doctrine of being - ontology; the doctrine of knowledge epistemology; the science of morality ethics; a science that studies the beautiful in reality, the laws of the development of art - aesthetics.
To philosophical knowledge include such important areas for understanding society and man as philosophical anthropology- the doctrine of the essence and nature of man, of a specifically human way of being, as well as social philosophy.
Social philosophy makes its full contribution to the development of a wide range of problems: society as an integrity; patterns community development; the structure of society as a system; the meaning, direction and resources of social development; the ratio of the spiritual and material aspects of the life of society; man as a subject social action; features of social cognition.
Homework
- The very term "social and humanitarian knowledge" indicates that social science includes two types of knowledge: Social sciencies oriented to the study of structures, common ties and patterns and humanitarian knowledge with its installation on a specific individual description phenomena and events public life, human interactions and personalities.
- For the social sciences, people are elements of the objective picture that these sciences determined, then for humanitarian knowledge , on the contrary, the forms scientific activity clarify their meaning as schemes included in the joint and individual life of people.
- Social and humanitarian scientific disciplines have one thing in common and at the same time the main link - a person. A certain number of people make up a society (it is studied by the social sciences), in which each person plays a role (this is studied by the humanities).
